ENERGY + DAYLIGHT DESIGN

MSSD I Spring 2020 I SDN 603 I Sustainable Systems I Single Zone Modeling Kajal Patil
 CONTENTS
1. Site Location and Climate Zone ........02

2. Energy Modeling: Benchmarking ........03

3. Energy Modeling: Benchmarking (Zero Tool) ........04

4. Form, Orientation and EUI ........05

5. Heating and Cooling Loads ........06

6. Daylight Study: Impact of Window size, position and orientation ........07

7. Microclimate: Impact of Shading in Hottest Months of the Year ........08

8. Conclusion ........09

9. References ........10

Kajal Patil I MSSD I Spring ‘20 I SDN 603 I Sustainable Systems I Single-Zone Modeling 01
SITE LOCATION AND CLIMATE Weather le: USA_PA_Philadelphia.Intl.AP.724080_TMY3

City: Philadelphia, State: Pennsylvania, Country: USA

39 57’10”N 75 09’49”W

Project information:

Location:
4333 Ridge Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19129

Of ce Building, Single Storey

Area = 900 sq.m

Source: maps-philadelphia.com Source: google maps Source: google earth

Climate Zone: 4A Agenda:

1. Understanding climate zone,
ASHRAE 169-2006, Climate Zone 4A is de- 2. Site model and Building form and orientation,
ned as Mixed – Humid with SI Units CD- 3. Establishing energy use baseline and reducing 30% of Site and annual Energy Use Intensity
D10ºC ≤ 2500 AND HDD18ºC ≤ 3000 4. Window wall ratio and Day-lighting,
5. Micro-climate: Impacts of shading in hottest months of a year.

Source: iaqsource.com

Kajal Patil I MSSD I Spring ‘20 I SDN 603 I Sustainable Systems I Single-Zone Modeling 02
ENERGY MODELING: BENCHMARKING Weather le: USA_PA_Philadelphia.Intl.AP.724080_TMY3

Source: architecture2030.org
Source: architecture2030.org Source: architecture2030.org Source: architecture2030.org

ARCHITECTURE 2030 CHALLENGE:

The 2030 Challenge speci es that all new buildings, developments, and major renovations shall be
carbon-neutral by 2030.

In Philadelphia, 60 percent of the carbon emissions that cause climate change come from the build-
ing sector and an average commercial building wastes 30 percent of its energy.

Source: architecture2030.org
Baseline Energy Unit Intensity (EUI) is calculated using the following formula.
EUI = Annual Energy Use (kBtus) / Building(s) Area (ft²)

Target EUI:
This output varies greatly depending climate, building function, budget available, and most importantly the goals of stakeholders.

THE ZERO TOOL:

Architecture 2030 developed the Zero Tool for building sector professionals, 2030 Challenge and 2030 Commitment adopters, 2030 District
Network Members, and policymakers.

The Zero Tool is used to compare a building’s design or an existing building’s energy use intensity (EUI) with similar building types, under-
stand how a building achieved its EUI (via energy ef ciency, on-site renewable energy, and/or green power purchases), and set EUI tar-
gets.
Source: zerotool.org

Kajal Patil I MSSD I Spring ‘20 I SDN 603 I Sustainable Systems I Single-Zone Modeling 03
ENERGY MODELING: BENCHMARKING Weather le: USA_PA_Philadelphia.Intl.AP.724080_TMY3
20% REDUCTION:
Target EUI: 60 KBTU/Sq.ft

CALCULATING TARGET EUI USING ZERO TOOL:

https://zerotool.org/zerotool/

The Zero Tool’s analysis is based on the CBECS 2003 dataset, an

industry baseline which has been agreed upon by most building
sector organizations including Architecture 2030, ASHRAE, AIA,
and USGBC.

The Zero Tool will allow those designing to the 2030 Challenge
and other targets to maintain pre-existing baselines in order to
continue to measure their progress.

Source: zerotool.org
30% REDUCTION:
Target EUI: 57 KBTU/Sq.ft

The tool asks us for our site location, postal code and type of
building we need to design.

After selecting ‘Of ce’ as building type, we need to provide

Gross Floor Area and other requirements that consume energy.
Later, we need to decide what will be our Energy Reduction
Target.

Results show Baseline EUI, Target EUI and how far is it from Zero
Energy Score.

I calculated two target EUI to know how much difference

20% and 30% energy reduction would make compared to
Source: zerotool.org
baseline.

Kajal Patil I MSSD I Spring ‘20 I SDN 603 I Sustainable Systems I Single-Zone Modeling 04
FORM, ORIENTATION AND ENERGY UNIT INTENSITY (EUI) Weather le: USA_PA_Philadelphia.Intl.AP.724080_TMY3

Single storey Of ce Building of Gross Floor Area of 900 Sq.M with different size, form and orientation:

A B C D E

40m X 22.5m X 5m 40m X 22.5m X 5m 30m X 30m X 5m Splitting, Z - Shape, Height = 5m Splitting, Z - Shape, Height = 5m

Orientation: East -West Orientation: North - South Orientation: Parallel to roads Orientation: East - West Orientation: NW - SE

Site EUI: 61.87 KBTU/sq.ft Site EUI: 60.34 KBTU/sq.ft Site EUI: 60.84 KBTU/sq.ft Site EUI: 64.59 KBTU/sq.ft Site EUI: 62.50 KBTU/sq.ft

Annual Site EUI: 599405.12 KBTU Annual Site EUI: 584547.64 KBTU Anuual Site EUI: 589413.55 KBTU Anuual Site EUI: 623489.21 KBTU Anuual Site EUI: 610021.04 KBTU

COMPARISON FINDINGS:

Form:
Rectangle or Square, more or less both form generate similar EUI per square feet but drawback is that wall-to-wall distance is much greater in these forms compared to Z-shape
where splitting of form allows more exposure to surrounding and thus more energy is consumed.

Orientation:
North-South is better than East-west orientation considering all options. Option E has better EUI than Option D because of change in orientation.

Architecture:
Static forms like rectangle and square allows less exibility and play of spaces compared to Z-shape. Option E is welcoming from all sides and offsetting of spaces allows more
indoor-outdoor interaction. It’s orientation is also appealing aesthetically than other rigid options.

Heating energy: (Refer comparison graph on page 05)

Most likely, less exposure of form will have less heating energy loads compared to form having more than 4 faces. Its not necessary that this is 100% true, as proper orientation,
design, materials, appliances and maintenance will ultimately make the difference on the building EUI after completion.

* Heating and Cooling loads: The amount of heat energy that would need to be added to a space to maintain the temperature in an acceptable range.

Kajal Patil I MSSD I Spring ‘20 I SDN 603 I Sustainable Systems I Single-Zone Modeling 05
HEATING, COOLING LOADS AND EUI Weather le: USA_PA_Philadelphia.Intl.AP.724080_TMY3

Based on previous ndings, OPTION ‘E’:

I decided to go with Option E. Annual Heating loads: 123 kWH/sqm
Here are the more details of energy (Majorly from November to February)
consumed by this form considering
Passive heating techniques that can be used:
site context. Apertures facing winter sun, Double or triple glazed windows, Absorber and Ther-
Z - Shape, mal mass materials to building walls and oorings, Operable vents at top and
bottom of walls for convection.
Height = 5m,
Orientation: NW - SE
Site EUI: 62.50 KBTU/sq.ft, Annual Cooling loads: 72 kWH/sqm
Anuual Site EUI: 610021.04 KBTU (Majorly from June to August)

Passive cooling techniques that can be used:

Shading and Roof overhangs, Re ective roofs, Cross-ventilation,

COMPARISON OF HEATING ENERGY CONSUMED BY ALL FORMS:

Units: kWH / Sq.M

Kajal Patil I MSSD I Spring ‘20 I SDN 603 I Sustainable Systems I Single-Zone Modeling 06
DAYLIGHT STUDY: IMPACT OF WINDOW SIZE, POSITION AND ORIENTATION Weather le: USA_PA_Philadelphia.Intl.AP.724080_TMY3
Windows with window-to-wall ratio of 30% are oriented on different facades together to calculate daylight received annually at particular point of oor area.
The simulation is performing solar distribution in a manner that models the direct sun on exterior as well as interior surfaces considering surrounding outdoor context geometry.

DAYLIGHT AUTONOMY UDI <100 LUX UDI 100 - 2000 LUX UDI >2000 LUX
Windows on
North and South
facades:

sDA = 64.4%

Windows on
East and West
facades:

sDA = 46.6%

Combination:

sDA = 80%

FINDINGS:

1. Combination of windows on all facades adjusting window-to-wall ratio from 30% to 40% helps achieve maximum
amount of DA and sDA.

2. UDI <100 LUX is almost close to 0%, and desirable UDI of 100-2000 LUX is maximum in the combination.

3. These calculations are done without shading provided for windows. UDI >2000 LUX may create undesirable glare for
of ce working interior
* Daylight Autonomy (DA) : Is the percentage of time in a year that daylight levels are above a speci es target illuminance within a physical space.
* Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA) : Is the percentage of oor area that receives at least 300 lux for at least 50% of the annual occupied hours.

Kajal Patil I MSSD I Spring ‘20 I SDN 603 I Sustainable Systems I Single-Zone Modeling 07
IMPACTS OF SHADING IN JULY AND AUGUST - HOTTEST MONTHS OF THE YEAR Weather le: USA_PA_Philadelphia.Intl.AP.724080_TMY3

WITHOUT SHADING: WITH SHADING OF 1.5M WIDE ON WITHOUT SHADING WITH SHADING
SOUTH AND SOUTH-WEST: PMV Thermal Comfort:

Maximum oor area is above 50%

Thermal comfort with shading.

PMV also improves and ranges

from 0.2 to 0.7 with shading.

Source: simscale.com

Radiant Temperature:

Radiant temperature above 26 deg C in of ce interiors will be uncom-

fortable. Providing shading improves the readings and temperature
ranges from 20 - 24 deg C.

In winters, levels of wall, roof, and oor insulation together with window
treatments such as double-glazing, blinds will help maintain comfortable
indoor temperature.
Source: simscale.com
WITHOUT SHADING WITH SHADING
Universal Thermal Comfort:

With shading, UTCI is improved

and ranges between 25 degC
to 25.5 degC which comes un-
der no thermal stress.

Adaptive Thermal Comfort:

The result relates indoor com-

fort temperature to prevailing
outdoor temperature.

With shading, maximum oor

Source: aqua.upc.es
plate area lies above 75%.
Shading of 0.6m to 1m on north and east facade will im-
prove thermal comfort.

* Radiant temperature: Is a measure of the average temperature of the surfaces that surround a particular point, with which it will exchange thermal radiation. Operable windows with proper insulation, double-glazing
and blinds will allow users to adjust.
* Operative temperature: de ned as the average of the mean radiant and ambient air temperatures, weighted by their respective heat transfer coef cients.

Kajal Patil I MSSD I Spring ‘20 I SDN 603 I Sustainable Systems I Single-Zone Modeling 08
CONCLUSION
Height = 5m,
Orientation: NW - SE
Site EUI: 62.50 KBTU/sq.ft,
Anuual Site EUI: 610021.04 KBTU
Annual Heating loads: 123 kWH/sqm
Annual Cooling loads: 72 kWH/sqm

With the help of daylight design,

appropriate WWR and shading
devices, heating and cooling loads
can be reduced and we can achieve
20% reduction in Site EUI.

DAYLIGHT:
30% WWR, sDA = 80% DAYLIGHT AUTONOMY UDI <100 LUX UDI 100 - 2000 LUX UDI >2000 LUX

IMPACTS OF SHADING IN
HOTTEST MONTHS: RADIANT TEMPERATURE OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE PMV UTCI

Kajal Patil I MSSD I Spring ‘20 I SDN 603 I Sustainable Systems I Single-Zone Modeling 09
REFERENCES:

https://www.2030districts.org/
https://zerotool.org/zerotool/
https://newbuildings.org/hubs/codes-policy/
https://portfoliomanager.energystar.gov/
https://greenbuildingunited.org/communities/passive-house
https://patternguide.advancedbuildings.net/using-this-guide/analysis-methods/daylight-autonomy
https://blog.sketchup.com/article/measuring-daylight-dynamic-daylighting-metrics-what-they-mean-designers
https://basix.nsw.gov.au/iframe/thermal-help/heating-and-cooling-loads.html
https://www.iotacommunications.com/blog/benchmarking-commercial-building-energy-use-per-square-foot/
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ese3.129
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378778819300210
https://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/Cooling/passive_cooling.htm
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328965606_DAYLIGHT_METRICS_REPORT_for_the_CEC_PIER_Daylighting_Plus_Research_Program
https://aiau.aia.org/courses/good-bad-and-eui-energy-use-intensity

Kajal Patil I MSSD I Spring ‘20 I SDN 603 I Sustainable Systems I Single-Zone Modeling 10
THANK YOU