Review Article

Phytopharmacological Review on Date Palm (Phoenix

dactylifera)
KAMALIKA MANDA2*, BHUWAN CHANDRA JOSHI1 AND YOGITA DOBHAL
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh Post Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and
Research, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248161, 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun
University, Bhimtal Campus, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand 263136, 2Gyani Inder Singh Institute of Professional Studies, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand 248003, India

Manda et al.: Review on Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera)

Now a day’s many herbs and plants and their species consumed as a food in our daily life because of its
effectiveness and preventive nature towards our health. The Phoenix dactylifera Linn. is a most common
plant usually known as date palm, belonging to the family Arecaceae. It is native to North Africa, South-
West Asia and is considered as an oldest plant. The date palm is well known for its traditional as well as
medicinal value. The active phytoconstituents reported in the fruits are alkaloids, tannins, glycosides,
flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, carotenoids and also its fruits are rich source of vitamins, minerals,
carbohydrates and proteins. From the existing literature survey Phoenix dactylifera is reported for number
of pharmacological activities like analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antioxidant,
anti-proliferative, antifungal and antibacterial activity. This review basically focuseds on the nutritional
value, active phytoconstiuents and pharmacological activities of the plant which will further helps to
provide a detailed knowledge about the plant.

Key words: Phoenix dactylifera Linn., pharmacological activity, phytoconstituents nutritional value

For the development of Ayurvedic system of medicine the fruits are alkaloids, tannins, glycosides, flavonoids,
in India the herbal plants play an important role because steroids, terpenoids and carotenoids. Phytoconstituents
of their therapeutic activities[1]. Apart from Ayurveda, like flavonoid is the main active constituent of the
the traditional medicine also utilized as household fruit which shows various pharmacological activities.
remedies[2]. According to World Health Organisation
(WHO) more than 80 % of population use folk
medicine of traditional medicine for the maintenance
of their health[3]. WHO has also stated that in all over
the world more than 70 000 species of plants are used
medicinally[4].
Phoenix dactylifera Linn. (P. dactylifera) is commonly
known as date palm (fig. 1)[5] belonging to the family
Arecaceae (formerly Palmaceae) and has near about
14 species; also it is consisting of about 200 genera
and more than 2500 species. It is native to North
Africa, south-west Asia and considered as an oldest
plant. Traditionally it is important for its nutritional Fig. 1: P. dactylifera Linn. popularly known as date palm
value throughout the world. Very currently the whole
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
genome of date palm tree was again sequenced for the Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License, which
betterment of its growth[6]. The main nutrients of the allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially,
as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under
plant are derived from the fruits. The fruits contain the identical terms
huge amount of carbohydrates, amino acids, vitamins
Accepted 03 March 2022
and minerals. The active phytoconstituents present in
Revised 11 September 2021
Received 03 March 2020
*Address for correspondence
Indian J Pharm Sci 2022;84(2):261-267
E-mail: [email protected]
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Apart from the fruit the other parts of the plant like wet winters. The plant is even capable of growing in hot
leaves, seeds and roots are also used medicinally. and dry conditions like prevailing in deserts to moist
There are several varieties of date fruits and the tropical. For the ultimate growth this plant requires
nutritional values of its individuals are almost same. only unconditional full sun. Those places where the
They all are rich sources of nutrients. From the humidity of environment is high, the fruits are tends
existing literature survey P. dactylifera is reported for to be of poor quality and frequently dropping from
various pharmacological activities like analgesic, anti- the plant before ripening. It is now also cultivated in
inflammatory, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antioxidant Iran, Iraq, USA, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, UAE,
and many more[7]. Their high nutritional value and their Sudan, South Sudan, Algeria, Tunisia, India, Spain,
therapeutic effects have increased their use, encourage Maurutiana, Morokko, Mali, Oman, Tanzania, Australia
by the growing consumer concern for health. This and Libya[8].
review intent to summarize various studies on this BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION
plant and critically evaluate the issues associated to
traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of The height of the tree is 36-40 m tall, generally found
P. dactylifera. cultivated or self-grown in India. Trunks are covered by
persistent bases of petioles, the inferior part of the plant
TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION generally covered by a mass of offshoots.
Kingdom: Plantae; Subkingdom: Tracheobionta; Leaves:
Superdivision: Spermatophyta; Division:
Magnoliophyta; Class: Liliopsida; Subclass: Arecidae; The leaves are linear, keeled lesser pinnae adapted into
Order: Arecales; Family: Arecaceae; Genus: Phoenix; spines, pinnate 20-40 cm long.
Species: dactylifera[8].
Flowers:
SYNONYMS
The flowers are small and gather in branched spadices.
Arabic: Nakhleh; Croatian: Datulja; English: Date; The colour of the flowers is yellow. The lower part of
French: Dattier; German: Daten; Greek: Phoenix; the flower is connected straight to the spikelets which
Italian: Date; Japanese: Natsumeyashi; Portugese: after grow into fruits.
Datas; Russian: Finik; Spanish: Datiler; Turkish:
Hurma[8]. Fruits:

VERNACULAR NAME The fruits are called as dates and appear as oblong
berry. The size fruit is 2.6-7.6 cm long and the diameter
Bengali: Khejur; Gujrati: Khajur; Hindi: Khajur; is about 2-3 cm. The colour of the fruit is red or yellow
Kannada: Khajura; Malayalam: Prantapuzam; Marathi: brown when it ripe and in unripe condition it looks like
Khajur; Odisha: Khejuri; Panjabi: Pindakhajur; deep green in colour. The varieties of fruit depend upon
Sanskrit: Kharjur; Tamil: Perichampazham; Telegu: the presence of sugar contained in fruit.
Khajurpupandu; Urdu: Khurma[8].
Seeds:
DISTRIBUTION
Seeds are oval-cylindrical in shaped. Every fruit has
The people of Phillipines use P. dactylifera as an single seed with a longitudinal channel. Seeds appear
ornamental plant in garden and parks. It is well known bright red to bright yellow in colour when unripe[9].
to West Asia and North Africa. Since long time it is
ECOLOGY
cultivated in North Africa, Arabian Peninsula and
Middle East. The P. dactylifera is a well-known plant The plant date palm can resist high temperature
for mainly the sweet fruit called as date. The people, for a long period of time but does not tolerate low
living in North Africa and the Middle East, depended temperature for very long time; below -8° is harmful
on this plant which they used as a food source for for it. The appropriate conditions for growing date palm
thousands of years. It is also popular as an ornamental are low humidity region and where rainfall is very low.
plant because of its prettiness and toughness. This The most preferable circumstances for flowering are
plant is capable of surviving in different environmental dry, long and hot environment. And a mean temperature
conditions like that of mediterranean with chilled and is required for actual ripening like 30°-35°. The
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date palm can grow in various types of soil and the also useful for the treatment of asthma and headache.
alkalinity is between 5-8.2 pH ranges. Generally Those patients who are suffering from piles, they
date palms are grown under providently controlled can use smoke of dates seed to get relieve from the
soaking[10]. pain. Dates fruits are also used as expectorant, cough
relievers and to prevent constipation. Daily routine
PROPAGATION consumption of date fruits are helpful in ameliorating
The P. dactylifera normally build up either from seeds cough, rheumatism, burning sensation, nephropathy,
or from the cutting parts of the shoots. But currently bronchitis and sexual debility[23]. Roasted date seeds
researchers are focused on organogenesis for the powder is used as main ingredient in “date coffee”.
growing of this by tissue culturing process. This The juice of the stem of dates palm has reported to
technique is very helpful for farmers because from a have diuretic, demulcent and refrigerant activity in
very small amount of meristematic tissue large amounts genitourinary infections. The spathe (liquid distillation)
of plants can be produced in a short period of time[10]. of  P. dactylifera possesses anti-spasmodic activity.
The flower of dates palm is used as a purgative. The
CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS pollen grains of P. dactylifera are responsible for the
The main chemical constituents of P. dactylifera are improvement of fertility in women. The daily intake of
carbohydrates, steroids, flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamins date palm pollen and the male flowers was believed to
and tannins. The chemical structures of various isolated be an aphrodisiac and to enhance fertility. Dates are also
chemical compounds from date palm are shown in given to infants with teething problems as are believed
Table 1[11-21] and fig. 2. to harden the gums[24].

ETHNOMEDICINAL USES PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY

The traditional uses of P. dactylifera are in Ayurveda The pharmacological activities of P. dactylifera are
also, its formulation used as tonic for the cure of Visarpa shown due to its active constituents. The different
and Raktapitta. The fruit pulp of date is considered to chemical constituent shows specific activity like
be antitussive, expectorant, demulcent, laxative and antioxidant potential of plant is due to flavonoid and
diuretic. The date palm is also used for the relieving analgesic activity due to alkaloids[25].
of alcohol induces detoxification. In Siddha system of Hepatoprotective activity:
medicine date palm powder is used for the treatment of
dengue and influenza[22]. It is also use in some special Al-Qarawi et al.[26] investigated the flesh and a pit
case like convalescence from fevers and smallpox. The of aqueous extract of P. dactylifera and found that it
sweet date pulp is also use in dysentery. Date fruits are has ameliorative effect. The aqueous extracts of flesh
TABLE 1: PHYTOCONSTITUENTS REPORTED IN P. dactylifera Linn.
S. No Type of chemical Chemical constituents
1 Phenolic compounds Coumaric acid, cinnamic acids and sinapic acid[11]
2 Flavonoid glycosides Methyl luteolin, methyl quercetin, luteolin and quercetin[11]
Gallic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid,
3 Bound phenolic acids
p-coumaric acid, o-coumaric acid, protocatechuic acid and ferulic acid[12]
4 Free phenolic acids Vallic acid, ferulic acid, procatechuic acid and syringic acid
5 Flavones Epicatechin and catechin[13]
Palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid, linolenic acids, lauric acids, myristoleic acid, capric
6 Fatty acids
acids, and myristic acid[14]
7 Pigments Anthocyanins[15]
8 Carotenoids α-carotene and Lutein[16]
9 Steroids Campesterol, cholesterol, stigmasterol, isofucosterol and β- sitosterol[17]
10 Triterpenoid α-amirin[18]
11 Enzymes Peroxidase phytase and Invertase[19]
12 Vitamins Vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9 and C[14]
13 Other constituents Galactomannans α-D glucan and Heteroxylon[20,21]

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Fig. 2: Structures of chemical constituents of P. dactylifera Linn.

or pits of plant give the hepatoprotective activity at extract of leaves and pit of P. dactylifera which showed
dose level of 0.2 ml/100 g against CCl4 induced liver potent antibacterial activity, whereas water extract
damage in rats. Ahmed et al.[27] studied that the aqueous does not showed the significant antibacterial activity.
extract of P. dactylifera give hepatoprotective activity Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) has been
at the dose level of 400 mg/kg against ascorbic acid on observed with methanolic extract of leaves and pit of
thioacetamide induced liver toxicity in rats. date palm at a dose level of 1.3 mg/ml and 1.1 mg/ml
and at a dose level of 1.6 mg/ml and 1.4 mg/ml acetone
Anti-bacterial activity:
extract of leaves and pits showed the antibacterial
Perveen et al.[28] investigated the methanol and acetone potential. Aamir J et al.[29] studied that methanolic
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extract of P. dactylifera seeds had the anti-microbial showed that the methanolic extract has significant anti-
potential against E. coli and K. Pneumonia and from inflammatory potential. Eddine et al.[38] investigated
this study it was also concluded that methanolic that the leaves extract of dates has showed the potent
extract also attenuated the side effect of prednisolone. anti-inflammatory as well as antioxidant potential.
Bokhari et al.[30] investigated that the P. dactylifera
leaves extract has potential antifungal and antibacterial Sedative activity:
potential against F. solani and F. oxysporum. Rahimi et al.[39] reported that hydro-alcoholic extract
Anti-ulcer activity: of P. dactylifera has shown the sedative effect. In this
study Electroencephalogram (EEG) result showed that
Gangwar et al.[31] studied the P. dactylifera posseses a dose level of 125 and 250 mg/kg were appropriate for
the antiulcer activity. The chloroform extract of date maintaining the low and high frequency waves.
palm leaves had shown antiulcer activity at the dose
level of 200 and 400 mg/kg and the higher dose showed Treatment for delivery and labor relaxation:
the potent antiulcer activity as compared with standard Al-Kuran et al.[40] studied that P. dactylifera fruits can
drug. used safely during pregnancy. From the study it was
Anti-diabetic activity: seen that the date fruits significantly increased labor
and dialated the cervical portion during pregnancy in
Michael et al.[32] studied P. dactylifera fruit extract women.
used to treat alloxan induced diabetes in rats. From
this studied it was concluded that the antidiabetic Treatment for Alzheimer's disease:
activity has been shown due to the presence of active Hussain et al.[41] investigated that the leaves extract of
phytoconstiuents i.e. flavonoid. P. dactylifera prevented the chemically induced memory
Anti-cancer activity: loss using scopolamine and streptozotocin in mice at a
dose level of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. The plant extract
Ishurd et al.[33] evaluated that glucagon has isolated from also has the antioxidant and neuro-protective activity.
Libyan dates and from this studied it concluded that From this study it was concluded that the fruits have
the purified form of glucagon shows potent anticancer the potential activity to manage the Alzheimer disease.
activity.
Treatment for fertility and development of
Nephroprotective activity: reproductive activity:

Al-Qarawi et al.[34] investigated that P. dactylifera had Moshfegh et al.[42] studied P. dactylifera for the purpose
a potent nephroprotective potential. The flesh and pits of male infertility as in traditional medication. The
extract of plant give potent nephroprotective activity animals were treated with P. dactylifera pollen at dose
against gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity. Thouri level of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The several parameters
et al.[35] from the studies concluded that the showed that date palm pollen were effective in case of
dichloroacetic acid induced nephrotoxicity in wister fertility and developed the reproductive system. From
rats were cured with 4 ml/kg dose level through the this it was concluded that the plant has significant
inhibition of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione effect in fertility and in reproductive system. Khalifa
(GSH) levels. It was further also concluded that the et al.[43] investigated the aqueous extract of P. dactylifera
plant also has the antioxidant potential. and found increase in the sperm quality and control
in the oxidative level. Therefore, in this study aqueous
Anti-inflammatory activity: extract of P.dactylifera, dose level of 10 and 20 ml/kg
Zhang et al.[36] studied Ajwa variety of dates for anti- was used. Both dose levels increased the sperm quality
inflammatory activity. Methanolic, ethyl acetate and by decreasing the abnormal sperm and increasing the
water extract were used in this studied. From this number of living cell.
studied it was concluded that the plant has significant Treatment against cryptosporidiosis:
anti-inflammatory activity and also inhibited the Lipid
Peroxidation (LPO). Mohamed et al.[37] also studied that Mahmood et al.[44] investigated cryptosporidium
methanolic extract of P. dactylifera fruit can be used for infection that is dangerous and results in immunodeficient
reducing the swelling of foot. And from this study it hosts. There is no appropriate medication for this

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disease. Therefore, the aqueous extract of P. dactylifera U, Pham GM, et al. Whole genome re-sequencing of date
had been used against immunosuppressed mice. palms yields insights into diversification of a fruit tree crop.
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