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    Dyeing of Cotton Fabric With Reactive Dyes - Textile Learner

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    Anas Zidane
    Reactive dyes chemically bond to cotton and other cellulosic fabrics through covalent bonds. They were first commercially produced in 1956 and contain a reactive group that forms bonds between the dye and fiber molecules. Reactive dyes are easy to use, require low temperatures and times for dyeing, and produce bright, colorfast fabrics. The dyeing process involves exhaustion of dye onto the fabric, fixation through an alkaline reaction, and washing unfixed dye away. Reactive dyes come in various forms and are classified based on their reactive groups and dyeing properties.

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    Dyeing of Cotton Fabric With Reactive Dyes - Textile Learner

    Uploaded by

    Anas Zidane
    154 views9 pages
    Reactive dyes chemically bond to cotton and other cellulosic fabrics through covalent bonds. They were first commercially produced in 1956 and contain a reactive group that forms bonds between the dye and fiber molecules. Reactive dyes are easy to use, require low temperatures and times for dyeing, and produce bright, colorfast fabrics. The dyeing process involves exhaustion of dye onto the fabric, fixation through an alkaline reaction, and washing unfixed dye away. Reactive dyes come in various forms and are classified based on their reactive groups and dyeing properties.

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    Dyeing of Cotton Fabric with Reactive Dyes - Textile Learner

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    Reactive dyes chemically bond to cotton and other cellulosic fabrics through covalent bonds. They were first commercially produced in 1956 and contain a reactive group that forms bonds between the dye and fiber molecules. Reactive dyes are easy to use, require low temperatures and times for dyeing, and produce bright, colorfast fabrics. The dyeing process involves exhaustion of dye onto the fabric, fixation through an alkaline reaction, and washing unfixed dye away. Reactive dyes come in various forms and are classified based on their reactive groups and dyeing properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    154 views9 pages

    Dyeing of Cotton Fabric With Reactive Dyes - Textile Learner

    Uploaded by

    Anas Zidane
    Reactive dyes chemically bond to cotton and other cellulosic fabrics through covalent bonds. They were first commercially produced in 1956 and contain a reactive group that forms bonds between the dye and fiber molecules. Reactive dyes are easy to use, require low temperatures and times for dyeing, and produce bright, colorfast fabrics. The dyeing process involves exhaustion of dye onto the fabric, fixation through an alkaline reaction, and washing unfixed dye away. Reactive dyes come in various forms and are classified based on their reactive groups and dyeing properties.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 9

    Dyeing of Cotton Fabric with Reactive

    Dyes
    Name of the experiment: Dyeing of cotton
    fabric with reactive dyes.

    Introduction:
    A dye, which is capable of reacting chemically with a
    substrate to form a covalent dye substrate linkage, is known
    as reactive dye.

    Here the dye contains a reactive group and this reactive


    group makes covalent bond with the fibre polymer and act
    as an integral part of fibre. This covalent bond is formed
    between the dye molecules and the terminal –OH
    (hydroxyl) group of cellulosic fibres on between the dye
    molecules and the terminal –NH2 (amino) group of
    polyamide or wool fibres.

    History:
    Reactive dyes first appeared commercially in 1956, after
    their invention in1954 by Rattee & Stepheness at the
    Imperial chemical Industry (ICI). Dyestuffs Divion site in
    Bleckley, Manchetor. UK.

    Usages:
    By reactive dyes the following fibres can be dyed
    successfully:

    1. Cotton, rayon, flax and other cellulosic fibres.


    2. Polyamide and wool fibres.
    3. Silk and acetate fibres.
    Trade names:
    Trade name Manufacturer Country
    Procion I.C.I U.K
    Ciba cron Ciba Switzerland
    Remazol Hoechst Germany
    Levafix Bayer Germany
    Reactone Geigy Switzerland
    Primazin BASF Germany
    Drimarine Sandoz Switzerland

    Properties of reactive dye:


    1. Reactive dyes are anionic dyes, which are used for
    dyeing cellulose, protein and polyamide fibres.
    2. Reactive dyes are found in power, liquid and print
    paste form.
    3. During dyeing the reactive group of this dye forms
    covalent bond with fibre polymer and becomes an
    integral parts of the fibre.
    4. Reactive dyes are soluble in water.
    5. They have very good light fastness with rating about 6.
    The dyes have very stable electron arrangement and
    can protect the degrading effect of ultra-violet ray.
    6. Textile materials dyed with reactive dyes have very
    good wash fastness with rating Reactive dye gives
    brighter shades and has moderate rubbing fastness.
    7. Dyeing method of reactive dyes is easy. It requires
    less time and low temperature for dyeing.
    8. Reactive dyes are comparatively cheap
    9. Reactive dyes have good perspiration fastness with
    rating 4-5.
    10. Reactive dyes have goodperspiration fastness.

    General structure of reactive dyes:

    The general structure of reactive dye is: D-B-G-X.

    Chemical structure of reactive dyes

    Chemical structure of reactive dyes


    Here,

    D= dye part or chromogen (color producing part)


    Dyes may be direct, acid, disperse, premetallised dye etc.
    B = bridging part.
    Bridging part may be –NH- group or –NR- group.

    G = reactive group bearing part.


    X= reactive group.

    Classification of reactive dyes:


    Reactive dyes may be classified in various ways as below:

    1) On the basis of reactive group:


    a) Halogen (commonly chlorine) derivatives of nitrogen
    containing heterocycle, like 3 types-

    Triazine group
    Pyridimine group
    Quinoxaline dyes

    Example:
    Triazine derivatives: procion, cibacron.
    Pyridimine derivatives: reactone
    Quinoxaline derivatives: levafix.

    b) Activated vinyl compound:

    Vinyl sulphone
    Vinyl acrylamide
    Vinyl sulphonamide.

    Example:

    Vinyl sulphone: remazol


    Vinyl acrylamide: primazine
    Vinyl sulphonamide: levafix.

    2) On the basis of reactivity:


    a) Lower reactive dye:Medium reactive dye: here pH is
    maintained 11-12 by using Na2CO3 in dye bath.
    b) Higher reactive dye:here pH is maintained 10-11 by
    using NaHCO3 in dye bath.

    3) On the basis of dyeing temperature:

    a) Cold brand:
    These types of dyes contain reactive group of high
    reactivity. So dyeing can be done in lower temperature i.e.
    320-600C.

    For example: PROCION M, LIVAFIX E.

    b) Medium brand:
    This type of dyes contains reactive groups of moderate
    reactivity. So dyeing is done in higher temperature than that
    of cold brand dyes i.e. in between 600-710C temperatures.
    For example, Remazol, Livafix are medium brand dyes.

    c) Hot brand:
    This type of dye contains reactive groups of least reactivity.
    So high temperature is required for dyeing i.e. 720-930 C
    temperature is required for dyeing.
    For example PRICION H, CIBACRON are hot brand dyes.

    Dyeing mechanism of reactive dye:


    The dyeing mechanism of material with reactive dye takes
    place in 3 stages:-

    1. Exhaustion of dye in presence of electrolyte or dye


    absorption.
    2. Fixation under the influence of alkali.
    3. wash-off the unfixed dye from material surface.

    Now they are mentioned below:

    Dye absorption:
    When fibre is immersed in dye liquor, an electrolyte is
    added to assist the exhaustion of dye. Here NaCl is used as
    the electrolyte. This electrolyte neutralize absorption. So
    when the textile material is introduces to dye liquor the dye
    is exhausted on to the fibre.

    Fixation:
    Fixation of dye means the reaction of reactive group of dye
    with terminal –OH or-NH2 group of fibre and thus forming
    strong covalent bond with the fibre and thus forming strong
    covalent bond with the fibre. This is an important phase,
    which is controlled by maintaining proper pH by adding
    alkali. The alkali used for this create proper pH in dye bath
    and do as the dye-fixing agent. The reaction takes place in
    this stage is shown below: -

    1. D-SO2-CH2-CH2-OSO3Na + OH-Cell = D-SO2-


    CH2-CH2-O-Cell + NaHSO3
    2. D-SO2-CH2-CH2-OSO3Na + OH-Wool = D-SO2-
    CH2-CH2-O-Wool + NaHSO3

    3. Wash-off:
    As the dyeing is completed, a good wash must be applied
    to the material to remove extra and unfixed dyes from
    material surface. This is necessary for level dyeing and
    good wash-fastness. It is done by a series of hot wash, cold
    wash and soap solution wash.
    Application method:
    These are 3 application procedures available:
    1. Discontinuous method-

    Conventional method
    Exhaust or constant temperature method
    High temperature method
    Hot critical method.

    2. Cotinuous method-

    Pad-steam method
    Pad dry method
    Pad thermofix method

    3. Semi continuous method-

    Pad roll method


    Pad jig method
    Pad batch method.

    Stripping of reactive dye:


    The reactive dye cannot be satisfactory stripped from fibre
    due to covalent bond between dye molecule and fibre.
    Stripping becomes necessary when uneven dyeing occurs.

    Partial stripping:
    Partial stripping is obtained by treating the dyed fabric with
    dilute acetic acid or formic acid. Here temperature is raised
    to 70-100°C and treatment is continued until shade is
    product of hydrolysis. The amount of acid used is as below:
    -

    Glacial acetic acid : 5-10 parts


    With water :1000 parts

    Or

    Formic acid :2.5 to 10 parts


    With water :1000 parts
    Temperature : 70 - 100°C
    Time : until desired shade is obtained.

    Different methods of reactive dye


    application:
    1) Pad-batch method.
    Pad batch processes are of two types-

    a) Pad (alkali)-batch (cold) process.


    b) Pad (alkali)-batch (warm or hot) process.

    2) Pad dry method


    3) Pad steam method.

    Conclusion:
    By this experiment we came to know the reactive dyes are
    of the least reactivity because they take more temperature
    and more time for dyeing.

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