7/5/2020 Amplitude Curves

Amplitude Curves
An amplitude curve: Related Topics

allows arbitrary time (or frequency) variations of load, displacement, and About Prescribed C onditions
other prescribed variables to be given throughout a step (using step time) or
throughout the analysis (using total time);
In Other Guides
can be defined as a mathematical function (such as a sinusoidal variation), as
a series of values at points in time (such as a digitized acceleration-time *AMPLITUDE
record from an earthquake), as a user-customized definition via user The Amplitude toolset
subroutines, or, in Abaqus/Standard, as values calculated based on a
solution-dependent variable (such as the maximum creep strain rate in a
superplastic forming problem); and
can be referred to by name by any number of boundary conditions, loads,
and predefined fields.

The following topics are discussed:

Amplitude curves
Defining the time period
Specifying relative or absolute data
Defining the amplitude data
Defining an actuator amplitude via co-simulation
Using an amplitude definition with boundary conditions
Using an amplitude definition with secondary base motion in modal dynamics
Defining multiple amplitude curves
Scaling and shifting amplitude curves
Reading the data from an alternate file
Baseline correction in Abaqus/Standard

Products: Abaqus/Standard Abaqus/Explicit Abaqus/C AE

Amplitude curves
By default, the values of loads, boundary conditions, and predefined fields either change linearly with time throughout
the step (ramp function) or they are applied immediately and remain constant throughout the step (step function)—see
Defining an analysis. Many problems require a more elaborate definition, however. For example, different amplitude
curves can be used to specify time variations for different loadings. One common example is the combination of thermal
and mechanical load transients: usually the temperatures and mechanical loads have different time variations during the
step. Different amplitude curves can be used to specify each of these time variations.
Other examples include dynamic analysis under earthquake loading, where an amplitude curve can be used to specify
the variation of acceleration with time, and underwater shock analysis, where an amplitude curve is used to specify the
incident pressure profile.
Amplitudes are defined as model data (i.e., they are not step dependent). Each amplitude curve must be named; this
name is then referred to from the load, boundary condition, or predefined field definition (see About Prescribed
C onditions).
Input F ile Usage:
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name

Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Load or Interaction module: Create Amplitude: Name: name

Defining the time period

Each amplitude curve is a function of time or frequency. Amplitudes defined as functions of frequency are used in Direct-
solution steady-state dynamic analysisMode-based steady-state dynamic analysis and Eddy current analysis.
Amplitudes defined as functions of time can be given in terms of step time (default) or in terms of total time. These time
measures are defined in C onventions.
Input F ile Usage:
Use one of the following options:
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, TIME=STEP TIME (default)
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, TIME=TOTAL TIME

Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Load or Interaction module: Create Amplitude: any type: Time span: Step time or Total time

Continuation of an amplitude reference in subsequent steps

If a boundary condition, load, or predefined field refers to an amplitude curve and the prescribed condition is not
redefined in subsequent steps, the following rules apply:
If the associated amplitude was given in terms of total time, the prescribed condition continues to follow the
amplitude definition.

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If no associated amplitude was given or if the amplitude was given in terms of step time, the prescribed
condition remains constant at the magnitude associated with the end of the previous step.

Specifying relative or absolute data

You can choose between specifying relative or absolute magnitudes for an amplitude curve.

Relative data
By default, you give the amplitude magnitude as a multiple (fraction) of the reference magnitude given in the prescribed
condition definition. This method is especially useful when the same variation applies to different load types.
Input F ile Usage:
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, VALUE=RELATIVE

Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Amplitude magnitudes are always relative in Abaqus/C AE.

Absolute data
Alternatively, you can give absolute magnitudes directly. When this method is used, the values given in the prescribed
condition definitions will be ignored.
Absolute amplitude values should generally not be used to define temperatures or predefined field variables for nodes
attached to beam or shell elements as values at the reference surface together with the gradient or gradients across the
section (default cross-section definition; see Using a beam section integrated during the analysis to define the section
behavior and Using a shell section integrated during the analysis to define the section behavior). Because the values
given in temperature fields and predefined fields are ignored, the absolute amplitude value will be used to define both
the temperature and the gradient and field and gradient, respectively.
Input F ile Usage:
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, VALUE=ABSOLUTE

Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Absolute amplitude magnitudes are not supported in Abaqus/C AE.

Defining the amplitude data

The variation of an amplitude with time can be specified in several ways. The variation of an amplitude with frequency
can be given only in tabular or equally spaced form.

Defining tabular data

C hoose the tabular definition method (default) to define the amplitude curve as a table of values at convenient points on
the time scale. Abaqus interpolates linearly between these values, as needed. By default in Abaqus/Standard, if the time
derivatives of the function must be computed, some smoothing is applied at the time points where the time derivatives
are discontinuous. In contrast, in Abaqus/Explicit no default smoothing is applied (other than the inherent smoothing
associated with a finite time increment). You can modify the default smoothing values (smoothing is discussed in more
detail below, under the heading “Using an amplitude definition with boundary conditions”); alternatively, a smooth step
amplitude curve can be defined (see “Defining smooth step data” below).
If the amplitude varies rapidly—as with the ground acceleration in an earthquake, for example—you must ensure that
the time increment used in the analysis is small enough to pick up the amplitude variation accurately since Abaqus will
sample the amplitude definition only at the times corresponding to the increments being used.
If the analysis time in a step is less than the earliest time for which data exist in the table, Abaqus applies the earliest
value in the table for all step times less than the earliest tabulated time. Similarly, if the analysis continues for step
times past the last time for which data are defined in the table, the last value in the table is applied for all subsequent
time.
Several examples of tabular input are shown in Figure 1.
Input F ile Usage:
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, DEFINITION=TABULAR

Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Load or Interaction module: Create Amplitude: Tabular

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F igure 1. Tabular amplitude definition examples.

Defining equally spaced data

C hoose the equally spaced definition method to give a list of amplitude values at fixed time intervals beginning at a
specified value of time. Abaqus interpolates linearly between each time interval. You must specify the fixed time (or
frequency) interval at which the amplitude data will be given, Δt. You can also specify the time (or lowest frequency) at
which the first amplitude is given, t0 ; the default is t0 =0.0.

If the analysis time in a step is less than the earliest time for which data exist in the table, Abaqus applies the earliest
value in the table for all step times less than the earliest tabulated time. Similarly, if the analysis continues for step
times past the last time for which data are defined in the table, the last value in the table is applied for all subsequent
time.
Input F ile Usage:
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, DEFINITION=EQUALLY SPACED,
FIXED INTERVAL=Δt, BEGIN=t0
Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Load or Interaction module: Create Amplitude: Equally spaced: Fixed interval: Δt
The time (or lowest frequency) at which the first amplitude is given, t0 , is indicated in the first table cell.

Defining periodic data

C hoose the periodic definition method to define the amplitude, a, as a Fourier series:

a = A0 + ∑ [An cos nω (t − t0 ) + Bn sin nω (t − t0 )]  for t ≥ t0 ,

n=1

a = A0      for t < t0 ,

where t0 , N, ω, A0 , An , and Bn , n = 1, 2…N , are user-defined constants. An example of this form of input is shown
in Figure 2.
Input F ile Usage:
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, DEFINITION=PERIODIC

Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Load or Interaction module: Create Amplitude: Periodic

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F igure 2. Periodic amplitude definition example.

Defining modulated data

C hoose the modulated definition method to define the amplitude, a, as

a = A0 + A sin ω1 (t − t0 ) sin ω2 (t − t0 )      for t > t0 ,

a = A0      for t ≤ t0 ,

where A0 , A, t0 , ω1 , and ω2 are user-defined constants. An example of this form of input is shown in Figure 3.

Input F ile Usage:

*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, DEFINITION=MODULATED

Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Load or Interaction module: Create Amplitude: Modulated

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F igure 3. Modulated amplitude definition example.

Defining exponential decay

C hoose the exponential decay definition method to define the amplitude, a, as

a = A0 + A exp (− (t − t0 ) /td )      for t ≥ t0 ,

a = A0      for t < t0 ,

where A0 , A, t0 , and td are user-defined constants. An example of this form of input is shown in Figure 4.

Input F ile Usage:

*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, DEFINITION=DECAY

Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Load or Interaction module: Create Amplitude: Decay

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F igure 4. Exponential decay amplitude definition example.

Defining smooth step data

Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit can calculate amplitudes based on smooth step data. C hoose the smooth step
definition method to define the amplitude, a, between two consecutive data points (ti , Ai ) and (ti+1 , Ai+1 ) as

3 2
a = Ai      +      (Ai+1 − Ai ) ξ (10 − 15ξ + 6ξ )      for ti ≤ t ≤ ti+1 ,

where ξ = (t − ti ) / (ti+1 − ti ) . The above function is such that a = Ai at ti , a = Ai+1 at ti+1 , and the first and
second derivatives of a are zero at ti and ti+1 . This definition is intended to ramp up or down smoothly from one
amplitude value to another.
The amplitude, a, is defined such that

a = A0      for t ≤ t0 ,

a = Af      for t ≥ tf ,

where (t0 , A0 ) and (tf , Af ) are the first and last data points, respectively.

Examples of this form of input are shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6. This definition cannot be used to interpolate smoothly
between a set of data points; i.e., this definition cannot be used to do curve fitting.
Input F ile Usage:
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, DEFINITION=SMOOTH STEP

Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Load or Interaction module: Create Amplitude: Smooth step

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F igure 5. Smooth step amplitude definition example with two data points.

F igure 6. Smooth step amplitude definition example with multiple data points.

Defining a solution-dependent amplitude for superplastic forming analysis

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Abaqus/Standard can calculate amplitude values based on a solution-dependent variable. C hoose the solution-
dependent definition method to create a solution-dependent amplitude curve. The data consist of an initial value, a
minimum value, and a maximum value. The amplitude starts with the initial value and is then modified based on the
progress of the solution, subject to the minimum and maximum values. The maximum value is typically the controlling
mechanism used to end the analysis. This method is used with creep strain rate control for superplastic forming analysis
(see Rate-dependent plasticity: creep and swelling).
Input F ile Usage:
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, DEFINITION=SOLUTION DEPENDENT

Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Load or Interaction module: Create Amplitude: Solution dependent

Defining the bubble load amplitude for an underwater explosion

Two interfaces are available in Abaqus for applying incident wave loads (see Incident wave loading due to external
sources). For either interface bubble dynamics can be described using a model internal to Abaqus. A description of this
built-in mechanical model and the parameters that define the bubble behavior are discussed in Defining bubble loading
for spherical incident wave loading. The related theoretical details are described in Loading due to an incident dilatational
wave field.
The preferred interface for incident wave loading due to an underwater explosion specifies bubble dynamics using the
UNDEX charge property definition (see Defining bubble loading for spherical incident wave loading). The alternative
interface for incident wave loading uses the bubble definition described in this section to define bubble load amplitude
curves.
An example of the bubble amplitude definition with the following input data is shown in Figure 7.
7 −5
K = 5.21 × 10 , k = 9.0 × 10 , A = 0.18, B = 0.185,
8 3
K c = 8.396 × 10 , γ = 1.27, ρ c = 1.5 × 10 , mc = 226.8,
3 3
d I = 137.16, ρ f = 1.0 × 10 , cf = 1.5 × 10 , nX = 0.0,
4
nY = 0.0, nZ = 1.0, g = 9.8, patm = 9.8 × 10 ,

T final = 0.555.

Input F ile Usage:

*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, DEFINITION=BUBBLE

Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Bubble amplitudes are not supported in Abaqus/C AE. However, bubble loading for an underwater explosion is
supported in the Interaction module using the UNDEX charge property definition.
F igure 7. Bubble amplitude definition example: (a) radius of bubble and (b) depth of bubble center under
fluid surface.

Defining an amplitude via a user subroutine

C hoose the user definition method to define the amplitude curve via coding in user subroutine UAMP (Abaqus/Standard)
or VUAMP (Abaqus/Explicit). You define the value of the amplitude function in time and, optionally, the values of the
derivatives and integrals for the function sought to be implemented as outlined in UAMP and VUAMP.
You can use an arbitrary number of properties to calculate the amplitude, and you can use an arbitrary number of state
variables that can be updated independently for each amplitude definition.
In Abaqus/Standard user-defined amplitudes are not supported for complex eigenvalue extraction, linear dynamic
procedures, and steady-state dynamic analysis with the response computed directly in terms of the physical degrees of
freedom.
Moreover, solution-dependent sensors can be used to define the user-customized amplitude. The sensors can be
identified via their name, and two utilities allow for the extraction of the current sensor value inside the user subroutine
(see Obtaining sensor information). Simple control/logical models can be implemented using this feature as illustrated in
C rank mechanism.
Input F ile Usage:
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, DEFINITION=USER, PROPERTIES=m, VARIABLES=n

Abaqus/CAE Usage:

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Load or Interaction module: Create Amplitude: User: Number of variables: n
User-defined amplitude properties are not supported in Abaqus/C AE.

Defining an actuator amplitude via co-simulation

The current value of an actuator amplitude can be imported at any given time from a co-simulation with a logical
modeling program (see About co-simulation). The name specified on the actuator amplitude definition is used as the
actuator name for co-simulation purposes. Therefore, at a given time each actuator is associated with one real number
—the current value of the amplitude. As with any amplitude definition, the user-specified name can be used in
conjunction with any Abaqus feature that can reference an amplitude.
Input F ile Usage:
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, DEFINITION=ACTUATOR

Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Load or Interaction module: Create Amplitude: Actuator

Using an amplitude definition with boundary conditions

When an amplitude curve is used to prescribe a variable of the model as a boundary condition (by referring to the
amplitude from the boundary condition definition), the first and second time derivatives of the variable may also be
needed. For example, the time history of a displacement can be defined for a direct integration dynamic analysis step by
an amplitude variation; in this case Abaqus must compute the corresponding velocity and acceleration.
When the displacement time history is defined by a piecewise linear amplitude variation (tabular or equally spaced
amplitude definition), the corresponding velocity is piecewise constant and the acceleration may be infinite at the end of
each time interval given in the amplitude definition table, as shown in Figure 8(a). This behavior is unreasonable. (In
[A(t i+1 )−A(t i )]
Abaqus/Explicit time derivatives of amplitude curves are typically based on finite differences, such as , so
Δt

there is some inherent smoothing associated with the time discretization.)

You can modify the piecewise linear displacement variation into a combination of piecewise linear and piecewise
quadratic variations through smoothing. Smoothing ensures that the velocity varies continuously during the time period
of the amplitude definition and that the acceleration no longer has singularity points, as illustrated in Figure 8(b).

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F igure 8. Piecewise linear displacement definitions.

When the velocity time history is defined by a piecewise linear amplitude variation, the corresponding acceleration is
piecewise constant. Smoothing can be used to modify the piecewise linear velocity variation into a combination of
piecewise linear and piecewise quadratic variations. Smoothing ensures that the acceleration varies continuously during
the time period of the amplitude definition.
You specify t, the fraction of the time interval before and after each time point during which the piecewise linear time
variation is to be replaced by a smooth quadratic time variation. The default in Abaqus/Standard is t=0.25; the default in
Abaqus/Explicit is t=0.0. The allowable range is 0.0 < t≤ 0.5. A value of 0.05 is suggested for amplitude definitions that
contain large time intervals to avoid severe deviation from the specified definition.
In Abaqus/Explicit if a displacement jump is specified using an amplitude curve (i.e., the beginning displacement defined
using the amplitude function does not correspond to the displacement at that time), this displacement jump will be
ignored. Displacement boundary conditions are enforced in Abaqus/Explicit in an incremental manner using the slope of
the amplitude curve. To avoid the “noisy” solution that may result in Abaqus/Explicit when smoothing is not used, it is
better to specify the velocity history of a node rather than the displacement history (see Boundary conditions in
Abaqus/Standard and Abaqus/Explicit).
When an amplitude definition is used with prescribed conditions that do not require the evaluation of time derivatives
(for example, concentrated loads, distributed loads, temperature fields, etc., or a static analysis), the use of smoothing
is ignored.
When the displacement time history is defined using a smooth-step amplitude curve, the velocity and acceleration will be
zero at every data point specified, although the average velocity and acceleration may well be nonzero. Hence, this
amplitude definition should be used only to define a (smooth) step function.
Input F ile Usage:
Use either of the following options:
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, DEFINITION=TABULAR, SMOOTH=t
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, DEFINITION=EQUALLY SPACED, SMOOTH=t

Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Load or Interaction module: Create Amplitude: choose Tabular or Equally spaced: Smoothing: Specify: t

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Using an amplitude definition with secondary base motion in modal dynamics

When an amplitude curve is used to prescribe a variable of the model as a secondary base motion in a modal dynamics
procedure (by referring to the amplitude from the base motion definition during a modal dynamic procedure), the first or
second time derivatives of the variable may also be needed. For example, the time history of a displacement can be
defined for secondary base motion in a modal dynamics procedure. In this case Abaqus must compute the
corresponding acceleration.
The modal dynamics procedure uses an exact solution for the response to a piecewise linear force. Accordingly,
secondary base motion definitions are applied as piecewise linear acceleration histories. When displacement-type or
velocity-type base motions are used to define displacement or velocity time histories and an amplitude variation using
the tabular, equally spaced, periodic, modulated, or exponential decay definitions is used, an algorithmic acceleration is
computed based on the tabular data (the amplitude data evaluated at the time values used in the modal dynamics
procedure). At the end of any time increment where the amplitude curve is linear over that increment, linear over the
previous increment, and the slopes of the amplitude variations over the two increments are equal, this algorithmic
acceleration reproduces the exact displacement and velocity for displacement time histories or the exact velocity for
velocity time histories.
When the displacement time history is defined using a smooth-step amplitude curve, the velocity and acceleration will be
zero at every data point specified, although the average velocity and acceleration may well be nonzero. Hence, this
amplitude definition should be used only to define a (smooth) step function.

Defining multiple amplitude curves

You can define any number of amplitude curves and refer to them from any load, boundary condition, or predefined field
definition. For example, one amplitude curve can be used to specify the velocity of a set of nodes, while another
amplitude curve can be used to specify the magnitude of a pressure load on the body. If the velocity and the pressure
both follow the same time history, however, they can both refer to the same amplitude curve. There is one exception in
Abaqus/Standard: only one solution-dependent amplitude (used for superplastic forming) can be active during each
step.

Scaling and shifting amplitude curves

You can scale and shift both time and magnitude when defining an amplitude. This can be helpful for example when your
amplitude data need to be converted to a different unit system or when you reuse existing amplitude data to define
similar amplitude curves. If both scaling and shifting are applied at the same time, the amplitude values are first scaled
and then shifted. The amplitude shifting and scaling can be applied to all amplitude definition types except for solution
dependent, bubble, and user; for the actuator amplitude definition type, only scaling and shifting of the amplitude
magnitude is supported.
Input F ile Usage:
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, SHIFTX=shiftx_value, SHIFTY=shifty_value, SCALEX=scalex_value, SCALEY=scaley_value

Abaqus/CAE Usage:
The scaling and shifting of amplitude curves is not supported in Abaqus/CAE.

Reading the data from an alternate file

The data for an amplitude curve can be contained in a separate file.
Input F ile Usage:
*AMPLITUDE, NAME=name, INPUT=file_name

If the INPUT parameter is omitted, it is assumed that the data lines follow the keyword line.
Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Load or Interaction module: Create Amplitude: any type: click mouse button 3 while holding the cursor over the data
table, and select Read from File

Baseline correction in Abaqus/Standard

When an amplitude definition is used to define an acceleration history in the time domain (a seismic record of an
earthquake, for example), the integration of the acceleration record through time may result in a relatively large
displacement at the end of the event. This behavior typically occurs because of instrumentation errors or a sampling
frequency that is not sufficient to capture the actual acceleration history. In Abaqus/Standard it is possible to
compensate for it by using “baseline correction.”
The baseline correction method allows an acceleration history to be modified to minimize the overall drift of the
displacement obtained from the time integration of the given acceleration. It is relevant only with tabular or equally
spaced amplitude definitions.
Baseline correction can be defined only when the amplitude is referenced as an acceleration boundary condition during a
direct-integration dynamic analysis or as an acceleration base motion in modal dynamics.
Input F ile Usage:

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Use both of the following options to include baseline correction:
*AMPLITUDE, DEFINITION=TABULAR or EQUALLY SPACED
*BASELINE CORRECTION
The *BASELINE C ORREC TION option must appear immediately following the data lines of the *AMPLITUDE
option.
Abaqus/CAE Usage:
Load or Interaction module: Create Amplitude: choose Tabular or Equally spaced: Baseline Correction

Effects of baseline correction

The acceleration is modified by adding a quadratic variation of acceleration in time to the acceleration definition. The
quadratic variation is chosen to minimize the mean squared velocity during each correction interval. Separate quadratic
variations can be added for different correction intervals within the amplitude definition by defining the correction
intervals. Alternatively, the entire amplitude history can be used as a single correction interval.
The use of more correction intervals provides tighter control over any “drift” in the displacement at the expense of more
modification of the given acceleration trace. In either case, the modification begins with the start of the amplitude
variation and with the assumption that the initial velocity at that time is zero.
The baseline correction technique is described in detail in Baseline correction of accelerograms.

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