Asian MathSci League, Inc (AMSLI)

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Grade 7 Session 8: Geometry Refresher

Geometry refresher. These sets contain questions that are intended to review content that is expected
from AMEP students from elementary. Additional notes are provided at the end of this material.

SET 1

1. The angles of a triangle form an arithmetic sequence. If the largest angle is twice the smallest angle, find the
common difference.

2. The complement of an angle is 1/3 of its supplement. Find the measure of the angle.

3. Consider the figure on the right, composed of a pair of parallel lines and a
transversal:
a. Find the measure of ∠𝐹 if 𝑚∠𝐴 = 2𝑥 + 20 and 𝑚∠𝐻 = 3𝑥 − 23
b. Find the value of 𝑥 + 𝑦 if 𝑚∠𝐶 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 6, 𝑚∠𝐸 = 4𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 10, and
𝑚∠𝐻 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6.

4. The lengths of a rectangle are given as 6𝑥 + 2𝑦 and 3𝑥 + 4𝑦. The width is 𝑥 + 3𝑦. Find the area of this
rectangle.

5. Find the measure of angle 𝑚 if the two horizontal lines are parallel and
𝑚∠𝑥 = 30, 𝑚∠𝑦 = 40 and 𝑚∠𝑧 = 50.

6. Given my deformed hexagonal “Piatos”, find the value of 𝑚∠𝑎 + 𝑚∠𝑏 +

𝑚∠𝑐 + 𝑚∠𝑑 + 𝑚∠𝑒 + 𝑚∠𝑓

SET 2

1. A right triangle has legs 3 and 4. What is the length of the hypotenuse?

2. The hypotenuse of a right triangle is twice as long as a leg. Find the ratio of the
length of the longer leg to the shorter leg.

3. Seventeen right triangles with 1 leg of length 1 are stacked such that the
hypotenuse of one triangle is the leg of the next right triangle (see figure). Find
the area of the largest triangle.

4. John’s house is located in the point (-3,3) in the Cartesian

plane while that of Mary’s is in (4,2). A river lies along the 𝑥-
axis (𝑦 = 0). John visits Mary but must first drop by the river
to catch a fish, which whey will eat for lunch. What is the
shortest possible distance that John needs to travel from his
house to Mary’s assuming he can fish from any point along the
river?

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 Asian MathSci League, Inc (AMSLI)
Website: amsliphil.com
Email address: [email protected]

5. An ant is located at point 𝐴 at the bottom of a cylinder of radius 𝑟 and height ℎ, and must go
to point 𝐵 at the top, but must have gone around the cylinder at least 𝑛 times. Express the
shortest distance that the ant must travel to go from 𝐴 to 𝐵 while following the restriction.

6. A point 𝑀 lies inside rectangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 such that 𝐴𝑀 = 12, 𝐵𝑀 = 16, 𝐶𝑀 = 20. Find 𝐷𝑀.

SET 3

1. If Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 ∼ Δ𝐷𝐸𝐹 and 𝐴𝐵 = 6, 𝐵𝐶 = 5, 𝐷𝐸 = 18, find the value of 𝐸𝐹.

2. If Δ𝑋𝑌𝑍 ∼ Δ𝑃𝑄𝑅, and the ratio of their perimeters is 3:2, then what is the
ratio of their areas?

3. In the figure, 𝐷𝐸 ∥ 𝐵𝐶 , 𝐴𝐸 = 3, 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐸𝐶 = 𝑥 and 𝐵𝐷 = 12, find the value

of 𝑥.

4. Triangle 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a right triangle with ∠𝐶 as the right angle. If 𝐷 is a point on 𝐴𝐵 such that 𝐶𝐷 ⊥ 𝐴𝐵,

a. name all similar triangles that you can find.

b. Prove that 𝐶𝐷 = √𝐴𝐷 ⋅ 𝐷𝐵.

5. In the figure, 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝐷𝐸. If 𝐴𝐶 = 4, 𝐵𝐶 = 6, 𝐶𝐸 = 12, find the value of 𝐶𝐷.

6. Let Δ𝐴𝐵𝐶 have sides 𝐵𝐶 = 7 and 𝐴𝐶 = 6. If the median from 𝐴 is

perpendicular to the median from 𝐵, find the value of 𝐴𝐵2 . [Start the
solution with labelling 𝑀,𝑁 be the midpoints of 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐴𝐵, respectively.]

7. (AMC 12A 2021) Trapezoid 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 has 𝐴𝐵 ∥ 𝐶𝐷, 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐶𝐷 = 43, and

𝐴𝐷 ⊥ 𝐵𝐷. Let 𝑂 be the intersection of the diagonals 𝐴𝐶, 𝐵𝐷, and let
𝑃 be the midpoint of 𝐵𝐷. Given that 𝑂𝑃 = 11, the length of 𝐴𝐷 can be
written in the form 𝑚√𝑛, where 𝑚 and 𝑛 are positive integers
and 𝑛 is not divisible by the square of any prime. What is 𝑚 + 𝑛?

Prepared by : ELC Plan and Kurt Byron C. Ang

 Asian MathSci League, Inc (AMSLI)
Website: amsliphil.com
Email address: [email protected]

Area Method

1. Basic Principles:
The area of a triangle ABC is denoted by  ABC  hereafter.
To find the area of a triangle, we select one side to be the base. The perpendicular segment from the vertex
opposite the base to the base (extended if necessary) is the altitude.
base  altitude
Area =
2
1 1 1
Basic Formula to find the area of ABC.  ABC  = a  ha = b  hb = c  hc where BC = a, CA = b, AB = c and
2 2 2
ha , hb, hc are altitudes on BC , CA, AB respectively.

2. Theorems
Theorem 1: If two triangles have the same base, then the ratio of their areas is the ratio of the altitudes to that base.

[ ABD ] H
=
[ ABC ] h

Theorem 2: If two triangles have the same altitude, then the ratio of their areas is the ratio of the bases to which
that altitude is drawn.

[ ABC ] AB [ ABC ] AB [ ADC ] AD

= ; = ; =
[ ADC ] AD [ DBC ] DB [ BDC ] DB

Common Side Theorem

Let ABP and ABQ have a common side AB, and lines AB and PQ meet at M, then,
 ABP  = PM .
 ABQ  QM
Proof:
 ABP  =  ABP    AMP    AMQ  = AB PM AM PM
  =
 ABQ   AMP   AMQ   ABQ  AM QM AB QM

These are the four possible configurations depending on the location of the points A, B, P, and Q.

Prepared by : ELC Plan and Kurt Byron C. Ang

 Asian MathSci League, Inc (AMSLI)
Website: amsliphil.com
Email address: [email protected]

Examples:
1. Suppose that in triangle ABC, D is the midpoint of BC, E is the midpoint of
AB, and F is the midpoint of EB, as shown in the figure. If the area of
2
triangle DAF is 93 cm , what is the area of triangle ABC?

2. (2004 AMC10B) In right triangle ACE with right angle at C, we have

AC = 12, CE = 16, and EA = 20 . Points B, D, and F are located on AC, CE,
and EA, respectively, so that AB = 3, CD = 4, and EF = 5 . What is the ratio
of the area of triangle BDF to that of triangle ACE?

3. Let the medians AD and BE of triangle ABC intersect at G. Prove that AG = 2GD .

Set 4

1. Find the area of 𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐶 if [𝐴𝐵𝐶] = 120 and 𝐴𝐸: 𝐸𝐷 = 3: 2

2. 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a square with area 144 sq. cm. Segments 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐸𝐶 are divided into
three congruent parts. Find the area of triangle 𝐷𝐹𝐺 in sq cm.

3. In the figure, 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram and 𝐷𝐶 and 𝐵𝐶 are divided into five
and three equal parts respectively. Given [𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷] = 180𝑐𝑚2 , find [𝐴𝐸𝐶𝐹] in
sq cm.

4. (3rd PWMC Individual) In the figure, 3, 5, 8 and 10 are respectively the areas of the
three triangles enclosing the numbers. What is the area of the quadrilateral
enclosing the number X ?

5. (4th PWMC Team Problems) In triangle ABC,

BC = 6BD, AC = 5EC , DG = GH = HE , AF = FG . Find the ratio of the area
of triangle FGH to the area of triangle ABC.

Prepared by : ELC Plan and Kurt Byron C. Ang

 Asian MathSci League, Inc (AMSLI)
Website: amsliphil.com
Email address: [email protected]

ADDITIONAL NOTES (REVIEW)

I. Basic Knowledge
A. Terms
Acute angle: Right angle:
between 0 and 90 .. a = 90

Obtuse angle: Straight angle

between 90 and 180 . a = 180

Vertical angles have equal measures. a = b .

Complementary angles: If sum of the measures of two acute angles is 90 , the angles are said to be
complementary. a + b = 90 .

Supplementary angles: If sum of the measures of two angles is 180 , the angles are said to be
supplementary. a + b = 180 .

Isosceles triangle: An isosceles triangle is a triangle with two congruent sides. If AB = BC it follows
that A = C .

Equilateral triangle: An equilateral triangle is a triangle having three congruent sides.

AB = BC = CA . Also, A = B = C = 60 .

B. Relationship of Angles Formed by Parallel Lines

Alternate interior angles 4 = 5

Alternate exterior angles 1 = 8 .
Interior angles on the same sides of transversal 4 + 6 = 180 .
Corresponding angles 2 = 6 .
A line crossing two lines is called a transversal.

C. Angle-Measure-Sum Principles

Theorem I.1: The sum of the measures of the angles of a triangle equals the measure of a
straight angle, or 180 . A + B + C = 180 .

Theorem I.2: The measure of each exterior angle of a triangle equals the sum of the measures
of its two remote nonadjacent interior angles. z = a + b ; x = b + c ; y = c + a

Theorem I.3: The sum of the measures of the exterior angles of a triangle equals 360 :
x + y + z = 360

Theorem I.4: The four angles in the figure shown have the following relationship:
D = A + B + C .

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 Asian MathSci League, Inc (AMSLI)
Website: amsliphil.com
Email address: [email protected]

II. Pythagorean Theorem is applicable for right triangles only. a 2 + b 2 = c 2

(a and b are two legs. c is the hypotenuse)

Proof:
Method 1: (Chinese way)
Arrange four congruent right triangles to form a square as show in the figure.
1
The area of the four triangles is a  b  4 = 2ab (1)
2
The area of the smaller square is ( b − a ) = b 2 − 2ab + a 2 ( 2)
2

The area of the large square is c 2

( 3)
( 3) = (1) + ( 2 )
1
c2 = a  b  4 + ( b − a ) = 2ab + b 2 − 2ab + a 2  c2 = a 2 + b2
2

2
Method 2: (U.S President Garfield’s way): Arrange two congruent right triangles as show in the figure.
Connect PQ. Quadrilateral ABQP is a trapezoid. Since PRA + QRB = 90 , and PRQ is a right triangle.

The two bases of the trapezoid are a and b.

The height is ( a + b ) . The area of trapezoid ABQP is
(a + b)  ( a + b)
S ABQP = (1)
2
The sum of the areas of the three right triangles
1 1 1
S= ab + ab + c 2 (2)
2 2 2
We know that (1) = ( 2 ) .
( a + b )  ( a + b ) = 1 ab + 1 ab + 1 c 2  a 2 + 2ab + b 2 = ab + ab + c 2  c 2 = a 2 + b 2
2 2 2 2

Some Useful Theorems:

Theorem II.1
In a 45 − 45 − 90 right triangle, or isosceles right triangle, the length of the hypotenuse is
2 times of the length of each leg.

Theorem II.2.
If the triangle ABC is a right triangle, then the radius of the inscribed circle
can be calculated by:
AC + BC − AB
r= ( 2.3)
2

1 3
Theorem II.3. For a right triangle, if A = 30 , then BC = AB and AC = BC .
2 2

Theorem II.4. The length of the median to the hypotenuse of the right triangle equals one-half the length of the
hypotenuse. AM = MB = MC

PYTHAGOREAN TRIPLES
A Pythagorean triple is an ordered triple ( a, b, c ) of three positive integers such that a 2 + b 2 = c 2 . If a, b, and c, are
relatively prime, then the triple is called primitive.
Integral values of a, b, and c, where a, b, and c are relatively prime:
Prepared byb: ELC Plan and Kurt Byron C. Ang b c
5
7
 Asian MathSci League, Inc (AMSLI)
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c a
_____________________________________________________________________________________
a
5 12 13
3 4
15 17 24 25
8
21 29 35 37
20
9 40 41 60 61
_______________________________________________________________________________________
13 84 85 112 113

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