Paes (Agricultural Structures)

AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES
PAES 401 - 422
Prepared by:
Engr. Jasper Paul S. Ancheta

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEER
Act of giving birth in swine
a. Culling
b. Gestating
c. Farrowing
d. All of the above
Answer: c. Farrowing
Place for piglets inside the farrowing pen
a. Crowding pen
b. Creeping area
c. Farrowing pen
d. All of the above
Answer: b. Creeping area

Unbred sows which have just been
weaned; non-pregnant sows
a. Dry sows
b. Gestating sows
c. Weanling
d. All of the above
Answer: a. Dry sows

Area in which a sow is confined during
farrowing and lactation periods, but in
which the sow can turn around.
a. Farrowing pen
b. Farrowing stall
c. Farrowing crate
d. All of the above
Answer: a. Farrowing pen

Device which a sow is confined during
farrowing and lactation periods and which
prevents sow from turning around.
a. Farrowing pen
b. Farrowing stall
c. Farrowing crate
d. Both b and c
Answer: d. Both b and c

Average number of farrowings of one sow
per year
a. Litter index or
farrowing index
b. occupancy
c. Farrowing crate
d. litter
Answer: a. Litter index or farrowing
index
Female swine that has not farrowed
a. Grower
b. Gilt
c. Boar
d. litter
Answer: b. Gilt
Number of days an animal stays in a pen
a. 30 day-pen
b. Occupancy
c. Farrowing pen
d. litter
Answer: b. Occupancy
Fattener is a swine for meat production
usually starts at
a. 16 kg
b. 15 kg
c. 18 kg
d. None of the above
Answer: b. 15 kg
Swine which are 66 kg and up
a. Grower
b. Finisher
c. Fattener
Answer: b. Finisher
Swine from 40 to 65 kg
a. Grower
b. Finisher
c. Fattener
Answer: a. Grower
Piglets born in one farrowing.
a. litter
b. Finisher
c. Fattener
Answer: a. litter
PAES 401 – Agricultural Structures –
Housing for Swine Production. The
building shall be constructed in an
orientation and the structure for
marketable animals shall be located near
the service road.
a. north-east
b. south-east
c. east-west
Answer: c. east-west
The sows and piglets remain in the
farrowing house until weaning. After
weaning, piglets are moved to a nursery
house, then to a growing house and
finally to a finishing house until they are
ready for slaughter
a. four-unit system
b. two-unit system
c. One-unit system
Answer: a. four-unit system

Minimum recommended space
requirement for swine for groups of
grouping swine 11 to 20 kg
a. 0.11 m2/animal
b. 0.20 m2/animal
c. 0.70 m2/animal
Answer: b. 0.20 m2/animal

grouping swine of gestating sows.
a. 0.11 m2/animal
b. 1.20 m2/animal
c. 7.40 m2/animal

grouping swine of lactating sows and
litters (individual pens).
a. 0.11 m2/animal
b. 1.20 m2/animal
c. 7.40 m2/animal
Answer: c. 7.40 m2/animal

grouping swine of dry sows
a. 0.11 m2/animal
b. 1.80 m2/animal
c. 7.40 m2/animal

According PAES 401, Building sidewalls
shall have a minimum height of and
shall be provided to ensure shade and to
protect the swine from rain.
a. 1 m
b. 2 m
c. 3 m
Answer: a. 1 m
According PAES 401, Building sidewalls
shall have a minimum height of and
shall made of durable materials.
a. 1 m
b. 2 m
c. 3 m
Answer: a. 1 m
According PAES 401, at least
roof overhang shall be provided to ensure
shade and to protect the swine from
a. one-meter
b. two-meter
c. three-meter
Answer: a. one-meter
According PAES 401, the recommended
slat width for farrowing sows and piglets
(up to 30 kg)
a. 20-25 mm
b. 18 – 25 mm
c. 25 – 30 mm
Answer: b. 18 – 25 mm
slat width for finishers
a. 20-25 mm
b. 60 – 100 mm
c. 25 – 30 mm
slat spacing for finishers
a. 10 – 20 mm
b. 60 – 100 mm
c. 25 – 30 mm
Answer: a. 10 – 20 mm
slat spacing for weaners
a. 10 – 20 mm
b. 10 – 14 mm
c. 25 – 30 mm
According PAES 401, concrete slats shall
be used preferably for swine over
, including gestating sows.
a. 80 kg
b. 30 kg
c. 45 kg
Answer: b. 30 kg
Farrowing pens shall be provided with
to avoid crushing by the sow
a. Gate
b. Wall
c. Farrowing crate
Answer: c. Farrowing crate

According PAES 401, the minimum length of
farrowing crate is
a. 1.80 m
b. 8 m
c. 2 m
Answer: a. 1.80 m
According PAES 401, the minimum width of stall
of farrowing crate is
a. 1.80 m
b. 0.60 m
c. 2 m
Answer: b. 0.60 m
According PAES 401, the minimum width of
creep of farrowing crate is
a. 0.50 m
b. 0.60 m
c. 2 m
Answer: a. 0.50 m
According PAES 401, the minimum height of
creep of farrowing crate is
a. 1 m
b. 0.60 m
c. 0. 40 m
Answer: c. 0. 40 m
According PAES 401, the minimum height of
stall of farrowing crate is
a. 1 m
b. 0.60 m
c. 2 m
Answer: a. 1 m
Finishing pen with a dimension of 1.5 m x 4.8
m shall accommodate
a. 10 finishers
b. 20 finishers
c. 25 finishers
Answer: a. 10 finishers
Growing pen with a dimension of 1.5 m x 4.8 m
shall accommodate
a. 10 growers
b. 20 growers
c. 25 growers
Answer: b. 20 growers
Minimum height of pen partition for swine
under 25 kg.
a. 0.70 m
b. 0.90 m
c. 1 m
Answer: a. 0.70 m
Minimum height of pen partition for Sow
a. 0.70 m
b. 0.90 m
c. 1 m
Answer: c. 1 m
Minimum height of pen partition for Boar
a. 0.70 m
b. 0.90 m
c. 1.2 m
Answer: c. 1.2 m
According to PAES 401, the dimension of the
gate of the shall be
a. 600 mm
b. 1000 mm
c. 6 m
Answer: a. 600 mm
According to PAES 401, primary walkways shall
have a minimum of
a. 1.2 m
b. 1.4 m
c. 1.5 m
Answer: c. 1.5 m
According to PAES 401, secondary walkways
shall have a minimum of
a. 1.2 m
b. 1.0 m
c. 1.5 m
Answer: b. 1.0 m
According to PAES 401, heaters shall be
installed in creep areas to provide newborn pigs
its required temperature until they
are 3 days old.
a. 27 oC – 35 oC
b. 34 oC
c. 20 oC – 30 oC
Answer: a. 27 oC – 35 oC
According to PAES 401, heat lamps shall be
placed above the floor.
a. 766 mm
b. 756 mm
c. 762 mm
Answer: c. 762 mm
According to PAES 401, heat lamps shall be
placed above the Sow.
a. 166 mm
b. 156 mm
c. 152 mm
Answer: c. 152 mm
Minimum recommended length of feeding
trough per swine for 15 to 25 kg swine
a. 150 mm/animal
b. 156 mm/animal
c. 152 mm/animal
Answer: a. 150 mm/animal

Minimum recommended length of feeding
trough per swine for 75 to 100 kg swine
a. 300 mm/animal
b. 356 mm/animal
c. 200 mm/animal

According to PAES 401, feeding trough width
shall be at least
a. 300 mm
b. 356 mm
c. 200 mm
Answer: a. 300 mm
According to PAES 401, feeding trough depth
shall be at least
a. 300 mm
b. 250 mm
c. 200 mm
Answer: b. 250 mm
Recommended lighting intensity for swine
housing for inspection areas
a. 150 lux
b. 250 lux
c. 200 lux
Answer: c. 200 lux

Recommended lighting intensity for swine
housing for growing and finishing
a. 50 lux
b. 250 lux
c. 200 lux
Answer: a. 50 lux
Minimum ventilation rates under normal
condition for farrowing unit (sow and litter)
a. 0.09 m3/min
b. 0.28 m3/min
c. 0.8 m3/min
Answer: b. 0.28 m3/min

Minimum ventilation rates under normal
condition for nursery pens
a. 0.09 m3/min
b. 0.28 m3/min
c. 0.12 m3/min
Answer: c. 0.12 m3/min

Maximum temperature for housed swine in still
air for Sows and Boars
a. 30 oC
b. 32 oC
c. 34 oC
Answer: a. 30 oC
Maximum temperature for housed swine in still
air for new born piglets
a. 30 oC
b. 32 oC
c. 35 oC
Answer: c. 35 oC
Material used as bedding for animals
a. litter
b. Hay
c. Grass
Answer: a. litter
Materials that are placed around the brooder
stoves to prevent the chicks from straying too
far away from the heat supply until they learn
the source of heat
a. litter
b. Brooder guard
c. Insulator
Answer: b. Brooder guard

Long and narrow type of houses wherein at
least on-half of the front and the back of the
house are open.
a. open-sided housing
b. Enclosed housing
c. Farmstead
Answer: a. open-sided housing

Floor space requirements for broiler for 4
weeks and below
a. 6.25 m2/100 animal

b. 12.50 m2/100 animal
c. 10 m2/100 animal
Answer: a. 6.25 m2/animal

Floor space requirements for broiler for above 4
weeks old
a. 6.25 m2/100 animal

b. 12.50 m2/100 animal
c. 10 m2/100 animal

According to PAES 402 – Housing for Broiler
Production, entrance doors shall be at least
wide by high and shall be made
to swing inward.
a. 900mm;2m
b. 300mm;2m
c. 400mm;3m
Answer: a. 900mm;2m
Production, the door shall be covered with
mesh wire netting
a. 25 mm
b. 30 mm
c. 50 mm
Answer: a. 25 mm
Production, slotted floor (if welded wire is
used). It should have mesh.
a. 624 mm2
b. 625 mm2
c. 650 mm2
Answer: b. 625 mm2

Production, width of the pen shall be about
a. 10 m – 12 m
b. 13 m – 15 m
c. 10 m – 14 m
Answer: a. 10 m – 12 m
Production, for slotted floor (if welded wire is
used). The wire shall be supported every
.
a. 300 mm
b. 310 mm
c. 650 mm
Answer: a. 300 mm
Production, litter material shall be at least
deep over the cemented floor.
a. 50 mm – 100 mm
b. 60 mm – 120 mm
c. 80 mm – 130 mm
Answer: a. 50 mm – 100 mm
Production, during the first 48 hrs, chicks shall
receive a total of 23 hrs of light at of
illumination
a. 50 W/m2
b. 35 W/m2
c. 45 W/m2
Answer: b. 35 W/m2
Production, during the first 48 hrs, chicks shall
receive a total of 23 hrs of light at 35 W/m2 of
illumination. This amount should supplied by
approximately of light bulb.
a. 5.0 W
b. 3.5 W
c. 4.5 W
Answer: b. 3.5 W
Production, Hovers shall be maintained at a
minimum clearance of above the
back of the birds.
a. 120 mm
b. 125 mm
c. 129 mm
Answer: a. 120 mm
Production, aisles and walkways between doors
walls shall be at least
a. 2 m
b. 1 m
c. 1.9 m
Answer: b. 1 m
Production, length of linear feeder for 4 weeks
and below
a. 4 m/100 birds
b. 5 m/100 birds
c. 9 m/100 birds
Answer: a. 4 m/100 birds

Production, number of round feeder for 4 weeks
and below
a. 5 pcs/100 birds
b. 4 pcs/100 birds
c. 6 pcs/100 birds
Answer: b. 4 pcs/100 birds

Production, number of round waterer for 4
weeks and below
a. 1 pc/100 birds
b. 4 pcs/100 birds
c. 6 pcs/100 birds
Answer: a. 1 pc/100 birds

What is AMTEC?
a. Agricultural Machinery Testing and

Evaluation Center
b. Agricultural Manufacturer’s Testing
and Evaluation Center
c. Agro -Meteorology Testing and
Evaluation Center
Answer: a. Agricultural Machinery

Testing and Evaluation Center
Type of flooring utilizing the most commonly
available materials such as rice hull and rice
straw and wood shavings over the cemented
floor
a. Slotted type
b. Litter type
c. slot-litter type
Answer: b. Litter type

Type flooring with openings to facilitate cleaning
of the droppings
a. Slotted type
b. Litter type
c. slot-litter type
Answer: a. Slotted type

Combination of slotted and litter type flooring
wherein slats cover 60% of the total floor area
and 40% is covered with litter
a. Slotted type
b. Litter type
c. slot-litter type
Answer: c. slot-litter type

Large nesting boxes for 3- 6 layers
a. Bird’s nest
b. Box nest
c. Community nest
Answer: c. Community nest

Floor space requirements for layers in pen type
housing on litter type floor at Growing (7 – 22
weeks)
a. 14 m2/100 birds
b. 15 m2/100 birds
c. 17 m2/100 birds
Answer: a. 14 m2/100 birds

housing on slotted type floor at Growing (7 –
22 weeks)
a. 14 m2/100 birds
b. 6 m2/100 birds
c. 17 m2/100 birds
Answer: b. 6 m2/100 birds

housing on slotted type floor at laying (beyond
22 weeks)
a. 14 m2/100 birds
b. 9 m2/100 birds
c. 17 m2/100 birds
Answer: b. 9 m2/100 birds

housing on litter type floor at laying (beyond 22
weeks)
a. 14 m2/100 birds
b. 6 m2/100 birds
c. 17 m2/100 birds
Answer: c. 17 m2/100 birds

The minimum space requirement for birds in
cages shall be
a. 5 m2/100 birds
b. 6 m2/100 birds
c. 17 m2/100 birds
Answer: a. 5 m2/100 birds

According to PAES 403, The recommended
space requirement for waterers shall be
a. 23 mm/bird
b. 18 mm/bird
c. 20 mm/bird
Answer: c. 20 mm/bird
space requirement for waterers for layers shall
be
a. 23 mm/bird
b. 18 mm/bird
c. 20 mm/bird
Answer: c. 20 mm/bird
space requirement for feeders for layers shall
be
a. 65 mm/bird
b. 18 mm/bird
c. 20 mm/bird
Answer: a. 65 mm/bird
Mature male goat
a. doe
b. buck
c. lamb
Answer: b. buck
Sheep under six months of age
a. doe
b. buck
c. lamb
Answer: c. lamb
Young goat under six months old either sex
a. doe
b. kid
c. lamb
Answer: b. kid
Mature female goat that has kidded
a. doe
b. kid
c. lamb
Answer: a. doe
Animals can move freely in or out the housing
area and into the paddock or feeding area
a. Loose type
b. Shed type
c. pen-barn type
Answer: b. Shed type

Minimum floor space requirement for a 35 kg
doe/ewe in a solid type floor
a. 0.8 m2/animal
b. 0.5 m2/animal
c. 1 m2/animal

doe/ewe in a slotted type floor
a. 0.8 m2/animal
b. 0.9 m2/animal
c. 1 m2/animal

doe/ewe in a slotted type floor
a. 0.8 m2/animal
b. 0.9 m2/animal
c. 1.1 m2/animal

According to PAES 404, a fenced loafing area of
shall be provided adjacent to
the animal housing.
a. 150 m2 / 50 head
b. 40 m2 / 50 head
c. 90 m2 / 50 head
Answer: a. 150 m2 / 50 head

Minimum linear feeding space requirement for
35 kg doe/ewe
a. 350 linear mm/animal

b. 600 linear mm/animal
c. 800 linear mm/animal
Answer: a. 350 linear mm/animal

Kid/lamb

Answer: b. 250 linear mm/animal

50 kg doe/ewe

Answer: b. 400 linear mm/animal

According to PAES 404, the height of the fence
shall be at least
a. 1.5 m
b. 1.2 m
c. 2 m
Answer: a. 1.5 m
Area with its physical facilities used for cattle
fattening
a. Crowding pen
b. feedlot
c. corral
Answer: b. feedlot
Mature female that has already calved
a. cow
b. bull
c. heifer
Answer: a. cow
Female between two to three years of age
which has not given birth
a. cow
b. bull
c. heifer
Answer: c. heifer
Minimum floor space requirement of shed area
for cattle
a. 4 m2/animal
b. 5 m2/animal
c. 6 m2/animal
Answer: a. 4 m2/animal
Minimum floor space requirement of loafing
area for cattle
a. 4 m2/animal
b. 5 m2/animal
c. 6 m2/animal
Answer: b. 5 m2/animal
According to PAES 405, the minimum height of
the top of the roof beam shall be
from the floor
a. 5 m
b. 2.5 m
c. 7 m
Answer: b. 2.5 m
According to PAES 405, pen walling and post
shall be preferably made of G.I. pipes schedule
a. 40
b. 20
c. 28
Answer: a. 40
According to PAES 405, each post shall be
provided with concrete protectors
a. 150 mm
b. 140 mm
c. 600 mm
Answer: a. 150 mm
According to PAES 405, the minimum space
requirement for feeding shall be
a. 300 mm/animal
b. 750 mm/animal
c. 600 mm/animal
Answer: b. 750 mm/animal

According to PAES 405, ramp should have a
slope of
a. 30%
b. 40%
c. 26%
Answer: a. 30%
According to PAES 405, ramp height for tractor
trailer
a. 0.7 m
b. 6 m
c. 1.2 m
Answer: c. 1.2 m
According to PAES 405, ramp height Pick-up
truck
a. 0.7 m
b. 6 m
c. 1.2 m
Answer: a. 0.7 m
According to PAES 405, the gutter shall have a
minimum width of
a. 460 mm
b. 200 mm
c. 590 mm
Answer: a. 460 mm
minimum depth of
a. 460 mm
b. 200 mm
c. 590 mm
Answer: b. 200 mm
minimum depth of
a. 460 mm
b. 200 mm
c. 590 mm
Answer: b. 200 mm
Enclosure for confining and handling livestock
a. corral
b. Working chute
c. Holding pen
Answer: a. corral
Chute leading the cattle from the crowding pen
to holding chute/squeeze
a. corral
b. Working chute
c. Holding pen
Answer: b. Working chute

Pen for confining animals from the pasture
a. corral
b. Working chute
c. Holding pen
Answer: c. Holding pen

According to PAES 406 – Cattle Ranch, land
with a slope of not more than shall be
used
a. 90%
b. 58%
c. 23%
Answer: b. 58%
According to PAES 406 – Cattle Ranch,
minimum space requirement for holding pen for
Up to 270 kg cattle
a. 1.3 m2 / animal
b. 1.4 m2 / animal
c. 1.5 m2 / animal
Answer: a. 1.3 m2 / animal

According to PAES 406 – Cattle Ranch,
minimum space requirement for crowding pen
pen for Up to 270 kg cattle
a. 0.6 m2 / animal
b. 0.5 m2 / animal
c. 1.5 m2 / animal
Answer: b. 0.5 m2 / animal

Animal are free to move between resting,
feeding and watering areas
a. Loose housing
b. Open side housing
c. Closed housing
Answer: a. Loose housing

Act of giving birth
a. Pasturation
b. Parturition
c. furrowing
Answer: b. Parturition
Minimum floor space requirement for dairy
cattle for Calves (up to 3 months)
a. 1 m2/animal
b. 2 m2/animal
c. 3 m2/animal
cattle for Calves (3 – 6 months)
a. 1 m2/animal
b. 2 m2/animal
c. 3 m2/animal
Answer: b. 2 m2/animal
cattle for Calves (7 months – 1 yr)
a. 1 m2/animal
b. 2 m2/animal
c. 3 m2/animal
Answer: c. 3 m2/animal
According to PAES 407 – Housing for Dairy
Cattle, the minimum concrete floor thickness
shall be
a. 76 mm
b. 98 mm
c. 60 mm
Answer: a. 76 mm
Cattle, a pen shall be provided for every
mature cows
a. 28 - 30
b. 20 - 25
c. 30
Answer: b. 20 - 25
Cattle, minimum feeding space requirement for
dairy cattle for calves ( 3 – 6 months)
a. 45 mm/animal
b. 40 mm/animal
c. 30 mm/animal
dairy cattle for calves ( 7 months – one year)
a. 45 mm/animal
b. 50 mm/animal
c. 30 mm/animal
dairy cattle for yearling, heifer, milking and dry
cows
a. 45 mm/animal
b. 75 mm/animal
c. 30 mm/animal
Cattle, adequate lighting shall be provided
within the housing. For food storage
should be provided
a. 30 lux
b. 70 lumen/m2
c. Both a and b
Answer: a. 30 lux
Cattle, adequate lighting shall be provided
within the housing. For pens should be
provided by the pens
a. 70 lux
b. 70 lumen/m2
c. Both a and b
Answer: c. Both a and b

Cattle, if silo is necessary, the walls should be
smooth and air tight. For a horizontal silo, the
walls should slope about
a. 1:3
b. 1:5
c. 1:4
Answer: c. 1:4
According to PAES 408 – Carabao feedlot, the
minimum space requirement shall be
a. 4 m2/animal
b. 6 m2/animal
c. 7 m2/animal
Philippine water buffalo or swamp buffalo
a. cow
b. caracow
c. carabao
Answer: c. carabao
Philippine water buffalo or swamp buffalo
a. cow
b. caracow
c. carabao
Answer: c. carabao
Building or a portion of building where milking
occurs but where no animals are housed
a. Milking parlor
b. Milking house
c. Milking center
Answer: a. Milking parlor

Type of stall where animals must back up to exit
the stall
a. back-out stall
b. walk-through
c. Combined
Answer: a. back-out stall

Type of stalls that allows the animals to proceed
directly forward after milking is completed
a. back-out stall
b. walk-through
c. Combined
Answer: b. walk-through
Area provided to accommodate animals before
killing
a. Holding area
b. walk-through
c. Combined
Answer: a. Holding area

According to PAES 409 – Milking Parlor, ceilings
shall be at least from the finished
floor line
a. 2 m
b. 2.4 m
c. 2.5 m
Answer: b. 2.4 m
According to PAES 409 – Milking Parlor,
windowsill shall be at least from the
finish floor line
a. 1 m
b. 2.4 m
c. 2.5 m
Answer: a. 1 m
According to PAES 409 – Milking Parlor, door
shall have a minimum width of
a. 1 m
b. 1.4 m
c. 1.5 m
Answer: c. 1.5 m
According to PAES 409 – Milking Parlor,
minimum lighting intensity for milking center for
Milker/milking operator’s area
a. 600 lux
b. 500 lux
c. 200 lux
Answer: b. 500 lux

Any premise or yard used for the confinement
of animals awaiting to be slaughtered which
include unloading ramp, pens and detention
pens
a. lairage
b. corral
c. Detention pen
Answer: a. lairage
Refers to cattle and carabao
a. Small animals
b. Very small animals
c. Large animals
Answer: c. Large animals

Refers to sheep, goat and deer
a. Small animals
b. Very small animals
c. Large animals
Answer: a. Small animals

Any building or place used for killing of animals
where the flesh is intended for human
consumption
a. Slaughterhouse
b. Milking parlor
c. Butcher’s house
Answer: a. Slaughterhouse
Separate compartment in the lairage used to
confine sick or suspended animals
a. Slaughterhouse
b. Detention pen
c. Butcher’s house
Answer: b. Detention pen

Animals are free to move in a pen while
awaiting to be slaughtered
a. Slaughterhouse
b. Tie-up type
c. Loose type
Answer: c. Loose type

Pugnacious animals are tied within the pen
while awaiting to be slaughtered
a. Slaughterhouse
b. Tie-up type
c. Loose type
Answer: b. Tie-up type

Lairage shall be constructed at least
away from the slaughterhouse
a. 7 m
b. 10 m
c. 20 m
Answer: b. 10 m
For large animals,the space requirement for
loose type should be
a. 2.23 m2/animal
b. 3.30 m2/animal
c. 0.56 m2/animal

For large animals,the space requirement for tie-
up type should be
a. 2.23 m2/animal
b. 3.30 m2/animal
c. 0.56 m2/animal

For small animals, the space requirement
should be
a. 2.23 m2/animal
b. 3.30 m2/animal
c. 0.56 m2/animal

According to PAES 410 – Lairage for Swine,
Small and Large Animals. Illumination of
shall be provided within the lairage
a. 110 lux
b. 130 lux
c. 200 lux
Answer: a. 110 lux

What is NAFC?
a. National Agriculture and Fisheries Council

b. National Administration and Fishery
Committee
c. National Animal and Food Council
Answer: a. National Agriculture and
Fisheries Council
Severance of the major blood vessels in the
neck or immediately anterior to the heart by
means of a knife and “stuck” shall be
construed accordingly
a. Scalding
b. Sticking
c. Gambrelling
Answer: b. Sticking
Suspending the carcass for particular operation
a. Scalding
b. Sticking
c. Gambrelling
Answer: c. Gambrelling
Lowering of animal into steam to prepare skin
for dehairing
a. Scalding
b. Sticking
c. Gambrelling
Answer: a. Scalding
Preparation of carcass after evisceration, ready
for storage or sale
a. Bleeding
b. Dressing
c. Splitting
Answer: b. Dressing
Remove as much blood from the carcass as
possible before further handling
a. Bleeding
b. Dressing
c. Splitting
Answer: a. Bleeding
Dividing carcass into parts
a. Bleeding
b. Dressing
c. Splitting
Answer: c. Splitting
Cleaning the carcass by burning the hair
a. Singeing
b. Stunning
c. Pithing
Answer: a. Singeing
Renders the animal insensible before it is killed
a. Singeing
b. Stunning
c. Pithing
Answer: b. Stunning
Insertion of a rod or coiled wire through the
hole in the skull of the cattle made by the
captive bolt to destroy the brain and spinal cord
to prevent reflex muscular action and possible
injury
a. Singeing
b. Stunning
c. Pithing
Answer: c. Pithing
Digestive tract of ruminants such as the
stomach, or the intestines which still contain
fecal matter
a. Black offal
b. Green offal
c. offal
Answer: b. Green offal

Edible part of the muscle of cattle, sheep, goat
or swine
a. Meat
b. Green offal
c. offal
Answer: a. Meat
Black or green offal
a. Gut and tripe

b. Green offal
c. offal
Answer: a. Gut and tripe

Meat which is unfit for human consumption as
declared by veterinary inspector after veterinary
examination
a. Gut and tripe

b. Condemned meat
c. offal
Answer: b. Condemned meat

Slaughterhouse with required facilities and
operational procedures to serve local markets
in the community
a. “A” Slaughterhouse
b. “AA” Slaughterhouse
c. “AAA” Slaughterhouse
Answer: a. “A” Slaughterhouse

operational procedures to serve local markets
within the country
Answer: b. “AA” Slaughterhouse

operational procedures to serve any market
Answer: c. “AAA” Slaughterhouse

operational procedures to serve any market
Answer: c. “AAA” Slaughterhouse

According to PAES 411 – Slaughterhouse for
Swine, Small and Large Animals, the site shall
be located far from any building used for
human habitation, and from any factory, public
road or public place at least
a. 300 m
b. 200 m
c. 100 m
Answer: b. 200 m
Process of restraining birds prior to slitting
a. shackling
b. Pugnating
c. Trenching
Answer: a. shackling
Trough that collects the waste from a larger
area and directs the flow to a drain opening
a. culvert
b. canal
c. Trench drain
Answer: c. Trench drain

Trough that collects the waste from a larger
area and directs the flow to a drain opening
a. culvert
b. canal
c. Trench drain
Answer: c. Trench drain

Biogas plant where the digester and gas
chamber form one unit
a. split-type plant
b. multi-digester plant
c. Integrated plant
Answer: a. split-type plant

Plant with series of digester
a. split-type plant
c. Integrated plant
Answer: b. multi-digester plant

Digester and gas chamber form separate unit
a. split-type plant
c. Integrated plant
Answer: c. Integrated plant

Division in the digester that prevent the slurry
from premature exit into the sludge/outlet tank
a. Division board
b. Baffle board
c. Free board
Answer: b. Baffle board

Average period that a given quantity of slurry is
retained in the digester for digestion
a. Retention time
b. Filling time
c. Methanization time
Answer: a. Retention time

Mixture of manure and water
a. Slurry
b. Sludge
c. Methanogens
Answer: a. Slurry
Anaerobic bacteria that act upon organic
materials and in the process, produce biogas
a. Slurry
b. Sludge
c. Methanogens
Answer: c. Methanogens
Settled portion or precipitate of the slurry; a
mud-like, semi-solid mass
a. Slurry
b. Sludge
c. Methanogens
Answer: b. Sludge
Temperature range of 20 oC – 40 oC where
mesophilic bacteria operates
a. scum temperature
b. Mesophilic temperature rage
c. Biogas temperature
Answer: b. Mesophilic temperature

rage
Layer of floating material (mainly fibrous) on the
slurry
a. scum
b. Mesophilic rage
c. Biogas
Answer: a. scum
Mixture of (composed of 50 to 70 percent
methane and 30 to 40 percent carbon dioxide)
produced by methanogenic bacteia
a. scum
b. Mesophilic rage
c. Biogas
Answer: c. Biogas
According to PAES 413 – Biogas Plant, the
estimated daily quantity of available manure for
(Cow) work animal
a. 7.50 kg/day/animal
b. 6.67 kg/day/animal
c. 0.075 kg/day/animal
Answer: a. 7.50 kg/day/animal

According to PAES 413 – Biogas Plant, the
estimated daily quantity of available manure for
layer, 6 months or older
a. 7.50 kg/day/animal
b. 6.67 kg/day/animal
c. 0.075 kg/day/animal
Answer: c. 0.075 kg/day/animal

Retention time of liquid pig manure
a. 20 – 30 days
b. 15 – 25 days
c. 30 days
Answer: b. 15 – 25 days
For anaerobic digestion of organic materials, a
carbon/nitrogen ratio should be within the
range of
a. 1:20 – 1:30
b. 1:15 – 1:20
c. 1:35 – 1:40
Answer: a. 1:20 – 1:30

Retention time of liquid chicken manure
a. 1:20
b. 1:15
c. 1:35
Answer: c. 1:35
The C/N ratio should not be more than
a. 20 – 40 days
b. 15 – 25 days
c. 30 days
Answer: a. 20 – 40 days
Consist of liquid waste and slurry resulting from
the production of livestock and poultry; and
processing of crops, livestock and poultry
a. Agricultural Solid Waste

b. Agricultural Liquid Waste
c. Waste
Answer: b. Agricultural Liquid Waste

Pit on the ground where liquid waste is stored
to produce a higher quality effluent
a. lagoon
b. Compost pit
c. Well
Answer: a. lagoon
Presence of free oxygen is not required
a. aerobic
b. liners
c. anaerobic
Answer: c. anaerobic
Storage where liquid waste is stored before
final disposal
a. Holding pond
b. Fish pond
c. Holding Chamber
Answer: a. Holding pond

Solids removed by filtration
a. Manure
b. Sludge
c. Suspended solids
Answer: c. Suspended solids

Part of total solids driven off as volatile gases
when heated to 600 oC
a. Manure
b. Volatile solids
c. Suspended solids
Answer: b. Volatile solids

Rainfall containing animal manure
a. Lot runoff
b. Volatile solids
c. Suspended solids
Answer: a. Lot runoff

Liquid waste, partially or completely treated,
flowing out of a reservoir, basin, or wastewater
treatment plant
a. Influent
b. Effluent
c. Grit
Answer: b. Effluent
Non-biodegradable component of liquid waste
composed of sand, gravel, cinders or heavy
solid materials
a. Influent
b. Effluent
c. Grit
Answer: c. Grit
Treatment that causes substances in liquid
waste to readily settle or float
a. Primary treatment
b. Secondary treatment
c. Tertiary treatment
Answer: a. Primary treatment

Treatment used to convert dissolved or
suspended materials into a form more readily
separated from the liquid waste being treated
a. Primary treatment
b. Secondary treatment
c. Tertiary treatment
Answer: b. Secondary treatment

Sludge accumulation ratio for poultry
a. 0.0485
b. 0.0295
c. 0.0729
Answer: b. 0.0295
Sludge accumulation ratio for swine
a. 0.0485
b. 0.0295
c. 0.0729
Answer: a. 0.0485
The minimum acceptable depth for anaerobic
lagoons shall be
a. 1.8 m
b. 2.0 m
c. 2.4 m
Answer: a. 1.8 m
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of
2000
a. R.A. 8559
b. R.A. 9003
c. R.A. 8535
Answer: b. R.A. 9003

Waste resulting from the production and
processing of crops and animals or agricultural
products, including manures with at least 20%
solids, pruning and crop residue wherever
produced
a. Agricultural Liquid Waste

b. Agricultural Solid Waste
c. Waste
Answer: b. Agricultural Solid Waste

Involves the arrangement of compost mix in
long, narrow piles or windrows that are
periodically turned to maintain aerobic
conditions
a. Composting amendment
b. Windrow composting
c. Waste
Answer: b. Windrow composting

Process where fungi digest the carbons not
degraded during composting and further
stabilize the nutrients
a. Curing
b. Windrow composting
c. Composting
Answer: a. Curing
Interim containment of waste after generation
and prior to collection for ultimate recovery
a. Canister
b. container
c. Storage
Answer: c. Storage
Any item used to improve the compost structure
and to increase porosity to allow internal air
movement
a. Bulking agent
b. leachate
c. Waste
Answer: a. Bulking agent

Typical composting time for windrow method
a. 4 months
b. 4 weeks
c. 7 – 30 days
Answer: a. 4 months
Typical composting time for aerated static pile
method
a. 4 months
b. 4 weeks
c. 7 – 30 days
Answer: b. 4 weeks
Removal of heat from the interior of the
greenhouse
a. ventilating
b. cooling
c. heating
Answer: b. cooling
Prevents excess solar radiation in the
greenhouse
a. removing
b. covering
c. shading
Answer: c. shading
The greenhouse should be placed with the
ridge in a orientation to reduce
interior shading from the structure itself
a. East to west
b. South to east
c. North to south
Answer: c. North to south

The length of the greenhouse should not
exceed
a. 80 m
b. 50 m
c. 30 m
Answer: b. 50 m
For most greenhouses, a maximum ventilation
rate of is recommended
a. ¾ - 1 air change per min

b. 1 – 2 air change per min
c. ½ - ¾ air change per min
Answer: a. ¾ - 1 air change per min

For gutter connected greenhouses a
slope shall be provided for drainage
a. 8%
b. 2%
c. 5%
Answer: b. 2%
Growth of protoplasts, cells, tissue, shoot tips,
roots, anthers, embryos, flowers and meristems
in a laboratory
a. Horticulture
b. Tissue culture
c. Agriculture
Answer: b. Tissue culture

Process of making any material entirely free
from living microorganism
a. disinfection
b. sterilization
c. asepsis
Answer: b. sterilization
Condition that describes the freedom of plant
materials, culture medium, confines of the
culture vessel from containing microorganism
a. disinfection
b. sterilization
c. asepsis
Answer: c. asepsis
Flow air currents in which air currents do not
intermingle
a. Turbulent flow
b. Laminar flow
c. Streamline flow
Answer: b. Laminar flow

According to PAES 416, the lighting intensity for
growth room
a. 100 – 1000 lux

b. 180 lux
c. 130 lux
Answer: a. 100 – 1000 lux

Storage in an artificial atmosphere in which the
proportion of carbon dioxide and/or oxygen is
precisely controlled
a. Controlled atmosphere
storage
b. Bulk storage
c. Pallet bin storage
Answer: a. Controlled atmosphere
storage
Produce is placed in boxes or pallet bins which
in turn are stacked in storage room
storage
b. Bulk storage
Answer: c. Pallet bin storage

Produce is piled in room-sized bins, which
exerts forces that must be resisted by the
building walls
storage
b. Bulk storage
Answer: b. Bulk storage

Coarse cloth made of jute, flax or hemp
a. Cell pack
b. burlap
c. Pallet
Answer: b. burlap
Individual divisions in a carton formed by
fiberboard dividers, each cell to contain one
fruit
a. Cell pack
b. burlap
c. Pallet
Answer: a. Cell pack

An air plenum should be provided
between the floor and stack
a. 60 mm
b. 70 mm
c. 80 mm
Answer: c. 80 mm
The space between the ceiling and the stack
shall be
a. 600 mm
b. 700 mm
c. 300 mm
Answer: c. 300 mm
Recommended lighting intensity for fruit and
vegetable storage for refrigerated storage room
a. 100 lux
b. 50 lux
c. 200 lux
Answer: b. 50 lux
Recommended lighting intensity for fruit and
vegetable storage for refrigerated storage room
a. 100 lux
b. 50 lux
c. 200 lux
Answer: b. 50 lux
R factor of fiberglass, board
a. 0.230 (m2 oK/W)/cm

b. 0.277 (m2 oK/W)/cm
c. 0.198 (m2 oK/W)/cm
Answer: b. .0277 (m2 oK/W)/cm

R factor of Styrofoam, extruded
a. 0.230 (m2 oK/W)/cm

b. 0.277 (m2 oK/W)/cm
c. 0.346 (m2 oK/W)/cm
Answer: c. 0.346 (m2 oK/W)/cm

Recommended relative humidity condition for
storage of Bush Sitao
a. 88 – 95%
b. 85 – 90%
c. 80 – 85%
Answer: a. 88 – 95%
storage of Egg plant
a. 88 – 95%
b. 85 – 90%
c. 90 – 95%
Answer: c. 90 – 95%
storage of banana (lacatan, green)
a. 88 – 95%
b. 85 – 90%
c. 90 – 95%
Answer: b. 85 – 90%
storage of honeydew
a. 88%
b. 85%
c. 90%
Answer: b. 85%
Process of classifying into groups according to a
set of recognized criteria of quality and size,
each group bearing an accepted name and size
grouping
a. grading
b. Sizing
c. Primary processing
Answer: a. grading
Product handling which includes steps to make
more suitable for manufacturers or consumers
a. grading
b. Sizing
Answer: c. Primary processing

Process of classifying into sizes according to
criteria that may or may not be recognized or
accepted by the industry
a. grading
b. Sizing
Answer: b. Sizing
According of PAES 418 – Primary Processing
Plant for Fresh Fruit and Vegetable, the capacity
of the processing plant shall be calculated
based on the volume of commodity being
processed. An area of of commodity
shall be provided
a. 20 m2/ ton
b. 30 m2/ ton
c. 40 m2/ ton
Answer: a. 20 m2/ ton

Plant for Fresh Fruit and Vegetable, the storage
area of a processing plant shall have a capacity
for temporary storage materials for
processing days
a. 2 - 5
b. 4 - 5
c. 5 - 6
Answer: a. 2 - 5
Plant for Fresh Fruit and Vegetable, the door
shall have a minimum width of
a. 1.6 m
b. 1.5 m
c. 1.3 m
Answer: b. 1.5 m
Recommended lighting intensity for working
table for fruit and vegetable processing plant
a. 50 lux
b. 500 lux
c. 259 lux
Answer: b. 500 lux

Building used for storing paddy or rice and
other grains in bags.
a. warehouse
b. Bin storage
c. Farmstead
Answer: a. warehouse
Storing of paddy or corn kernels in bags usually
made of jute (gunny) or polyethylene and
normally accommodates 44 – 50 kilos
a. warehouse
b. Bag storage
c. Farmstead
Answer: b. Bag storage

Amount of moisture in the grain expressed as
percentage of the total weight of the sample,
wet basis
a. Moisture content
b. Fumigation
c. Dunnage
Answer: a. Moisture content

Wooden frames used on concrete floors for
stacking bags to prevent contact between the
grains and the floor
a. Moisture content
b. Fumigation
c. Dunnage
Answer: c. Dunnage
Process of using chemicals to control insects in
a form of fumes
a. Moisture content
b. Fumigation
c. Dunnage
Answer: b. Fumigation
The standard pallet size should be
a. 154 cm x 62 cm
b. 152 cm x 61 cm
c. 154 cm x 89 cm
Answer: b. 152 cm x 61 cm
Bagged grains with 14% moisture content or
lower could be piled in
a. Japanese method
b. Chinese method
c. Filipino method
Answer: b. Chinese method

Bagged grains with moisture content with more
than 14% are piled in this method
a. Japanese method
b. Chinese method
c. Filipino method
Answer: a. Japanese method

This system of stacking provides ventilation
space between bags and allows circulation of
convective air currents that provide a medium
for heat dissipation
a. Japanese method
b. Chinese method
c. Filipino method
Answer: a. Japanese method

Sacks are piled side by side and one on top of
the other over malathion sprayed wooden
pallets
a. Japanese method
b. Chinese method
c. Filipino method
Answer: b. Chinese method

Recommended dimensions of warehouse
based capacity for 10,000 cavans of grains
a. 20m x 48m
b. 10m x 30m
c. 25m x 78m
Answer: b. 10m x 30m

a. 20m x 48m
b. 10m x 30m
c. 25m x 78m
Answer: a. 20m x 48m

a. 20m x 48m
b. 10m x 30m
c. 25m x 78m
Answer: c. 25m x 78m

a. 20m x 48m
b. 75m x 142m
c. 25m x 78m
Answer: b. 75m x 142m

According to PAES 419 – Warehouse for Bagged
Storage of Grains, the height of the interior
between the beam and floor is
(minimum) for normal temperature warehouse
a. 6.0 meters
b. 5.0 meters
c. 4.0 meters
Answer: a. 6.0 meters

According to PAES 419 – Warehouse for Bagged
Storage of Grains, the minimum requirement
for illumination is
a. 3 W/m2
b. 5 W/m2
c. 3.5 W/m2
Answer: a. 3 W/m2
Building for fabrication, repair and maintenance
of tools, implements, equipments and parts of
structures and provides a place where tools,
supplies and spare parts are stored
a. Warehouse
b. Workshop
c. Machinery shed
Answer: b. Workshop
Area to protect machinery from weather, theft,
vandalism and allow easy maintenance and
adjustment of machines
a. Warehouse
b. Workshop
c. Machinery shed
Answer: c. Machinery shed

Substances on farms that are highly flammable
or poisonous
a. Gasoline
b. Oil
c. Hazardous material
Answer: c. Hazardous material

According to PAES 420 – Farm workshop and
Machine Shop, the building shall be situated at
least from other buildings to reduce
fire hazard, to allow for future expansion, and
maneuvering and parking of machinery
a. 45 m
b. 10 m
c. 60 m
Answer: a. 45 m
Recommended lighting intensity for Machine
Shed
a. 200 lux
b. 100 lux
c. 50 lux
Answer: c. 50 lux
Granular material of mineral composition such
as sand, gravel, shell, crushed and uncrushed
stone or lightweight
a. backfill
b. aggregates
c. borrow
Answer: b. aggregates
Removal and disposal of trees, vegetation or
other unwanted materials form ground surface
a. clearing
b. grubbing
c. Removing
Answer: a. clearing
Structural component of specified thickness. It
may consist of one layer or more
a. borrow
b. bridge
c. course
Answer: c. course
Drainage structure that may or may not, directly
support and that extends across and beneath a
highway street, driveway, alley, arterial, or other
public way
a. culvert
b. bridge
c. course
Answer: a. culvert
Removal of water from the road area by the use
of culverts, ditches, channels and other several
structures
a. spillway
b. drainage
c. gradient
Answer: b. drainage
Act of cutting, digging, or scooping to remove
material
a. Backfilling
b. Excavation
c. Borrowing
Answer: b. Excavation
Determination of the degree of compactness of
the soil
a. Field density test

b. Compact test
c. Soil compactness test
Answer: a. Field density test

Access roads that connect major road arteries
to the agricultural production areas where farm
produce are being mobilized and transported to
the market by the farmers and fishermen
a. Market road
b. Farm road
c. Farm to market road
Answer: c. Farm to market road

Removal and disposal of tree, and other
unwanted materials below the ground surface
a. Grubbing
b. Clearing
c. Removing
Answer: a. Grubbing
Form of stone, brick, concrete block, concrete,
or other similar building material that have
been bonded together with mortar to form a
structure
a. Riprap
b. Masonry
c. Roadway
Answer: b. Masonry
Quarried stone especially selected, graded and
placed to prevent erosion and thereby preserve
the shape of a surface, slope, or underlying
structure
a. Riprap
b. Masonry
c. Roadway
Answer: a. Riprap
Graded portion of a highway between top and
side slopes, prepared as a foundation for the
pavement structure and shoulder
a. Road carriageway
b. Road bed
c. Roadway
Answer: b. Road bed

Travel way or crown portion of the roadway
intended for the movement of vehicles,
exclusive of shoulders
a. Road carriageway
b. Road bed
c. Roadway
Answer: a. Road carriageway

Space/location/site intended to employ traffic
consideration for the transport of agricultural
products
a. Road carriageway
b. Road bed
c. Roadway
Answer: c. Roadway
Part of the roadway next to the travelled way or
auxiliary lanes that provide lateral support of
base and surface courses and is an emergency
area for vehicles
a. Road carriageway
b. Road shoulder
c. Roadway
Answer: b. Road shoulder

Written technical description of materials,
equipment, construction systems, standards,
and workmanship that, in conjunction with the
drawings, detail requirements for acceptable
completion of the work
a. Standards
b. Specifications
c. Service
Answer: b. Specifications
Refers to the bridges, culverts, wall, buildings,
foundations, water tanks, transmission towers,
cribbing, caissons or coffer dams, other similar
features which may be encountered in the work
and are classified as structures
a. Structures
b. Salvage materials
c. Specification
Answer: a. Structures
Vehicular and non-vehicular movement along a
route such as pedestrians, vehicle, animals, etc
a. Turn-out section
b. Traffic
c. Bridges
Answer: b. Traffic
National Building Code of the Philippines
(1972)
a. R.A. 9296
b. R.A. 6541
c. R.A. 8559
Answer: b. R.A. 6541

Meat Inspection Code of the Philippines and its
Implementation Rules and Regulations
a. R.A. 9296
b. R.A. 6541
c. R.A. 8559
Answer: a. R.A. 9296

Concave molding that joins the wall and ceiling
or floor or another wall
a. Cove
b. Windowsill
c. Pedestal
Answer: a. Cove
Process of removing feather from the skin of
poultry animal after scalding to prepare its
meat for food
a. Singeing
b. Defeathering
c. Flaying
Answer: b. Defeathering
Animal species regarded as pest
a. Vermin
b. Germs
c. Worms
Answer: a. Vermin
Slaughtering area
a. Gambrelling table
b. Scalder
c. Kill floor
Answer: c. Kill floor

According to PAES 422 – 1 – Poultry Dressing/
Slaughtering Plant (Part 1 – Small Scale), the poultry
dressing plant shall be located in an area with at least
distance to dwelling, schools, churches
and other public or commercial buildings due to
possible nuisance from noise and smell congestion.
a. 300 m
b. 200 m
c. 400 m
Answer: b. 200 m
According to PAES 422 - 1 – Poultry Dressing/
Slaughtering Plant (Part 1 – Small Scale), , all rooms
in which poultry is slaughtered, dressed, or otherwise
processed shall have at least of light intensity
on all working surfaces
a. 400 lux
b. 323 lux
c. 200 lux
Answer: b. 323 lux

According to PAES 422 - 1 – Poultry Dressing/
Slaughtering Plant (Part 1 – Small Scale), there shall
be at light intensity of at inspection stations
a. 538 lux
b. 326 lux
c. 210 lux
Answer: a. 538 lux

Reference:
 Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standard

Volume I - IX, Agricultural Structures
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Paes (Agricultural Structures)

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AGRICULTURAL STRUCTURES

PAES 401 - 422

Engr. Jasper Paul S. Ancheta

Answer: b. Creeping area

Answer: a. Dry sows

Answer: a. Farrowing pen

Answer: d. Both b and c

Answer: a. four-unit system

Answer: b. 0.20 m2/animal

Answer: b. 1.20 m2/animal

Answer: c. 7.40 m2/animal

Answer: b. 1.80 m2/animal

Answer: c. Farrowing crate

Answer: a. 150 mm/animal

Answer: a. 300 mm/animal

Answer: c. 200 lux

Answer: b. 0.28 m3/min

Answer: c. 0.12 m3/min

Answer: b. Brooder guard

Answer: a. open-sided housing

a. 6.25 m2/100 animal

Answer: a. 6.25 m2/animal

a. 6.25 m2/100 animal

Answer: b. 12.50 m2/animal

Answer: b. 625 mm2

Answer: a. 4 m/100 birds

Answer: b. 4 pcs/100 birds

Answer: a. 1 pc/100 birds

a. Agricultural Machinery Testing and

Answer: a. Agricultural Machinery

Answer: b. Litter type

Answer: a. Slotted type

Answer: c. slot-litter type

Answer: c. Community nest

Answer: a. 14 m2/100 birds

Answer: b. 6 m2/100 birds

Answer: b. 9 m2/100 birds

Answer: c. 17 m2/100 birds

Answer: a. 5 m2/100 birds

Answer: b. Shed type

Answer: a. 0.8 m2/animal

Answer: b. 0.9 m2/animal

Answer: c. 1.1 m2/animal

Answer: a. 150 m2 / 50 head

a. 350 linear mm/animal

Answer: a. 350 linear mm/animal

a. 350 linear mm/animal

Answer: b. 250 linear mm/animal

a. 350 linear mm/animal

Answer: b. 400 linear mm/animal

Answer: b. 750 mm/animal

Answer: b. Working chute

Answer: c. Holding pen

Answer: a. 1.3 m2 / animal

Answer: b. 0.5 m2 / animal

Answer: a. Loose housing

Answer: c. Both a and b

Answer: a. Milking parlor

Answer: a. back-out stall