String

String:- Sequence of characters enclosed in single, double or triple quotation marks.

Basics of String:
 Strings are immutable in python. It means it is unchangeable. At the same
memory address, the new value cannot be stored.
 Each character has its index or can be accessed using its index.
 String in python has two-way index for each location. (0, 1, 2, ……. In the
forward direction and -1, -2, -3, …….. in the backward direction.)
Example
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
K E N D R I Y A
-8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
 The index of string in forward direction starts from 0 and in backward direction
starts from -1.
 The size of string is total number of characters present in the string. (If there are
n characters in the string, then last index in forward direction would be n-1 and
last index in backward direction would be –n.)
 String are stored each character in contiguous location.
 The character assignment is not supported in string because strings are
immutable.
Example: str = “kendriya”
str[2] = „y‟ # it is invalid. Individual letter assignment not allowed in python
Traversing a String:
• It means accessing the individual characters of string i.e. from first
character to last character.
• Every character in string is at different index position i.e. from 0 to size-1
• For loop can be used to traverse the string very easily
Example name="lovely" for ch in name:
print(ch,'-',end='')
The above code will print l-o-v-e-l-y-
STRING OPERATORS Two basic operators + and * are allowed
+ is used for concatenation (joining)
* Is used for replication (repetition)
EXAMPLE
A=“Tom”
B=“Jerry”
C=A+” & ”+B
print (C) # Return Tom & Jerry
Note: you cannot add number and string using +
Line=“ go”
print (Line*3, ” Govinda”)
Note: you cannot multiply string and string using * Only number * number or
string * number is allowed
MEMBERSHIP OPERATORS
Membership operators (in and not in) are used to check the presence of character(s) in
any string.
Example Output
“a” in “python” False
“a” in “java” True
“per” in “operators” True
“men” in “membership” False
“Man” in “manipulation” False
“Pre” not in “presence” True
COMPARISON OPERATORS (==, !=, >, <, >=,<=) used on string. Comparison will be
character by character.
str1=”program”
str2=”python”
str3=”Python”
Comparison of string will be based on ASCII code of the characters.
String Slicing:- Means a process of extracting part of string.
Finding the Ordinal or Unicode value of a character:
Function Description
ord(<character>) Returns ordinal value of a character
chr(<value>) Returns the corresponding character
Example:
>>> ord('b') Return 98
>>> chr(65) Return 'A'
Slice operator with Strings:
The slice operator slices a string using a range of indices.
Syntax:
string-name[start:end]
where start and end are integer indices. It returns a string from the index start to end
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
d a t a s t r u c t u r e
-14 -13 -12 -11 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
Example:
>>> str="data structure"
Expression Output
str[0:14] 'data structure'
str[0:6] 'data s'
>>> str[2:7] 'ta st'

>>> str[-13:-6] 'ata str'

>>> str[-5:-11] ' ' #returns empty string

>>> str[:14] # Missing index before colon is considered as 0.
'data structure'
>>> str[0:] # Missing index after colon is considered as 14. (length of string)
'data structure'
>>> str[7:] 'ructure'
>>> str[4:]+str[:4] ' structuredata'
>>> str[:4]+str[4:] #for any index str[:n]+str[n:] returns original string
'data structure'
>>> str[8:]+str[:8] 'ucturedata str'
>>> str[8:], str[:8] ('ucture', 'data str')

Built-in functions of string:

Example:
str=”data structure”
s1= “hello365”
s2= “python”
s3 = „4567‟
s4 = „ „
s5= „comp34%@‟
S No. Function Description Example
1 len( ) Returns the length of a string >>>print(len(str))
14
2 capitalize( ) Returns a string with its first >>> str.capitalize()
character capitalized. 'Data structure'
3 find(sub,sta Returns the lowest index in the >>> str.find("ruct",5,13)
rt,end) string where the substring sub is 7
found within the slice range. >>> str.find("ruct",8,13)
Returns -1 if sub is not found. -1
4 isalnum( ) Returns True if the characters in >>>s1.isalnum( )
the string are alphabets or True
numbers. False otherwise >>>s2.isalnum( )
True
>>>s3.isalnum( )
True
>>>s4.isalnum( )
False
>>>s5.isalnum( )
False
5 isalpha( ) Returns True if all characters in the >>>s1.isalpha( )
string are alphabetic. False False
otherwise. >>>s2.isalpha( )
True
>>>s3.isalpha( )
False
>>>s4.isalpha( )
False
>>>s5.isalpha( )
False
6 isdigit( ) Returns True if all the characters in >>>s1.isdigit( )
the string are digits. Otherwise False
False. >>>s2.isdigit( )
False
>>>s3.isdigit( )
True
>>>s4.isdigit( )
False
>>>s5.isdigit( )
False
7 islower( ) Returns True if all the characters in >>> s1.islower()
the string are lowercase. False True
otherwise. >>> s2.islower()
True
>>> s3.islower()
False
>>> s4.islower()
False
>>> s5.islower()
True
8 isupper( ) Returns True if all the characters in >>> s1.isupper()
the string are uppercase. False False
otherwise. >>> s2.isupper()
False
>>> s3.isupper()
False
>>> s4.isupper()
False
>>> s5.isupper()
False
9 isspace( ) Returns True if there are only >>> " ".isspace()
whitespace characters in the string. True
False otherwise >>> "".isspace()
False
10 lower( ) Converts a string in lowercase >>> "HeLlo".lower()
characters. 'hello'
11 upper() Converts a string in uppercase >>> "hEllo".upper()
characters. 'HELLO'
12 lstrip() Returns a string after removing the >>> str="data structure"
leading characters. (Left side). >>> str.lstrip('dat')
if used without any argument, it ' structure'
removes the leading whitespaces. >>> str.lstrip('data')
' structure'
>>> str.lstrip('at')
'data structure'
>>> str.lstrip('adt')
' structure'
>>> str.lstrip('tad')
' structure'
13 rstrip() Returns a string after removing the >>> str.rstrip('eur')
trailing characters. (Right side). 'data struct'
if used without any argument, it >>> str.rstrip('rut')
removes the trailing whitespaces. 'data structure'
>>> str.rstrip('tucers')
'data '
14 split() breaks a string into words and >>> str="Data Structure"
creates a list out of it >>> str.split( )
['Data', 'Structure']