Modelos Atómicos Inglés
Modelos Atómicos Inglés
John Dalton was an English scientist, who came up with an idea that all matter is composed of very small things. It
was the first complete attempt to describe all matter in terms of particles. He called these particles atoms and
formed an atomic theory. In this theory he claims that:
All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible
All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties
Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms
A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms
Parts of his theory had to be modified based on the discovery of subatomic particles and isotopes. We now also
know that atoms are not indivisible, because they are made up of neutrons, electrons and protons.
Plum pudding model
After discovery of an electron in 1897, people realized that atoms are made up of even smaller particles. Shortly
after in 1904 J. J. Thomson proposed his famous “plum pudding model “. In this model, atoms were known to
consist of negatively charged electrons, however the atomic nucleus had not been discovered yet. Thomson knew
that atom had an overall neutral charge. He thought that there must be something to counterbalance the negative
charge of an electron. He came up with an idea that negative particles are floating within a soup of diffuse positive
charge. His model is often called the plum pudding model, because of his similarity to a popular English dessert.
Four numbers, called quantum numbers, were introduced to describe the characteristics of electrons and their
orbitals.
Quantum numbers
Principal quantum number: n
describes the energy level of the electron in an atom (it also describes the average distance of the orbital
from nucleus)
It has positive whole number values: 1, 2, 3, 4,... (theoretically speaking the numbers could go to infinite,
practically there are 7 known energy levels), it can be seen sometimes described in capital letters instead
of numbers, beginning with K (K, L, M, N...)
the n value describes the size of the orbital
Angular momentum quantum number: l
describes basically the shape of the orbital
This number is limited by the principal quantum number. Its value goes from 0 to n-1. For example, for
orbitals with principal quantum number n=2 there can by 2 different shapes of orbitals (2 different values
l=0 and l=1)
for every number exists a letter describing the shape of the orbital as shown in the table below
Value of l (subshell) Letter
Value of l (subshell) Letter
0 s
1 p
2 d
3 f
4 g
Orbital shapes and their orientation for different angular momentum and magnetic numbers
Magnetic quantum number: ml
describes how different shapes of orbitals are oriented in space. Its value can be from -l to 0 to +l. For
example, for value l=1 there exists 3 values m= -1, 0, +1, meaning that the shape of that orbital can be
oriented in 3 different ways in space.
Value of l Values of ml
0 0
1 -1,0,+1
3 -3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3
Spin quantum number: ms
describes in which direction is an electron spinning in a magnetic field . That can be either clockwise or
counterclockwise and as a result, there are only 2 values allowed: -1/2 and +1/2.
One consequence of electron spin is that a maximum of two electrons can occupy any given orbital, and
the two electrons occupying the same orbital must have opposite spin. This is also called the Pauli
exclusion principle.
who created the atomic models?