Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

Chapter Two – Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures:
2.1. General
Statically Determinate Structures, including beams and frames, are defined as the
structural members predominantly subjected to bending moments.
The general procedure in analyzing determinate structures, such as those shown in
Fig (2.1- a and b), will be discussed in the following items.

A B A B A D
10 10 10 10 10 B C 10
m L m m L m m 10 L 10 m
10 10 m 10 m
m m
(a) m
C
1
D 0 A C
1 1 B 1
m
B 0 0 1 B C E
0
1 m m 0 1 1 1
m
0 m A 0 0 D 0
A D m m 1 m
m 1
1 1 0
0
0 (b) 0 m
m
m m
Fig. (2.1) - Statically Determinate Structures – (a) Beams, (b) Frames
2.2. Analysis of Statically Determinate Beams and Frames:
In analyzing statically determinate structures, all forces acting on the structure
externally and internally must be obtained. The internal forces in such structures
are axial forces, the shear forces and the bending moment at the sections
required.
To show the general procedure in analyzing statically determinate structures, let us
consider the beam loaded as shown in Fig (2.2-a), and follow the following steps:
1) The first step is to find the reactions at A and B by using the equilibrium
equations.
2) Divide the structure into portions and by using the FBD and applying
equilibrium conditions for each portion, find the axial force, shear force and
bending moment at the section required. Pay attention when transforming the
loads between the portions and at the common points; finally check the
solution by applying the equilibrium condition on the last portion.
For example, the axial force at sec. (1-1), is equal to the algebraic sum of the
external forces (including the reactions), along the longitudinal section of the
beam on either side of sec (1-1).

Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-1

 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

The shear force at sec. (1-1) in Fig (2.2-a), at a distance (x) from support (A), is
the algebraic sum of the external forces, (including the reactions), acting
perpendicular to the longitudinal section of the beam on either side of sec (1-1).
The bending moment at sec (1-1) will be equal to the algebraic sum of the
moments taken about an axis through point (O), the centroid of sec (1-1), and
normal to the plane of loading of all external forces applied to the portion of
the beam on either side of sec (1-1).
This can be performed by considering either the left or the right portion of the
beam as a free body, as shown in Fig (2.2-b); at both sides of the beams the,
internal forces, (Ax), (Vx) and (Mx), at one side are equal and opposite to the
internal forces on the other side. These values can be obtained by applying the
equilibrium equations.
Since the internal actions, axial forces, shear forces and bending moments, will
vary as the distance (x) is changed, therefore it is better to plot diagrams for
these actions from which the values of the axial forces, shear forces and
bending moments at any section may be obtained.

1
A B
1O
10 1 10
m x 100 m
1 1mL
0 0m(a)
10
m
m
m
A Ax M
O x
10 1
m 0 Vx
m Ax B
Mx O
10
m
RB
(b)

Fig. (2.2) - Statically Determinate Beam under Various Types of Loads

3) To plot the diagrams mentioned in step 2 above, consider the x-axis coincide
with the centroidal axis of the beam or frame member, indicating the position
of the member section, and the y-axis indicate the value of the internal action.
4) The sign conventions for beam or frame member axial forces, shear forces and
bending moments are as follows:

Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-2

 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

a) The axial force is considered positive at the section when it tends to pull out
that portion of the beam in a tensile action; otherwise it is considered
negative.
N
Axial Force, N (+) Tension, +ve

b) The shear force is considered positive at the section when it tends to rotate
that portion of the beam in the clockwise direction; otherwise it is
considered negative.
V
Shear Force, V (+) Clockwise, +ve

c) The bending moment is considered positive at the section when it tends to

bend the member concave upward for beams and outside for frames;
otherwise it is considered negative.
For frames having internal members consider the right side positive and the
left negative.
Note:
At a cut location, moment arrows always point towards the compression side of
the member. The moment diagram is always drawn on the compression side.

Bending M Compression on
(+)
Moment, M top, +ve

(+) (+) Compression

B C E
1
outside, +ve
(+) 1 1
0 0 (+) 0(+) For internal
A m m m members: the right
D F
1 side, +ve
1 1
0
0 0
m
m m
5) After analyzing each portion separately, take each portion and analyze the
forces acting on them so that they will be perpendicular and parallel to the
portion analyzed.
If the type of load acting on the portion is a uniformly distributed load, there
are two ways for analyzing as follows:

Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-3

 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

a) If the load was perpendicular on the portion, then analyze directly.

b) If the load was not perpendicular on the portion, such as inclined uniform
load, follow the following steps foe analyzing:
1) Transform the uniform load into a concentrated load, by multiplying its
value by the length of the uniform load.
2) Analyze the concentrated load into two components, one parallel to the
portion and the other perpendicular to it.
3) Transform each component from a concentrated load to a uniform load,
by dividing its value by the length of the portion.
Ex: 2-1:
Draw the axial force, shear force and bending moment diagram for the frame
shown in Fig. (2.3).
30 kN
10 4m
B 3 C
1 1
10 kN/m

2m
0 029 kN 10
m m10 m 2mm
A D 10
1 1 m
0 3 m 2 m 2 m0
m 10 10 10m
m Fig.m(2.3)
m

Solution: 24 kN
1) Find the reactions: 10 m
18 kN
M D =0 + B 10 m
C
1
7 Ay + (10  4  2 ) − (24  2 ) − (18  4 ) − (29  2 ) = 0
+ 2m
40 kN 0 1 29 kN
10 m 10
7 Ay + 80 − 48 − 72 − 58 = 0 m 0 10 m
m Dx=7 kN 2mm
A D 10 m 10
7 Ay − 98 = 0  Ay = 14 kN  1 1 m
0 3m 2 m 2 m0 Dy=10 kN
Ay=14 kN
F y =0 +( ) 10 m
m 10
m
10 10m
m m
10 m

Ay − 24 + D y = 0  14 − 24 + D y = 0  D y = 10 kN 

F x = 0 (→ + )
(10  4 ) − 18 − 29 + Dx = 0
40 − 18 − 29 − D x = 0
− 7 + D x = 0  D x = 7 kN →

Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-4

 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

2) Divide the structure into portions:

The portions are AB, BC and CD. Portion AB
MB
B Bx

10 kN/m
Portion AB: 1 B y

M B =0 + 0
A m
3 Ay − (10  4  2 ) + M B = 0 1
(3  14 ) − 80 − M B = 0  42 − 80 + M B = 0  −38 + M B = 0 0 3m
10
Ay=14 kNm
M B = 38 kN .m CW 10 m m

F y ( )
= 0  +  Ay − B y = 0  14 − B y = 0  B y = 14 kN 

F x = 0 (→ + )  (10  4 ) − B x = 0  40 − B x = 0  B x = 40 kN 

Portion BC:
Transform the internal forces, at the common point B,
Portion BC
from portion AB to portion BC, which will be of same
value but opposite in direction; then apply equilibrium 24 kN
MB 10 m MC
equation on portion BC as a matter of checking. 18 kN
10 m
B y = 14 kN  , B x = 40 kN → , M B = 38 kN .m CCW Bx B C Cx
B1y C1y

F y ( )
= 0  +  B y − 24 + C y = 0  14 − 24 + C y = 0 20m 2 m0
m
10 10m
− 10 + C y = 0  C y = 10 kN  m m

F x = 0 (→ + )  B x − 18 − C x = 0  40 − 18 − C x = 0  C x = 22 kN 

M B =0 +
− M B + (24  2 ) − 4C y + M C = 0  −38 + 48 − (4  10 ) + M C = 0  −30 + M C = 0
M C = 30 kN .m CW

Portion CD:
Transform the internal forces, at the common point C,
Portion CD
from portion BC to portion CD, which will be of same
value but opposite in direction; then apply equilibrium Cy
Cx
equation on portion CD as a matter of checking. MC
C
2m
C y = 10 kN  , C x = 22 kN → , M C = 30 kN .m CCW 1 29 kN
10
0 10 m
F y ( )
= 0  +  Dy − C y = 0 m Dx=7 kN mm
D 10 m
2
10
10 − 10 = 0  0 = 0 OK 1 m
0 Dy=10 kN
F x = 0 (→ + )  C x − 29 + Dx = 0 m 10 m
22 − 29 + 7 = 0  0 = 0 OK
Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-5
 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

3) Take each portion and analyze the forces acting on them so that they will be
perpendicular and parallel to the portion analyzed:
Portion AB:
Portion AB MB= 38
By= 14 11.2
MB 24
10 kN/m 8.4 θ
θ
B Bx Bx= 40
10 kN/m

1 By 40 cosθ =24 B 32
0 θ 40 1
θ0 4
A m
40 sinθ =32 3m
1 A
0 3m
Ay=14 kN 1
10
10 m
m
14 sinθ = 11.2
0θ14 cosθ = 8.4
m
m
Ay=14

Portion AB MB=38 kN.m

MB=38 kN.m

23.6 23.6 35.2

35.2 B
B 32 1
1 θ 4 0
θ 4 24
0 3 m
3 m -35.2
A A 8.4
1 8.4
- 1
11.2
11.2
0 0
m m
-11.2 -23.6
-
-24
-
+8.4 + x -
-
- -
8.4 23.6 +5.5
=  x = 1.3125 m - +
x 5− x -
-
-38
-

Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-6

 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

Portion BC:

Portion BC 24 kN
MB=38 10 m MC=30
B 18 kN
10 m
Bx=401 C Cx=22
0 1
Bmy=14 Cy=10
0
2m 2m m
10 10
A. F. D. m m
-
- 2210 - 22
10m 10
- 40 m m
m
+14 +14
10
S. F. D. + 10
m 10 m-
-10 -10
m10 10 10
B. M. D. m m m
-
10
- 10 - 30
m 10
- 38 10 m
10 m
m

Portion CD:

Portion CD Cy=10
B. M. D. S. F. D. A. F. D. Cx=22
- 30 + 22 - 10 MC=30
- 10 C
10 + 10 2m
1 m 1 29 kN
m + 14 -7 1 m - 10
0 + 10 0 10 m
10 - 0 + 22 1 Dx=7 kN 2mm
m1 m 10 m
D 10 m
0 -m7 1 m - 10 0 10
m 1
m 10 0 10 m m
m m m 0 Dy=10
m

Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-7

 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

Axial Force Diagram

B - 10
1 10 C
-35.2
0 m 1
- 0- 22
-m - m
A D
1 - 40 1
0 -11.2 - 10
0
m 10
m
m
Shear Force Diagram
+14
+ C
B 10 - 1 + 22
1- - 100
+
10
0 m-23.610 m
+8.4 m m-
+ m
-7 D
A 10 1
1 m 0
0
m
m Bending Moment Diagram
-30 C
B
-1
1 - 0
+5.5
0 m+ + 14
+ m - 10 -
A 10
-38 m -38
1 D
0 1
m 0
2.3. Statically Determinate Trusses: m
A truss is defined as a plane structure composed of a number of members joined
together at their ends by smooth pins to form a rigid framework; the external forces
and reactions are assumed to lie in the same plane and act only at the pins.
Therefore, each member of the truss is a two-force member and is subjected to
direct axial forces, tension or compression.
A truss is completely analyzed when the axial forces in all members are
determined.
The sign convention for the axial members is (+ve) for tension members and
(–ve) for compression members.
2.3.1. Types of Statically Determinate Trusses:
A truss can be identified by a basic triangle composed of three axial members
connected together by three joints.

Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-8

 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

Common trusses are classified according to their formations into: Simple,

Compound and Complex.
2.3.1.1. Simple Trusses:
A simple truss is formed by creating a basic triangle (three bars pinned together
at their ends) and then extending with two new bars for each new joint; as shown
in Fig. (2.4-a to f) where it could be seen in each truss diagram the basic triangle
from which it is extended as explained using two additional bars to connect each of
the new joint in alphabetic order:

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Fig. (2.4) Simple Trusses
The analysis of simple trusses is explained in Fig. (2.5- a, b and c).
 Simple trusses can be analyzed using equilibrium equations, either by using
suitable cuts or joint method.
 In analyzing Simple trusses, as that shown in (2.5- b), the external members are
determined first followed by the internal members.
Sec (A-A)

A
M1 J1 M3 J2 M10 J5 M1 J1 M7 J4 M13 J7
M2 M8 M14
M2 M4
M5 M7 M9 M M5 J3 M11 J6
M3 6
M9 M12 M16
M6 J3 M8 J4 M4 J2 M10 J5 M15 J8
A
(a) (b)
R1 J1
(c) Sec (A-A)
R2 J2
Fig. (2.5) Analysis of Simple Trusses

Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-9

 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

2.3.1.2. Compound Trusses:

If two or more simple trusses are connected together to form one rigid truss, the
latter is called a compound truss.
The connection could be as follows, as shown in Fig. (2.6-a to f):
− Three links neither parallel nor concurrent, Fig (2.6-a, b and c).
− A link and a joint, Fig (2.6-d).
− Any equivalent type of connection:
Fig (2.6- e) - (3 joints not on the same line of action)
Fig (2.6- f) - (two links and the third link is replaced by a one simple truss).

(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

Fig. (2.6) Compound Trusses

2.3.1.3. Complex Trusses:

Trusses that cannot be classified as either simple or compound are called complex
trusses, as shown in Fig. (2.7-a and b).

(a) (b)

Fig. (2.7) Complex Trusses

The trusses shown in Fig. (2.8) have the same number of bars and almost the same
external shape, but rearranging the bars change the truss from a simple truss,
Fig. (2.8-a), into a compound truss, Fig. (2.8-b), or a complex truss, Fig. (2.8-c).
The same can be observed in the trusses in Fig. (2.9-a, b and c).

Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-10

 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. (2.8)

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. (2.9)
2.3.2. Notes Regarding Simple and Compound Trusses:
1) If two bars are met at a joint and they do not lie on the same straight line, and
there is no external forces applied at that joint then the forces in these bars is
equal to zero, as shown in Fig. (2.12).

A AB=0

AC=0

Fig. (2.12)
2) If three bars are met at a joint and two of them lie on the same straight line, and
there is no external forces applied at that joint then the force in the third bar is
equal to zero, as shown in Fig. (2.13).

AB A
A AD AB
AC=0

AD AC=0

Fig. (2.13)
3) If the force was observed to be zero in one or more bars then these bars may be
ignored in the analysis for the following joints.

Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-11

 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

2.3.3. Examples on Statically Determinate Trusses:

Ex: 2-2:
Set the type of the truss shown in Fig. (2.14) and then analyze it to find the force in
bar (CD).
10 kN

30 kN E 140 kN 2m
D F
C G
2m
B H
L K J 2m
A I
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m

Fig. (2.14)
Solution:
The truss is a simple truss.
Find the reactions at first:
For the whole structure:
10 kN
 M = 0  I = 126.67 kN 
A y 1
 F = 0 ( + )  A = 53.33 kN 
y y
30 kN
D
E
F
140 kN 2m

 F = 0 (→ + )  A = 0
C G
x x
2m
B H
L K J 2m
1 I
A
2m 2m 2m 2m 2m 2m
Sec (1-1)
30 kN
C CD
LD
B LK
L
A

Ay

Sec (1-1):
M L = 0  CD  2 + Ay  2 = 0  CD = − Ay = −53.33  CD = 53.33 kN Comp

Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-12

 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

Ex: 2-3:
Set the type of the truss shown in Fig. (2.15) and then analyze it to find the force in
bars a, b and c.
110 kN
a

3m

c b 5m

A B
3m 5m 3m

Fig. (2.15)
Solution:
The truss is a compound truss. 110 kN
Sec (1-1) a
Find the reactions at first:
3m
For the whole structure:
 M = 0  B = 80 kN 
A y

 F = 0 ( + )  A = 30 kN 
y y
c b 5m
 F = 0 (→ + )  A = 0
x x Ax
A B

3m 5m 3m
Ay By

Sec (1-1): Sec (1-1) a

= 0 (→ + )  a = 0
3m
F x

M B = 0  8a − 11c = 0  8(0 ) − 11c = 0

11c = 0 c b 5m
c=0

F y ( )
= 0  +  B y + b − c = 0  80 + b − 0 = 0 3m 5m 3m
B
By
b = −80 = 80 kN Comp

Ex: 2-4:
Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-13
 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

Analyze the truss shown in Fig. (2.16) to find the forces in bars (FD) and (DG).

100 kN
F G H

4m
F I
A C
I D E J
B 2m

4m 3 m 1.5 m 1.5 m 3 m 4m

Fig. (2.16)
Solution:
Find the reactions at first:
100 kN 2
The whole structure: F G H
F x = 0 (→ + )  B x = 0

Joint B:
A F I C
BD BE I D E J
2 B
4 4
3 3 Ay 1 Cy
1
B
By
By

 3  3
F = 0 (→ + )  BD   − BE
x  =0
5 5
BD = BE = P (Comp )

F ( )4 4 4  4  8P

= 0  +  BD   + BE   − By = 0  By = P   + P   =
y
5 5 5 5 5

...... (1)
8P
By =
5
Sec (1-1): 100 kN
G
M C =0 F H

4P 4P
17 Ay − 100  13 + 7 +  10 = 0
5 5
F I
17 Ay − 1300 + 5.6 P + 8 P = 0 A C
...... (2 )
I D E J
Ay = 76.5 − 0.8 P Ay Cy
P P

Sec (2-2):
Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-14
 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

M G =0
4P 3P 100 kN
8.5 Ay − 100  4.5 +  1.5 + 4 = 0 F
5 5 FG G
8.5 Ay − 450 + 1.2 P + 2.4 P = 0 DG
Ay = 52.9412 − 0.424 P ...... (3 ) F
A
Solving Eq. (2) and Eq. (3) gives: I D
Ay = 26.4 kN  , P = 62.7 kN Comp Ay P
Substitute the value of (P) into Eq. (1) gives:
By =
8
(62.7 ) = 100.32 kN 
5
For the whole truss:
F y ( )
= 0  +  Ay + B y + Cy − 100 = 0
26.4 + 100.32 + Cy − 100 = 0  C y = −26.72
C y = 26.72 kN 

100 kN
F G H

A F I C
I D E J
B

Ay=26.4 kN Cy=26.72kN

By=100.32 kN

Ex: 2-5:
Analyze the Truss shown in Fig. (2.17) to find the forces in all bars.
90 kN
C D E

15 m
B J
15 m
I F
15 m
A G
H
20 m 20 m

Fig. (2.17)

Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-15

 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

Solution:
90 kN
Find the reactions: C D 1 E
For the whole structure:
M G =0 ( + ) 15 m
B J
40 Ay − 90  20 = 0
15 m
Ay = 45 kN 

F y ( )
= 0  +  Ay − 90 + G y = 0
I F
15 m
G y = 45 kN  A G Gx
 Fx = 0 (→ + )  G x = 0 1 H
20 m 20 m Gy
Ay
Sec (1-1):
M D =0 ( + )  Ay  20 − AH  45 = 0 90 kN
45  20 − AH  45 = 0 C D
DE
AH = 20 kN Tens
DJ
F x = 0 (→ + )  AH + DE = 0
B
DE = − AH = −20 = 20 kN Comp
IJ
AB
Joint A: AI
 Fx = 0 (→ + )  AH + AI  5 = 0
4 IH
3 A
4 AH
A AH
4
20 + AI  = 0
5
Ay Sec (1-1)
AI = −25 = 25 kN Comp Ay
(Joint A)

F y ( )
= 0  +  Ay + AB + AI 
3
5
=0 C 0
CD
45 + AB + (− 25 )  = 0
3 0
5
CB
AB = −30 = 30 kN Comp
(Joint C)
Joint C:
CD=CB=0, (3.3.4-1)
Joint D:
90 kN
 Fx = 0 (→ + )  DE − DB 
4
=0 D
5 DC=0 DE
4 3
20 − DB  = 0 DB 4
5 DJ
DB = 25 kN Tens
(Joint D)

Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-16

 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

F y ( )
= 0  +  −90 − DJ − DB 
3
5
=0

− 90 − DJ − (− 25 ) 
3
=0 BC=0
5 BD
DJ = −75 = 75 kN Comp 3
B 4
4
Joint B: 3

= 0 (→ + )  BI 
4 4
F x
5
+ DB  = 0
5
BA BI
(Joint B)
4 4
BI  + 25  = 0
5 5
BI = −25 = 25 kN Comp
E
Joint E: ED
= 0 (→ + )  − ED − EJ  = 0  − (− 25 ) − EJ  = 0
4 4
F x
5 5 EJ 4
3

EF
EJ = 25 kN Tens
(Joint E)
( ) 3 3
 Fy = 0  +  − EF − EJ  5 = 0  − EF − 25  5 = 0
EF = −15 = 15 kN Comp
JD
Joint J: JE
3
= 0 (→ + )  JE 
4 4 4 4
F x
5
+ JF  = 0  25  + JF  = 0
5 5 5
J 4
4
3
JF = −25 = 25 kN Comp
JI JF
( ) 3 3
 Fy = 0  +  JD + JE  5 − JI − JF  5 = 0 (Joint J)

(− 75 ) + 25  3 − JI − (− 25 ) 3 = 0
5 5
JI = −45 = 45 kN Comp

Joint F: FJ 4
FE
 Fx = 0 (→ + )  − FJ  5 − FH  5 = 0  −(− 25 ) 5 − FH  5 = 0
4 4 4 4 3
F
FH = 25 kN Tens 3
FH 4 FG
( ) 3 3
 Fy = 0  +  FE + FJ  5 − FG − FH  5 = 0 (Joint F)
(− 15 ) + (− 25 ) 3 − FG − 25  3 = 0
5 5
FG = −45 = 45 kN Comp

Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-17

 Theory of Structures-1 CH-2: Analysis of Statically Determinate Structures

Joint G:
F x = 0 (→ + )  GH = 0 GF
(Joint G)

GH G

Gy

Joint H:
F y ( )
= 0  +  HI + HF 
3
5
=0
HI
HF
3
3 4
HI + 25  =0 HA HG
5 H
HI = −15 = 15 kN Comp
(Joint H)

90 kN
C D E

B J

I F

A G
45 kN H 45 kN

Q-L (2020-2021) CH.2-18