PRACTICE 1

TASK 1. SYNONYMS.
1. The main components of the cardiovascular system (CVS) are the heart, the blood
vessels and the blood.
A. minor B. major C. right D. wrong
2. The return of the blood to the heart takes place through venules and veins.
A. boosteers B. disappears C. improves D. happens
3. The heart is a cone-shaped hollow organ situated in the central part of the chest. Its
apex is directed towards the diaphragm.
A. located B. remained C. directed D. injected

4contract.
As aresult of the lack of blood, part of the muscle is damaged and loses the ability to
This condition is known as myocardial infarction.
A. consequence B. cause C. reason D. frequency
5. The pain is accompanied by shortness of breath, sweating, nausea, and dizziness.
A. hyperpnea B. hypopnea C. tachypnea D. dyspnea
6. Hypotension means that the pressure of blood circulating around the body is lower
than nomal, or lower than expected given the environmental conditions.
A. High blood pressure B. Low blood pressure
C. High blood sugar D. Low blood sugar
7. High blood pressure is defined as high pressure (tension) in the arteries, which are
the vessels that carry blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
A. Hypotension B. Hypertension
C. Hyperglycemia D. Hypoglycemia
8. Oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium from the lungs through the pulmonary
veins. The left atrium then contracts to pump a supply of blood to the left ventricle.
A. Low in oxygen B. Deoxygenated
C. High in carbon dioxide D. High in oxygen
9. The plasma constitutes the main part of the blood which carries three types of blood
cells: the platelets, the red blood cells, and the white blood cells which fight disease-
causing foreign organisms or substances.
A. erythrocytes B. leukocytes C. thrombocytes D. monocytes
10. The plasma constitutes the main part of the blood which carries three types of blood
cells: the platelets, the red blood cells, and the white blood cells which fight disease-
causing foreign organisms or substances.
A. erythrocytes B. leukocytes C. thrombocytes D. monocytes
11. The plasma constitutes the main part ofthe blood which carries three types of blood
cells: the platelets, the red blood cells, and thewhite blood cells which fight disease-
causing foreign organisms or substances.
A. erythrocytes B. leukocytes C. thrombocytes D. monocytes

1
 12. The valve between the
left atrium and left ventricle is called the mitral valve
A. aortic semilunar valve
B. pulmonary semilunar valve
C. bicuspid valve
D. tricuspid valve
13. A rapid
pulse and a slow pulse are examples of variations in rate. In each of these
cases, the rhythm of the pulse is referred to
as irregular,
each beat is not equal in meaning the interval between
length.
A. Tachycardia B. Bradycardia C. Tachypnea D. Bradypnea
14. A rapid pulse and
a slow pulse are examples of variations in rate. In each of these
cases, the rhythm of the pulse is referred to as
each beat is not equal in irregular, meaning the interval between
length.
A. tachycardia B. bradycardia C. tachypnea D. bradypnea
TASK 2. CHOOSE THE BEST OPTION.
1. The heart consists of
and right
myocardial tissue and is divided into four chambers. The left
a r e the two upper chambers of the heart, the left and
the two lower chambers. right
A. atria/ ventricles
B. atrium/ ventricle
C. ventricles/ atria
D. ventricle/ atrium
2 blood flows into the left atrium from the lungs through the
The left atrium then contracts to
pump a supply of blood to the left ventricle.
A. Deoxygenated/
pulmonary veins
C. Oxygenated/ pulmonary veins
B. Deoxygenated/
pulmonary arteries
D. Oxygenated/
pulmonary arteries
3. When the blood reaches the
capillaries, it oxygen and in exchange
the waste product carbon dioxide to carry away through veins back to the
heart.
A. picks up/ delivers B. delivers/ picks up
C. takes/ gives up D. gives up/ delivers
4. The capillaries are the
site of this exchange between the blood and the
tissues that
them. Blood also helps body temperature and the natural pH
balance.
A. surrounds/ stabilize B. surrounds/ stabilizing
C. surrounding/ to stabilize D. surround/ stabilize
5. A thin sheet of the connective tissues and smooth muscles
the endothelial cells which the layer of
equips the blood vessels the necessary
elasticity.
A. surrounds/ with
B. surround/ with
C. surround/ from D. surrounds/ from
6. The totallength of all the blood vessels in a human body
kilometers which is sufficient 100,000
around the earth for more than two times.
A. exceed/ to stretch B. exceeds/ to stretch
C. exceed/ stretching D. exceeds/ stretching
7. The valve between the right atrium and
right ventricle is called the valve
and the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle is
called the , valve
2
 A. bicuspid/ tricuspid
B. bicuspid/ mitral
C. tricuspid/ bicuspid
D. mitral/ tricuspid
8. The valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunkis called the
semilunar valve and the valve between the left ventricle and the ascending
aorta is called the _
semilunar valve.
A. aorticl aortic B. aortic/ pulmonary
C. pulmonary/ pulmonary D. pulmonary/ aortic
9. The heart pumps the blood into elastic which lead to
These break up into networks of which branch among the tissues.
A. capillaries/ arterioles/ arteries B. arteries/ arterioles/ capillaries
C. arteries/ capillaries/ arterioles D. arterioles/ capillaries/ arteries
10. The right heart receives blood from the body and delivers it to the
lungs. The left heart receives blood from the lungs and delivers it to the
body.
A. deoxygenated/ oxygenated B. oxygenated/ deoxygenated
C. oxygenated/ oxygenated D. deoxygenated/ deoxygenated
11 is the active Compression, or squeezing, of the ventricles that pushes
blood outward to the lungs orthe body. is the relaxation of the ventricles
when they are filling with blood.
A. Diastole/ Systole B. Systole/ Systole
C. Systole/ Diastole D. Diastole/ Diastole
12. The heart wall is built up of three layers of tissue: the which is the
outer layer, the or the cardiac muscle and the inner layer called the

A. endocardium/ pericardium/ myocardium

B. myocardium/ endocardium/ pericardium
C. pericardium/ endocardium/ myocardium
D. pericardium/ myocardium/ endocardium
13. When leaves the left ventricle, it passes through the aortic
blood
semilunar valve and enters the to travel throughout the body.
A. deoxygenated/ aorta B. oxygenated/ aorta
C. deoxygenated/ vena cava D. oxygenated/ vena cava
14. Blood pressure varies according to environmental demands. For example,it
during physical exertion and in extreme heat.
A. drops/ rises B. rises/ drops
C. rises/ rises D. drops/ drops
number
15. Blood pressure is recorded with two numbers, such as 110/70. The upper
(110, in this case) is called the pressure and indicates the pressure the
ventricles exert when they are contracting. The lower number (70) is called the
pressure and indicates the pressure when the ventricles are relaxing.
A. diastolic/ diastolic B. systolic / systolic
C. systolic/ diastolic D. diastolic/ systolicC
branch repeatedly until they become
16. In the lungs, the pulmonary
that are the smallest vessels in the body.
pulmonary.
 A. capillaries/ arteries B. arteries/ arteries
C. arteries/ capillaries D. capillaries/ capillaries
17. The blood gets rid of its in the lungs. At the same time,
enters the thin capillary walls from the lungs. So, the blood leaves carbon dioxide and
takes oxygen here in the lungs.
A. oxygen/ oxygen B. oxygen/ carbon dioxide
C. carbon dioxide/ carbon dioxide D. carbon dioxide/ oxygen
18. Once the blood has picked up more oxygen, it returns along the pulmonary veins to
the left and passes into the left through the bicuspid valve.
A. atrium/ ventricle B. ventricle/ atrium
C. ventricle/ ventricle D. atrium / atrium
19. Oxygenated blood is pumped out through the into smaller
that lead to the trunk, arms, legs and the brain.
A. vena cava/ arteries B. aortal arteries
C. arteries/ aorta D. aorta/ veins
20. As a result of the lack of blood, part of the muscle is damaged and loses the
to contract. This condition is myocardial infarction.
A. ability/ known B. ability/ called
C. able/ called D. able/ known

TASK 3. ERROR REGCONITION.

1. The main functions of the cardiovascular system is to distribute blood through blood
vessels throughout the body.
2. The main function of the heart is pumped the blood (to function as the engine of the
cardiovascular system), beginning the process of circulation
3. The endothelial cells form the inner layer of the blood vessels which allowing the
blood to run smoothly and uninterruptedly through these tube-like structures.
4. The capillaries are the tiniest blood vessels of all the three types of blood vessels and
cannot be see except through a microscope.
5. When the left ventricle of the heart contracts, blood isforced out into the aorta and
travelthrough the large arteries to the smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries.
6. The pulse can be palpated at various sites on the body which an artery crosses over
a bony prominence
7. The etiology, or cause, of a myocardial infarction (MI) may include coronary artery
disease (CAD), heart valve disease, hypertension, or a combine of these factors.
8. When the left ventricle of the heart is damaged and not able to pump blood efficient,
the vessels in the lungs become edematous. This leads to pulmonary congestion.
9. While speaking with the operator, he was able to tell her he had numbness and
tingling down his left arm, tightness and pain in his chest, and was having difficulty
breathe
 10. Heart failure describes the clinical syndrome develops when the heart cannot
maintain adequate output, or can do so only at the expense of elevated ventricular filling
pressure.
11. Muscle tissue is distinguished and characterized by contractility, elastic, excitability
and extensibility.
striated or non-striated muscle
12. Additional, muscle tissue is sometimes described as
tissue or voluntary or involuntary muscle tissue.
and travelling through the hip and buttock and
13. This nerve starts in the lower spine,
down the back of the leg to the foot.
relate to its
14. Each of these categories have additional distinguishing features which
function within the body.
and buttock and
15. This nerve starts in the lower spine, and travelling through the hip
down the back of the leg to the foot.
TASK 4. WORD TRANSFORMATION.

1. The capillaries are (EXTREME). thin tubes that link the arteries and
veins.
2. These valves ensure that blood does not move back into the atria during the powerful
(CONTRACT). of the ventricles.
3. Blood pressure is assessed using a sphygmomanometer. This piece of equipment is
called a blood pressure cuff or cuff.
(COMMON).
4. In medical terms, failure means a state of (SUFFICIENT) or an inability
of an organ or other body part to function the way it should at its expected level.

5. Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the (ABLE) of the heart to supply

Blood backs up in the
adequate amounts of blood, oxygen, and nutrients to the body.
heart and then into the lungs.
6. Once the lungs become (SWELL). with fluid, the normal exchange of
Oxygen and carbon dioxide that takes place within them is afected.
7. Heart failure is a term used in medicine to reflect the inability of the heart to pump
blood with normal (EFFICIENT). to meet the demands ofthe body to
function normally or under exertion.
8. A myocardial infarction, or heart attack, often decreases the (STRONG)_
of contraction of the left ventricle of the heart so that the heart fails to pump (EFFECT)

9. In mild to moderate forms of heart failure, cardiac output is normal at rest and only
becomes impaired when the (METABOLISM). demand increases during
exercise or some other form of stress.
10. An accurate aetiological (DIAGNOSE)_ is important because treatment
ofthe (UNDERLIE) cause may reverse heart failure or prevent its
progression.
 11. In the UK, most patients admitted to
years old; they remain hospital with heart failure are more than /0
with chronic disability. (HOSPITAL) for a week or more and may be left
12. In heart
failure, diuretics produce
increase in urinary sodium and water excretion,
an
leadingto (REDUCE) in blood and
plasma volume.
TASK 5. CHOOSE THE
BEST ANSWER.
1. If your doctor
suspects you have psoriatic arthritis, which is
of psoriasis,
you may be referred to sometimes a complication
A. rheumatologist a doctor who specialises in arthritis.
C. General Practitioner B. dermatologist
D. immunologist
2 is a condition that can lead to
pain travels along the path pain in the back and legs. It occurs when
A. Sciatical sciatic
of the nerve.
C. Sciatic/ sciatic B. Sciatic/ sciatica
D. Sciatical sciatica
3. You may have blood
tests to rule out other
and X-rays of the affected conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis,
A. may take
joints
B. may be taken
C. may be
4. Children with
taking D. maybe take
dyslexia often have normal vision and are
But they struggle more in just as smart
school
as their peers.
A. because ittakes them longer to read.
B. despite C. though D. due to
5. There's for psoriasis, but a
no cure
the appearance of skin range of treatments symptoms and
patches.
A. can improving B. is inmproving C can improve D. can be
6. The sun has many improved
connotations because people tend to have very
mixed feelings about it.
A. same B. similar C. different D no
7. Your doctor will
ask you about how much the condition your everyday
life.
A. affect B. is affected C. are affected D. is affecting
8. UV radiation is considered
to_ to most of the 1.5 million skin
cancers
diagnosed all over the world each year.
A. contribute B. contribution C. contributed D. contributing
9. In most cases, the first treatment
vitamin D analogues or topical corticosteroids.
will be a topical treatment, such as
ointments
Topical treatments are creams and
to the skin.
A. uses/ applies B. using/ applying
C. used/ applied D. is used/ are applied
10. Research stem cells
on to advance knowledge about how an
organism develops from a single cell and how healthy cells replace ones
in adult organisms.
A. continue/ damaged B. that continuel damaging
C. which continues/ damaging D. continues/ damaged
11. If these are not effective, or your condition is more severe, a treatment called
phototherapy Phototherapy. exposing your skin to certain
types of ultraviolet light.
A. may use/ involves B. may be used/ involves
C. may use/ is involved D. may be uses/ is involved

12. If a particular area of the skin suffers from constant friction. it that
area ofthe epidermis over time and become hard. This hardening of the
skin produces what is commonly called a.
callus
A. would cause/ to thicken/ skin cancer B. could cause/ to thicken/
C. can cause/ thickening/ callus D. can cause/ to thicken/ callus

13. In severe cases, where the above treatments ineffective, systemic

treatments These are oral or injected medicines that
throughout the whole body.
A. is/ may be used/ work B. are/ may be used/ works

C. are/ may use/ work D. are/ may be used/ work

it is also necessary for the
14. Although calcium gives the bone matrix its
functioning of muscles and nerves theircalcium from the
blood B. strength/ proper/ that receive
A. strengthen/ proper/ that receive
C. strength/ properly/ which receive D. strength / proper/ which receivees

15. Although psoriasis is just a minor for some people, it can have a
significant impact on quality of life for those more affected.
A. irritation/ severe B. irritation/ severely
C. iritate/ severe D. irritate/ severely
TASK 6. TRANSLATION

Management of chronic heart failure

General measures
Education of patients and their relatives about the causes and treatment of heart failure
can help adherence to a management plan. Some patients may need to weigh
themselves daily, as a measure of fluid load, and adjust their diuretic therapy accordingly.
Treatment of the underlying cause of heart failure (e.g. coronary artery disease) is
important to prevent its progression.

Drug therapy
Cardiac function can be improved by increasing contractility, optimising preload or
decreasing afterload. Drugs that reduce preload are appropriate in patients with high end-
diastolic filling pressures and evidence of pulmonary or systemic venous congestion.
Those that reduce afterload or increase myocardial contractility are more useful in
patients with signs and symptoms of a low cardiac output.
Diuretic therapy
Diuretic therapy reduces preload and improves pulmonary and systemic venous
congestion. It may also reduce afterload and ventricular volume, leading to a fall in
ventricular wall tension and increased cardiac efficiency.