Kurialacherry Quiz - Study Material

anj≥eoKv Ncn-{X-h-gn-I-fn-eqsS
1947-˛PqWn¬ Nß-\m-ticn cq]-X-bnse `c-W-ßm\w s^mtdm-\m-]-≈nbn¬ Akn-Ã‚ v hnIm-

cn-bm-bn-cp∂ _lp. tPmk^v amen-∏-d-ºn-e-®-s‚bpw {io. ]n.-kn. A{_mlw ]√m-´p-Ip-t∂-en-
s‚bpw (Ip-t™-´≥) t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Ggp-t]-cpsS {]Y-a-{Kq∏v `c-W-ßm-\Øv cq]-h-XvI-cn®v
sNdp-]p-jv]-an-j≥eoKv F∂-t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn.
1947 HIvtSm-_¿ 3 anj≥eo-Kns‚ Hu-tZym-KnIamb DZvLm-S-\w, `c-W-ßm\w A¬t^m≥km
\K-dn¬ tIm´bw _nj∏v ssd‰v dh.tUm. tXmakv Xd-bn¬ Xncp-ta\n \n¿Δ-ln-®p. XpS¿∂v
CS-h-I-I-fn¬ anj≥eoKv {Kq∏v {]h¿Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®p.
1948 sabv 15 `c-W-ßm-\Øp {]Ya hm¿jnIw
1950 Pq¨ 13\v BZy-ambn Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°n-b- an-j≥eoKv \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°v Nß-\m-ticn
hnIm¿ Iym∏n‰pe¿ tam¨ .tP-°_v I√d-bv°¬ AwKo-Imcw \evIn.
1950 HIvtSm-_¿ 3 ˛ anj≥-eo-Kn-s‚ {]-N-c-W-Øn-\m-bn kw-L-S-\-bpsS Hu-tZymKn-I am-kn-
Ibmb t{]jn-X¿ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.
1952 sabv 15 anj≥eo-Kns‚ Hu-tZym-KnI ]XmI ˛ sNΩ-™-s°mSn AwKo-I-cn-®p. (Ip-d-hn-e-
ßm´v h®p \S∂ 5˛mw hm¿jnI ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬)
1953 sabv 28, 29 Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ 6 ˛m-aXp hm¿jnIw Nß-\m-ticn Fk v. - _n. tImtf-Pn¬
XZhk-cØn¬ {]Ya anj -\dn kwKaw \S-Øn.
1954 sabv 22, 23 \v 6˛m-aXp "t{]jn-X¿' anj≥eoKv _p≈-‰n-\mbn am‰n.
1950 G{]n¬ 25 anj≥eoKv kwLS-\-bpsS Hu-tZym-KnI _mUvPv AwKo-I-cn-®p.
1961 HIvtSm-_¿ 3 ˛ Ip™p-an-j\ - dn amknI `c-Wß- m-\Ø
- p-\n-∂p ssZzam-kn-Ib
- mbn Bcw-`n-®p.
1968 anj≥eo-Kn¬ \n∂p Ipń-Iƒ°p th≠n Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ \S-Ønbpw skan-\m-dp-
Ifpw ¢m p-Ifpw ssZh-hnfn {]Z¿i-\-ßfpw kwL-Sn-∏n®pw Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿°pw tbmPn®
{]h¿Ø-\-cw-K-ßƒ sXcs™-Sp-°p-∂-Xns‚ ê-ambn anj≥ cwK-ß-fn-te°v Hcp {]hmlw
Xs∂bp≠m-bn. Aßs\ 1968-˛¬ anj≥eoKv Bcw-`n® ssZh-hnfn t{]m’m-l\w (shm-t°-
j≥ _yqtdm) BWv tIc-f-Ønse BZysØ shmt°-j≥ _yqtdm. CXns‚ tI{μw `c-W-
ßm\w anj≥eoKv amXr-`-h-\n-¬ {]h¿Øn-®p- h-cp-∂p.
1968 sabv 11,12 \nb-am-hen ]cn-jvI-cn®p kwÿm\ Iu¨kn¬ cq]o-I-cn-®p.- \n-b-am-h-en-
bpsS Cw•o-jv]-cn-`mj {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn.
1969 sNdp-]pjv] anj≥eo-Kns‚ D]a-≤y-ÿ-cmbn hn. tXmΩm-«olm
hn. {^m≥knkv tkhy¿ F∂n-hsc {]Jym-]n-®p.
1971 HIvtSm-_¿ 3
cP-X-Pq-_nen DZvLm-S\w ˛ `c-W-ßm-\Øp anj≥eo-Kns‚ amXr `h-\-Øns‚ inem-ÿm-
]\w ssd‰v dh. tUm. sk_m-kv‰y≥ hben¬ \n¿Δ-ln-®p.
1973 HIvtSm-_¿ 3,8
All Indian Consultation on Evangelization skan\m¿ C¥y-bn¬ F√m CS-h-I-I-
fnepw anj≥ ssNX\yw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw ssZh-hnfn t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn sNdp-
]pjv] anj≥eoKv Bcw-`n-°Ww F∂ {]tabw ]m m-°n.
1977 sNdp-]pjv] anj≥eo-Kns‚ 2˛m-a-sØ e£y-ambn hy‡n-Xzhn-Imkw kzoI-cn-®p.
1977 G{]n¬ 6\v anj≥eo-Kns‚ 30-˛mw hb- n¬ sI.-kn.-_n.-kn bpsS AwKo-Imcw kwL-S-
\bv°v e`n®p.
1979 BKÃv anj≥eoKv \nb-am-hen {]Imcw BZy-Ip¿_m\ kzoI-cn®v ItØmen-°m-hn-izm-
k-Øn¬ Pohn-°p-∂h - ¿°v {]mb-t`-Za- s\y sNdp-]pjv] anj≥eo-Kn¬ AwK-ßf - m-Imw. F∂m¬
Ncn-{X-K-Xn-bn¬ Nß-\m-ticn AXn-cq-]-X-bn¬ sNdp-]pjv] anj≥eoKv AwKXzw Ipń-
Iƒ°mbn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. (t]Pv 34, 35 a≤y-ÿ≥)
1979 ˛¬ bph-Zo-]vXn, sI.-kn.-F-kv.-F¬. shmt°-j≥ _yqtdm F∂n -h -bpsS Ub -d -I vS -dm
-bn-cns° _lp. -amWn ]pXn -bn -S -a -®≥ A∂sØ sNdp-]pjv] anj≥en-Kns\ Ipń-I-fpsS
kwL-S\ - b
- mbn cq]-s∏-SpØn. AXn c - q-]Xm A≤y£\mbncp∂ A`n-hμy am¿ B‚Wn ]Snbd
Xncp-ta\n ]pXnb kwhn-[m-\sØ AwKo-I-cn-®p. AtXm-sSm∏w Nß-\m-ti-cn-bpsS {]tXyI
]›m-Øew a\- n-em°n sNdp-]pjv] anj≥eoKv Hm¿K-ss\-knwKv kanXn {]tXyIw cq]o-
Icn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
1981 sNdp-]pjv]anj≥eoKv Fw_vfw D]-tbm-Kn®p XpS-ßn ]-cn-jv-°-cn-® \n-b-amh-en {]-kn-
≤o-I-cn®p.GUE CHERUPUSHPA MISS
1982 HIvtSm-_¿ 9-˛10
35-˛mw hm¿jnIw kwÿm\ kan-Xn-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-Øn¬ aqhm-‰p-]p-g-bn¬ h®v \S-Øn.- an-
j≥ B¥w BZy-ambn Be-]n-®p. Cu hm¿jn-I- k-tΩ-f-\-Øn-emWv a’-c-ßƒ°v t{KUv
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ t]mbn‚p-Iƒ \evIp-hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-Xv.
1983 Pqsse 3˛{]Ya tZiob ktΩ-f-\w tImb-º-Øq-cn¬. {]Ya tZiob`mc-hm-ln-Isf sXc-
s™-Sp-Øp. anj≥eo-Kns‚ Hu-tZym-KnI {]m¿∞\ BZy-ambn sNm√n.
1988 Pqsse amk-Øn¬ CML s‚bpw shmt°-j≥ _yqtdm-bp-sSbpw Ub-d-IvS-dmbpw ktº-
i-\n-ebw Ub-d-IvS¿ \nb-an-X-\m-bn. A∂p apX¬ ktº-i-\n-ebw Ub-d-IvS-dpsS t\Xr-Xz-
Øn¬ CMLDw shmt°-j≥ _yqtdmbpw {]h¿Øn-°p∂coXn XpS¿∂p t]mcp-∂p.
1989 A¬t^m≥km Xo¿∞m-S\w Bcw-`n-®p.
1990- \hw-_¿- 12,14 ]n.-H.-kn.-bn¬ tN¿∂ sI.-kn.-_n.-kn. ktΩ-f\w sNdp-]pjv] anj≥eoKns\
sI.-kn.-_n.-kn.bpsS N¿®v FIvÃ≥j≥ B‚ v shmt°-j≥ IΩo-j-\n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn. IΩo-
j≥ AwK-ßƒ anj≥eoKv c£m-[n-Im-cn-I-fm-bn.
1997 sabv 1˛10 `c-W-ßm-\Øv hnhn[ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-tfmsS anj≥eoKv kph¿Æ-Pq-_nen BtLm-
jn-®p.
2000 \ΩpsS AXn-cq-]-X-bn¬ CML s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ DNn-X-amb Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬ k¨tU-
kvIq-ƒ Ipń-I-fpsS ]T-\-Øn-\p-th≠n _p°vse-‰p-Iƒ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. alm-Pq-_nen
h¿j-amb c≠m-bn-c-Øn¬ ssZh-kvt\-l-Øns‚ alm-¤pXw F∂ ]pkvXIw {]tXyI ]T-
\-Øn-\mbn \n›-bn®p sImSp-Øp. A∂p-ap-X¬ C∂p-hsc AXmXp h¿j-Øns‚ {]m[m-\y-a-
\p-k-cn®v ]T-\-{K-Ÿ-ßƒ AXn-cq-]Xm CMLs‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn®psIm≠n-cn-
°p-∂p.
2002 am¿tØm-Ωm-«o-lm-bp-sSbpw hn.-{^m≥knkv tkhy-dns‚bpwPq_nen {]am-Wn®v Nß-
\m-ticn AXn-cq-]Xm sNdp-]p-jv-] an-j≥-eo≠Kv am¿ amXyp Imhp-Im´v h-\-\n¿ΩmW ]≤-
Xn°v cq]w sImSp-Øp.
2008 P\p-hcn 19 anj≥eoKv h{P-Pq-_nen kam-]\w hn]p-e-amb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-tfmsS ]mtd¬
ssaXm-\-Øn¬ \S-Ø-s∏-´p.
2009 BKÃv 11 anj≥eoKv ÿm]I t\Xmhv Ipt™-´≥ ac-W-a-S-™p.
2010 kwÿm-\-k-anXn G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb {]Ya Ipt™-´≥ ]pc-kvImcw \h-Po-h≥ (tIm-´-bw)
{Skv‰v amt\-P¿ {io. ]n.-bp. tXmakv kmdn-\v e`n-®p.
2011 Ipcym-f-ticn Ahm¿Uv anI-® AƒØm-c _m-e-∑m¿°v.
2013 s^{_p-hcn 17 Kn^v‰v 2013 Nß-\m-ticn AXn-cq-]Xm sNdp-]pjv] anj≥eoKv ˛ ktº-i-
\n-ebw Hcp-°nb hnizm-km-\p-`h I¨h≥j≥ (Ip-ń-I-fpsS I¨h≥j≥) ]mtd¬ ssaXm-
\n-bn¬ h®v \S-Ø-s∏-´p.
2013 Pq¨ 8, 25-˛m-aXv A¬t^m≥km Xo¿∞m-S\ kvamc-I-ambn A¬t^m≥km Imcp-Wy-
\n[n cq]o-I-cn-®p.
2016 am¿ sPbnwkv Imfm-ticn Ahm¿Uv anI® anj≥enKv {]h¿Ø-I\v.
2019 s^-{_p-h-cn 15 ko-tdm-a-e-_m¿ k`m-kn\-Uv Aw-Ko-I-cn-®, ]-cn-jv-°-cn-® \n-b-amh-en {]-
kn-≤o-I-cn®p.
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Znhy-Im-cp-Wy- t{]jn-X≥
[\y≥ am¿ tXmakv Ipcym-f-t»cn
c≠mw ]Xn∏v
{]km-[nI
aZ¿ tdmkvtIbv‰v SABS
kp∏o-cn-b¿ P\-d¬
AtUm-td-j≥ P\-dt- e‰v
sk\-°nƒ, Beph
DIVYAKARUNNYA PRESHITHAN
Second Edition
Souvenir of the Episcopal Consecration of

Venerable Mar Thomas Kurialacherry
1911 - 2011
Published by:
Mother Rosekate SABS
Superior General
Adoration Generalate
Cenacle, Aluva
Kerala, India
R Superior General
Cenacle, Aluva
Copies : 2000
Printed at : St. Thomas Offset

Vazhappally, Changanacherry
Ph : 0481 2421543
c≠mw ]Xn-∏n-s\-°p-dn®v
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ßfpw C∂p e`y- a mbXn\m¬ ""Bcm- [ - \ - k ` C∂v '' F∂
A≤ymbhpw c≠mw ]Xn-∏n¬ tN¿Øn-ń-√.
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≈p∂ ]nXm-hns‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ hnhn[ hi-ßƒ Cu {KŸw
shfn-hm-°p-∂p≠v.
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tacn°pw, kn. A\‰v Nme-ßm-Sn-°pw, kn. tdmkv A¬t^m≥kn\pw
Fs‚ kvt\l-\n¿`-c-amb \μnbpw A`n-\-μ-\-ß-fpw.
]pkvX-I-Øns‚ ap{ZWw `wKn-bmbn \n¿h-ln-®p-X∂ hmg-∏≈n
sk‚ vtXm-akv {]kv `mc-hm-ln-Iƒ°pw {]tXyIw \μn ]d-bp-∂p.
[\y≥ Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hns‚ hotcm-Nn-X-amb kpIr-X-ßfpw
Pohn-X-Z¿i-\hpw A\p-hm-N-I¿°p am¿§-Z¿i-\-am-Is´ F∂pw Ign-
h-Xpw-thKw ]nXm-hv hnip-≤-cpsS KW-Øn-tebv°v Db¿Ø-s∏-Sp-
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Cu {KŸw A\p- h m- N - I - k - a £w ka¿∏n- ° p- ∂ p.
sk\-°nƒ kn. tdmkvtIbv‰v SABS

Beph kp∏o-cn-b¿ P\-d¬
3˛12-˛2011
Znhy-Im-cp-Wy- t{]jn-X≥
H∂mw ]Xn∏v
Ipcym-f-t»cn am¿ tXmΩm sa{Xms‚

P∑-i-Xm_vZn kvamcIw
(1873 ˛ 1973)
cN-bn-Xm-°ƒ
kn. s‰d-kn‰m S.A.B.S RIP

kn. At¥m-\okm S.A.B.S RIP
kn. {^m¶v S.A.B.S RIP
kn. _©-an≥ tacn S.A.B.S
DIVYAKARUNNYA PRESHITHAN
First Edition
Souvenir of the Birth Centenary of

Mar Thomas Kurialacherry
First Bishop of Changanacherry &
Founder of the Adoration Congregation
1873 - 1973
Nihil obstat
Msgr. L.J. Chittoor
Imprimatur
Mar Joseph Powathil M.A, D.D.
Auxiliary Bishop of Changanacherry
Published by:
Mother Mary Espirit SABS
Mother General
Adoration Generalate
Cenacle, Aluva
Kerala, India
Copies : 2000
Printed at :
The Kerala Digest Press
Changanacherry
CARDINAL JOSEPH PARECATTIL ARCHBISHOP’S HOUSE
ARCHBISHOP OF ERNAKULAM POSTBAG NO. 1209, COCHIN-682011
KERALA STATE, INDIA
No. R2/Misc. 1042/72 15th Nov. 1972
Rev. Mother Mary Espirith SABS

Superior General
Adoration Congregation
Cenacle, Alwaye-S
Dear Rev, Mother,
I am glad to learn that you are celebrating the Centenary of the birth of Mar
Thomas Kurialacherry, the Founder of your congregation and that a Souvenir is being
brought out to commemorate the occasion. I am sure the Souvenir will go a long way in
recalling the memorable events in the life of the saintly Founder and in the history of the
congregation. It will be a source of inspiration to all concerned and will go down to history
as a loving tribute to his revered name. I wish every success to the Celebrations and the
Souvenir.
With best regards,
Yours sincerely in Our Lord
ARCHBISHOP OF ERNAKULAM
-I-
MAR ANTONY PADIYARA ARCHBISHOP’S HOUSE
ARCHBISHOP OF CHANGANACHERRY
CHANGANACHERRY KERALA, NDIA
15th Nov. 1972
Very Rev. Sr. Superior,

I am very glad that the Adoration Congregation is planning to
commemorate the Birth Centenary of its saintly Founder, Bishop Thomas
Kurialacherry, by releasing a book about him, Of course, his name is very
dear to the Catholics of Kerala and it is only fitting to publish a Souvenir for
his lasting reminiscence.
The Archdiocese of Changanacherry is very proud of her former
prelate, the first native bishop to preside over the diocese. He has also left
behind his daughters of the Adoration Congregation to help bring to realization
the many dreams and aspirations of his great soul. It is all too proper that on
this blessed occasion the congregation should commence the Perpetual
Adoration to the blessed Sacrament which was the cherished desire of the
Saintly Bishop in founding it.
While extending my heartiest greetings to the members of the
Congregation and expressing my sentiments of sincere gratitude for the
service they are rendering to the Archdiocese, I wish the celebrations and
the Souvenir an unqualified success.
With my very best wishes and cordial blessings,
I remain,
Yours devotedly in Our Lord
Abp. of Changanacherry
-II-
RT.REV.DR.SEBASTIAN VAYALIL BISHOP’S HOUSE
ARCHBISHOP OF PALAI PALAI, KERALA, NDIA
EC: 499/72 17th Nov. 1972
Dear Rev. Mother,

I am happy to learn from your letter that you are intending to publish a
Souvenir to commemorate the , Centenary of the Birth of His Lordship Mar
Thomas Kurialacherry, the saintly Founder of your illustrious congregation. I
know how much you owe him, and how greatly you are devoted to him. It is
in the fitness of things therefore that you observe his revered memory in a
special way on the occasion of his Birth Centenary.
Mar Thomas Kurialacherry is a name held in benediction by all who
knew him and by all who have come to learn of him. He led a life fully dedicated
to God and to the people of God. He had a predilection for children and the
poor, the dear ones of the Lord. His intense Eucharistic devotion inspired him
to found a congregation that would devote itself and spend itself to the Divine
Lord in the Blessed Sacrament. That Congregation of which you are now the
Mother General, remains a standing monument of his zeal and Eucharistic
devotion. May the saintly Founder continue to shower on your congregation
ever more and more sweet and rich blessings through his intercession with
Jesus our Lord.
With best regards,

Yours sincerely in our Lord
(Sd.)
Bishop of Palai
-III-
RT. REV. DR. MATHEW POTHANAMUZHY BISHOP’S HOUSE
PH.D., D.D. KOTHAMANGALAM
BISHOP OF KOTHAMANGALAM KERALA, NDIA
15th Nov. 1972
Dear Rev. Mother,

I am glad to know that you are publishing a book about the saintly
Founder of your Congregation, God has shown his special predilection to
Bishop Thomas Kurialacherry of happy memory in choosing him to start
one of the important religious movements of our times.
The tiny seed he planted at Champakulam in 1908 has grown into a
mighty tree offering shade and shelter to thousands. The Adoration
Congregation founded by him, with its 130 branches and 2400 members
is one of the biggest religious congregations in our country.
I am glad to see that your congregation, through its manifold forms of
apostolate is enriching the life of the Church. The fact that you could by
now send more than hundred sisters to various mission territories of India
is a sign of the dynamism of your Congregation. May the goals and objectives
the Founder had in starting the Congregation be ever more fully realised
by your dedicated service for God and souls. I am aware that, drawing
inspiration from the II Vatican Council, your congregation is doing its best in
the process of adaptation and renewal in accordance with the requirements
of the times. At this important period, when you are Celebrating the
Centenary of the Birth of the Founder of your Congregation, may God
grant you all the grace of a profound interior renewal.
With hearty felicitations and cordial greetings,
Yours sincerely in our Lord
(Sd.)
+ Mathew Pothanamuzhy
Bp. of Kothamangalam
-IV-
RT.REV.DR. SEBASTIAN VALLOPPILLY BISHOP’S HOUSE
ARCHBISHOP OF TELLICHERRY TELLICHERRY, KERALA, NDIA
21st Nov. 1972
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k- ` bpw Bflm¿∞- a mbn ]cn- { i- a n- ® p- s Im- ≠ n- c n- ° p- I - b m- W v .
{InkvXobPohn-X-Øns‚ Dd-hn-S-ß-fn-te°pw Hmtcm k`-bp-sSbpw
BZy-ssN-X-\y-Øn-te-°p-ap≈ {]Xym-K-a-\-am-Wt√m Iu¨kn¬
Bh-iy-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv. k`m-ÿm-]-I-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Bghpw \nc-
¥-c-hp-amb ]T\w k`m-ssN-X-\y-Øn-te°p \bn-°pI Xs∂
sNøpw. CXp a\- n-em-°n-s°m-≠p-X-s∂-bmWv ]nXm-hns‚ P∑-
i-Xm_vZn BtLm-jn-°p∂ Cu h¿jw ]nXm-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈
hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb ]T-\-Øn\v Bflm¿∞-ambn ]cn-{i-an-®-Xpw.
Pq_n-en-bm-tLm-j-®-S-ßp-I-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®p kwL-Sn-∏n® Iem-km-
ln-Xy-a-’-c-ßƒ k`m-ÿm-]-I-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ ka-{K-]-T-\-Øn\p
klm-bn-®p-sh∂ kXyw Nmcn-Xm¿∞y-tØmsS A\p-kva-cn-°p-I-
bm-Wv. ]nXm-hn-s\-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp imkv{Xob ]T-\-Øn-\mbn Hcp
\mew-K° - Ω- ‰
- nsb cq]-he
- v°c- n-°p-Ibpw Pq_n-en-kvam-cI - {- KŸw ]pd-
s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xn\v Ahsc \ntbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. knÃ¿ s‰d-
ko\ (I¨ho-\¿), kn. At¥m-\o-km, kn. {^m¶v, kn. _©-an≥
tacn F∂n-h-cmWv IΩn-‰n-bw-K-ßƒ. _. At¥m-\o-kmΩ Cu
tPmen- b n¬ hym]r- X - b m- b n- c n- ° th I¿Øm- h n¬ `mKy- a - c Ww
{]m]n® hnhcw tJZ- ] q¿Δw tcJ- s ∏- S p- Ø p- ∂ p. AΩ- b psS
\nkzm¿∞-tk-h-\-ßsf IrX-⁄-Xm-]q¿Δw A\p-kva-cn-°p-Ibpw
AΩ-bpsS Bfl-im-¥n-°mbn {]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. IΩn-
‰n-bw-K-ß-fpsS Bflm¿∞-amb ]cn-{i-asØ Rm≥ lrZ-b-]q¿Δw
A`n-\-μn-°p-∂p. Cu {KŸ-c-N-\-bv°m-[m-c-ambn kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈Xv:
-VI-
1. A`n-h-μy-]n-Xm-hp-Xs∂ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ IrXn-Iƒ, {]m¿∞-
\-Iƒ, Iev]-\-Iƒ, Fgp-Øp-Iƒ, CS-b-te-J-\-ßƒ, Ub-dn-°p-dn-
∏p-Iƒ.
2. ]nXm-hn-s\-°p-dn®v At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-Im-eØpw AXn-
\p-ti-jhpw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≈ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ, ]{X-te-J-\-ßƒ,
dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ, IØp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h.
3. IYm-\m-b-I-\p-ambn ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ ]cn-Nbw kºm-Zn-®n-´p-
≈-h-cp-sSbpw At±-l-Øns‚ kvt\l-]-cn-em-f-\-bn¬ hf¿∂p-h∂
hey-Ω-am¿, _. sshZn-I-∑m¿, A¬ta-\n-Iƒ, _‘p-an-{Xm-Zn-Iƒ
XpS-ßn-b-h-cp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap-J-kw-`m-j-W-ßƒ.
4. Bcm-[-\-k-`-bnse hnhn[ aT-ß-fpsS \mfm-K-aw, kvIqƒdn-
t∏m¿´v XpS-ßn-b-h.
IΩ-‰n-bw-K-ß-fpsS Kth-j-W-^-e-ambn e`n-®n-´p≈ F√m kwK-
Xn-Ifpw Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ tN¿°p-hm≥ km[n-®n-ń√ F∂-Xn¬ tJZ-
ap-≠v. Ime-Øns‚ XnI-hn¬ ad-™p-In-S-°p∂ Cu bmYm¿∞y-
ßƒ°p shfn®w ImWp-hm≥ CS-h-c-s´-sb∂p {]m¿∞n-°p-∂p.
k`m-ÿm-]I - s‚ Aò-jvSm-\p-kc- Ww Bcm-[\ - k
- `- mw-Kß
- ƒ G¿s∏-
ń-cn-°p∂ hnhn[ t{]jn-Xc - w-Kß
- f- n-te°p hnc¬Nq-≠n-bn-cn-°p--bmWv
kn. sa‰n¬Um, ""Bcm-[\ k` C∂v'' F∂ teJ-\-Øn-eq-sS.
Cu {KŸ-c-N-\bv°p ss]Xr-Im-io¿Δm-Zhpw Biw-k-Ifpw
\¬Inb Im¿Un-\m¬ tPmk^v ]mtd-°m-ń¬, Nß-\m-t»cn B¿®p-
_n-j∏v am¿ B‚Wn ]Sn-b-d, ]mem _nj∏v am¿ sk_m-Ãy≥
hb-en¬, tImX-aw-Kew _nj∏v am¿ amXyp t]mØ-\m-ap-gn, Xe-
t»cn _nj∏v am¿ sk_m-Ãy≥ ht≈m-∏n≈n F∂o Xncp-ta-\n-am-
tcmSpw Rßƒ°p≈ IrX-⁄X {]Im-in-∏n-®p-sIm-≈p-∂p. Cu
IrXn°p ap{ZWm\p-aXn \¬Ip-Ibpw {]uV-Kw-ò-c-amb Hc-h-Xm-
cnI Fgp-Xn-Ø-cp-Ibpw sNbvX am¿ tPmk^v ]Δ-Øn¬ Xncp-ta-
\n-tbmSpw Xs‚ A\m-tcm-KysØ Ah-K-Wn-®p-sIm≠v CXns‚
ssIsø-gp-Øp-{]Xn hmbn®p ]cn-tim-[n® tam¨. F¬.-sP. Nn‰q¿
Ah¿I-tfm-Sp-ap≈ \n o-a-amb IrX-⁄X tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≈p-
-VII-
∂p. Iem-e-b-cw-K-Øp-\n∂pw HutZym-Kn-I-ambn hnS-hm-ßn-sb-¶nepw
C∂pw B cwKØp kvXpXy¿l-ambn tkh\w A\p-jvTn-®p-sIm-
≠n-cn-°p∂ s{]m^-k¿ De-l-∂m-≥ am∏nf Fw.F. Xs‚ hntZ-i-
]-cy-S-\sØ ]pkvI-cn-®p≈ bm{Xm-hn-h-cWw Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\n-
Sbv°v AsX√mw am‰n-h-®v, Xs‚ ]cn-N-b-ko-a-bn¬ \n∂p≈ CuSp‰
kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inbpw CXnse `mjm-]-camb Xncp-Ø-ep-Iƒ
\S-Ønbpw Rßƒ°p-th≠ t{]m’m-l\w \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. At±-
l-tØm-Sp-≈ \μn-{]-I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Cu Ah-kcw hn\n-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂p.
B-Zym-h-km-\w C-Xn-s‚ Hm-tcm N-e-\-Øn-epw th-≠ k-lm-b-
k-l-I-c-W-ßƒ \¬-In-bn-´p-≠v _. km-e-k-®≥. A-®-s‚ B-flm¿-
∞-am-b tk-h-\-sØ R-ßƒ \-μn-tbm-sS kv-a-cn-°p-∂p.
{]Xy-£-ambpw ]tcm-£-ambpw Cu {KŸ-c-N-\-bpsS ]n∂n¬
klm-bn-®n-´p≈ hμy-ssh-Zn-I¿°pw a‰p KpW-Imw-£n-Iƒ°pw lrZ-
b-]q¿Δw IrX-⁄X tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
Cu {KŸw `wKn-bmbn ap{ZWw sNbvXp X∂ tIcf ssUPÃv
{] v `mc-hm-ln-It- fmSpw hn-injym {] v amt\-P¿ dh. ^m. B‚Wn
Xm∂n-°¬ Ah¿I-tfm-Sp-ap≈ IrX-⁄X CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ {]I-
Sn-∏n-®p-sIm-≈-s´.
kvt\l-]n-Xm-hns‚ Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-`-‡nbpw ]c-kvt\-l-ssN-X-
\yhpw A\p-hm-N-I-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\p klm-b-am-bn-
Øo-c-s´-sb∂ {]m¿∞-\-tbm-Sp-IqSn Cu {KŸw \nß-fpsS apºn¬
ka¿∏n-®p-sIm-≈-s´.
sk\-°nƒ kn. tacn Ckv]n-cnØv SABS

Beph kp∏o-cn-b¿ P\-dmƒ
14-˛1-˛1973
-VIII-
H∂mw ]Xn-∏n-s\-°p-dn®v
tIc-f-Ønse aX-km-aq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI aWvU-e-ß-fn¬
ambmØ hy‡n-ap{Z ]Xn-∏n® a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-bmb Hcp I¿Ω-
tbm-Kn-bmWv Nß-\m-t»cn cq]-X-bpsS {]Ya \m´p-sa-{Xm\pw Znhy-
Im-cpWy Bcm-[-\-k-aql ÿm]-I-\p-amb [\y≥ Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬
tXmΩm sa{Xm≥. At±lw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn® D∂Xm-Z¿i-ßfpw Xs‚
Pohn-X-Øn¬ km£m-XvI-cn-®n-cp∂ kphn-ti-j-kp-IrXßfp-amWv
At±-l-Øn\p P\-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ ÿnc-{]-XnjvT e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\n-S-
bm-°n-b-Xv. ss{IkvX-h-k-aq-l-Øn\p Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-\m-Y-t\m-Sp≈
`‡nbpw kvt\lhpw hf¿Øp-hm≥ th≠n Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-B-cm-[-
\-aq-l-Øn\p cq]-`m-h-ßƒ \¬Inb B kvt\l-]n-Xm-hns‚ P∑-
i-Xm-_vZn-bm-tLm-jn-°p∂ Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Hcp kvamc-I-{KŸw
]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-hm≥ Xøm-dmb Bcm-[-\-k-`mw-K-ßsf Rm≥ lrZ-
b-]q¿Δw A\p-tam-Zn-°p-∂p.
hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb ]T-\-Øns‚ ê-ambn cq]w-{]m-]n-®-XmWv
CXnse Hmtcm teJ-\-hpw. Hcp Poh-N-cn-{X-ambn Cu {KŸsØ
I-cp-tX-≠-Xn-s√-¶nepw A`n-h-μy-]n-Xm-hns‚ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚
hnhn[ hi-ß-fn-te°p shfn®w hoip-hm≥ CXp \sΩ klm-bn-
°pI Xs∂ sNøpw. tIc-f-Øns‚ aÆn¬ ]mInb ISp-Ip-a-Wn-bm-
Ip∂ Bcm-[-\-k` Xg-®p-h-f¿∂p \mep-h-i-tØ°pw imJ hncn-
®n-´p-≈Xv ÿm]-Is‚ hnip-≤nsb Xo¿®-bmbpw hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-
∂p≠v. a\p-jy-i-‡n-°-Xo-X-sa∂p Icp-Xp∂ hotcm-Nn-X-{]-h¿Ø-
\-ß-sfm∂pw Xs∂ Cu ]mh-\m-flm-hns‚ Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ImWp-
∂n- √ m- b n- c n- ° pw. \Ωn¬ ]e- c p- s Sbpw Pohn- X - Ø n¬ H‰- s ∏´p
ImWp∂ Nne a\p-jy-kvt\-l-{]-hr-Øn-Iƒ Pohn-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw
{]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-hm≥ km[n-®p-sh-∂-XmWv At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-
X-hn-P-bw. ssZh-kvt\-l-Øn¬ \n∂pw Dd-sh-SpØ a\p-jy-kvt\-
l-sam-∂p-am-{X-amWv Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬]n-Xm-hns‚ hnip-≤n-bpsS
ImX¬. "F√mw {InkvXp-hn¬ \ho-I-cn-°pI' F∂ ap{Zm-hm-Iyhpw
kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠p `cWw ssItø‰ At±-l-Øns‚ Zo¿L-Zr-
jvSnbpw \nkzm¿∞-tk-h-\hpw Nß-\m-t»cn an w Akq-bm¿l-
-IX-
amb hn[w A`n-hr-≤n-{]m-]n-°p-∂-Xn\p klm-bn-®n-´p-≠v. ]pXn-b-
Xmbn cq]wsIm≠ cq]-X-bpsS `cWw Gs‰-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ ]e-X-c-
Øn-ep≈ hnj-a-{]-iv\-ßfpw At±lw XcWw sNtø-≠n-h-∂p.
{]mb-k-ß-fp-sSbpw {]iv\-ß-fp-sSbpw apºn¬ ]cm-P-b-s∏´p
]n≥hm-ßmsX hnizm-k-Zo]w sXfn-®p-h-®v, AXns‚ aßmØ shfn-
®-Øn¬ aptºm´p t]mIp-∂-Xn-\mWv At±lw {ian-®-Xv. B [oc-
t{]-jn-Xs‚ XnI™ hnizm-k-[o-c-Xbpw Bfl-ho-cyhpw ASn-bp-
d® B≤ym-fln-I-ho-£-Whpw Id-b‰ tkh-\-k-∂-≤-Xbpw Xe-ap-d-
IƒtXmdpw {]iw-kn-°-s∏-Spw. Hcp sshZn-I-ta-e-≤y-£≥ s]mXp-
P-\-ß-fp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ [m¿Ωn-I-i-‡n-bm¿÷n-t°-≠Xpw Hcp ]nXm-
hns‚ kvt\lhpw hm’-eyhpw Icp-Wbpw DZm-c-Xbpw ssZh-P-\-
Øn-\-\p-`-h-th-Zy-am-t°-≠Xpw Fß-s\-sb-∂p a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp∂
B \√ CS-b≥ XpS-ßn-h® \qX-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ C∂pw At±-
l-Øns‚ kvac-Wsb \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ t]mcp-∂-h-X-s∂. hnZym-
`ym-k-cw-K-Øv, hninjym kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn\p th≠n Cu
kvt\l-]n-Xmhp \S-Ønb \nkzm¿∞tkh\-ßƒ IrX-⁄-X-tbm-
Sp-IqSn am{Xta kvacn-°m-\m-hq. I\-I-Pq-_nen BtLm-jn-°p-hm≥
Hcp-ßn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ Fkv.-_n. tImtfPv t]mep≈ D∂X
ÿm]-\-ßƒ°p P∑w \¬In-bXv Cu ]mh-\-N-cn-X≥ Xs∂. Cu
[ocm-flm-hns‚ kpIr-X^ - e
- ß
- ƒ A\p-`h- n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ \ap°v
At±-l-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ icn°pw a\- n-em°n aXn-°p-∂-
Xn\pw B kpIr-Xm-Nm-cys‚ Pohn-X-N-]m-X-bn-eqsS apt∂m-´p-t]m-
Ip-∂-Xn\pw CXnse teJ-\-ßƒ klm-bn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bn-√.
Cu kvamc-I-Ir-Xn-s°m-cp-sº´ Bcm-[\ kaq-l-Ønse A[n-
Im-cn-I-sfbpw teJ-I-scbpw Bflm¿∞-ambn A\p-tam-Zn-°p-∂p.
A\p-hm-N-I-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-`-‡n-bp-sSbpw ]c-kvt\-
l-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ssNX\yw hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ Cu
{KŸw klm-bn-°-s´-sb∂p kt¥m-j-]q¿Δw Biw-kn-°p-∂p.
Nß-\m-t»cn am¿ tPmk^v ]Δ-Øn¬

14-˛1-˛1973 N.-A. klm-b-sa-{Xm≥
-X-
CX-fp-I-fn¬
A≤ym-b-ßƒ
1. PohnXØntebv°v HscØnt\m´w ........................... 1
2 Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-Øns‚ sa{Xm≥ ................................... 15
3. {]m¿∞-\-bpsS a\p-jy≥ ............................................. 37
4. acnb `‡≥ ...................................................................... 48
5. a\p-jy-kvt\ln ................................................................ 57
6. kap-Zm-tbm-≤m-c-I≥ ........................................................72
7. \√ CS-b≥ ........................................................................ 91
8. {Im¥-Z¿in ...................................................................... 108
9. th-Z-{]-Nm-c-I≥ ............................................................... 121
10. Bcm-[\m k\ym-kn\n kaq-l-ÿm-]-I≥ ......... 134
11. Iem˛km-ln-Xy-t{]anbpw {]m¿∞\m
cN-bn-Xmhpw .................................................................... 150
12. A¥y-cw-K-ßƒ .............................................................. 161
13. Xqen-Im-Nn{Xw ................................................................. 174
14. \ma-I-c-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ ................................................... 183
A\p-_‘w
1. Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ ......................................................... 194
2. A\p-kva-c-Wo-b-Zn-\-ßƒ ............................................ 200
-XI-
PohnXØntebv°v HscØnt\m´w
1
`m-c-X-Øn-s‚ `m-kp-cm-cm-a-am-b tI-c-f-Øn¬ ]-º-bm-dn-s‚ ]-cn-
em-f-\-bm¬ k-º-Xv-k-ar-≤-hpw {]-Ir-Xn-ku-μ-cy-Øm¬ A-\p-{K-lo-
X-hp-am-b Ip-´-\m-Sn-s‚ lr-Z-b-`m-K-Øp ÿn-Xn sN-øp-∂ N-cn-{X-{]-
kn-≤-am-b H-cp {Km-a-am-Wv N-º-°p-fw. am-\-h-kw-kv-Im-c-ßƒ-°pw
]p-Wy-]p-cp-j-∑m-cp-sS P-∑-Øn-\pw km£yw hln-°p-hm≥ \Zo-X-S-
ßƒ°p km[n-®n-´p-s≠-∂p-≈Xv Hcp Ncn-{X-hk - vXp-Xb
- m-Wv. tXmΩm-
«o-l-bm¬ ÿm]n-X-amb \nc-Ww ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw CS-hI
Xncn™v AD 417 sk]vXw-_¿ 14˛\v ]º-bm-dns‚ XocØv ÿnXn
sNøp∂ Nº-°pfw ]≈n (I-√q¿°m-Sv) ÿm]n-X-am-bn. A∂sØ
sNº-I-t»cn cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ "tZh-\m-cm-b-W-kzman' Cu ssZhm-
eb \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\v th≠ kI-e-hn[ klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-ßfpw
sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-ØX - mbn Ncn-{X-tc-JI- ƒ D≠v. Cu ssZhm-eb - Øn\p
kao]w Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ]e ÿe-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw DØa
ss{IkvX-h-Ip-Spw-_-ßsf sNº-It»cn cmPmhv Xs∂ £Wn®p
hcp-Øn. AXn¬ Ipdhneßm-´p≈ ]pcm-X\ Imfn-Imhv IpSpw-_-
Ønse Hcp imJbpw Dƒs∏-ń-cp-∂p. B IpSpw-_-Ønse AXn-k-
a¿∞\pw hoc\pw kZvKp-W-k-º-∂-\p-amb "Ipcymf', cmPm-hns‚
kvt\lm-Zc - h
- p-Iƒ°v ]m{Xo-`q-X\- m-bn. Ipcym-fb
- n¬ {]tXyI hm’-
eyhpw Xmev]-cyhpw D≠m-bn-cp∂ cmPmhv Icsamgn-hmbn Ipd®v
`qan \¬Ip-Ibpw Ipcym-f-bpsS t]cns‚ alna \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn-
\mbn B ÿe-Øn\v "Ipcym-f-t»cn' F∂ \ma-t[bw sImSp-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. At\I \q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn B t]cpXs∂ A`w-Kpcw
\ne-\n-∂p-t]m-cp∂p.
1
Znhy-Im-cpWy t{]jn-X≥
P\\hpw _meyhpw
]c-º-cm-K-X-ambn Ipcymf F∂ t]cp kzoI-cn® ]ecpw Cu
IpSpw-_-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. 1842¬ sFln-I-hmkw shSn™
Ipcym-fbv°v Nmt°m, Ipcym-f, tXmΩm F∂o aq∂p ]p{X-∑mcpw
aq∂p ]p{Xn-amcpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. aqØ aI-\mb Nmt°m-bmWv
[\y≥ am¿ tXmakv Ipcym-f-t»-cn-bpsS ]nXm-hv. Nmt°m-®≥ buΔ-
\m- c w- ` - Ø n¬ ]pXp- ° cn CS- h I ]p√m- ¶ - f - Ø n¬ tdmk- Ω sb
hnhmlw sNbvXp. Ch-cpsS 13 h¿jsØ ZmºXyPohn-X-Øn-\n-S-
bn¬ 3 s]Ïp-ń-Isf Nmt°m-®\v kΩm-\n-®n´v tdmkΩ ]c-tem-
I-{]m-]vX-bm-bn. IpSpw-_-kw-c-£-Wm¿∞w Nmt°m®≥ ssI\-Icn
h√ymd Nmt°m-bpsS aIƒ A°m-Ωsb 1851-˛¬ hnhmlw sNbvXp.
kpIr-X-k-º-∂-cmb Cu Zº-Xn-Iƒ°v ssZhw Ggp k¥m-\-ßsf
\¬In. I{Xo-\m-Ω, tdmk-Ω, Ip-™-®≥ (sNdp-∏Ønte acn-®p-
t]m-bn), Nmt°m-®≥, A∂Ω, tXmΩm-®≥, Ge-Ω. 1873 P\p-hcn
14˛\v Nmt°m-®-s‚bpw A°-Ω-bp-sSbpw Bdm-asØ k¥m-\-ambn
tXmΩm®≥ `qPm-X-\m-bn. P\p-hcn 21˛\v Nº-°pfw I√q¿°mSv
]≈n-bn¬ h®v ]q{X _. Koh¿Ko-k-®≥ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS A`n-
em-j-a-\p-k-cn®v `mc-Xm-∏-kvtXm-es‚ \ma-t[-b-Øn¬ Ip™n\v
⁄m\-kv\m\w \¬In. Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®≥˛ AXm-bn-cp∂p Ipń-
bpsS Hma-\-t∏-cv.
ssi-i-h-Øn¬ X-s∂ Nn-e kz-`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Cu _m-
e-\n¬ {]-I-S-am-bn-cp-∂p. ssZ-hn-I-Im-cy-ßƒ tIƒ-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-
dn-bp-∂-Xn-\pw sN-dp-∏w ap-X¬ {]-tXy-I Xm-ev-]-cyw {]-Z¿-in-∏n-®n-cp-
∂p. A-©p h-b- v Xn-I-bp-∂-Xn-\p ap≥-]v an-° \-a-kv-°m-c-ß-fpw a-
\x-]m-T-am-°n. a-Æp-sIm-≠v ssZ-hm-e-b-ßƒ D-≠m-°p-I, Ip-cn-ip-Iƒ
D-≠m-°p-I, ]oT-ßƒ \n¿-Ωn-®v A-h-bp-sS ap-ºn¬ {]m¿-∞n-°p-I,
Iq-´p-Im-sc hn-fn-®p-Iq-ń D-b¿-∂ ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ I-b-dn-\n-∂p-sIm-≠v
ssh-Zn-I-s\-∂ \m-Sy-Øn¬ {]-kw-Kn-°p-I F-∂n-h Ip-™p-tXm-Ωm-
®-s‚ _m-e-eo-e-Iƒ B-bn-cp-∂p. ]n-Xr-hy-\m-b _-lp. tXm-Ωm-®≥
i-co-cm-kzm-ÿyw \n-an-Øw tPm-en cm-Pn-h-®v kz-¥w C-S-h-I-bn¬
hn- { i- a - P o- h n- X w \- b n- ® n- c p- ∂ - I m- e w! am- X m- ] n- X m- ° - t fm- s Sm- ∏ w
2
Nn-‰-∏-\-®-s‚ A-Sp-°¬ t]m-Ip-∂-Xpw A-t±-l-tØm-Sv kw-`m-jn-°p-

∂-Xpw Ip-™p-tXm-Ωm-®\ - v k-t¥m-j{- ]-Za
- m-bn-cp-∂p. kp-dn-bm-\n Ip¿-
_m-\-bn¬ k-lm-bn-°m≥ th-≠ ]-cn-io-e-\w Nn-‰-∏-\-®≥ \¬-In.
A-©p h-b- p-ap-X¬ tXm-Ωm-®≥ A-\p-Zn-\w Ip¿-_m-\-bn¬ ]-s¶-
Sp-°p-I-bpw Ip¿-_m-\-bv-°v Iq-Sp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p. a-e-¶-c C-S-h-
I-bp-sS sa-{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø am¿ U-b-t\-jy-kv Ip-™p-tXm-Ωm-®-s‚
ssi-i-h-sØ-°p-dn®v \S-Ønb A\p-kva-cWw Gsd {]k-‡-amWv
""Hcn-°¬ Rm≥ (A∂v aev]m-\m-bn-cp-∂p) h≈w hgn Ip´-\m-ń¬
IqsS Hcp bm{X Ign-°th bmZr-›n-I-ambn Ipcym-f-t»-cn-∏-Sn-°¬
ASp-Øp. At∏mƒ Rß-fpsS kao]w Hcp ]ø≥ ]p©ncn XqIn
h∂p \n∂p. F{X BI¿j-Wo-b-amb apJw. \njv°-f-¶-a-\- ns‚
{]Xn-_nw-_w, Rm≥ Z¿in® am{X-bn¬ Cu ]ø≥ Hcp-Im-eØv
k¿Δ-P-\-h-μy-\m-bn-Øocpw F∂v a\-km-]-d-™p.''
hnZym-`ymkw
A©m-asØ hb- n¬ If-cn-bn¬ ]T\w Bcw-`n® Ip™p-
tXm-Ωm-®s‚ {]Y-a-Kp-cp-\m-Y≥ I√q¿°m´v CS-h-I-°m-c-\mb Ad-
Øn¬ Hutk∏v Bim-\m-bn-cp-∂p. \mep sIm√sØ If-cn-]-T\w
sIm≠v ae-bmfw \∂mbn hmbn-°p-hm\pw Fgp-Xp-hm\pw ]Tn-®p.
IW-°nepw kmam-\y-⁄m\w kºm-Zn-®p. Cw•ojv `mj-bpsS
{]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°n, Cw•ojv ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ
B{K-ln-s®-¶nepw ASp-sØßpw Cw•ojv aoUnbw kvIqfp-Iƒ D≠m-
bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬ 1882 s^{_p-hcn amk-Øn¬ Ip™p--tXm-Ωm-
®\pw kao-]Ø - p≈ GXm\pw Ipń-Iƒ°p-ambn Hcp Cw•ojv A[ym-
]-Is\ hoń¬ hcpØn ¢m p-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®p. ItØm-en°m Ipń-
Iƒ°v t{]m´-Ã‚ v A[ym-]-Iscs°m≠v ¢m pIƒ sImSp-∏n-°-
cpXv F∂ \n¿t±iw hcm-∏pg aXm-[y-£-\n¬ \n∂pw D≠m-b-Xn-
\m¬ Ah-cpsS hońse ]T\w \ndp-tØ-≠n-h-∂p.
Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ Kh-s◊‚ v hI IV t^mdw hsc-bp≈ Hcp
Cw•ojv kvIqƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ tXmΩm-®s\ AhnsS
tN¿Øp. Hcp _‘p-ho-Smb ]p√p-Im´p Xma-kn®v ]T\w XpS¿∂p.
3
C°m-eØv F√m Znh-khpw Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®≥ Nß-\m-t»cn ]≈n-

bn¬ t]mbn tXh-e-°c _. Koh¿Ko-k-®s‚ Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ klm-
bn-®n-cp-∂p. CXn¬ kwXr-]vX-\mb A®≥ ""\ns‚ PohnXw kap-
Zm-b-Øn\v henb A\p-{K-l-ambn `hn°pw'' F∂v Biwkn-°p-I-
bp-≠m-bn. Xs‚ h’-e-]n-Xm-hns‚ AIm-e-\n-cymWw aqew (1885
Unkw-_¿ 23) ChnsSbpw ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-hm≥ tXmΩm-®\v
km[n-®n-√.
1885-˛¬ am∂m-\Øv sk‚ v Ft{^wkv Cw•ojv kvIqƒ Bcw-`n-
®p. _. Pcm¿±v CMI Bbn-cp∂p AXns‚ amt\-P¿. B kvIqfn-
tebv°v Ipń-Isf At\z-jn®v Nº-°p-fØpw ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-iØpw
FØnb Pcm¿±-®s‚ t{]c-W-bm¬ Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®≥ am∂m\w
sk‚ v Ft{^wkv kvIqfn¬ tN¿∂p. sk‚ v Ft{^w-knse A≤ym-
]-I-cp-sSbpw kl-]m-Tn-I-fp-sSbpw {]iw-kbv°v ]m{Xo-`-hn-°-Ø-
°-hn[w kpIr-X-kp-c-`n-e-amb PohnXw \bn-®ncp∂p tXmΩm-®≥.
A°m-eØv F√m-Zn-h-khpw ]cn. I\y-I-bpsS AƒØm-c-bn-e¿∏n-
®n-cp∂ Ip¿_m-\-Iƒs°√mw Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®≥ klm-bn-®n-cp-
∂p. tZh-em-b-I¿Ω-ßƒ°p-tijw B{ia]pc-bn-S-ß-fn¬ Np‰n-\-
S∂v ]pjv]-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v ]cn. AΩ-bpsS AƒØmc Ae-¶-cn-
®n-cp-∂p. am∂m-\Øv Xma-kn-®n-cp∂ 4 h¿jhpw Cu I¿Ω-ßƒ°v
Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®≥ apS°w hcp-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-√. Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬
{it≤-b-amb ]¶p-h-ln® hn. Ip¿_m-\-tbmSpw ]cn. AΩ-tbm-Sp-
ap≈ `‡n-bn¬ hf-cp-hm≥ am∂m-\sØ hnZym-`ym-k-Im-e-L´w
hgn-sX-fn-®p. `‡m-\p-jvTm-\-ß-tfm-sSm∏w ]c-kvt\-l-{]-h¿Ø-\-
ßƒ sIm≠pw kº-∂-am-°-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®s‚
Pohn-Xw. Ah-i-scbpw Bh-iy-°m-scbpw klm-bn-°p-I, Imcp-Wy-
]q¿Δw h¿Øn-°pI F∂nh Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®-\n¬ {]tim-`n-®n-
cp∂ kZvKp-W-ß-fm-Wv. Kpcp-`-‡n, IrXy-\n-jvT, A\p-k-cWw, hn\-
b-ioew XpS-ßnb kZvKp-W-ßƒ ]cn-]p-jvS-am-°p-hm\pw {ian-®p.
Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®s‚ PohnXw ssZhn-I-tk-h-\-Øn\v th≠n
ka¿∏Ww sNøm≥ ssZhw hgn-sbm-cp-°n. _mey-Øn¬ Xs∂
sshZn-Im-¥- n-t\mSv _lp-am\hpw AXv kzoI-cn-°p-hm≥ B{K-
4
lhpw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. 1888 sabv amk-Øn¬ Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®-

\p-≠mb Hcp {]tXyI ssZhm-\p-`-h-Øn-eqsS ssZhw Xs∂ sXc-
s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xmbn t_m[y-s∏-´p. euInI {]Xm-]-ß-fpsS \iz-c-
X-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Nn¥-bn¬, Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®≥ sshZn-I-Po-hn-X-
Øn-\p-th≠n Bfl-k-a¿∏Ww sNøp-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p.
sshZn-I]
- T
- \w
tIm´bw hnImcn A∏- k v t Xm- e n° Bbn- c p∂ A`n- h μy
Im¿temkv e-ho™v ]nXmhv kpdn-bm-\n°mcn¬ \n∂pw Hcmsf
tdman¬ s{]m∏-Km¥m tImtf-Pn¬ sshZn-I-]-T-\-Øn\v hnSp-hm≥
B{K-ln-®p. am∂m\w sImth¥ kμ¿in®thf-bn¬ hμy-]n-Xmhv
Ahn-SpsØ t_m¿Unw-Kn-ep≈ Ipń-I-fn¬ \n∂pw CXn\p tbmKy-
cm-b-h¿ Dt≠m F∂-t\z-jn-®t∏mƒ A≤ym-]-I¿°pw kl-]m-Tn-
Iƒ°pw kpk-Ω-X-\mb Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®-s\-bmWv sshZn-I¿
\n¿t±-in-®-Xv.
Xs‚ ssZh-hn-fnsb A\p-[m-h\w sNøp-hm≥ Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-
®\v kzam-Xm-hn-s‚bpw _‘p-°-fp-sSbpw i‡-amb FXn¿∏ns\
A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t°≠n h∂p. 1890 P\p-hcn 18-˛mw XobXn eho™v
]nXmhv Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®\v ssÿcy-te]\hpw Bÿ∏mSv ]´hpw
\¬In. A∂v D®-`-£Ww Ign™v eho™v ]nXmhv D]-tZ-i-ßfpw
ss]Xr-Im-inkpw \¬In thsdm-cn-SØpw Ib-dmsX t\sc tdman-
tebv°v ]pd-s∏-SW - s - a∂v Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®t- \mSv Bh-iy-s∏´v bm{X-
bm-°n. Xs‚ h’eamXm-hn-t\mSpw _‘p-P-\-ß-tfmSpw bm{X-]-
d-bmsX hnZq-ct- Z-it- Øbv°v ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®\v thZ-
\m-P-\-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw Hcp [oc-tbm-≤m-hn\v A\p-tbm-Py-
amb Bfl-ss[-cy-tØmsS Xs‚ sshZn-It- a-e≤ - y-£t- \m-Sp- ≈ hnt[-
bXzw {]I-Sn-∏n®v At±lw tdmanse s{]m∏-Km¥ tImtf-Pn-tebv°v
(D¿_≥ tImtf-Pv) Xs‚ Nn‰-∏-\-®-t\mSpw (-_. tXmakv Ipcym-f-
t»-cn) _. Im¿temkv CMI A®-t\mSpw IqSn bm{X-bmbn. tcmKn-
bmb Xm≥ Xs‚ h’-e-kp-X≥ XncnsI hcp-∂-Xp-hsc Pohn-®n-cn-
°-bn-√m-sb∂pw X∑qew CXv Ah-km-\-Im-gvN-bm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂pw
5
hnNm-cn®v At¥ym-]-tZiw F∂ \ne-bn¬ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ \n¿t±-

i-ßƒ \¬In. F¬Xp-cpØv sImth¥ hsc A\p-K-an-®-tijw
Nn‰-∏-\-®≥ Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®-t\mSv bm{X-]-d-™p.
1. AK-Xn-I-tfmSv Icp-W-bp-≈-h-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww.
2. Ign-hp-t]mse Ahsc klm-bn-°-Ww. CXp ]m]-Øn¬ \n∂pw
ac-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw \sΩ c£n-°pw.
3. aninlm-bpsS IjvSm-\p-`-h-Øn-t∑-ep≈ [ym\w.
4. ]cn-ip≤ P\-\n-tbmSpw am¿ butk∏nXm-hn-t\mSpw hntij-`-
‡n-bp-≈-h-\m-bn-cn-°p-I.
5. bm{X-bn¬ 3 cmPm-°ƒ, d∏m-tb¬ amem-J, Imh¬ amemJ
Ch-tcmSv {]tXyIw am[yÿyw At]-£n-°p-I.
6. ssZhw NnØ-am-Ip-s∂-¶n¬ \mń¬ h∂-tijw kz¥w CS-h-
I-bpsS KpW-Øn-\mbpw tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS kvXpXn \ΩpsS cmPy-
Øn¬ ]c-Øp-∂-Xn-\mbpw {ian-°p-I.
Nn‰-∏\®≥ \¬Inb Cu kmtcm-]-tZ-i-ßƒ Xs‚ Pohn-XsØ
Gsd kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-s≠∂v ]n∂oSv At±lw A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂p.
tKmhm-bn¬ \n∂pw C‰-en-bn-te-°p≈ I∏¬ Ib-dp-∂X - p-hsc _lp.
Im¿temkv CMI IqsSbp≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv tXmΩm-®\v Gsd Bizm-k-
{]-Z-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1890 s^{_p-hcn 2˛mw XobXn At±lw kpc-£n-X-
\mbn tdman¬ FØn-t®¿∂p.
s{]m∏-Km-¥b
- n¬
"DW¿Δp≈ bphmhv, "sIm®p-]p-Wy-hm≥' F∂o hnti-j-W-
ßƒ kam¿÷n-°-Ø-°hn[w Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®≥ s{]m∏-Km¥m
A[n-Im-cn-I-fp-tSbpw kl-]m-Tn-I-fp-tSbpw at[y BZ-c-Wo-b-amb
PohnXw \bn-®p. ""Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ _. tXmΩm siΩm-i≥ Xs‚
hym]mcw sIm≠pw `‡n-sIm≠pw t{ijvT-∑m-tcm-Sp≈ sNm√p-hn-
fn-sIm≠pw \nb-aß - f- psS A\p-kc
- Ww sIm≠pw Hcp amemJ Bbn-
cn-°p-∂p. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw Cu s{]m∏-Km-¥-bn¬ ]Tn-°p∂
6
buΔ-\-ÿ-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ H∂m-a-Xm-bn-cn-°p∂p'' F∂v Ip™p-

tXm-Ωm-®s\ kw_-‘n®v s{]m∏-Km¥ tImtfPv sdIvS¿ tUm.
tam¨. ^nen∏v acnb Iatkbn am¿ Nmƒkv eho-™n-\-b®
IØn¬ \S-Ønb ]cm-a¿iw Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®s‚ Pohn-XØ - n-te°v
shfn®w hoip-∂-Xm-Wv. tam¨. Ia-tkbn Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®-s\-°p-
dn®v ]e-t∏mgpw Hcp sIm®p-]p-Wy-hm≥ F∂mWv ]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv.
A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°pw kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ°pw Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®-s\-°p-dn®v
A{X-am{Xw aXn-∏m-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. s{]m∏-Km-¥-bnse Hcphn`mKw
hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS {]osÎvSv F∂ \ne-bn¬ tPmen \n¿h-ln-°p-
hm\pw At±- l - Ø n\v Ah- k - c - a p- ≠ m- b n. A[n- I m- c n- I - f psS
BZ¿ihpw A`n-em-jhpw A\p-k-cn®v B tPmen \n¿Δ-ln-°p-
hm≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™p. s{]m∏-Km¥ tImtf-Pn¬ ÿm]n-°-
s∏-ń-cp∂ Xncp-lr-Zb kJy-X-bpsS t{]m’m-l-I≥ F∂ \ne-
bn¬ Xncp-lr-Z-b-`‡n h¿≤n∏n-°p-hm≥ At±lw {ian-°p-I-bp-
≠m-bn. Cutim-bpsS Xncp-lr-Z-b-tØm-Sp≈ `‡n h¿Ø-am-\am-
Ip-∂-tXm-Sp-IqSn hy‡n-I-fn¬ Pohn-X-]-cn-h¿Ø\w kwPm-X-am-Ip-
sa∂v a\- n-em-°nb tXmΩm-®≥ \mń¬ Xncn-s®-Øn-b-ti-jhpw
Xncp-lr-Z-b-h-W-°-am-kw, IpSpw-_-{]-Xn-jvT, amkmZy sh≈n-bm-gvN-
`‡n XpS-ßn-bh {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xn¬ Gsd {i≤n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
]utcm-ln-Xy-Øn-tebv°v
Xs‚ sshZn- I - P o- h nXw F{]- I m- c - a p- ≈ - X m- b n- c n- ° - W - s a∂v
tXmΩm-®≥ ap≥Iqń I≠p. `mhn-bn¬ ssZh-P-\-Øns‚ B≤ym-
flnI ùXnI kpÿn-Xn-°p-th≠n \n¿Δ-ln-°p-hm≥ t]mIp∂
t{]jn-X{- ]-h¿Ø-\ß
- f- psS hnhn[ hi-ßs - f-°p-dn®v At±lw Xs‚
U-b-dn-bn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. kmaq-lnI hnZym-`ymk
B≤ym-flnI cwK-ß-fn¬ \n¿Æm-bI ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hcp-Øp-
hm≥ t]mIp∂ 64 \n›bßƒ 1 Cu Ub- d n- ° p- d n- ∏ p- I - f n¬
Dƒt®¿Øn-´p-≠v. {]Xn-h¿jw Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®≥ \S-Øn-h-∂n-cp∂
[ym\-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v FSp-Øn-cp∂ Xocp-am-\-ßƒ kpIrX Pohn-
X-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Xo£vW-amb Xmev]cyw hy‡-
1. Cu \n›-b-ßƒ A\p-_-‘-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.
7
am-°p-∂p. "⁄m\-kv\m-\-Øn¬ e`y-amb ssZhn-I-Po-hs\ \jvS-

s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ \n¿`m-Ky-Øn¬ Xm≥ Hcn-°epw Dƒs∏-Sp-hm≥
CS-bm-bn-ń√' F∂v At±lw ]d™n-´p-≠v.
h¿j-ßƒ IS-∂p-t]m-bn. 9 h¿jsØ skan-\mcn hnZym-`ym-k-
Øn-\p-tijw 1899 sabv 27-˛mw XobXn tdmanse sk‚ vtPm¨ em‰-
d≥ ssZhm-e-b-Øn¬ h®v I¿±n-\mƒ ItkØm {^≥sN-kvtImUn
]ufm Ipcym-f-t»cn tXmΩm-®\v sshZn-I-]´w \¬In. Cu Ah-k-
c-Øn¬ I¿±n-\mƒ ItkØm 12 h¿jw Ign-bp-∂-Xn\v ap≥]v Hcp
sa{Xm-\m-bn-Øocpw F∂v Biw-kn-°p-Ibp≠mbn. sabv 28-˛mw
XobXn `mc-X-Øns‚ ZznXo-bm-∏-kvtXm-e-\mb hn. {^m≥knkv
tkhy-dns‚ Xncp-ti-jn∏v kq£n-®n-´p≈ tP p tZhm-e-b-Øn¬
]cn. {XnXz-Øns‚ Xncp-\mƒZn\w tXmΩm-®≥ {]Ya Znhy-_-en-
b¿∏n-®p.
_. tXmΩm-®≥ s{]m∏-Km-¥-bn¬ ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ sh\o-knse
]m{Xn-bm¿°okv Bbn-cp∂p I¿±n-\mƒ tPmk^v km¿tØm (10˛mw
]obqkv am¿]m-∏m). Kpcp-∏´kzo-I-c-Wm-\-¥cw \mń-te°v aS-ßp-
∂-Xn\p apºv sh\o-kn¬ t]mbn I¿±n-\m-fns\ I≠t∏mƒ. kt¥m-
jm-Xn-tc-I-Øm¬ aXn-a-d∂ I¿±n-\mƒ Xncp-ta\n Xs‚ hm’-ey-
`m-P-\sØ Bt«-jn-°p-Ibpw "sIm®p-sa-{Xm≥' F∂p ]d-™p-
sIm≠v Hcp Ipcnipw amebpw Igp-Øn¬ [cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
tkh-\c
- w-Kß
- ƒ
tdman¬ \n∂p Xncn-s®-Ønb \ΩpsS bph-ssh-Zn-Is\ am°n¬
am¿ aØmbn sa{Xm≥ Nß- \ m- t »cn sk‚ v _¿°p- a ≥kv
t_m¿UnwKv sshkv sdIv S - d mbn \nb- a n- ® p. Ipń- I - t fm- S p≈
kvt\lhpw Imcp-Wyhpw kz¥w kpJw t\m°msX Ahsc ip{iq-
jn-°p-∂-Xn\v At±-lsØ t{]cn-∏n-®p.
F√m Znh-khpw Znhy-]qP ImWp-I, ASp-°-e-Sp-°epw {][m\
Xncp-\m-fp-I-fnepw hn. Ip¿_m\ kzoI-cn-°p-I, hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS
k∂n-[n-bn¬ {]m¿∞\ \S-Øp-I, kaq-l-ambn P]-ame sNm√p-I,
]c-kvt\-l-{]-hr-Øn-Iƒ sNøp-I, XpS-ßnb ]pWym-`ym-k-ßƒ°v
8
amXr-Ibpw {]tNm-Z-\hpw \¬In-s°m≠v Ipń-I-fpsS B≤ym-flnI

Pohn-X-Øn\v DW¿Δv ssIh-cp-Øn. Ipń-Iƒ°p-th≠n F¥p
XymKhpw kln-°p-hm≥ _. tXmΩm-®≥ k∂-≤-\m-bn-cp-∂p. tN∂-
¶cn CS-h-I-bn¬ "Ipcp-hn-f-thZw' F∂ ioiva Bhn¿`-hn-°p-Ibpw
At\Iw ItØm- e n- ° ¿ B ioiva- b n¬ Dƒs∏- S p- I bpw
sNbvXncp∂p. Cu ioiva-bn¬ \n∂pw Ipcym-f-t»-cn-bn-e-®\v CS-h-
I-P\- sØ c£n-°p-hm≥ km[n°pw F∂p-Ic - p-Xnb am°n¬ ]nXmhv
1901 HmK-Ãn¬ A®s\ tN∂-¶cn ]≈n hnIm-cn-bmbn \nb-an-®p.
XpS¿∂v Imhm-ew (1902 HIvtSm_¿ ˛ 1906 sabv), FS-Xzm (1906-
sabv ˛ 1910 sabv), Nº-°pfw (I-√q¿°m-Sv, 1911 am¿®v ˛ \hw-_¿)
F∂o ]≈nIfn¬ CS-b-ip-{iqj \S-Øp-hm\pw Ipcym-f-t»cn
tXmΩm-®\v Ah-kcw Inń. AP-KW - ß
- f
- psS B≤ym-fln-Ihpw ùXn-
I-hp-amb F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw Ipcym-f-t»cn tXmΩm-®≥ ]q¿Æ-
ambpw {i≤]Xn-∏n-®p. Rmb-dmgvN Znh-k-ß-fn¬ hn. Ip¿_m-\-
bnse kphn-ti-j-`mKw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ {]kwKw C∂-
sØ-t∏mse {]Nm-c-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ tXmΩm-®≥ F√m-
Zn-h-khpw hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS tijw at\m-l-camwhn[w kphn-ti-
j-`m-K-ßƒ hymJym-\n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. F{X-k-abw thW-sa-
¶nepw ]m]-k-¶o¿Ø-\-th-Zn-bn-en-cp∂v {InkvXp-hns‚ kuJy-Zm-
b-I-amb IqZmi \¬Ip-hm≥ At±lw k∂-≤-\m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-
l-Øns‚ am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßfpw kam-izm-k-h-N- p-Ifpw kpIr-X-Po-
hn-X-Øn¬ apt∂-dp-hm≥ hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v DtØ-P-\-am-bn. CS-h-I-
bnse Hmtcm `h-\hpw kμ¿in®v hnizm-k-£bw kw`-hn-®-hsc
Is≠Øn Ahsc icn-bmb ]mX-bn-eqsS \bn-®p. IqZm-i-I-fpsS
kzoI-cW- Ø- n\v t{]m’m-l\w \¬In. `n∂n-®p-\n∂ IpSpw-_ß - sf
cay-s∏-Sp-Øn. \ho-I-c-W-[ym-\-ßƒ \SØn P\-ß-fpsS B≤ym-
flnI kpÿnXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øn. AI-tØm-en-°-cp-ambn _‘-s∏´v
k`-bpsS {]Xn-—mb h¿≤n-∏n-®p. sslμ-h- kl-h¿Øn-Xz-Øn¬
Ign-bp-hm≥ CS-bm-b-Xp-aqew kmtlm-Z-c-ssN-X\yw Fßpw Zriy-
am-bn.
Imhmew ]≈n hnImcn Bbn-cp-∂-t∏m-gmWv Nº-°p-fØv
9
C∂sØ aT-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ Hm¿t«w ssZhm-e-b-Øns‚

inem-ÿm-]-\-I¿Ωw \n¿h-ln-®-Xv (1903 G{]n¬ 24). Cu Ime-L-
´-Øn¬ _. tXmΩm-®s\ Fd-Wm-Ipfw an -Øns‚ hnImcn At∏m-
kvtXm-en° am¿ fqbnkv ]tg]-d-ºn¬ Xs‚ sk{I-´-dn-bmbn
tdman\p sIm≠p-t]m-bn.
tdmam bm{X-bv°p-tijw Xncn-s®-Ønb _. tXmΩm-®≥ FSXzm
]≈n-bpsS hnIm-cn-sb∂ `mcn® Npa-X-e-bmWv Gs‰-Sp-t°≠n h∂-
Xv. CS-b-\-SpØ Xs‚ I¿Øhy \n¿h-l-W-Øn-\n-S-bnepw ]e
`‡-kJ - y-ßfpw ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ P\-lr-Zb - ß
- f- n¬ `‡n-
ssN-X\yw hf¿Øp-∂-Xn\v AXy¥w {i≤n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\nkzm¿∞hpw Bflm¿∞-hp-amb Ct±-l-Øns‚ ]cn-{i-a-^-e-ambn
CS-hI- P
- \- ß
- f
- n¬ Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-`‡
- n, Xncp-lr-Zb
- `
- ‡
- n, acnb `‡n
F∂n-hbv°v ASn-ÿm-\-an-Sp-∂-Xn-\pw, Aßs\ B≤ym-fln-I-am-b
Hcp \thm- ∞ m\w Df- h m- ° p- ∂ - X n\pw km[n- ® p. aX- ] - c - a mb
AXyp¬IrjvS Nn¥-Iƒ tIhew Bi-b-ßƒ am{X-ambn \ne-
sIm-≈msX {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-e-Øn-te°p sIm≠p-h-cp-hm≥ At±lw
ap≥ssI-sb-SpØp {]h¿Øn-®p. Zmcn-{Zyw, tcmKw, A⁄X XpS-
ßnb tZiob {]iv\-ßƒ°p ]cn-lmcw ImWp-hm-\p≈ t{]cW
At±-l-Øn¬ \n∂mWv \mń¬ ]e¿°pw e`n-®-Xv. FS-Xzm-bn¬
hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØpw Imcy-amb ]cn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Cu bph-ssh-
Zn-I≥ hcp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. _. tXmam-®s‚ \n¿Ω-ehpw kvt\l-]q¿Δ-
hp-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ I≠v hnhn[ aX-ÿ-cmb \m´p-Im¿ At±-
lsØ hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv "Ipcym-ft- »-cn-bnse amS-{]mhv' F∂m-bn-cp-∂p.
Bcm-[\m k\ym-kn-\n- k-aql-ÿm-]\w
A°m-eØp tIc-f-Øn¬ ]e k\ymkk`-Ifpw ÿm]n-X-am-hp-
Ibpw Xß-fp-tS-Xmb tkh\w Xncp- -`bv°p \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp-
h-∂n-cp-∂p. a\pjy-tcm-Sp-IqSn F∂pw hkn-°phm\p≈ Xs‚ D¬°-
S-amb B{Klw Znhy-ImcpWyØn¬ km£m-XvI-cn-®p-sIm≠v Znhy-
k-{Im-cn-bn¬ hmkw sNøp∂ Cutiman-in-lmbv°v ]c-a-amb Bcm-
[\ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\v Pohm¿∏Ww sNøp-hm≥ k∂-≤-X-bp≈ Hcp
KWw bphXn-I-fn-eqsS Bcm-[-\-k-`bv°p cq]w \¬Ip-hm≥ _.
10
tXmΩm-®≥ sNdp∏w apX¬ B{K-ln-®p. tdmam-bnse Xs‚ sshZn-

I-]-T\w Cu B{K-l-ßƒ°v cq]-`m-h-ßƒ \¬Im-\p≈ Hcp hnf-
`q-an-bmbn ]cn-W-an-®p. kv{Xohn-Zym-`ymkw hfsc hnc-f-ambncp∂
B Ime-L-´-Øn¬ GXm\pw s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°v hnZym-`ym-khpw
AtXm-sSm∏w ]pWy-]c - n-io-e\
- hpw \¬Ip-∂X
- n\v Ahsc aptØmen
I¿Ω-eoØm aT-Øn-tebv°v Ab-®p. CXn\v At±-lsØ t{]cn-
∏n-®Xv Xs‚ A¥-cw-K-Øn¬ samń´p hnI-kn-®p-h-∂n-cp∂ B{K-
l-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1903-˛¬ Hm¿t«w tZhm-e-b-Øn\v ASn-°-√n-Sp-hm-\p≈
]›m-Ø-ehpw as‰m-∂m-bn-cp-∂n√. ]e {]Xn-k‘n L´-ßfpw
kss[cyw t\cn´ _. tXmΩm-®\v 1908 Unkw-_¿ 8\v FSXzm
]≈n-bn¬ h®v Bdv s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°v intcm-hkv{Xw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-
\p≈ A\p-hmZw am¿ am°n¬ sa{Xm-\n¬ \n∂pw e`n-®p. hnip≤
Ip¿_m-\-bpsS Bcm-[-\- k\ym-kn\n kaq-l-Øns‚ BZy-`-h\w
Xs‚ P∑-ÿ-e-amb Nº-°p-fØp Xs∂ Bbn-cn-°-W-sa∂p
IcpXn Hm¿t«w ]≈n°p kao]w kvIqfpw aThpw ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn-
\p≈ ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bkq-{XWw sNbvXp. AXn-\mbn FSXzm]≈n-
hn-Imcn ÿm\w cmPn-h®v Nº-°p-fØv ]WnXo¿Ø Hm¿t«w ]≈n-
bpsS kao-]Øv Hcp sNdp-Ip-Sn-en-tebv°v At±lw Xmakw am‰n.
1911 am¿®v amk-Øn¬ At±lsØ I√q¿Im´p ]≈n hIm-cn-bn-
bmbn am°o¬ ]nXmhv \nb-an®p. CS-h-I-ip-{iq-j-tbm-sSm∏w
Hm¿t«sØ ]≈n-°q-SØ - n-s‚bpw aT-Øn-s‚bpw ]Wn-Iƒ At±lw
{i≤n-®n-cp-∂p.
sa{Xm≥ ]Zhn
kz¥-ambn Hcp sa{Xms\ e`n-°m-\p≈ kpdn-bm\n ItØm-en-
°-cpsS B{Klw 1887-˛¬ k^-e-am-bn. 1887 sabv 20\v `mKy-kva-c-
Wm¿l- \ mb 13- ˛ mw setbm am¿]m∏ kpdn- b m- \ n- ° m- s cbpw
eØo≥Im-scbpw doØ-Sn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hn`-Pn-°p-Ibpw kpdn-bm\n
ItØm-en-°¿°mbn Xriq¿, tIm´-bw F∂o hnIm-cn-bm-Øp-Iƒ
ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hntZ-io-b-cmb c≠p sshZn-I-ta-e-[y-
£-∑m-cmWv {]kvXpX hnIm-cn-bm-Øp-I-fn¬ \nb-an-°-s∏-´-Xv. 1896-
˛¬ kpdn-bm-\n-°mcpsS hnIm-cn-bm-Øp-Iƒ Xriq¿, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw,
11
Nß-\m-t»cn F∂v ]p\¿\n¿Æbw sNøp-Ibpw GX-t±-iob

sshZnI tae-[y-£-∑msc \nb-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1911-˛¬ sX°pw-
`m-K-°m¿°mbn tIm´bw hnIm-cn-bmØv ÿm]n-®-t∏mƒ Nß-\m-
t»cn hnIm-cn A∏-kvtXm-en-°-bm-bn-cp∂ am¿ amXyp am°o¬
sa{Xms\ Ahn-tS°v am‰p-Ibpw ^m. tXmakv Ipcym-f-t»-cnsb
Nß-\m-t»cn hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°-bmbn \nb-an-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
Nß-\m-t»cn hnIm-cn-bm-Ønse ssZh-P\w am¿ tXmakv Ipcym-
f-t»-cn-bpsS \nb-a\w hfsc kt¥m-j-tØm-sS-bmWv kzmKXw
sNbvX-Xv. kz¥-ambn Hcp sa{Xms\ e`n® km^-ey-am-bn-cp∂p
Ah¿°p-≠m-b-Xv. Nº-°p-fØv Bcm-[-\-a-T-ÿm-]-\-Øn\p th≠n-
bp≈ ]Wn-I-fn¬ hym]r-X-\m-bn-cp∂ _. tXmΩm-®-s‚ sNdp-Ip-Sn-
en-te°v Biwkm ktμ-i-ß-fp-sSbpw awK-fm-iw-k-I-fp-sSbpw Hcp
{]hmlw Xs∂-bmWv B Znh-k-ß-fn¬ \S-∂-Xv. \mń¬ h®p
]´m-`n-tjIw \S-Ø-W-sa∂pw AXn¬ kw_-‘n-°-W-sa-∂p-am-bn-
cp∂p P\-ß-fpsS B{K-l-sa-∂n-cp-∂mepw Xncp-kw-L-\n-›bw
Im≥Un-bn¬ h®p \S-Ø-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. 1911 Unkw-_¿ 3˛mw
XobXn Im≥Un-bn¬ h®v AXyp-∂X Uen-tK‰v tam¨. eUnkv
«mthm ssa°nƒ ktekvIn Xncp-ta-\n-bm¬ _. Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬
tXmΩm-®≥ sa{Xm-\mbn A`n-tjIw sNø-s∏-´p. 1911 Unkw-_¿
10\v Nº-°pfw Hm¿t«w ]≈n-bn¬ h®v Xm≥ ]cn-ioe\w \¬In-
bn-cp∂ 5 t]¿°v hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS Bcm-[-\m k\ym-kn\o kaq-
l-Øns‚ hkv{Xw sImSp-°p-hm≥ `mKyw e`n-®-t∏mƒ Xs‚ A¥-
cm-flmhv B\-μ-\n¿hr-Xn-bn¬ \nd-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
""anin-lmbn¬ F√mw \ho-Ic - n-°pI'' F∂ BZ¿i-hmIyw kzoI-
cn-®p-sIm≠v Ipcym-f-t»cn ]n-Xmhv Xs‚ `cWw ssItø-‰p. temI-
k-am-[m-\-Øn-s‚bpw kwXr-]vXn-bp-sSbpw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bp-sSbpw Hcp
kph¿Æ-Im-e-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bpsS ]c-am-≤y-£-
\mb ]cn-ip≤ ]nXmhv 10-˛mw ]obqkv am¿]m∏m tdmΩm-knw-lm-
k-\-Øn-epw, Cw•-≠nse tPm¿÷v ]©-a≥ N{I-h¿Øn {_nójv
knwlm-k-\-Ønepw {]Pm-h-’-e-\mb {ioaq-ew-Xn-cp-\mƒ alm-cm-
12
Pmhv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ Ime-L-´w. Ime-

Øns‚ Nph-sc-gp-Øp-Iƒ a\- n-em°n Xs‚ AP-KW - ß
- sf B≤ym-
fln-Ihpw ùXn-Ih - p-ambn A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Bflm¿∞-ambn
am¿ tXmakv Ipcym-f-t»cn ]cn-{i-an-®p. X∂n¬ \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cn-
°p∂ Kuc-h-ta-dnb DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ßƒ k`bv°pw Nß-\m-t»cn
hnIm-cn-bm-Øn\pw KpW-I-c-amb coXn-bn¬ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xn\v Ct±-
l-Øns‚ AKm-[-amb _p≤n-i‡n klm-bn-°p-I Xs∂ sNbvXp.
]-Xn-s\m-∂mw ]o-bq-kv am¿-]m-∏-bp-sS ‘Romani Pontifices’ F-∂
_q-fm h-gn ko-tdm a-e-_m¿ l-b-cm¿-°n ÿm-]n-°-s∏-´-X-\p-k-cn-
®v, N-ß-\m-t»-cn, F-d-Wm-Ip-fw A-Xn-cq-]-X-bp-sS H-cp k-am-¥-c-cq-]-
Xbm-bn-Øo¿-∂p. C-ß-s\ hn-Im-cn-bm-Øv F-∂ ÿm\-Øp-\n-∂v
N-ß-\m-t»-cn H-cp cq-]-X-bp-sS ]-Z-hn-bn-te-°p-b¿-∂p; 1923 Un-kw-
_¿ 21˛mw Xo-b-Xn N-ß-\m-t»-cn `-{Zm-k-\ tZ-hm-e-b-Øn¬ {]-Jym-
]n-°-s∏-´ _q-fm h-gn Ip-cym-f-t»-cn¬ am¿ tXm-Ωm sa-{Xm-\v ""s]-
√m F-∂ Zn-°n-s‚ sa-{Xm≥'' F-∂ t]-cp am-‰n N-ß-\m-t»-cn cq-]-
X-bp-sS sa-{Xm≥ F-∂ A-`n-[m-\w \¬-I-s∏-´p.
tcmKhpw ac-Whpw
kotdm-a-e-_m¿k-`bv°v e`n® Cu henb [ym\-Øn\v \μn
]d-bp-∂-Xn\pw hn. sIm®p-t{X-kym-bpsSbpw hn. tPm¨ hnbm-\n-
bp-sSbpw hnip-≤-]Z {]Jym-]-\-Øn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn
1925˛¬ Pq_n-en-h¿jw {]am-Wn®v ]nXmhv Xs‚ sk{I-´dn _.
sPbnwkv Imfm-t»-cn-bn-eN-- v\p-ambn tdman-tebv°v ]pd-s∏-´p. tdman¬
FØnb ]nXm-hn\v "bptd-anb' F∂ tcmKw _m[n®v "^mtØ-
_t\ {^Ø√n' Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ {]th-in-∏n-®p. tcmKw aq¿—n-®-
Xns\ XpS¿∂v Pq¨ 2˛mwXo-bXn ]nXmhv ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bn-te°v
bm{X-bm-bn. ]nXm-hns‚ {]Xym-K-a\w {]Xo-£n-®n-cp∂ P\-Xbv°,v
Xß-fpsS h’-e-Xm-X≥ ]c-tem-I-{]m-]vX-\mbn F∂ a¿Ω-t`-Z-I-
amb hm¿Ø-bmWv e`n-®-Xv. arX-tZlw Pq¨ 4˛mw XobXn Fd-
Wm-Ipfw sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm am¿ AK-Ãn≥ I≠-Øn¬ ]nXm-hns‚
{][m-\-Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ "Imtºm- shdmt\m' skan-tØ-cn-bn¬
13
s{]m∏-Km¥m hI It∏-f-bnse I√-d-bn¬ F√m-hn[ _lp-a-Xn-I-

tfmSpw IqSn kwkvI-cn-®p. tdman¬h®v acn®v hØn-°ms‚ XW-
en¬ AS-°s∏SW-sa∂ ]nXm-hns‚ Xo£vW-amb B{Klw
Aßs\ ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. tkh-\-\n-c-X-amb Hcp PohnXw
sIm≠p ssZh-Øn\pw a\p-jy¿°pw CjvS-s∏´ B ]pWy-]p-cp-
j≥ temI-cw-KØp \n∂pw kz¿§obmcm-[I - c
- psS \nc-bn-te°v kzoI-
cn-°-s∏-SpI-bpw sNbvXp.
A¥y-hn-{iaw Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬
A\-¥-c-Kman Imfm-t»-cn¬ am¿ Pbnwkv sa{Xm≥ 1935-˛¬ Xs‚
ap≥Km-an-bpsS ]qPym-h-in-jvS-ßƒ \mń-te°p sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw
th≠{X _lp-am-\m-tLm-jß - t- fm-Sp-IqSn Nß-\m-t»cn IØo-{U¬
]≈nbpsS aZv_-l-bn¬ I_-dS°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AhnsS \nXy-
hn-{im¥n sIm≈p∂ B ssZhn-I-a-\p-jy≥ Xs‚ AP-K-W-ß-fp-
sS, hninjym Xs‚ Bflo-b-]p-{Xn-am-cmb Bcm-[-\-k\ym-kn-\n-
IfpsS lrZ-b-Øn-eq-sS˛ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS Fs∂∂pw Pohn-
®p-sIm-≠p-X-s∂-bn-cn-°pw. At±-l-Øns‚ hnip-≤n-bpsS DØ-a-km-
£y-ambn Bcm-[-\- k\ym-kn\n kaqlw bpKm-¥-c-ß-fn-eqsS \ne-
sIm-≈pw.
14
Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-Øns‚ sa{Xm≥
]m]-Øns‚ \o¿°-bØ - n¬ B≠p-t]mb a\p-jy-h¿§sØ, Icp-

W-bpsS ssIsIm-Sp-Øp-b¿Øn {]km-Z-h-c-Øns‚ h‰mØ \ocp-d-
h-bn-te°p \bn-°p-∂-Xn-\mWp ssZh-Ip-am-c≥ hnÆn¬ \n∂pw
aÆn-te°v Ah-Xo¿Æ-\m-b-Xv. ssZh-Øns‚ A\-¥-kvt\lw
{]kv]-jvS-am-°p-hm≥ {InkvXp-\m-Y≥ Xs‚ Ah-km-\-Xp≈n c‡w-
hsc Nn¥n-bn´pw Xr]vX-\m-bn-√. kvt\ln-X¿°p kzbw Zm\w
sNøp-hm\pw kvt\l-]-m-{X-hp-ambn sFIy-s∏-Sp-hm-\p-ap≈ D¬°-
S-amb Hc-`n-hmRvO kvt\l-Øn-\p-≠v. ]nXm-hns‚ Xncp-hnjvSw
]q¿Æ-ambn \nh¿Øn-X-am-°p-hm≥ Xs‚ {]nb-in-jy-K-W-ß-fn¬
\n∂p-ap≈ th¿]mSv Ahn-Sp-tØ°v A\n-hm-cy-ambncp∂p. F¶nepw
a\p-jy-tcm-Sp-IqSn F∂pw hkn-°p-hm-\p≈ Xo{h-amb B{Klw Znhy-
Im-cpWyw ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ B kvt\l-aq¿Ønsb \n¿_-‘n-®p.
Aßs\ {InkvXp-hns‚ Bg-ap≈ kvt\l-Øns‚ km£m-XvI-c-
W-amWv Znhy-Im-cp-Wyw. k¿h-i-‡-s\-¶nepw hn. Ip¿_m-\-sb-
°mƒ hnin-jvS-amb as‰mcp Zm\w \ap°v \¬Ip-hm≥ Ahn-Sp-tØ-
°n-√m-bn-cp-∂p.
Cu D¬Ir-jvS-amb kvt\lhpw al-Ømb Zm\hpw Fs¥∂p
Znhy-Im-cp-Wy- Cutim-tbm-Sp≈ \nc-¥-chpw ZrV-X-c-hp-amb sFIy-
Øn-eqsS a\- n-em-°p-I-bpw, AXp a‰p-≈-h¿°p ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-
°p-Ibpw sNbvX Znhy-Im-cpWy t{]jn-X-\mWv A`n-hμy Ipcym-f-
t»-cn¬ am¿ tXmΩm sa{Xm≥. Bcm-[\{Ia-ß-fpsS kncm-tI-{μ-
15
hpw, {InkvXo-b-X-Xz-ß-fpsSsb√mw cXv\-®p-cp-°hpw, F√m `‡n-

I-fp-sSbpw tI{μ-_n-μp-hp-amb hn. Ip¿_m-\sb tI{μo-I-cn®v
At±lw Xs‚ PohnXw \bn-®p.
_meyw apX¬ AƒØm-c-bpsS apºn¬
sNdp∏w apX¬ Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-Øn¬ tI{μo-Ir-X-amb Hcp
PohnXw Xm≥ \bn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂p Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ _. tXmΩm®-
®s‚ _mly-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂p-≠v. Znhy-k-∂n-[n-
bn¬ kabw sNe-hg - n-°p-∂X- n¬ kwXr-]vXnbpw B\-μhpw Ip™p-
tXm-Ωm-®≥ Is≠-Øn-sb-∂Xv Hcp {]tXy-I-X-bmbn Nq≠n-°m-
Wn-°mw. sNdp-∏-Ønse°fn-hn-t\m-Z-ßƒ tIhew euInI am{X-
am-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXn¬ \ng-en-®n-cp∂p, B≤ym-fln-IX- b
- psS Hcp h¿Æ-
∏-In-´pw, at\m-lm-cn-X-bpw. Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®\p _en-]o-T-ip-{iqj
G‰hpw {]nbw-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. A©p hb- n¬ Bcw-`n® Cu kpIr-
Xm-`y-k\w sshZn-I-\mbn \h]qP A¿∏n-°p-∂-Xp-hsc apS°w
hcp-ØmsX ]men-®p-t]m-∂p-sh∂p ]n∂o-S-t±lw Xs∂ shfn-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. am∂m\w sk‚ v Ft{^w Cw•ojv kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-®n-
cp∂ ImeØpw Ip™p-tXm-Ωm®s‚ Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-`‡n A\ym-Zr-
iy-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p kl-]m-Tn-Iƒ km£yw hln-°p-∂p. Ifn-hn-
t\m-Z-ßƒ°mbn e`n-®n-cp∂ Ah-k-c-ßƒ t]mepw Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-
k-∂n-[n-bn¬ sNe-h-gn-°p-hm≥ Ah≥ A[n-I-ambn B{K-ln-®n-cp-
∂Xp ImWn-I-fn¬ hnkvabw P\n-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. lrZ-b-Øns‚ G‰w
\n m-c-amb A`n-em-j-ßfpw AhnsS DW¿Øn-°p-hm≥ Ah≥
ad-∂n-cp-∂n-√. k{Im-cn-bnse Cutim-bp-ambn Hcp {]tXyI kJnXzw
Ah-\n¬ hf¿∂p-h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
s{]m∏-Km-¥b
- n¬ Bbn-cp∂ ImeØv "sIm®p ]pWy-hm≥' F∂
hnti-jWw A[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw kl-]m-Tn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw e`n-
®Xv Ct±-l-Øn¬ \nd-™p-I-hn™ -`‡n sIm≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-
Ww. A°m-e-Øpw IqsS-°qsS hn. Ip¿_m-\bv°p hnkoØ Ign-
°p-hm≥ _. tXmΩm siΩm-»≥ Xm¬]cyw {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cp-∂p.
]T-\tam CXc tPmen-Itfm ÿe-Ime kml-N-cy-ßtfm H∂pw
AXns‚ IrXy-amb A\p-jvTm-\-Øn\p {]Xn-_-‘-ambn `hn-®n-cp-
16
∂n-√. Cu kμ¿i-\hpw kl-hm-khpw kmao-]y-hp-sa√mw At±-

lsØ Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-`-‡n-bn¬ hf¿Øp-Ibpw Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-\m-
Y-t\mSp IqSp-X¬ _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
sshZn-IP
- o-hn-XØ
- n¬
1899 sabv 27. Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ am¿ tXmΩm sa{Xms‚ Pohn-X-
Ønse G‰hpw kvac-Wo-bhpw kt¥m-j-I-c-hp-amb Zn\w F∂v
AXns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. A∂m-Wv, Znhy-Im-cp-Wy\mYs\ BZy-
ambn Ic-ß-fn¬ kwh-ln-°p-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\v `mKyw e`n-®-Xv.
A\-¥cw Znhy-\m-Ys‚ kvt\l-k-tμ-i-hp-ambn B bph-ssh-Zn-
I≥ ae-bm-f-°-c-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Øn. At±-l-Øns‚ AXn-c‰ Znhy-
Im-cp-Wy-`‡n a‰p-≈-h-scbpw Znhy Cutim-bn-te°v BI¿jn-°p-
hm≥ ]cym-]vX-am-bn-cp-∂p. aX-]-c-amb ⁄m\w F{X-b-[nIw D≠m-
bn-cp-∂mepw bYm¿∞-amb {InkvXo-bP - o-hnXw \bn-°p-∂X - n\v AXp-
sIm≠v B¿°pw km[n-°p-Ib - n-s√∂v At±lw a\- n-em-°n. ssZh-
Øns‚ kar-≤a - mb Ir]m-hcw AXn-\m-hi - y-am-Wv. BI-bm¬ Ir]m-
h-cØ- ns‚ Dd-hn-Shpw ZmXm-hp-amb Znhy-Im-cpWy Cutim-bn-tebv°v
F√m-h-scbpw B\-bn-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠ ]≤-Xn-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-
°p-∂-Xn\v At±lw ]cn-{i-an-®n-cp-∂p.
_. tXmΩm-®≥ FSXzm ]≈n-bpsS hnIm-cn-bmbn `cWw \S-
Øn- s °m- ≠ n- c n- ° p- t ºmƒ, F√m ItØm- e n°m hnZym¿∞n
hnZym¿∞n-\n-I-sfbpw km≤ymb Znh-k-ß-fn¬ \n›nX ka-bØp
Iq´-ambn ]≈n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂v hn. Ip¿_m-\bv°v hnkoØ Ign-
∏n-®p-sIm-≈-W-sa∂p \n¿_-‘-am-°n. BÏp-ń-Ifpw s]Ïp-ń-
Ifpw au\-ambn ]≈n-bn-te°v hc-Ws - a-∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-lØ - ns‚
\n¿t±-iw. AXn\p ewL\w hcp-Øp-∂-h¿°p hnkoØ Ign™p
X° in£-If - pw _. tXmΩm-®≥ sImSpØncp-∂p. hnko-Øb - v°mbn
kvIqfn¬ \n∂v ]≈n-bn-te-°p≈ Ipń-I-fpsS hchv At±lw
kkq£v a w t\m°n- s °m- ≠ n- c n- ° pw. hnko- Ø - b psS ka- b Øv
At±lw F∂pw ]≈n-bn¬ k∂n-ln-X-\m-Wv. Ipń-Iƒ ]≈n-bn¬
{]th-in-®-tijw sNtø≠ BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fnepw At±lw
\njvI¿j h®n-cp-∂p. Cu hnkoØ {Iaw FSXzm ]≈n-bn¬ BZy-
17
ambn Bcw-`n-®Xv At±-l-am-Wv. AXn\p apS°w hcp-ØmsX IrXy-

ambn \S-Øn-h-cp-∂-Xn-\pw, Ipń-I-fpsS ta¬ Npa-X-e-s∏´ kvIqƒ
`mc-hm-ln-Isf At±lw D]-tZ-in-®n-´p-≠v. Znhy-Im-cpWy Cutim-
bpsS t\sc `‡nbpw kvt\lhpw Ipń-I-fn¬ h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-hm≥
Cu `‡m-\p-jvTm\w hfsc D]-I-cn-®p.
D≈n-ep-Zn-®p-b¿∂ Hcp-∂-Xmi
hn{K-lm-cm-[\ - bpw A\m-Nm-chpw Ahn-izm-khpw \nd™v A‘-
Im-c-\n-_n-U-amb Xs‚ \mńse P\-tØmSv Aen-hp-tXm∂n Ahsc
kXy- h n- i zm- k - Ø ns‚ shfn- ® - Ø n- t ebv ° pw \oXn- k q- c y- \ mb
Cutimaninlm-bpsS ]°-tebv°pw ASp-∏n®v kXy-ssZ-hm-cm-[-
I-cm-°p-hm≥ Xo{h-ambn B{K-ln® anin-lm-bpsS t{]jn-X-\mWv
[\y≥ am¿ tXmakv Ipcym-f-t»cn. ssZh-kvt\-l-Øns‚ ]mc-ay-
amb hn. Ip¿_m-\-bm-Ip∂ A·nbm¬ APvRm-\hpw A‘-Im-
chpw Zpco-I-cn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-sa∂v At±lw {]Xymin-®p.
""Rm≥ `qan-bn¬ Xobn-Sm≥ h∂p. AXv CXn-t\m-SIw IØn-Pz-
en-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬'' (LK: 12, 49) F∂ Znhy-c-£-Is‚ B{Klw At±lw
lrZ-b-Øn¬ G‰p-hmßn. Cu B{K-l-km-[yØn-\mbn ssZh-k-
∂n-[n-bn¬ kZm Bcm[n®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ amem-J-am-sc-t∏m-se,
aWn-°q¿tXmdpw Znhy-k-{Im-cn-bn¬ ]≈n-sIm-≈p∂ Znhy-Cu-
timsb Bcm-[n-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp KWw k\ym-kn-\n-Iƒ D≠m-I-
Ww; Ah¿hgn ]cn-ip≤ Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ Cutim A\p-`-hn-°p∂
\nμm-]-am-\-ßƒ°p ]cn-lm-chpw sNø-s∏-S-Ww; Cu temIw apgp-
h≥ Ahn-Sp∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-Ibpw kvt\ln-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Bcm-[n-
°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNø-Ww; F∂o B{K-l-ßƒ sNdp∏w apXte At±-
l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂v hn. ]Ømw ]nbqkv am¿]m-∏mbv°v
Fgp-Xnb IØn¬ \n∂pw hy‡-am-Wv1. Cu Dt±-iy-km-≤y-Øn-\mbn
tIc-f° - c- b
- nepw tdmΩm-bn-ep≈ hn. Ip¿∫m-\b- psS Bcm-[\ k\ym-
kn\n kaqlw t]mse Hcp kaqlw ÿm]n-°W-sa-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p
_. tXmΩm-®s‚ lrZ-b-Ønse G‰hpw D∂-X-amb B{K-lw. At±-
1 Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXmhv 1910 G{]n¬ 24-˛¬ ]Ømw ]obqkv ]m∏mbv°v Fgp-Xnb IØv
18
lØns‚ Xo£vW-amb {]m¿∞\bpsSbpw Xo{h-amb {]b-Xv\-

Øn-s‚bpw ê-ambn Ch-sb√mw \nd-th-dn.
Bcm-[\mk\ym-kn\n kaq-l-Øns‚ ÿm]-\-sØ-°p-dn®v
kl-ÿm-]-Ibpw {]Y-amw-Khp-amb aZ¿ tacn j¥mƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-´p-≈Xv Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ {]kvXm-hym¿l-am-Wv. "_. Ipcym-
f-t»-cn-e-®≥ hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS apºmsI Bcm-[\ \S-Øp∂Xn¬
AXy¥w ipjvIm-¥n-bp≈ Hcp ]pWym-flm-hm-bn-cp-∂p. kvt\l-
cm-P-\mb Cutim-bpsS Xncp-ap-ºn¬ kZm-k-a-bhpw Bcm-[\ \S-
Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Hcp k\ym-kn-\o-kwLw ÿm]n-°-W-sa-∂p≈
Ipcym-f-t»-cn-e-®s‚ A`n-emjw cq]w {]m]n-®n-´p-≈-XmWv C∂v
tIc-f-Øn¬ \mw ImWp∂ Bcm-[-\-k-`.''1
A⁄m-\n-I-fpsS am\-km-¥-c-Øn-\mbn bXv\n-°p-hm≥ hn.
Ip¿_m-\-bpsS t{]jn-X-cmb sshZn-I-cpsS Hcp kwLhpw cq-]o-I-
cn-°-W-sa-∂v B{K-ln-°p-Ibpw AXn-\mbn {]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw {]b-
Xv\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p At±-lw. Pohn-X-Im-eØv AXp-≠mbn
ImWp-hm≥ km[n-®n-s√-¶nepw ]n∂oSv ÿm]n-X-amb Znhy-Im-cpWy
anj-\-dn-k-` At±-l-Øns‚ kz]v\-km-£m-XvIm-c-am-Wv.
Bcm-[\
- {- I-a]
- c
- a
- mb PohnXw
""\ΩpsS F√m {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Bcm-[-\-{I-a-Øn¬ \n∂v DS-
se-Sp-ØXpw AXns\ e£yw hbv°p-∂X - p-am-Wv'' F∂ hØn-°m≥
Iu¨kn-ens‚ Bibw h¿j-ßƒ°p-apºp Xs∂ kz¥-am-°p-
Ibpw AXn-\\p-krXw PohnXw {Iao-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p
Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hv. Pohn-X-Øns‚ tI{μ-ambn At±lw hn.
Ip¿_m-\sb I≠p.
]nXm-hmb ssZhw Xs‚ kº-∂-X-bn¬ \n∂pw Xe-ap-d-I-tfmfw
A\p-`-hn-°m≥ ]nXr-kz-Ømbn \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ kvt\l-Zm-\-amWv
hn. Ip¿_m-\-sb∂pw, kvt\l-Øns‚ Zm\-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w
kvt\-lØ- ns‚ cl-kyhpw IqSn-bm-WnXv F∂pw ]nXm-hn\v t_m[y-
1. tIcf A okn AYhm ]pØ≥]-d-ºn¬ sXmΩ-®≥.
19
ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. hn. Ip¿_m\ F∂ Znhy-c-l-ky-Øn¬ Bhn-jvI-

cn-°-s∏´ ""ssZh-kvt\-l-Øns‚ \ofhpw hoXnbpw Db-chpw''
(Ft^. 3:18) A\p-`-hn-®-dn™ ]nXmhv Bh¿Øn-®p-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
Hcp hN-\-ap-≠v. ""temI-Øn¬ X\n-°p-≈-hsc kvt\ln-®n´v Ah-
km-\t- Ømfw Ahsc kvt\ln-®p.'' (Jn. 13:1). 1924-˛se awK-fh
- m¿Øm
Xncp-\m-fn\p ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® 100-˛mw \º¿ CS-b-te-J-\-Øn¬ CXv
Hmtcm JWvUn-Ib - nepw Bh¿Øn-°p-∂X - mbn ImWmw. Cu temIw
hn´v ]nXm-hns‚ k∂n-[n-bn-te°p t]mIp-hm-\p≈ ka-ba - mbn F∂p
a\- n-em-°nb Cutim Xs‚ injysc A\m-Y-cmbn hnSp-hm≥
B{K-ln-®n-√. Ah-tcm-Sp-IqSn hkn-°p-hm-\mbn kvt\l-Øns‚ IqZm-
i-bmb hn. Ip¿_m\ ÿm]n-®p.
""hn. Ip¿_m\ IqZm-i-I-fn¬ H∂p am{X-a-s√∂pw F√m IqZm-
i-I-fnepw h®v G‰w t{ijvT-am-sW∂pw'' 47-˛mw \º¿ CS-b-te-J-
\Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. a‰p IqZm-i-Iƒ Cu Znhy-c-l-kysØ tbmKy-X-
tbmsS kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§-ß-fm-bn-´mWv ImWp-I. ""\£-
{X-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ kqcy≥'' F∂mWv hn. Ip¿_m-\sb ]nXmhv
hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂X
- v. c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn-en\p ap≥]pXs∂
]nXmhv Fgp-Xn, ""CXv ssZhm-cm-[\ Hs°-bp-sSbpw aIp-Shpw
tI{μhpw'' BsW∂v. ""Hcp ico-c-Øn\v lrZbw Fß-s\tbm,
Hcp tXm´-Øn\v Pem-ibw Fß-s\tbm, AXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ CXv
anin-lm-bpsS k`-bn¬ ÿnXn sNøp-∂p. Cu IqZm-i-hgn a\p-
jy≥ ssZh-tØmfw FØp-Ibpw ssZh-tØmSp kw_-‘-ap-≈-h-
\mbn `hn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p'' (Pl. 47). GsX-¶nepw Iptd `‡m-`ym-
k-ß-fn¬ H∂m-bn-´-√, ss{IkvX-h-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ tI{μ-ambn´mWv
At±lw hn. Ip¿_m-\sb ImWp-∂Xv.
\ap-°p-th≠n kzbw A¿∏n-°p∂ ssZh-Øns‚ kvt\l-_-en-
bmWv hn. Ip¿_m-\. temI-Øns‚ ]m]-]-cn-lm-cm¿∞w \nXy-_-
en-bmbn Xo¿∂ ]p{Xs‚ _en-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ]mcayw hni-Zo-I-cn-
®p-\¬Ip∂p CS-b-te-J-\ßfn¬. hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS ÿm]-\-Zn-
h-ksØ km£m¬ kvt\l-Øns‚ Znh-k-sa-∂mWv ]nXmhv \n¿h-
Nn-°p-∂-Xv. ""\ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ A]-am-\-ß-fp-tSbpw ]oUm-\p-
20
`-h-ß-fp-tSbpw Hcp ]¶v \ap-°p-IqSn Xcp-∂-Xn\v Ahn-Sp∂v Xncp-a-

\- m-Ip-tºmƒ Ahsb bYm-tbmKyw kln-°p-∂-Xn\v \nßƒ
Hcp-°-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw I¿Øm-hns‚ Znhy-lr-Z-b-tØmSp
tbmPn-®p-sIm≠v \nß-tfbpw \nß-fpsS {]hr-Øn-I-tfbpw ]nXm-
hmb ssZh-Øn\v \nXy-_-en-bmbn \nc-¥cw ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNøphn≥'' (Pl. 100). C{]-Imcw Hcp _en-Po-hnXw \bn-°p-hm-\mWv
Xs‚ AP-K-W-ßsf At±lw DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®-Xv.
hn. Ip¿_m-\sb c£-bpsS IqZm-i-bmbn ]nXmhv ImWp-∂p.
""a\p-jy-c-£-bpsS hne \ΩpsS I¿Øm-ho-tim-an-in-lm-bpsS Xncp-
c-‡-am-Ip-∂p'' (Pl. 60). hn. Ip¿_m\ IS-ß-fpsS s]mdp-Xn°pw \nXy-
Po-h\pw Imc-W-hp-am-Wv. CXp-hgn ico-c-ß-fpsS Dbn¿∏pw Bflm-
°-fpsS c£bpw km[n-X-am-Ip-∂p. a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn\v Huj-[hpw
A∏-hp-am-bn-cn-°p∂ hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS A¿∏-W-hpw, hn. Ip¿_m\
kzoI-c-Whpw ]nXm-hn¬ Znhy-X-bpsS {]Imiw {]kv^p-cn-∏n-°p∂
hn[-am-bn-cp-∂p. lrZ-b-Øn¬ \nd-™p-I-hn™ hn\-bhpw hnizm-
khpw kvt\l-hp-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ _en-b¿∏WØn¬ Zriy-
am-b-Xv. Znhy-]q-P-bn¬ [ym\-]q¿Δhpw `‡n-]q¿Δhpw k∂n-ln-X-
cm-I-W-sa∂pw Xß-fpsS IS-a-Isf th≠pw-hn[w \nh¿Øn-°p-∂-
Xn\v F√m-bvt∏mgpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂-Xmb ]cn-Xym-K-Øns‚ Acq]n
Znhy-]q-P-bn¬ \n∂p ]Tn-°p-hm≥ Xmev]-cy-s∏-S-W-sa∂pw ]nXmhv
\n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂p.
""B≠p-h-´-Øn¬ XpS¿®-bmbn hcp∂ ]≈n-°-SpØ Ime-hy-
Xym-k-ß-fpsS kz`mh-sØbpw Cu Hmtcm Ime-ß-fn¬ Hm¿Ω-
sIm-≠m-S-s∏-Sp∂ {][m-\-c-l-ky-ß-fpsS Acq-]n-tbbpw \ΩpsS
A\p-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn A\p-Zn\w {]kvXm-hn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ]pWy-hm-
∑m-cpsS hntij A\p-I-c-Wob ]pWy-ß-sfbpw \√-hÆw ]Tn-®-
dn-™n-cn-°Ww'' F∂v At±lw DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®p.
{][m\ Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ°v apºv CS-b-te-J-\-ßƒ Ab®v hnizm-
kn-Isf AXn-te°v At±lw Hcp-°n-bn-cp-∂p. hnhn-[-ß-fmb `‡-
Ir-Xy-ßfpw {]mb-›nØ {]hr-Øn-Ifpw sNbvXp ]nXmhv X\n®pw
Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ°v Hcp-ßn-bn-cp-∂Xmbn At±-l-Øns‚ Ub-dn-°p-dn-
21
∏p-Ifn¬ ImWmw. Hmtcm Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ°p apºpw s\mth-\-Iƒ

\S-Øp-Ibpw Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ hnizm-kn-I-fpsS lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ `‡n
P\n-∏n-°-Ø-°-hn[w BtLm-jn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±lam-Wv,
Xncp\m-fp-Iƒ, s\mth-\-Iƒ, {XnZn-\-ßƒ, Hcp-aWn°q¿ Bcm-[\
apX-em-bh \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw a‰p-ap≈ Xob-Xn-Ifpw Ah-bv°p≈
{]m¿∞-\-Ifpw \n›-bn®p Nß-\m-t»cn cq]-X-bn¬ \S-∏m-°n-b-
Xv. kz¿§-Ønse henb Xncp-\m-fm-tLm-j-Øns‚ Hcp ap∂mkzm-
Z-\-am-bn-´mWv At±lw Xncp-\m-fp-Isf I≠-Xv.
Zn-hy-Im-cp-Wym-cm-[\
_. tXmΩm-®s‚ lrZ-bØ - n¬ \nd-™p-Xp-fpºn \n∂n-cp∂ Znhy-
Im-cp-Wy-`‡n tiJ-cn®p hnX-cWw sNøp-∂-Xn\v At±lw Is≠-
Ønb Hcp kw`-c-W-tI-{μ-am-bn-cp∂p Xm≥ ÿm]n® hn.- Ip¿_m\-
bpsS Bcm-[\ k\ym-kn\n kaq-lw. Cu kaq-l-Ønse Hmtcm
AwKhpw Cu kw`-c-W-tI-{μ-Øn¬ \n∂p kzoI-cn-°p∂ Znhy-ssN-
X\yw sIm≠p \nd-bp-Ibpw AXns\ a‰p-≈-h-cn-te°v {]h-ln-∏n-
°p∂ \o¿®m-ep-I-fmbn amdp-Ibpw thWw. ""hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS
Bcm-[-\-k-`-°mcmb \nß-fn¬ khn-tijw hf-tc-≠-Xmb `‡n
hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS `‡n-bm-Ip-∂p. CXp \nß-fnepw A\y-cnepw h¿≤n-
®p-hc
- p-hm≥ \nßƒ {]tXyIw Xmev]c - y-ap-≈h
- c
- m-bn-cn-°W
- w'' F∂v
Bcm-[\ - k
- \ym-kn-\n-Isf At±lw {]tXyIw Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn.
Bcm-[-\-k-aq-lmw-Kßƒ Ft∏mgpw amdnamdn Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-k-
∂n-[n-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂mWv At±lw B{K-ln-®n-cp∂-Xv.
""F{X ]mSn-s√-¶nepw Cutim-bpsS ASp-°¬ t]mbn-cn-°p-I.
Aßn¬ {i≤ tI{μo-I-cn-°p-I. Ahn-Sp-tØ°v AXv Bizm-k-{]-Z-
amWv; kt¥m-j-P-\-I-hp-am-Wv.'' At±-l-Øns‚ kvt\tlm-±o-]-I-
ß-fmb CØcw hm°p-Iƒ A∂p kaq-lmw-K-ß-fn¬ ]e-tcbpw
k{Im- c n- \ m- Y s‚ kao- ] - Ø n- t e°p IqSp- X ¬ ASp- ∏ n- ® n- c p∂p.
]cnip≤ Ip¿_m-\-bpsS apºn¬ Bcpw Cs√∂p I≠m¬ k¶-S-
tØmsS At±lw ]d-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p: ""kvt\l- Cu-timsb GI-
\mbn Dt]-£n-®n´p \nß-sf-√m-hcpw Fhn-sS-t∏mbn? \nßƒ°p
22
kvt\l-ap-≈-h-cpsS ]°¬ \n¬°p-hm\pw kwkm-cn-°p-hm\pw

F{X kt¥m- j - a m- W v . F√m- h - t c- ° mƒ A[n- I - a mbn \nßsf
kvt\ln-°p-∂Xv Cutim-bt√? Ahn-Sp∂p \nßsf {]Xo-£n®p
hn. Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ Fgp-∂≈n hkn-°p-∂p. kabw In´p-tºm-sg√mw
Cutim-bpsS k∂n-[n-bn-te°p sN√p-I.'' im¥-ambpw F∂m¬
imk-\m-cq-]Ø- n-ep-ap≈ At±-lØ - ns‚ D]-tZ-iß - ƒ! \n›-ba - mbpw
Ah kaq-lmw-K-ß-fn¬ Xo£vWX Df-hm-°n-bn-cn-°-Ww. hnhn[
t{]jn-X-cw-K-ß-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn\v AwK-ßƒ [mcmfw Bh-
iy-am-Wv. F¶nepw ]cn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS Bcm-[-I¿ [mcmfw D≠m-
I-W-sa-∂mWv At±lw B{K-ln-®-Xv.
""]cn-ip≤ Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-Øn¬ Fgp-s∂-≈n-bn-cn-°p∂ Cutim-
bpsS Xncp-lr-Z-b-Øn\v Ft∂-chpw Bcm-[-\bpw kvXpXnbpw ]pI-
gvNbpw D≠m-Is´'' F∂p IqsS-°qsS Dcp-hn-´p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ At±-
l-Øns‚ lrZ-b-kv]-μ-\-ßfpw Nn¥m-K-Xn-Ifpw F√mw Znhy-Im-
cpWy Cutim-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p \ap-°-\p-am-\n-°mw. ].
Ip¿_m-\-bpsS t\sc Bsc-¶nepw A\m-Zcw ImWn-®m¬ At±-l-
Øns‚ lrZ-bhpw thZ-\n-°p-am-bn-cp∂p. Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-k∂n[n-bn¬
a‰p-≈-h¿ sNøp∂ \nμm-]-am-\-ßƒ°p ]cn-lm-c-ambn Bcm-[-\-
k-aqlw c≠p ap´pw-IpØn Bcm-[n-°-W-sa-∂pw, ""Fs‚ Cutim-
tb, Fs‚ ssZhta ChnsS Atß kvt\l-Øns‚ ZnhyIqZm-i-
bn¬ Fgp-∂≈n-bn-cn-°p∂ Aßsb Rm\m-cm-[n-°p∂p'' F∂
kpIr-X-P]w Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ IqSn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂
Hmtcm {]mh-iyhpw sNm√-Wsa∂pw 1920 HIvtSm-_¿ 2˛se Iev]\
aqew At±lw kaq-lmw-K-ßsf Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂p. hn. Ip¿_m-\-
bpsS apºn¬ ]t©-{μn-b-ßsf AS°n GIm-{K-ambn ap´p-IpØn
\n¬°p-∂-XmWv G‰hpw henb {]mb-›n-Ø-sa-∂pw, AXp-sIm-
≠mWv a‰p {]mb--›nØ-ßƒ Bcm-[-\-k-`mw-K-ßƒ°v A[nIw
\¬Im-Xn-cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw Ahsc A\p-kva-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. XXz-ßƒ
D]-tZ-in-®-Xp-sIm≠p am{X-am-bn-√, ]pWy-ßƒ A`y-kn-®p-Im-Wn-
®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂Xv Bflm-°ƒ°v IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-Ia - m-sW∂v At±-
lw Adn-™n-cp∂p.
23
hmX-tcmKw \nanØw NnIn-’-bv°mbn Nº-°p-fØv Hm¿t«w

tZhm-e-b-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ Hcp sNdnb apdn-bn¬ ]nXmhv h∂p Xma-
kn-®n-cp-∂ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ]nXm-hmWv BZy-sØ Znhy-_en A¿∏n-
®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. Znhy-]q-Pm¿∏-W-Øn-\p-tijw D]-Im-c-kva-c-
Wm¿∞w Hcp hn. Ip¿_m\ At±lw apń-t∑¬ \n∂p ImWpI
]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. ]cn-Xym-K-]q¿Æ-amb B {]hrØn I≠v ""Imen\v
thZ\ h¿≤n-°p-I-bnt√'' F∂v aTmw-K-ß-fn¬ Nne¿ ]nXm-hn-t\mSp
tNmZn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXn\p \¬Inb adp-]Sn ""a°-tf, Hcp Znhy-
_en A¿∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ Fß-s\-bmWv Itkc-bn¬
Ibdn Ccn-°pI'' F∂m-bncp∂p. Xo£vWX Ipd™ Bflm-°-
fn¬ ssZ-hk - vt\-tlm-÷z-eß- f
- mb At±-lØ - ns‚ hm°p-Iƒ A∂p
NqSp-Im‰p hoin-bn-cn-°-Ww. Cutim BZyw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw ]n-
s∂ ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp, F∂v hn. eq°m Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-
∂Xv ]nXmhv Pohn-X-Øn¬ ]I¿Øn. ssZhm-e-b-Øn¬ {]th-in-
®m¬ ssZh-Øns‚ Xncp-ap-ºn¬ F∂ Nn¥-tbmsS hn\-bm-\zn-X-
\m- b n- ´ mWp ]nXmhv h¿Øn- ® n- c p- ∂ - X v . \n¿\n- t a- j - \ mbn,
\n›e\mbn Znhy-k-{Im-cnsb t\m°n-s°m-≠p≈ At±-l-Øns‚
\ne-]mSv ImWn-I-fn¬ ssZh-Nn¥ Df-hm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-h-kv{X-
ß-f-Wn™p AƒØm-c-bn-tebv°p hcp-tºmƒ B apJØv Hcp
{]tXyI ssNX-\yhpw {]`bpw \nd-™p-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. `‡n-\n¿`-c-
amb _en-b¿∏-W-Øn¬ ]¶p-sIm-≈p-∂-h-cnepw B ssNX\yw
kw{I-an-°m-Xn-cp-∂n-√. Znhy-_-en-k-a¿∏Wthf-bnse {]m¿∞-\-
Ifpw AwK-hn-t£-]-ßfpw I≠m¬ F√mw hfsc kmh-[m-\-Øn-
em-sW∂p tXm∂pw. F∂m¬ kabw km[m-c-W-bn¬ Ignbp-I-bp-
an-√.
Bflmhpw ico-chpw ]≈nbpw Ft∏mgpw shSn-∏m-bn-cn-°-W-
sa∂v At±lw F√m-h-scbpw Hm¿Ωn∏n-®n-cp-∂p. kz¿§o-b-Nn¥
kZm D≠m-Ip-hm≥ th≠n amem-J-am-cp-tSbpw hnip-≤-cp-sSbpw
Ombm-]S- ß- f
- mepw Nn-{X-th-eI
- f
- mepw at\m-lc
- amwhÆw Nº-°pfw
Hm¿t«w ]≈n kz¥w sNe-hn¬ Ahn-Sp∂p ]Wn-I-gn-∏n-®p. cmPm-
[n-cm-P-\mb ssZh-]p-{X≥ \tΩm-Sp-IqSn hkn-°p∂ Hcp ssZhm-e-
24
b-sa-¶nepw Ign-bp-∂{X DNn-X-ambn Ae-¶-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Xo{hm-

`n-em-j-amWv CXns‚ t{]c-I-i-‡n. Bcm-[\ kaq-l-Ønse AwK-
ßƒ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Ah-cpsS Bflm-°sf kpIr-X-Po-hn-X-Øm¬
GXp-hn[w Ae-¶-cn®v Bfl-\m-Y-\mb anin-lmsb {]km-Zn-∏n-°-
W-sa∂p kmZriyw aqew t_m≤y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n °qSn-
bmWv Cu Ae-¶m-c-ßƒ. Hm¿t«w ssZhm-e-b-Øns‚ GsX-¶nepw
`mKØv s]mSntbm Np°n-entbm I≠m¬ ]≈n-ip-{iq-jn-I-fmb
kntÃ-gvkns\ hnfn®v AXp ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. am{X-a-
√, ]≈n-bpsS P\-ep-Ifpw a‰pw XqØp-hr-Øn-bm-°n-bpw, AƒØm-
c-hn-cn-Iƒ hncn-®p-Im-Wn®pw Hmtcm∂pw sNtø-≠-hn[w ]nXmhv
Xs∂ ]cn-io-en-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. Bcm-[-\-k-aq-lmw-K-ßƒ ]cn-]q¿Æ-
amb PohnXw \bn-°p-∂-Xn\p ]cym-]vX-sa∂p X\n°p tXm∂nb
bmsXmcp am¿§hpw hn\n-tbm-Kn-°msX hn´p-I-f-™n-ń-√. F√mw
]cn-N-bn-∏n®v BZnapX¬ kvt\l-]n-Xmhv Ahsc hf¿Øn-s°m-
≠p-t]m-∂p.
Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ am¿ tXmΩm sa{Xm≥ kz¥w AP-K-W-sØ
apgp-h≥ ]cn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS Bcm-[-Icpw `‡cpw B°n-Øo¿°p-
hm≥ ]c-am-h[n ]cn-{i-an-®p. ""Xs‚ a°-fmb hnizm-kn-I-fpsS CS-
bn¬ G‰w A[n-I-ambn {]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v B{K-ln® Hcp-Ø-a-
k¬IrXyw hn. Ip¿_m\-bpsS `‡n-bm-Wv. CXv F√m-‰nepw henb
kpIr-Xhpw kIe k¬Ir-Xy-ß-fp-sSbpw amXr-ÿm-\sØ hln-
°p∂ AXn-t{i-jvT-amb k¬Ir-Xy-hp-am-Ip-∂p.'' F∂v 8˛mw \º¿
CS-b-te-J-\-Øn¬ {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≠v. Cu `‡n-{]-Nm-c-W-Øn\v
At±lw hnhn[ am¿§-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®p.
Hcp-aWn°q¿ Bcm-[\bpw Bcm-[\ kJy-Xbpw
FSXzm ]≈n-bpsS hnIm-cn-bmbn `cWw XpS-ßnb ImeØp
Xs∂, B CS-h-I-bn¬ Hcp-a-Wn°q¿ B-cm-[\ Bc-`n-®n-´p-≈-Xm-
Wv. F√m Znh-khpw D®-I-gn™v 3˛4 hsc Hcp aWn-°q¿ t\cw
XhW amdn Hmtcm ho´p-Imcpw Znhy-Im-cpWy k∂n-[n-bn¬ Bcm-
[n-°-W-sa∂v At±lw DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®p. hμy-]n-Xm-hn-\m¬ ÿm]n-
°-s∏´ "Bcm-[\kJy-'Øns‚ Dt±iyw Hcp-a-Wn-°q¿ B-cm-[\
25
{]N-cn-∏n°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu kJymw-K-ßƒ°v Bcm-[-\-

k-a-bØv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn "Bcm-[-\-k-JyX' F∂ Hcp
sNdp-{K-Ÿhpw At±lw A®-Sn-∏n®p hnX-cWw sNbvXp. Hcp-a-Wn-
°q¿ Bcm-[-\-bpsS IrXy-amb BN-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n an° ssZhm-
e-b-ß-fn-epw, ÿm]-\-ß-fn-epw, B{i-a-ß-fnepw hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS
"Bcm-[-\-kJyw' At±lw G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. Hcp IpSpw_-Øn¬ \n∂v
Hcm-sf-¶nepw Cu kJy-Øns‚ AwK-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v At±lw
B{K-ln-®p. {]Xn-Zn\w Hcp-a-Wn-°q¿ Bcm-[-\bpw hn. Ip¿∫m-
\bv°p hnko-Øbpw Cu kJymw-K-ßƒ {]tXy-I-ambn A\p-jvTn-
®p-h-∂n-cp-∂p. hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS Bcm-[-\-k-Jy-Øns‚ {]m[m-
\yhpw kJymw-K-ßƒ°v AXn¬ \n∂p {]m]n-°m-hp∂ A\p-{K-
l-ßfpw hf-sc-b-[n-I-sa∂v CS-b-te-J-\-ßƒ aptJ\ At±lw
shfn-s∏-SpØn (Pl. 4, 26). hn. {^wkn-kvt°m-kns‚ aq∂mw k`mw-
Kßsfs°m≠p Znh-khpw Hmtcm aWn-°q¿ Bcm-[\ \S-Ø-Ø-
°-hn[w Ah-cpsS t]cpw Bcm-[-\-k-a-bhpw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈
]ńI D≠m°n ]≈n-I-fn¬ kq£n-®n-cp-∂p.
Bcm-[\ kaq-l-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Im-e-ß-fn¬ Znh-kw-tXmdpw
]I¬k-abw 3˛4 hsc Hmtcm aT-Øn-sebpw AwK-ßƒ Iq´-ambn
tN¿∂v Bcm-[\ \S-ØW - s
- a-∂m-bn-cp∂p \nb-aw. ]n∂oSv aT-Ønse
AwKkwJy A\p-k-cn®v F√m Znh-khpw ]I¬ ka-bØv Hmtcm
aWn-°q¿ CS-ap-dn-bmsX Bcm-[\ \S-Ønbn-cp-∂p. C∂v kaqlw
apgp-h\pw H-∂m-bn-°-≠p-sIm≠v Znh-k-Øns‚ F√m aWn°qdnepw
Xncp-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ Bcm-[-I¿ D≠m-I-Ø-°-hn[w "bqWn‰v' Bcm-
[\ {Iao-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. intcm-hkv{Xw [cn® Bcw-`-I-cmb kaq-lmw-
K-ßfpw t_m¿UnwKv Ipń-I-fpw Rmb-dm-gvN Znh-k-ß-fn¬ Hcp
aWn-°q¿ t\cw Bcm-[n-®n-cp-∂p. hn. Ip¿∫m\ ]c-ky-ambn Fgp-
s∂-≈n-®p-h®v AXmXp aT-ß-fnse AwK-ßƒ F√m-hcpw IqSn
Hcp-a-Wn-°q¿ B-cm-[\ \SØn, \n¿t±-in-°-s∏´ Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ,
Rmb-dm-gvNI- ƒ, IS-ap≈ Znh-kß - ƒ, amkm-Zy-sh-≈n-bm-gvNI
- ƒ Ch
tamSn- b mbn BN- c n- ° - W - s a∂v At±lw Iev ] n®n- c p- ∂ p. Nne
{]tXyI Xncp-\m-fp-I-fn¬ F√m ]≈n-I-fnepw Hcp-a-Wn-°q¿ Bcm-
26
[\ \S-tØ-≠-Xm-sW∂p 12-˛mw \º¿ Iev]\ hgn _. sshZn-I-

scbpw hnizm-kn-I-sfbpw ]nXmhv Adn-bn-®p. At±lw Bcw-`n®
Cu Hcp-a-Wn-°q¿ Bcm-[\ Ct∏mgpw ]e ]≈n-I-fnepw k\ym-
km-{i-a-ß-fnepw XpS-cp-∂p-≠v.
]Xn-aq-∂p-aW- n-bm-cm-[\- bpw
\m¬]-Xp-aW - n-bm-cm-[\- bpw
Hcp-a-Wn°q¿ B-cm-[-\-bvs°-∂-t]m-se, ]Xn-aq-∂p-a-Wn-bm-cm-
[-\bv°pw Bcw-`-an-´Xv Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ ]nXm-hm-Wv. Cu Bcm-[-\-
bpsS Hcp {Iaw At±lw Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°n. CXns‚ IrXy-amb
BN-c-W-Øn\v Hmtcm ]≈n°pw XobXn \n›-bn-®n-´p≈ ]ń-Ibpw
Bcm-[-\-{I-ahpw A®-Sn-∏n-®v, Nß-\m-t»cn hnIm-cn-bm-Ønep≈
F√m ]≈n-I-fn-tebv°pw ]nXmhv Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. Hcp ]≈n-
bn¬ Bcm-[\ \S-Øp-tºmƒ a‰p ]≈n-I-fn¬ Bcm-[\ hcm-Xn-cn-
°-Ø-°-hn[w F√mw {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Bcm-[-\-k-`-bnse
Hmtcm aT-Ønepw {]Xn-h¿jw aq∂p {]mhiyw 13 aWn Bcm-[\
\S-Øn-bn-cn-°W- s
- a∂p \n¿_-‘a - p-≠v. 13 aWn Bcm-[\
- b
- n¬ kPo-
h-ambn ]s¶-Sp-°m≥ HmSn-b-W-bp∂ hnizm-kn-Iƒ, C∂pw Cu
`‡m-\p-jvTm-\sØ F{X-am{Xw hne-a-Xn-°p-∂p-s≠∂p kv]jvS-
am-°p-∂p. at‰-sXmcp `‡-Ir-Xy-Øn¬ `mK-`m-°m-Ip-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ
ZrV-hn-izm-k-tØmSpw `‡ym-Z-c-ß-tfmSpw IqSn-bmWv Cu Bcm-[-
\-bn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw kw_-‘n-®p-t]m-cp-∂-Xv. G‰w kvXpXy¿l-
amb \mev]Xp aWn-bm-cm-[\ \ΩpsS {][m-\-s∏´ Nne ]≈n-I-
fn¬ {]N-cn-∏n-°-s∏-´p. Iq\-Ωm-hv, am∂m\w apX-emb sImth-¥-I-
fn¬ am{Xta Cu Bcm-[\ BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ \S-∏n-en-cp-∂p-≈q.
]cn-lmc Bcm-[-\, Xncp-a-Wn-°q¿
hn. Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ aninlm A\p-`-hn-°p∂ \nμm-]-am-\-ßƒ°p
]cn-lmcw sNøp-∂-Xn\v Bcm-[\ kaq-lmw-K-ßƒ°p≈ {]tXyI
Npa- X e a\- n- e m°n hn. a¿§- c oØm adn- b - t ØmSv \ΩpsS
I¿Ømhp Xs∂ Acp-fn-s®-bvXn-´p≈ "Xncp-a-Wn-°q¿' Bcm-[\
\S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\p k`mw-K-ßsf At±lw D]-tZ-in-®p. Bcw-`-
27
Im-e-ß-fn¬ F√m Znh-khpw cm{Xn 11-˛12 "Xncp-a-Wn-°q¿' Bcm-

[\ \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv hymgm-gvN-tXmdpw Xncp-a-Wn-
°q¿ \S-Øp-hm≥ ]nXmhv \n¿t±-in-®p.
hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS ÿm]-\-Zn-h-ksØ A\p-kva-cn-®pw, Znhy-c-
£-Is‚ ]oUm-k-l-\-Øn¬ A\p-X-]n®pw s]k-lm-Zn-\-Øn¬ CS-
ap-dn-bmsX Bcm-[\ \S-tØ-≠Xv Hmtcm {InkvXym-\n-bp-sSbpw
kmc-amb IS-a-bm-Ip-∂p-sh∂v ]nXmhv DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®p. 19, 47, 81,
100 F∂o CS-b-te-J-\-ß-sf√mw s]k-lm-Zn-\m-N-c-W-Øns‚
{]m[m-\ysØ hni-Z-am-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. At∂-Zn-hkw ]cn-ip≤
Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS ap≥]n¬ CS-ap-dn-bmsX Bcm-[-I¿ D≠m-bn-cn-°p-
∂Xn\p {]tXyIw \njvI¿jn-°-W-sa∂p hμy-]n-Xmhv _. hnIm-
cn-am-scbpw Adn-bn-®n-cp-∂p. \n›-bn-°-s∏´ aWn-°q-dn¬ C∂-bn∂
`mK-°m¿ ]≈n-bn¬ lmP-cm-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]ńI ap≥Iqń FgpXn
Xte Rmb-dmgvN ]≈nbpsS hmXp-°¬ ÿm]n-°-W-sa-∂mWp
\n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂-Xv. C{]-Im-c-ap≈ {Iao-I-c-W-ßƒ aqew s]klm
hymgmgvN hfsc `‡n-]q¿Δw BN-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p hnizm-kn-Iƒ°p
km[n-®n-cp-∂p.
\nXym-cm-[\
kz¿§-Øn¬ amem-J-am¿ sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ al-\o-b-
IrXyw ˛ ]cn-ip-≤≥, ]cn-ip-≤≥, ]cn-ip-≤≥ F∂ kvXpXn-Ko-X-
Øm¬ ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ sNø-s∏Sp∂ Bcm-[\ ˛ `qan-bn¬ cm]-
I¬ XpS¿∂p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip∂ Hcp k\ym-kn\o kaq-l-am-bn-cn-
°Ww Bcm-[\ kaqlw F∂v h¿j-ßƒ°p ap≥]p-Xs∂ Ipcym-
f-t»-cn¬ ]nXmhv `mh-\-bn¬ I≠n-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. Bcm-[\ k\ym-
kn\o kaqlw temI-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂n-S-tØmfw Imew 24
aWn-°qdpw XpS¿®-bmbn Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-\m-Ys\ Bcm-[n-®p-sIm-≠n-
cn-°pI ˛ \nXym-cm-[\ \S-ØpI ˛ CXm-bn-cp∂p B Znhy-Im-cp-
Wy-t{]-jn-Xs‚ ]cn-]m-h-\-amb Dt±-iyw. AXn-\p-th≠n hmg-∏≈n
aT-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v Hcp \nXym-cm-[\°t∏f ÿm]n-°-Ww. B
It∏-f-bn¬ hn. Ip¿_m\ ]c-ky-ambn Fgp-s∂-≈n-®p-h-®v, Bcm-
[\kaq-lmw-K-ß-tfm-sSm-∂n®p ÿe-hm-kn-I-fmb hnizm-kn-Ifpw
28
cm{Xnbpw ]Iepw Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-\m-Ys\ Bcm-[n-°Ww F∂Xv

\ΩpsS kvt\l-]n-Xm-hns‚ G‰w henb Hcm-{K-l-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚
Pohn-XI- m-eØv Cu A`n-emjw \nd-th-dn-°m-Wp-hm≥ At±-lØ - n\p
Ign-™n-√. F¶nepw am¿ Pbnwkv Im-fm-t»-cn hmg-∏-≈n-bn¬ AXn-
a-t\m-l-c-amb Hcp \nXym-cm-[\°t∏f ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw, Xs‚
ap≥Km-an-bpsS B{Klw k^-e-am-I-Ø-°-hn[w Hcp ]›m-Øew
Hcp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu It∏-fb- n¬ Bcw-`n® \nXym-cm-[\ C∂pw
\S-Øn-h-cp-∂p. a‰p aT-ß-fnepw ]e CS-h-I-∏-≈n-I-fnepw \nXym-
cm-[\ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v Bcm-[\ k\ym-kn-\n-Iƒ Xev]-c-cm-Wv.
Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-kμ
- ¿i\w
hn. k{Im-cn-bn¬ GIm-¥-hmkw A\p-`-hn-°p∂ Cutimbp-
ambn sFIy-s∏´p Pohn-°p-∂-Xn\p klm-bn-°p∂ HcpØa-am¿§-
ambn Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-k-μ¿i\w F∂ `‡m-\p-jvTm-\sØ am¿
tXmΩm sa{Xm≥ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. _mey-Imew apX¬ hnkoØ
Ign-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ct±lw AXo-h-X-ev]-c-\m-bn-cp∂p Xm\pw. Nß-
\m-t»cn hnIm-cn-bm-Øns‚ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mgpw Cu
`‡IrXyw bmsXmcp XS- hpw hcp-ØmsX XpS¿∂psIm≠p
t]m∂p. GsX-¶nepw ]≈n-bpsS kao-]-Øp-IqSn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-
tºmƒ km[n-°p-∂-]£w ]≈n-bn¬ Ibdn ]cn-ip≤ Ip¿_m-
\bv°v hnkoØ \S-ØW - w. AXn\p ka-ba
- n-s√-¶n¬ Xe Ip\n™v
“Hail my Lord and my God” (Fs‚ I¿Øm-th, Fs‚ ssZh-ta) F∂p ]d-
™n-s´-¶nepw t]mIWw1 F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ At±-l-Øns‚ \n¿t±-
i-ßƒ C∂pw ]ecpw A\p-k-cn-®p-t]m-cp-∂p. Fhn-sS-sb-¶nepw
bm{Xbv°p ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p apºpw ]nºpw, sNdptXm heptXm
Bb Imcy-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-tºmgpw hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS apºmsI
{]m¿∞n-°p∂ Imcyw At±lw hnkva-cn-®n-cp-∂n-√. sa{Xm-\mbn
\nb-an-®p-sIm-≠p≈ hn. ]Ømw ]obq-kns‚ _qf Iøn¬ Inń-b-
t∏mƒ Hm¿t«w tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ sN∂p Znhy-k-{Im-cn-bpsS k∂n-[n-
bn¬ {]m¿∞n-®X - n-\p-ti-ja- mWv At±lw AXp Xpd∂p hmbn-®-Xv.
1. dh. ^m. amhp-cqkv knFw-k-sF-bpsS A\p-`-h-km£yØn¬ \n∂v
29
kqcy-Im¥n ]pjv]w Ft∏mgpw kqcy\v A`n-ap-J-ambn \n¬°p-∂-

Xp-t]mse \ΩpsS lrZ-bhpw kZm Znhy-Im-cpWy kqcy-\n-te°p
Xncn-™n-cn-°-Ww. Bfl\m hn. Ip¿_m-\bv°p hnkoØ \S-Øn-
s°m≠pw CXp km[n-°-W-sa-∂mWv B kvt\l-Xm-X≥ h’-e-
a-°sf A\p-kva-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Zn\-cm-{X-ß-fnse \o≠ aWn-°q-
dp-Iƒ kvt\l-Øns‚ XS-hp-Im-c\ - mb Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-\m-Ys‚ ]°¬
Bbn-cn-°p-hm\pw At±lw Xo{h-ambn B{K-ln-®p. B{i-a-ip-{iq-
jn-Iƒ Znh-k-Øn¬ 12 {]mhiyw Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-k-μ¿i\w \S-Øn-
bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v Ahn-Sp∂p D]-tZ-in-®n-´p-≠v.
Nß\mt»cn Ac-a-\bv°v CSn-sh-t´-‰-Xp-aq-eap-≠mb tISv
1919˛se AXn-h¿jw aqew h¿≤n-®p. CSn-sh-t´‰ Ac-a-\s°ń-S-
Øns‚ Hcp `mKw ]n∂o-sSm-chk-c-Øn¬ CSn-™p-ho-Wp. AXn-
\ev]w apºmbn ]n-Xmhv c≠mw \ne-bn-ep≈ It∏-f-bn¬ hnkoØ
\S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ apI-fn¬ `nØn-bpsS s]m´-ep-≠mb `mK-
Øp-\n∂pw s]mSn-aÆp hogp-∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ ZrjvSn-bn¬s∏-
´p. At∏mƒ It∏-f-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp sshZn-Is\ hnfn®v hn.
Ip¿_m\ Ahn-sS-\n∂pw FSpØp am‰n ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ \n¿t±iw
sImSp-Øp. _. sshZn-I≥ Znhy-Im-cpWy Cutimsb Ic-ß-fn¬
hln-®p-sIm≠v It∏-f-bn¬ \n∂pw HcSn ]pd-tØ°p amdnb \nan-
j-Øn¬ \memw\ne apX¬ ASn-hsc `bm-\-I-amb kzc-tØm-Sp-
IqSn Ac-a-\-bpsS tISp-`-hn® `mKw CSn™phoWv \new-]-cn-im-
bn. B A\n-jvS-kw-`-h-Øn-\p-apºv Znhy-Im-cpWyw FSp-Øp-am-‰p-
hm≥ Ign-™Xv hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS hnti-j-`-‡-\mb At±-l-
Øn\p ssZhw \¬Inb Hcp kΩm-\-am-bn-cn-°-Ww. kwi-b-an√.1
XncplrZ-b-`‡n
Cutim-bpsS Xncp-lr-Z-b-`‡n hnizm-kn-I-fp-sSbnS-bn¬ {]N-
cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v At±lw AXn-bmbn B{K-ln-®p. Pqäm-k-h-W-
°w, Xncp-lr-Z-b-Øn-cp-\m-fm-tLm-jw, amkm-Zy-sh-≈n-bmgvN `‡n
F∂nh Xm≥ CS-h-IhnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ Imew apX¬ G¿s∏-Sp-
1. ssd‰v dh. tam¨. tPm¿÷v Fw. ]pØ≥]pcbpsS km£yw
30
Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. "Xncp-lr-Z-b-h-W°w' F∂ ]pkvXIw ]nXmhv

Xs∂ FgpXn A®-Sn-∏n®v hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v \¬In. IqSmsX F√m
ItØm-en-°m-Ip-Spw-_ßfpw kvIqfp-Ifpw CX-c-ÿ-m]-\-ßfpw
Cutim-bpsS Xncp-lr-Z-b-Øn\p ]c-ky-ambpw BtLm-j-]q¿Δ-
ambpw {]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏-´p. 2, 13, 21, 31, 49 F∂o CS-b-te-J-\-ß-
sf√mw Cu `‡n-h¿≤-\-hns\ klm-bn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. Xncp-lr-Z-
b-Øn\p {]tXy-I-hn[w {]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏-ń-´p≈ Hcp Znh-kamWv
amkmZysh≈n- b m- g v N . Cu Zn\w `‡n- ] q¿Δw BN- c n- ° p- ∂ -
Xn\pth≠ F√m kuI- c y- ß fpw At±lw hnizm- k n- I ƒ°p
{]Zm\w sNbvXp. kvIqƒ Ipń-Iƒ B Znhkw Ipº-km-cn®p hn.
Ip¿_m\ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n kvIqfp-Iƒ°v A∂v Ah[n
sImSp-Øn-cp-∂p. Cu Zn\-Øns‚ ]qPyX a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn
kntÃ-gvkns‚ bm{X-Iƒ t]mepw A∂-tØbv°p apS-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
Xncp-lr-Z-b-`‡n {]N-c-Wm¿∞w Ipcym-f-t»cn -]n-Xmhv XpS-ßn-
h® `‡m-\p-jvTm-\ß - f- n¬ ]eXpw C∂pw ambmsX \ne-sIm-≈p∂p
F∂Xv Hcp ]c-am¿∞w am{X-am-Wv. Xncp-lr-Z-b-kJyw ]cn-jv°-
cn®v ""P]m-∏-kvtXm-e-kJyw' F∂ t]cn¬ tdmΩm-bnse kJy-hp-
ambn Xs‚ aq∂mw tdmΩm-bm-{X-bn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. "Cutim-bpsS
Xncp-lr-Z-b-Øn¬ \nt£-]n-®n-cn-°p∂ at\m-hn-izm-k-amWv Fs‚
aqe-[\'sa∂v ]e-t∏mgpw At±lw ]d-™n-cp-∂p. Nß-\m-t»cn
cq]X Xncp-lr-Z-b-Øns‚ cq]-X-bmbn ]cn-h¿Ø\w sNbvXn-´p-
s≠-∂pw, ]cn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS {]Z-£nWw AXn\p km£yw hln-
°p-∂p-s≠∂pw1 ]nXm-hns‚ ]utcm-lnXy cP-X-Pq-_nen BtLm-
jm-h-k-c-Øn¬ \S-Ønb {]kw-K-Øn¬ tam¨. B‚Wn ]pXp-
t»cn ap‡-IWvTw {]iw-kn-®n-´p-≠v. temI-c-£-I-\mb Cutim-
bpsS Xncp-lr-Z-b-Øn¬ IØnPzen® ssZh-kvt\-lm·n Xs∂-
bmWv hn. Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXmhv Z¿in-®-Xv (Pl. 61).
]cn. AΩ-tbm-Sp≈ `‡nbpw Cutim-bpsS Xncp-lr-Z-b-tØm-Sp≈
`‡nbpw hr£hpw êhpw t]mse-bm-Wv. ""adn-b-tØm-Sp≈ `‡n-
bn¬ \n∂v \mw B{K-ln®p ]m¿Øn-cn-°p∂ êw B \mY-bpsS
1. "\{km-Wn-Zo-]nI' ˛ 1924 Unkw. 30
31
{]nb-]p-{X-\mb Cutim-an-in-lm-bpsS kvt\l-Øn¬ A[n-I-a[n-

I-amb h¿≤-\-bm-Ip-∂p.'' (Pl. 40). amwtk—, {Zhym-{K-lw, _lp-am-\-
{]nbw F∂o Zpcm-i-I-fn¬ \n∂pw temIsØ hntam-Nn-∏n-°p-∂-
Xn\v Cutim-bpsS Xncp-lr-Zb- ` - ‡n G‰w ]cym-]vXa - m-Ip-∂p F∂pw
At±lw Xs‚ AP-K-W-ßsf DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®p.
hn. ]Ømw ]obq-kns\ A\p-I-cn® v
""Znhy-Im-cpWyØns‚ ]m∏m'' F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ hn. ]Ømw
]obqkv 1905-˛¬ Hcp hniz-te-J\w hgn A\p-Zn\ Znhy-Im-cpWy
kzoI-cW - s- Ø-∏‰n A°m-eØp i‡n-s∏-ń-cp∂ hnhm-Zß - fpw {]Xn-
_-‘-ßfpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p. 1910-˛¬ Quam singulari Christus amore (Jzmw
kn¶p-emcn {InkvXpkv Btam-sc) F∂p XpS-ßp∂ Xncp-sh-gpØp
]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®v Ipń-Iƒ°v Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-kzo-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ {]mb-
]-cn-[n°p kwi-b-c-ln-X-amb Hcp AwKo-Imchpw At±lw Xncp-
-`-bn¬ hcp-Øn. ]cn. Ip¿_m\ ÿm]n® Cutim-an-in-lm-bpsS
B{Klw bYm-hn[n Adn™v ssZh-P-\sØ apgp-h≥ B Znhy-Iq-
Zm-i-bpsS `‡-cm°nØo¿°p-hm≥ hn. ]Ømw ]obqkv Bfl-k-
a¿∏Ww sNbvXp. Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ am¿ tXmΩm sa{Xm\pw Cu
hnj-b-Øn¬ hn. ]Ømw ]obq-kns‚ am¿§-ß-sf-Xs∂ Ah-ew-
_n-®p.
""kI-ehpw {InkvXp-hn¬ \ho-I-cn°'' F∂ \ΩpsS ]nXm-
hmb ]Ømw ]obqkv am¿∏m∏m Xncp-a\ -
- nse Xmev]c
- yhpw \ntbm-
Khpw B{K-lhpw A\p-k-cn®p kI-ehpw Du¿÷n-X-tØmSpw Ir-
Xy-ambpw \n¿Δ-ln-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-te°p \mw Ft∏mgpw k∂-≤-\m-
bn-cn-°p-∂Xpw Ch-I-fpsS ]cn-tim-[-\m¿∞w \ΩpsS ZrjvSn Cu
hnIm-cn-bm-Øns‚ \m\m-`m-K-ß-fn-te°pw kZm D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂-
Xp-am-sW∂pw ]cn-ip≤ ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw \Ωp-sSbpw \nb-a-ßƒ°p
hn]co-X-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂h¿ \Ω-fn¬ bmsXmcp Icp-Wbpw
Is≠-Øp-I-bn-√m-sb∂pw hμy ktlm-Z-c-cpw {]nb-s∏´ a°-fp-am-
bn-cn-°p∂ \nßƒ Ghcpw \√-hÆw Adn-™p-sIm-≈-Ww.''
ip{`-h-kv{X-ß-f-Wn™p ]qap-Sn-Ifpw [cn®p IØn® Xncn-I-fp-
32
ambn \njv°-f-¶-cmb sIm®p _men-Im-_m-e-∑m¿ kvt\l-Øm¬

XpSn-°p∂ lrZ-b-ß-tfmsS Znhy-Im-cpWy Cutimsb kzoI-cn-°p-
hm≥ AW-bp-∂Xp IÏp-fn¿s° I≠m-\-μn-®n-ń-√m-Ø-h¿ Bcpw
Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cn-°-bn-√. F∂m¬ Cu ]Xn-hn\p \ΩpsS \mń-¬
Bcw`w Ipdn®Xv A`n-hμy Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ ]nXm-hm-sW-∂p≈
Imcyw Adn-bm-hp-∂h - ¿ C∂p ]cn-an-Xa- m-Wv. A\p-Zn\ Znhy-Im-cpWy
kzoI-c-W-Øns‚ Bwcw-`-I¿Ømhpw {]Nm-c-I\pw Ct±lw Xs∂.
Znh-tk-\-bp≈ hn. t`mP-\-Øns‚ AXn-c‰ i‡nbpw c£m-I-c-^-
e-ßfpw Ah¿Æ-\o-b-sa∂p {Kln® At±lw CSb-te-J-\-ßƒ
aptJ\ (\. 11, 12, 26) AXn\p t{]m’m-l\w \¬In. ""Btcm-Ky-
hm-\m-bn-cn-°p-∂X
- n\pw the sNøp-∂X - n\pw, kv\m\hpw `£-Whpw
Fßs\ Bh-iy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂pthm Aßs\ ]m]-k-¶o¿Ø-\w,
Znhy-Im-cpWyw F∂o IqZm-iI - ƒ Bfl-Po-hs\ c£n-°m\pw h¿≤n-
∏n-°m\pw ]pWy-{]-hr-Øn-Iƒ sNøp-hm\pw Bhiy-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p.''
(\. 26). A\p-Zn-\-Zn-hy-Im-cpWy kzoI-cWw F√m CS-h-I-I-fnepw
A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-amb D]-tZ-i-ßƒ hnizm-kn-
Iƒ°p \¬I-W-sa∂v At±lw _. hnIm-cn-amsc D¬t_m-[n-∏n-
®p. {]Xn-amkw H∂n-e-[nIw CS-b-te-J-\-ß-fpsS {]kn-≤o-I-cWw
aqew \ntXy\ hnip≤ Ip¿∫m\ ssIs°m-≈p-∂-h-cpsS FÆw
Nß-\m-t»cn cq]-X-bn¬ h¿≤n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. CXp Xs‚ AP-K-
W-ß-fpsS Bflm-`n-hr-≤n-bp-sSbpw hnin-jym, Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-`-‡n-
bp-sSbpw apJy-e-£-W-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°mw.
]. Ip¿_m\-bpsS ]c-ky-amb ]´-W-{]-Z-£nWw
k{Im-cn-bn¬ hmkw sNøp∂ \ΩpsS Znhy-c-£-I\p kap-∂-
X-amb _lp-am-\m-Z-c-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv hn. Ip¿_m-
\-bpsS {]Z-£nWw Xs‚ cq]-X-bn¬ Ipcym-f-t»cn ]n-Xmhv Bcw-
`n-®-Xv. h¿Æi_-f-amb Ae-¶m-c-tXm-cWßfpw hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈
]´p-h-kv{X-ßfpw sIm≠v at\m-l-c-amb ]q∏-¥-en-eqsS Znhy-
ImcpWy\m-Y≥ IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ GsXmcp hnizm-kn-bpsSbpw
lrZbw `‡n-\n¿`-c-amb hnIm-c-ßƒsIm≠v \nd-bm-Xn-cn-°p-Ibn-
√. ]pWy-t«m-I-\mb Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ am¿ tXmΩm sa{Xms‚ Znhy-
33
ImcpWy`‡n°p aIpSw Nm¿Øp∂ H∂m-bn-cp∂p Nß-\m-t»cn

cq]-X-bn¬ Bcw-`n® Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-{]-Z-£n-Ww. Nº-°pfw Hm¿t«w
ssZhm-e-b-Øn¬ C∂pw \S-Øn-h-cp∂ Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-{]-Z-£n-W-
Øns‚ {Iaw At±lw Xs∂ \n›-bn-®n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. hμy-]n-Xm-
hns‚ Kpcp∏´ cP-X-Pq-_n-en-bm-tLmjw {]am-Wn®v Xncp-a-\- nse
B{K-l-{]-Imcw IØo-{U¬ ]≈n-bn¬ hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS Hcp
{]Z-£nWw \S-Øn.1 Nß-\m-t»cn t_m´p-I-S-hn-ep≈ Ipcn-ip-]≈n
apX¬ ka-ew-Ir-X-amb cmP-]m-X-bn¬°qSn sa{Xm-k-\-∏≈n hsc
Hcp ssa¬ Zo¿Ln® Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-{]-Z-£nWw! `‡n-am¿§-Øns‚
AXyp-Ø-a-amb Hcp \nZ¿i-\-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. C\nbpw AØ-c-
samcp kz¿§o-bm-e-¶mcw `‡m-t{K-k-c-cmb Nß-\m-t»-cn-°m¿°p-
t]mepw km[y-am-Iptam F∂p≈ i¶ A∂p ]e-cnepw D¤q-X-am-
bn. AXns‚ NS-ßp-Is - f√mw Ah-km-\n-®t- ∏mƒ, ]nXmhv a‰p sa{Xm-
∑msc Ac-a-\-bn-te-°-b-®n-´v, aZv_-lm-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v {]Z-
£nWw \S-Øn-bh - gn Ia-\o-ba- mbn Ae-¶c- n-®X
- n-s\-°p-dn-®pw, AXn-
te°p {]tXyI sNehpw ]cn-{i-ahpw sNbvX-Xn-s\-°p-dn®pw Nß-
\m-t»-cn-°m-tcm-Sp≈ \μn {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.2 {]Z-£n-W-
ho-Yn-bpsS Ae-¶m-c-∏-Wn-Iƒ°mbn Hcp h≥XpI apS°n h¿Æ-
°-S-em-kp-Iƒ hmßn-®p-sh-∂mWv ]{X-dn-t∏m¿´v. C{X hnti-j-
amb Hc-e¶ - mcw Bbp-jv°m-eØ - n¬ I≠n-ń-s√∂pw taen¬ ImWm-
s\m-°p-Ib- n-s√∂pw ]ecpw B›-cy-]q¿Δw ]d-bp-Ib - p-≠m-bn. bqtdm-
]y≥ cmPy-ß-fn¬, hninjym tdman¬Ø-s∂bpw C{X Znhy-amb
Ae-¶m-c-hn-[m-\-ß-tfmsS Hcp Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-{]-Z-£nWw I≠n-ń-
s√∂v B ÿe-ßƒ kμ¿in-®n-´p-≈-h¿ ]c-ky-ambn {]Jym-]\w
sNbvXp. Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn-se-∂√ tIc-f-Øn-sem-cn-SØpw C{X tIa-
amb cP-X-Pq-_nenbmtLm-j-hpw, ]. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS ]c-ky-amb
]´-W-{]-Z-£n-Whpw \S-Øn-bn-ń-s√∂v Xo¿®-bmbpw ]d-bmw.3
tIm´-bØp \S-Ø-s∏´ ImØ-en°v tIm¨{^≥kns‚ (1924-
˛¬) Ah-km-\sØ NSßpw hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS {]Z-£n-W-am-bn-
1. "\{kmWn Zo]nI' ˛ 1924 Unkw. 30
2. ""am¿ tXmΩm Ipcym-f-t»-cnse Poh-N-cn{Xw'', 2 ed. t]Pv 319
3. "\{kmWn Zo]nI' ˛ apJ-{]-kw-Kw, 1924 Unkw. 30
34
cp-∂p. kI-eP
- mXn aX-ÿt- cbpw BI¿jn-°Ø - °- h
- n-[Ø
- n¬ `‡n-
k-a-\znXw BtLm-j-ambn Cu {]Z-£n-Whpw \S-Ø-s∏-´p. \√
CS-bs‚ ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v Bcw-`n®v A∂p tIm´-bØp ÿm]n-X-
am-bn-cp∂ s]‰n skan-\m-cn-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v k÷o-I-cn-®n-cp∂
tIm¨^-d≥kv ]¥-en¬ Ah-km-\n-∏n® Cu {]Z-£n-WØ - n\v ]Xn-
\m-bn-cØ
- n¬]cw P\-ßf - mWv kw_-‘n-®X - v. A∂p Xo¿Øpw AI-
tØm-en°mtI{μ-am-bn-cp∂ tIm´-b-Øv, Hcp Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-{]-Z-
£Ww \S-Øn-bm¬sIm-≈m-sa-∂p≈ hμy-]n-Xm-hns‚ B{Klw
Adn™ £W-Øn¬, Nß-\m-t»-cn-bnse {]apJhy‡n-Iƒ {]Z-
£n-W-hoYn Ae-¶-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ km[-\-km-a-{Kn-I-fp-ambn hml-
\-ß-fn¬ Ibdn tIm´-b-sØ-Øn-°-gn™p. Hcp cm{Xnbpw ]I¬
GXm\pw aWn-°q-dp-I-fpw-sIm≠v ]ªnIv tdmUv Ac-ssa¬ \of-
Øn¬ hfsc at\m-l-c-ambn Ah¿ Ae-¶-cn-®p. ]. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS
]c-ky-amb Cu ]´-W-{]-Z-£n-Ww ItØm-en-°cpw AI-tØm-en-
°-cp-amb hºn® Hcp P\-k-aq-lsØ ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bn-te-°p-
b¿Øn-bn-´p-s≠-∂p-≈Xv Xo¿®-bm-Wv. Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-`-‡n-bpsS
h‰mØ AXy-Km-[-amb Hc-cphn Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ ]nXm-hns‚ lrZ-
b-Øn¬ ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-√tbm {]kvXpX {]Z-£n-W-
ßƒ c≠pw sXfn-bn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Xo¿®-bmbpw Ah B Acp-hn-
bnse \n¿§-f-amb c≠p {]hm-l-ß-f-t{X. am{X-a-√, At±l-Øns‚
AP-K-W-ßƒ Ahn-SpsØ Iev]-\-Iƒ A\p-k-cn®pw D]-tZ-i-ßƒ
kzoI-cn®pw k∑m-Xr-I-Iƒ A\p-I-cn®pw Pohn®v hn. Ip¿_m-\-tbm-
Sp≈ `‡n-bn¬ hf¿∂p ]pjvSn-s∏-´-Xns‚ _mly-{]-I-S-\hpw IqSn-
bmWv B temtIm-Ø-c-tLm-j-ßƒ. Znhy-Im-cpWy {]Z-£n-Wm-h-
k-c-ß-fn¬ Znhy-\m-Ys\ Zo¿L-t\cw Ic-ß-fn¬ hln-°p-hm-\n-S-
bm-Ip-∂Xv Hcp henb `mKy-ambn At±lw Icp-Xn. B alm-`mKyw
kpe-`-ambn At±-l-Øn\v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Btcm-Ky-\ne Xr]vXn-I-c-a-
√m-Xn-cp∂ Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw hnizm-kn-Iƒ°p hn. Ip¿_m\ Fgp-
s∂-≈n®p sImSp-°p-hm≥ At±lw hfsc Xmev]cyw ImWn-®n-cp-
∂p. AXn-s\m-cp-Zm-lc
- W
- a- mWp s{]m∏-Km-¥m tImtfPn¬ h®v Ah-
km-\sØ Znhy-_-en-b¿∏n® Znhkw (1925 sabv 27) 120 siΩm-»-
∑m¿°p Znhy-Im-cpWyw Fgp-s∂-≈n-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv. ico-c-kuJyw
35
1.
Xosc-bn-√m-Xn-cp∂ Ah-k-c-Ønte At±-l-Øns‚ B {]hrØn

hotcm-Nn-X-amb Hcp Bfl-]-cn-XymKw Xs∂. ""Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-Øns‚
]m∏m'' F∂p hn. ]Ømw ]obq-kns\ ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Ipcym-
f-t»cn ]nXm-hns\ ""Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-Øns‚ sa{Xm≥'' F∂p hnfn-
°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. dh. ^m. amhp-cqkv kn.-Fw.sF At±-l-Øns‚
Hcp IØn¬ CXv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ""Ct∏mƒ hn. Ip¿∫m-
\-tbm-Sp≈ `‡n-bn¬ Nß-\m-t»cn cq]-X-sbtbm tIcf ItØm-
en-°-sctbm AX-i-bn-°m≥ ItØm-en°m temI-Øv Hcn-SØpw
Bfn-s√-∂p h∂n-´p-≠v.'' F∂p≈ 1925 Pq¨ 11-˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse
\{kmWn Zo]n-I-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]kvXm-h-\bpw -]n-Xm-hns‚ hn.
Ip¿_m-\-tbm-Sp≈ `‡n-bpsS ]c-ky-{]-Jym-]-\-am-Wv.
al-XvNcn-X\pw kpIr-X\ - n-[n-bp-amb Ipcym-ft- »-cn¬ ]nXmhv ka-
b-Øns‚ kam]vXn hsc kztZ-iØpw hntZ-iØpw ""Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-
Øns‚ sa{Xm≥'' F∂ A]-c-\maw \ne-\n¿Øp-sa-∂p-≈-Xn¬
]£m-¥c - a
- n-√. At±lw ]. Ip¿_m-\b - psS AXo-h` - ‡
- \- m-bn, {]Nm-
c-I-\mbn Pohn-®p-a-cn-®p. Ct∏mƒ At±lw kz¿§-Øn¬ Znhy-Im-
cpWy Cutim-bpsS kmao-]y-k-l-hmkw A\p-`-hn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
36
{]m¿∞-\-bpsS a\p-jy≥
3
\mw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bn-em-sW∂ kXy-sØ-∏-

‰n-bp≈ t_m[y-hpw Cu hniz-k-Øns‚ {]I-S-\-hp-amWv {]m¿∞-
\-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\w. Hmtcm a\p-jy\pw AkvXn-Xz-ap-s≠∂ Imc-
W-Øm¬Øs∂ ssZh-k∂ - n-[n-bn-em-Wv. \sΩ Pohn-∏n-°p∂ hmbp
\mw izkn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ssZh-km-∂n≤yw \mw A\p-`-hn-°-Ww.
kZm DW¿∂n-cp∂p {]m¿∞n-°p-hm≥ aninlm \tΩmSv Bh-iy-
s∏-´-t∏mƒ Cu ssZh-km-∂n-≤y-t_m[w \Ωn¬ \ne-\n¿Ø-W-
sa-∂-√msX as‰m-∂p-a√ B{K-ln-®-Xv. Cu ssZh-km-∂n-≤y-kva-
cW A\p-\n-anjw \Ωn¬ kwPm-X-am-Ip-tºmƒ AXp \nc-¥-c-amb
{]m¿∞-\-bmbn amdpw. \ΩpsS lrZ-b-Øp-Sn∏pw Hmtcm izmtkm-
—zm-khpw ssZh-k-∂n-[n-bn-te-°p≈ lrZ-b-Øns‚ DZvK-a-\-am-Ipw.
hn. Ip¿_m-\sb tI{μ-am°n Pohn® [\y≥ Ipcym-f-t»cn
]nXmhv {]m¿∞-\-bpsS Hcp a\p-jy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. A\p-Zn-\-ap≈ hn.
Ip¿_m-\bpw Znhy-Im-cpWy Bcm-[-\bpw am{X-a-√ a‰p hmNn-I-
{]m¿∞-\bpw am\-kn-I-{]m¿∞-\bpw At±lw A`y-kn-®n-cp∂p.
hn. Ip¿_m-\bv°p apºmbn [ym\w Imt\m\\a-kvIm-cw, P]-am-e
F∂nh At±-l-Øn\p ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Ft∏mgpw \n¿Ω-e-amb
lrZbw ImØp-kq-£n-°p-hm≥ ASp-°-e-Sp-°¬ A\p-c-RvP\
IqZmi kzoI-cn°m\pw At±lw {ian-®p. CXv acWw hsc XpS¿∂
At±lw, Xs‚ ip{iqjm ]utcm-lnXy kzoI-c-W-Øns‚ 26-˛mw
hm¿jn-IZ- n-\Ø
- n¬ A¿∏n® Ah-km-\- hn-ip≤Ip¿_m\bv°v AW-
™Xv (1925 sabv 27) F{]-Imcambn-cp-∂psh∂v ]nXm-hns‚ sk{I-
37
´dn _. sPbnwkv Imfm-t»cnb®s‚ IØn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-

°mw. ""27-˛mw XobXn ImeØv Fgp-t∂‰v Hcp sIm¥ FØn-®-
tijw Fs‚ ]°¬ h∂v Hcp Zo¿L-amb Ipº-kmcw Ign-®p.
A\-¥cw Rßƒ c≠p-t]cpw IqsS \S∂v s{]m{]-Km¥m tImtf-
Pn-te°v t]mbn. ]Øp an\n-´p-sIm≠v Ahn-sS-sb-Øn. Ac-a-Wn-
°q¿ [ym\-Øn-\p-tijw Ip¿_m-\bv°p Ib-dn.'' AtX, A\p-Zn-\-
[ym\w ]nXm-hn\v Poh-izmkw t]mse-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
[ym\w
]nXm- h ns‚ ssIap- X - e m- b n- c p∂ Znhy- I m- c p- W y- ` - ‡ nbpw
{]m¿∞\mPohn-Xhpw {]m¿∞-\m-Po-hn-X-Ønse \n[n-bmb [ym\m-
`y-k-\hpw ]nXr-hy-\mb Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ _. tXmΩm-®-\n¬ \n∂p
ss]Xr-I-sa-∂-t]mse e`n®XmWv. ]nXr-hy-\mb _. tXmΩm-®≥
tcmKn-bmbn kz¥w CS-hI - b
- mb Nº-°p-fØ - p-h∂p hn{i-an® Imew.
At±-l-Øn\p Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®s\ CjvS-am-bn-cp-∂p. aq∂p hb p
{]mb-ap-≈ Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®≥ Nn‰-∏-\-®s‚ apdn-bn-ep≈ `‡-Nn-
{X-ßfpw `‡-\mb Nn‰-∏s‚ s]cp-am-‰hpw {]m¿∞-\bpw F√mw
\nco-£n-°pw. At±-l-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ A\p-I-cn-°m≥ {ian-
°pw. apdn-bn-ep≈ Nn{X-ß-fpsS hnh-c-W-ßfpw thZ-]p-kvX-I-I-Y-
Ifpw hnip-≤-∑m-cpsS Ncn-{X-ßfpw A®≥ hfsc ck-{]-Zamb coXn-
bn¬ hnh-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°pw. AXp Ipń-bpsS Ipcp-∂p-a-\- n¬ Bg-
ambn ]Xn-™p. Ipń hf¿∂-tXmsS Nn¥n-°p-hm≥ th≠p-thmfw
hnj-b-ßƒ Ahs‚ A¥-cm-flm-hn¬ ]Xn-™p-I-gn-™p. Ah≥
Nn¥n-®p. ssZhw {]h¿Øn-®p. [ym\-Øns‚ ae¿°m-hn-te°p {]th-
in-®p. Nn‰-∏-\-®s‚ D]-tZ-i-ß-sf-∏‰n sa{Xm-\m-b-tijw At±lw
]d™ hmIy-ßƒ kvac-Wo-bß - f - m-Wv. ""Nn‰-∏\
- n¬ \n∂p kμ¿t`m-
NnXw e`n® kZp-]-tZ-i-ßƒ, cqV-aq-e-ambn lrZ-b-Øn¬ ]Xn-
™- X n- \ m¬ Hcn- ° epw k∑m¿§- Ø n¬ \n∂v Rm≥ hyXn- N -en-
-®n-ń-√.''
sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n-bmbn [ym\-ap-d-Iƒ A`y-kn®p XpS-ßn-b-
t∏mƒ [ym\w IqSp-X¬ Ffp-∏-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-k-∂n-
[n-bn¬ [ym\-\n-a-·-\mbn ]e aWn-°q-dp-Iƒ Xs∂ Ccn-°m≥
38
At±lw CjvS-s∏-´p. sshZn-I-\m-bn-Øo¿∂-tijw A\p-Zn\w Hcp

aWn-°q¿ hoXw [ym\n-®n-cp-∂p. X\n°p e`n® Znhy-{]-Imiw a‰p-
≈-h¿°p-IqSn ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-I, AY-hm, [ym\-tbm-KØ- n-te°p
a‰p-≈-hsc \bn-°pI F∂ hnin-jvS-am¿§-ap-]-tbm-Kn®p At\-Isc
At±lw Znhy-\m-Ys‚ k∂n-[n-bn-te-bv°m-\-bn-®p.
Bcm-[-\mk\ym-kn\n kaqlÿm]-\-Øn-\mbn s]Ïp-ń-
Isf ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p∂ Ah-k-c-Ønepw k`-bpsS Bcw-`-Im-eØpw
F√mZnh-khpw sshI-t∂-csØ [ym\w At±lw \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-
∂p. `wKn-bmbn [ym\n-°m≥ X°-hn-[amWv At±lw [ym\-hn-jbw
]d-™p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂-Xv. kzbw [ym\n-°p-∂-Xp-X-s∂-bmWv ]d-
bp-∂-sX∂p [ym\-Øns‚ Bflm¿∞-X-bn¬ \n∂p {Kln-°m≥
Ign-bpw. _lp. j-¥m-f-Ωbv°v hoń-em-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ {InkvXob
XXz-ßs - f-°p-dn®pw ssZh-hn-fn-sb-°p-dn®pw Hcm-gvNsØ [ym\w Fgp-
Xn-s°m-Sp-Øp. ]n∂oSv 1923-˛¬ Bcm-[-\-k-aq-lmw-K-ß-fpsS D]-tbm-
K-Øn-\mbn Hcm-gvN-tØ-°p≈ [ym\hpw At±lw Fgp-Xn-\¬Inbn-
´p-≠v. AXn¬ hnip-≤-Ip¿_m-\-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ [ym\w hfsc lrZ-
bm-h¿÷-Ihpw at\m-l-c-hp-a-t{X. a\p-jy-tcm-Sp≈ ssZh-Øns‚
A\-¥-kvt\lw {]Xy-£-am-°p∂ a\p-jym-h-Xm-cw, hn. Ip¿_m\
ÿm]-\w, ]mSp-ho-S-Iƒ, Ipcn-ip-a-c-Ww, ]. hymIp-e-am-Xmhv XpS-
ßn-b-h-bmWv a‰p hnj-b-ßƒ.
1923 sabv 13-˛\v [ym\w icn-bmbn A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xn\v ]nXmhv
SABS-\v \¬Inb D]-tZ-i-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p: ""[ym\w
IqSmsX km£m¬ {InkvXo-b-Po-hnXw Ign-°p-∂-Xn\p km[n-°-
bn-√. Poh-k-‘m-c-W-Øn\v hmbp AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-
Xp-t]mse B≤ym-fln-I-Po-hnXw kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v [ym\w kIe
a\p-jy¿°pw AXym-h-iy-am-Ip-∂p.'' [ym\-Øns‚ ^-e-ambn ssZh-
kvt\-l-Øn-ep≈ h¿≤-\hpw ssZh-sF-Iyhpw D≠m-Ip-sa-∂-Xn-
\m¬ AXn\v DX-Ip-∂s - X√mw [ym\-Øn\v hnj-ba- m-°m-hp-∂X
- mWv.
""\ΩpsS a\- ns\ ssZh-Øn-tebv°v BI¿jn-°p-∂-Xmbn \ap°p
tXm∂p∂ F√m kwK-Xn-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw [ym\n°mw'' F∂v At±lw
DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®p.
39
imkv{X-⁄m\w sImt≠m kz¥-km-a¿∞yw sImt≠m [ym\m-

cq]n e`n-°p-I-bn-√. CXp {]m¿∞-\bpw CS-hn-Sm-sX-bp≈ ssZh
Hm¿Ω-bpw-sIm≠v t\tS-≠-Xm-Wv. [ym\m-cq-]nsb kwc-£n-°p-∂-
Xn\p ]t©-{μn-b-ßsf {Ia-ambn kq£n-°p-Ibpw t_m[-b-S-°-
tØmsS Ccn-°p-Ibpw \njvI-f¶ lrZ-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn hym]-cn-°p-
Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p. I]-Shpw h©\ \nd-™-Xp-amb Hcp
lrZ-b-Øn\v ssZhw Ahn-SpsØ Znhy-c-k-ly-ßsf shfn-s∏Sp-
Øp-Itbm Cß-s\-bp≈ lrZ-b-ßsf ssZhw CjvS-s∏-Sp-Itbm
sNøp-I-bn-√.''
sshZn-I¿°mbn At±lw Ab® Iev]-\-bn¬ sshZn-I¿ hn.
Ip¿_m-\bv°p apºv Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ A\p-Zn\w [ym\n-°-W-sa∂pw
[ym\-°p-dn∏v Fgp-X-W-sa∂pw \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWp-
∂p. Znhy-Im-cpWy Cutim-bpsS hy‡n-]-c-amb kvt\-lØn¬
hf¿∂-t∏mƒ B `mKy-s∏´ PohnXw [\y-ambnØo¿∂p.
Imt\m-\\
- a
- k
- v°mcw
F√m Znh-khpw IrXy-ka - b
- Øv Imt\m-\\
- a
- k
- v°mcw \SØp∂
Hcp \√ ]Xnhp ]nXm-hn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Imt\m-\-\-a-kv°mcw G‰w
`‡n-]q¿Δw kz¿§-hm-kn-I-tfmSp tN¿∂p P]n-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cp∂p
At±lw kntÃ-gvkn\p \¬Inb \n¿t±-iw. Bcm-[-\-k-`-°m-cpsS
Imt\m≥ P]-∏p-kvXIw {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ AXn¬ kpμ-c-ß-
fmb k¶o¿Ø-\-ßfpw Km\-ßfpw CW-°n-t®¿°pIbpw AXv
`wKn-bmbn amem-J-am-sc-t∏mse ]mSn {]m¿∞n-°p-hm≥ ]cnioen-
∏n-°pIbpw sNbvXp. ssZh-Øns‚ Xncp-k-∂n-[n-bn¬ {]m¿∞\
F{X-am{Xw kpμ-chpw hnin-jvS-hp-am-°m≥ km[n-°ptam A{Xbpw
at\m-l-c-am-°m≥ At±lw ]cn-{i-an-®p.
P]-ame
Hcn°¬ Hcp knÃ¿]n-Xm-hn-t\mSp tNmZn®p: "]nXmth, Ahn-
Sp∂p Hcp Znhkw ]e P]-am-e-Iƒ sNm√p-∂p≠v F∂p ]ecpw
]d-bp-∂p. F\n°v Hcp P]-ame Xs∂ sNm√p-hm≥ kabw hfsc
_p≤n-ap-ń-bn-´mWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv. ]nXm-hn\v Fß-s\-bmWv {]m¿∞n-
40
°p-hm≥ C{Xtbsd-k-abw e`n-°p-∂Xv?'' ]nXmhv Hcp ]p©n-cn-

tbmsS DØcw \¬In: ""Rm≥ XpS¿®-bmbn Hmtcm sIm¥ P]n-
°p-∂Xv hfsc Npcp°w {]mhiyw am{Xw. A[nIw Xh-Wbpw
sIm¥-bpsS Hmtcm clkyw hoX-amWv P]n-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠v
ka-b-an-√mbva Fs∂mcp {]iv\w D≠m-Ip-∂n-√. Hcp Znhkw
GsX√mw ka-bØv sIm¥-bpsS Hmtcm clkyw sNm√p-hm≥
km[n-°p-sa∂p ]e-Zn-h-k-ß-fnse A`ymkw sIm≠p a\- n-em°n
\n›bw sNbvXp-h-®n-´p-≠v. BZy-Im-eØv Aev]w _p≤n-ap-´p-≠m-
bn-cp∂p. Ct∏mƒ AXv Xg-°-am-bn-°-gn-™-t∏mƒ hfsc Ffp-∏-
am-Wv. Hcp DZm-l-cWw sIm≠v AXv hy‡-am-°mw. Rm≥ Nm∏-en-
te°p Znhy-Im-cpWy kμ¿i-\-Øn\p t]mIp-tºmƒ sIm¥-bpsS
Hcp clkyw sNm√pw. Xncn-®p-h-cp-tºmgpw Hcp clkyw sNm√m≥
]e-t∏mgpw kuI-cy-s∏-Spw. At∏mƒ F{X Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-kμ
- ¿i\w
\S-Øn-tbm, AXns‚ Ccń sIm¥-bpsS cl-ky-ßƒ, henb
A≤zm\w IqSm-sX, Aev]w {i≤bpw B{K-l-hp-ap-s≠-¶n¬ Ic-K-
X-am-Ipw. Ipd-®p-Zn-hkw Aßs\ sNm√n ]Xn-hm-bn-°-gn-™m¬
\mw Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-k-μ¿i-\-Øn\p ]pd-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ \ΩpsS \mhpw
a\ pw sIm¥ sNm√m≥ Bcw-`n®p Ign-bpw. \ΩpsS ]pWym-`ym-
k-Øns‚ _p≤n-ap-ń\v H∂n\p \qdmbn Cl-Øn¬ e`n-°p∂ kΩm-
\-amWv ]pWy-Ir-Xyßƒ sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \√ Xg-°-ßƒ. Znhy-
Im-cpWy kμ¿i-\-Øn-\p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ am{X-a-√, CSbv°p In´p∂
a‰p kμ¿`-ßfpw P]-ame sNm√p-∂-Xn-\mbn Rm≥ am‰n-h-®n-´p-≠v.
kpIr-XP
- ]
- ß
- ƒ
P]-ame am{X-a-√, a‰p {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ, kpIr-X-P-]-ßƒ XpS-ßn-
b-hbpw sNm√p-∂-Xn\p kabw I≠p-]n-Sn®p ioen-®m¬ {]m¿∞n-
°p-hm≥ th≠p-thmfw kabw GXp henb tPmen-Øn-c-°n-\n-
Sbv°pw \ap°p e`n-°pw.
Bcm-[-\m k\ym-kn-\n-k-aq-l-Øns‚ AwK-ßsf ]cn-io-en-∏n-
®-t∏mƒ Cu kpIr-Xm-`ymkw Ahn-Sp∂v Ahsc A`y-kn-∏n-°p-I-
bp-≠m-bn. s]mXp-{I-am-\p-jvTm-\-Øn\p ]pdta e`n-°p∂ kabw
IqSn {]m¿∞n-°p-hm-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-°p-hm≥ ]Tn-°p-I. DZm-l-c-
41
W-ß-fm¬ hy‡-am-°mw. kvIqfn-te°p t]mIp∂ ka-bØv GXp

{]m¿∞\ sNm√mw, As√-¶n¬ GXp kpIr-X-P]w sNm√m-sa∂v
Ipd-®p-Zn-h-ksØ A`ymkwsIm≠v {Kln-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. Xg-°-
am-bn-°-gn-™m¬ kpIr-X-P-]-amWp sNm√p-∂-sX-¶n¬ FÆp-I-
t]mepw th≠, \n›n- X - k wJy sNm√m≥ km[n- ° p- s a- ∂ mWv
]nXmhv ss[cy-]q¿Δw, kzm\p-`h
- Ø
- n¬ \n∂p ]d-bp-∂X
- v. kvIqfn¬
\n∂p Xncn-®p-h-cp-tºmgpw Cu A`ymkw D]-I-cn-°pw. Cßs\
Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-tSbpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ Hmtcm Znh-khpw e`n-°p∂
kμ¿`-ßƒ, {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-Wv. Hcp \n›nX ]cn-]m-Sn-
bp-≠m°n {]m¿∞n-°p∂ ]nXm-hn\p {]m¿∞-\bv°p ka-b-an-
√msX t¢in-t°≠n h∂n-ń-√.
\nc-¥-c-amb kvt\l-{]-I-c-W-ßfpw A\p-Zn\ Znhy-_-enbpw
IqsS-°q-sS-bp≈ B≤ym-flnI Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-kzo-I-c-Whpw hgn
ssZh-km-∂n-≤y-kva-cW kZm lrZ-b-Øn¬ \ndp-Ø-W-sa∂p -]n-
Xmhv D]-tZ-in-®n-´p-≠v. AXn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv t¢m°-Sn-°ptºmƒ
sNm√p-∂-Xn-\mbn Nne {]tXyI kpIr-X-P-]-ßƒ \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-
°p-∂X - pw. Bcm-[\
- k
- a
- q-lmw-Kß
- f
- psS Cu kpIr-Xm-\p-jvTm-\Ø
- n¬
At±lw henb Bizmkw Is≠-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. -]n-Xm-hns‚ ac-
Wm-\-¥cw, Hc-h-k-c-Øn¬ XqØp-°pSn sa{Xm≥ hmg-∏≈n aT-
Øn¬ h∂p. B A`n-hμyXncp-ta-\n-tbmSp kt¥m-j-Nn-Ø-cmbn
kwkm-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ kntÃgvkv t¢m°ns‚ kzc-Øn\v \n»-
_vZ-cmbn Aev]-t\cw {]m¿∞n-®p. {]m¿∞-\m-\-¥cw ""\nßƒ
Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS sN√-∏n-≈-I-fm-sW∂v F\n-°-
dnbmw'' F∂v XqØp-°pSn ]nXmhp ]d-™p. CXn-\p-tijw At±lw
XpS¿∂p: ""F√m Znh-khpw t¢m°-Sn-°p∂ Hmtcm {]mh-iyhpw
CS-hn-SmsX Fs‚ a°ƒ {]tXyI kpIr-XP - ]
- ß
- ƒ sNm√p-∂X - mWv
Fs‚ G‰hpw henb Bizmkw.'' F∂v, hμy-\mb Ipcym-f-t»-cn
]nXmhv Xs‚ Ah-km-\sØ tdmΩm-bm-{X-bn¬ XqØp-°p-Sn-bn¬
h®p ]d-™-Xmbn At±lw kt¥m-j-tØmSpw Nmcn-Xm¿∞y-
tØmSpw IqSn kntÃ-gvkns\ A\p-kva-cn-∏n-®p. Xncp- -{Im-cn-bpsS
apºn¬ F{X kabw sNe-h-gn-®mepw hμy-]n-Xm-hn\v Xr]vXn h∂n-
cp-∂n-√.
42
Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿°pw G‰w {]nb-s∏´ Hcp kpIr-X-P]w AYhm,

Hcp kvt\l-{]-I-cWw D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww F∂v kntÃ-gvkn-t\mSv
]nXmhv \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂p. ]e-t∏mgpw kntÃ-gvkns\ ImWp-tºmƒ
""CjvS-ap≈ kpIr-X-P]w F¥mWv?'' F∂v ]nXmhv tNmZn-°pw.
lrZ-b-Øn\p cpNn® kvt\l-{]-I-c-W-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v AXp IqSp-
X¬ {]mhiyw sNm√p-∂-Xn\p IqSp-X¬ Xmev]-cy-ap-≠m-Ipw. am{X-
a√, tcmKm-h-ÿ-bnepw t¢i-ß-fnepw apgp-Ip-tºmgpw bm{X-bnepw
F√mw Cu kvt\l-{]-I-cWw sNm√n-bp≈ Xg°w, {]m¿∞-\m-
cq]n ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw kl-\-i‡n e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw kam-[m\w
]men-°p-∂-Xn\pw kabw \jvS-s∏-Sp-Øm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw D]-I-
cn-°pw. ]nXm-hns‚ {]nb-¶-c-amb kpIr-X-P]w ""Fs‚ Cutimsb
\ns∂ Rm≥ kvt\ln-°p∂p'' F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
A\p-Zn\w \mw \n¿h-ln-°p∂ {]m¿∞-\I - ƒ, tPmen-Iƒ, XymK-
ßƒ Ch-bvs°√mw hnhn-[-ßfmb \ntbm-K-ßƒ sh®p ioen-°p-
∂Xp Xo£vWX \ne-\n-dp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw \Ωp-sSbpw a‰p-≈-h-cp-
sSbpw temIw apgp-h-s‚bpw Bh-iy-ßƒ°mbn {]m¿∞n-°p-∂-
Xn-\p-ap≈ Ffp-∏-am¿§-ambn ]nXmhv ImWn-®p-X-∂n-cp-∂p. DZm-l-
cWw: {]`m-X-{]m¿∞\ ˛ ]m]n-Iƒ am\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-th-
≠n, ]m]-Øn¬ \n∂p-W-cp-∂-Xn\p th≠n; {]`m-X-`-£Ww ˛ ]ń-
Wn-∏m-hß- ƒ°p hni-∏S- °
- p-hm≥ hI e`n-°p-∂X- n-\p-th≠n; ]T\w
˛ F√m-h-cpw ssZhsØ Adn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n; Cßs\ Hmtcm
Zn\-Ir-Xy-ßƒ°pw Ah-ch - ¿°v CjvSa
- p≈ \ntbm-Kß - ƒ FSp-°mw.
Ipd-®p-Zn-hkw Hm¿Øp {]m¿∞n-®m¬ ]ns∂ {]bmkw IqSmsX
CXp sNøm≥ km[n-°pw.
Hcp Znhkw F{X kpIr-XP
- ]w sNm√mw, F{X XymK-ßƒ sNømw,
F{X ]c-kvt\-l-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sNømw F∂p-≈-Xn-s\-∏‰n
t\csØ Hcp kwJy \n›-bn®v AXp \nd-th-‰m-\p≈ {iaw, Ae-
k-Xsb Pbn-°m\p≈ Hcp henb am¿§-am-Wv. Xs‚ ]pWy-Po-hn-
X-Øns‚ Bcw-`-Z-i-bn¬ AXp hfsc D]-Im-c-s∏-ń-´p-s≠∂p
]nXmhpXs∂ Nne kntÃ-gvkn-t\mSv ]d-™n-´p-≠v.
Aßs\ ]nXmhv \nc-¥cw hnhn[ am¿§-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®p
43
ssZh-tØmSv sFIyw ]pe¿Øm≥ a‰p-≈-hsc ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

kzbw A`y-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
ssZh-km-∂n-[y-kvac
- W
\nc-¥-c-amb ssZh-km-∂n-≤ykva-c-W-bpsS kpK-‘-[q-]m¿∏-W-
ambn-cp∂p ]nXm-hns‚ Pohn-Xw. Cu ssZh-km-∂n-≤y-t_m[w \ne-
\n¿Øm≥ \nc-h[n am¿§-ßƒ At±lw kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p. hn.
Ip¿_m-\-bpsS B-cm-[\m k\ym-kn-\n kaqlÿm]-\-Øn-\p-
tijw Bflo-b-a-°-fmb kntÃ-gvkns\ ]Tn-∏n-°p-tºm-gmWv Ah-
bn¬ ]eXpw shfn-®-Øp-h-cp-∂-Xv. Ah ]Tn-®n-cp∂ kntÃgvkv
amXr-I-bv°p-th≠n Zqsc Fßpw At\z-jn-t°≠ Bh-iy-ap-≠m-
bn-cp-∂n-√. ]nXmhv ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp∂ Hmtcm kpIr-X-Ir-Xy-
ßfpw kzbw A`y-kn-°p-∂Xv {i≤m-]q¿Δw ho£n-®m¬ a\- n-
em-°m≥ km[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
tImgn sh≈w IpSn-®n´p apI-fn-tebv°p t\m°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se,
_mlytPmen-I-fpsS CSbv°p lrZbw kz¿§-Øn-te-°p-b¿Øn
ssZh-km-∂n-≤y-kva-cW ]men-°Ww F∂p ]nXmhv ]e-t∏mgpw
]d-™n-cp-∂p. ]nXmhp Nº-°pfw Hm¿t«w ]≈n-ap-dn-bn¬ Xma-
kn-°p∂ Imew. 4 aWn°v tXm´-∏Wn apX-em-bh Ign-bp-tºmƒ
kntÃ-gvkns\ Hm¿t«w ]≈n-ap-‰-tØ°p hnfn-°pw. ]nXm-hns‚
Np‰pw A¿≤-hr-Øm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Ah¿ \nc∂p \n¬°pw. B ka-
bØv D]-tZiw ]d-bp-I, ]m´p-]-Tn-∏n-°pI Cßs\ ]eXpw ]nXmhv
sNøpw. AXn-\n-Sbv°v ""a°-tf, Hcp ssZh-km-∂n≤y kvacW
Im°pI'' F∂p ]d-bpw. At∏mƒ ]nXmhv ]Tn-∏n-®n-´p≈Xpt]mse
kntÃgvkv IÆp-Iƒ Aev]w apI-fn-te-°p-b¿Øn ssZhsØ kvacn-
°pw. GIm-{K-X-tbmsS AXp \n¿Δ-ln-®-h¿°v ]nXmhv A`n-\-μ\w
sImSp-°pw. ]nXmhpw ssZh-km-∂n-≤y-kva-cW \tΩm-sSm∏w \S-
Øpw. B IÆp-I-fpsS Db¿Ø¬, apI-fn-te-bv°p≈ IÆns‚ Ne-
\w, hnZyp-√-XnI t]mse \Ωnepw {]th-in®v ssZh-km-∂n-≤y-
t_m[w Df-hm-°pw. A{X-am{Xw kvt\l-\n¿`-chpw Bflm¿∞-hp-
amWv ]nXm-hns‚ IÆp-I-fpsS Db¿Ø¬.
44
""bm{X-°m¿°pw hml-\-ßƒ°pw t\¿hgn Adn-bp-∂-Xn\p hgn-

I-fn¬ Nq≠p-]-e-I-Iƒ ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp \mw I≠n-´p-≠v. AXp-
t]mse B≤ym-flnI Pohn-X-]m-X-bnepw Nq≠p-]-e-I-Iƒ Bh-iy-
am-Wv. Ah bYm-ÿm\w ÿm]n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂m¬ {]m¿∞-\m-Po-hn-
X-Øn\pw ssZh-km-∂n-≤y-kva-c-Wbv°pw hfsc D]-I-cn-°pw.'' ]n-
Xmhp Xs∂ AXn\p hni-Zo-I-cWw \¬Ip-∂Xp {i≤n-®mepw:
1. t¢m°ns‚ "SnIv, SnIv' F∂ i_vZw tIƒ°p-tºmƒ "\nXyXzw
\nXyXzw' F∂p kvacn-°p-I. Ign™ Ime-sa√mw ]m]-Øn¬ Pohn-
®mepw Cu Hcp sk°≥Up sIm≠v \nXyXzw am‰n-sb-gp-Xmw. Hcp
a\-kvXm-]-{]-I-c-Wtam kvt\l-{]-I-c-Wtam sNm√p-I.
2. t¢m°-Sn-°p-tºmƒ kpIr-X-P]w sNm√p-I.
3. hmXn- e n¬°qSn IS- ° p- t ºmƒ ""kz¿§- Ø n- t e- ° p≈
hmXnen¬°qSn Fs∂bpw {]th-in-∏n-°-Wta'' F∂p sNm√p-I.
As√-¶n¬ kz¿§-I-hm-S-Øn¬°q-Sn-bp≈ {]th-i\w kvacn-°p-I.
4. hmXn¬, P\¬ apX-em-bh AS-bv°p-tºmƒ "\cIw F\n-
s°-Xn-cmbn AS-®p-I-f-b-Wta' F∂p {]m¿∞n-°p-I.
5. a‰p-≈-h-cpsS ASp-Øp-IqSn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ Ah-cn¬
hkn-°p∂ Cutimsb kvacn®v "Cutim-bpsS Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-lr-Z-
b-Øn\p kvXpXn' F∂p-sNm-√p-I.
6. Ipcn-ip-cq-]w, `‡-Nn-{X-ßƒ apX-em-bh ImWp-tºmƒ
ssZhkvt\lw kvacn®v kvt\l-{]-I-cWw sNm√p-I.
7. \√ Km\-ßƒ, ]£n-If - psS If-Iq-P\
- ß
- ƒ aX-em-bh {ihn-
°p-tºmƒ kz¿§-Øns‚ at\m-lm-cnX Hm¿°p-I. _lp-Im-cy-hy-
{K-X-bn¬ apgp-In-t∏m-Ip∂ \ΩpsS t_m[hpw a\ pw ssZh-k-
∂n-[m-\-Øn-tebv°p \bn-°p-∂-Xn\v D]-I-cn-°p∂ Nq≠p-]-e-I-I-
fmbn \ΩpsS Np‰pw ImWp∂ ]e-Xn-s\bpw {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬
AXv B≤ym-flnI Pohn-X-Øn¬ henb Hcp t\´-am-bn-cn-°pw.
Xncp-k∂
- n-[n-bn¬
kabw GI-tZiw A¿≤-cm{Xn Ign-™n-cn-°-Ww. IdpØ
hmhn≥Zn-\-Ønse I\Ø A‘-Im-c-am-Ip∂ Iºn-fnbpw ]pX®p
45
{]Ir-Xo-tZhn kpjp-]vXn-bn¬ ebn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Fßpw \n»-_vZX!

Ac-a-\-hm-kn-I-sf√mw kpJ-\n-{Z-bn¬ Aa¿∂p-I-gn-™p. Ac-a-\-
®m-∏-ense sISm-hn-f-°v, Znhy-\m-Ys‚ km∂n-≤ysØ {]Jym-]n-
®p-sIm≠p an∂n-Øn-f-ßp-∂p. B aßnb shfn-®-Øn¬ k{Im-cn-
bpsS apºn¬, Hcmƒ ap´p-IpØn \n¬]p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ im¥-
kp-μ-c-amb IÆp-Iƒ k{Im-cnsb e£y-am°n \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.
apIp-fn-X-]m-Wn-Iƒ s\t©m-S-Sp-∏n®v ]nSn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Znhy-\m-Ys‚
kPo-h-km-∂n-≤y-Øn-ep≈ hnizm-k-Øm¬ {]Im-in-X-ß-fmWv B
apJhpw IÆp-I-fpw. Np≠p-Iƒ Nen-°p-∂n√. F¶nepw Znhy-\m-Y-
\p-am-bp≈ sskzc-k-√m]w \S-°p-I-bm-W-hn-sS. CSbv°v Ipd-®p-
k-abw P]-ame D]-tbm-Kn®pw ]nXmhv {]m¿∞n-®p. ho≠pw \n»_vZ
{]m¿∞-\-bn-e-a¿∂p. Hcp aWn-°q-tdmfw Zo¿Ln®p B {]m¿∞-
\m-cm-Kw. Ac-a-\-bnse t¢m°v i_vZn-®p. B i_vZw tI´v At±lw
H∂p Nen-®p. Np‰pw t\m°n. aWn ]{¥-≠v. P]-ame FSpØv Aev]w
IqSn {]m¿∞n-®p. A\-¥cw `‡n-]q¿Δw Znhy-\m-Ys\ Bcm-[n-
®n´v At±lw Fgp-t∂-‰p. Znhy-k-{Im-cn-bpsS t\sc H∂pIqSn
t\m°n hW°w sNbvXn´v i_vZa - p-≠m-°msX Xs‚ apdn-bn-tebv°p
\S-∂p-t]m-bn. kvt\lw Dd-ßp-∂n-√. icocw sIm≠v Xncp-k-∂n-
[n-bn-em-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°m-Ø-t∏mgpw a\ p-sIm≠pw lrZ-
bw-sIm≠pw Ahn-Sp-tØm-sSm-Øm-bn-cp∂p Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hv.
F√m hymgm-gvNbpw cm{Xn-bn¬ ]nXmhv \S-Øm-dp≈ Xncp-a-
Wn-°q¿, AY-hm, ]cn-lm-cm-cm-[-\, Ac-a-\-bnse At¥-hm-kn-I-
fn¬ Nne-scms° I≠n-´p-≠v. Ac-a-\-bnse s]m°w Ipd™ a\p-
jy≥ ]nXm-hm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ccp-fnepw At±-lsØ Xncn-®-dn-
bm≥ {]bm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]nXm-hn\v hf-sc-tbsd {]nb-¶-c-
amb Hcp kpIr-Xm-\p-jvTm-\-am-bn-cp∂p Xncp-a-Wn-°q¿ Bcm-[-\.
hymgmgvN cm{Xn 11 aWn apX¬ 12 aWn hsc hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS
k∂n-[n-bn¬ Bcm-[\ \S-ØpI. \ΩpsS Znhy-\m-Y≥ ]q¶m-h-\-
Øn¬ sh®v ""Hcp aWn-°q¿ DW¿∂n-cp∂v {]m¿∞n-°p-hn≥'' F∂p
injy-∑m-tcmSv Acp-fn-s®-bvXp. I¿Øm-hns‚ Blzm-\sØ {]hr-
Øn-]-Y-Øn-em-°p-hm≥ ]nXmhv aptºm-´p-h-∂p. At±lw ÿm]n®
46
Bcm-[\k`bv°v "Xncp-a-Wn-°q¿' BN-cWw {]nb-¶-c-amb Hcp

\nb-a-ambn \¬In.
]-e-{]m-h-iyw Zn-hy-\m-Y-s\ k-μ¿-in-°p-hm≥ Aƒ-Øm-c-bp-sS
ap-ºn-te-°p Ipcym-f-t»cn ]n-Xm-hv I-S-∂p-h-∂n-cp-∂p-h-t{X. At±-l-
Øn\v ap-´p-Ip-Øm≥ G-‰w C-jv-S-s∏-´ ÿ-ew Aƒ-Øm-c-bp-sS ap≥-
h-i-Øp-≈ {Im-kn-tbm-S-Sp-Ø ÿ-e-am-bn-cp-∂p. ssZ-hm-e-b-Øn¬
{]-th-in-®p-I-gn-bp-tºmƒ X-s∂ A-hn-Sp-sØ `m-h-hpw \-S-∏p-sa-√mw
hn-\-bm-\zn-X-Xz-hpw kv-t\-l-a-kr-W-hp-am-Ipw. B k-a-b-Øp ]n-Xm-
hn-s\ Z¿-in-°p-∂-h-cn-epw B Zn-hy-ssN-X-\yw kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-
Øpw. C-cn-°p-∂ \mw F-gp-t∂-‰p ap-´p-Ip-Øn ssI-Iƒ Iq-∏n-∏n-Sn-
°pw. \-Ωn-epw `-‡n D-S-se-Sp-°p-I-bm-bn. ÿ-e-Øp-sN-∂p ap-´p-Ip-
Øn-bm-ep-S≥ s\-©n¬ km-h-[m-\w ]n-g-bn-Sn-®p Zn-hy-k-{Im-cn-sb
t\m-°n B-cm-[n-®n-´p ]n-Xm-hv {]m¿-∞-\m-\n-a-·-\m-Ipw. hn-\-bm-\zn-
X-am-b {]m¿-∞-\m-cw-Kw. cm-{Xn-bn-epw H-∂p-c-≠p-{]m-h-iyw Zn-hy-Im-
cp-Wy-k-μ¿-i-\-Øn-\m-bn ]n-Xm-hv Nm-∏-en-te-bv-°p t]m-Ipw. I-t∏-
f-bn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ k-a-bw sN-e-h-gn-®p F-∂p tXm-∂n-bm¬ A-c-a-\-
bn-ep-≈ t]m¿-ń-t°m-bn¬ Nm-cp-I-tk-c-bn¬ In-S-°pw. Im-c-Ww ap-
dn-bpsS I-X-Ip Xp-d-°p-tºmƒ i-_v-Z-ap-≠m-Ipw. A-t∏mƒ a-‰p-≈-
h¿ D-W-cpw. D-d-°-Øn-\p X-S- -ap-≠m-Ipw. am-{X-a-√, A-hn-Sp-∂v C-
Xp-h-sc Nm-∏-en¬ B-bn-cp-∂ Im-cyw B-cpw A-dn-I-bpw th-≠.
ssZ-h-sØ kv-t\-ln-®v A-ßn¬ \n¿-hr-Xn A-S-bm≥ sh-º¬-
sIm-≠ B ho-cm-flm-hn¬ \n¿-√o-\-am-b kv-t\-l-Øn-s‚ b-Ym¿-∞
Nn-{Xw, kz¿-§-Øn¬ sN-∂p am-{X-ta ]q¿-Æ-am-bn {K-ln-°m≥ I-gn-
bq. F-¶n-epw A-\p-I-c-W-Øn-\m-bn Iq-Sp-X¬ sh-fn-hm-°n-Ø-c-W-
ta F-∂p {]m¿-∞n-°m≥ \-ap-°-h-Im-i-ap-≠v. Po-hn-Xw ap-gp-h≥ _p-
≤n-ap-ń {I-a-s∏-Sp-Øn A-`y-kn-® B {]m¿-X-Y-\m-Po-hn-Xw ho-tcm-Nn-
X-am-b H-∂m-bn-cp-∂p. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ {]m¿-∞-\m-Po-hn-Xw ]-c-kv-
t\-l-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°v H-cn-°-epw hn-Lm-X-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. c-≠pw
]-c-kv-]-cw ]q-c-I-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p F-∂-Xm-Wv Ip-cym-f-t»-cn- ]n-Xm-hn-
s\ b-Ym¿-∞-Øn¬ {]m¿-∞-\-bp-sS a-\p-jy-\m-°n-Øo¿-Ø-Xv.
47
4
acn-b-`-‡≥
hnip≤ ]o‰¿ Pqen-b≥ Fbvam¿Uns\ hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS

`‡\pw t{]jn-X-\p-am-°n-Øo¿ØXp ]cn-ip≤ I\y-Ima-dn-btØm-
Sp≈ `‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hn-s\bpw
AƒØm-c-tbm-S-Sp-∏n-®-Xpw, Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-Øn¬ hkn-°p∂ Znhy-
\m-Y-t\m-Sp≈ kvt\l-Øm¬ \nd-®Xpw ]cn-ip-≤-P-\\n Xs∂-bm-
bn-cp-∂p.
tIc-f-Ønse h\n-X-Iƒ, ]q¿Δ-Imew apX¬ acn-b-`-‡n-bn¬
AZzn-Xo-b-cm-Wv. A°-Ω-bpsS acn-b-`-‡n, Hma-\-a-I-\n-tebv°pw
]I¿∂p. ]nXr-hy-\mb _. tXmΩm-®-\n¬ \n∂p amXm-hn-s\-∏‰n
IqSp-X¬ ⁄m\w Ah\p e`n-®p. amXm-hns‚ hW-°-am-k-ßfpw
Xncp-\m-fp-Ifpw BtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ah≥ ]¶p-tN¿∂p. AΩ-
bpsS Xncp-\maw D®-cn-°p-∂Xpw sNdnb kpIr-X-P-]-ßƒ sNm√p-
∂Xpw Ah\p hfsc {]nb-¶-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®≥
Cutim, adnbw XpSßnb Xncp-\m-a-ßƒ D®-cn-°p-∂Xp tIƒ°m≥
{]tXyI am[pcyw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp tIƒ°p-hm≥ th≠n-Ø-
s∂, hoń¬ hcp∂ ]ecpw _me-s\-s°m≠p Xncp-\m-aß - fpw kpIr-
X-P-]-ßfpw sNm√n-®n-cp-∂p. Ch-sb√mw _mes‚ D≈n¬ apf-sb-
SpØ acn-b-`‡n hf-cm≥ D]-I-cn-®p.
kpμ-c-amb Hcp k‘ym-th-f. AkvX-a-\-kq-cys‚ sN¶-Xn-cp-
Iƒ BIm-i-Øn¬ sN©mbw ]qip-I-bm-Wv. ]º-bm-‰nse Pew
kqcy-{]-Im-i-Øn¬ an∂n-Øn-f-ßp-∂p. AXns‚ Xoc-Øp≈ HX-f-
a-c-ß-fpsS CS-bv°p-\n∂v Hcp sNdp-_m-e≥ Ifn-°p-∂p. ssIbn¬
48
acn-b-`-‡≥
Ccn-°p∂ HX-f-Øns‚ Ce-I-fn¬ Hs∂-SpØv B‰n-te-bvs°-dn-bpw.

AXv Hgp-Ip-∂Xp ho£n®v {]k-∂-h-Z-\-\mb _me≥ Aev]-t\cw
\n¬°pw. A\-¥cw Hcp Ce-IqSn sh≈-Øn-te-bv°n-Spw. Cßs\
ssIbn-ep≈ Ce-Iƒ Xocp-∂-Xp-h-sc. ho≠pw Ce-Iƒ ]dn®v
ssIbn¬ ASp-°n-∏n-Sn-°pw. \ap°v ASp-Øp-sN∂v B Ifn F¥m-
sW∂p ho£n®p a\- n-em-°mw.
Ipcym-f-t»-cn-°p-Spw-_-Ønse Hma-\-k-¥m-\-amb Ip™p-tXm-
Ωm-®≥ ]º-bm-dns‚ Xoc-Øp-\n∂p Ifn-°p-I-b-√, P]-ame FØn-
°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. `‡-bmb A°Ω (Ip-™p-tXm-Ωm-®s‚ AΩ)
P]-ame {]m¿∞\ sNm√p-hm≥ sIm®p-a-Is\ ]Tn-∏n-®p. _p≤n-am-
\mb _me≥ AXn-thKw AXp-]-Tn-®p. A°m-eØp P]-ame FØn-
°p-∂-Xn\p klm-bn-°p∂ D]-I-c-W-amb sIm¥ hfsc hnc-f-am-
bnt´ e`n-®n-cp-∂p-≈q. am{X-a-√, a‰p-≈-h-c-dn-bmsX P]-ame FØn-
°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw Ah≥ Btem-Nn-®p. P]-ame
sNm√p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A`n-\n-thiw Ah-\n¬ s]m¥n-h-∂p. ]pXnb
Hcp am¿§w Is≠-Øn. 4 aWn°p kvIqfn¬\n∂p h∂-Xn-\p-tijw
hn{i-an-°p∂ ka-bw. Aev]w {]m¿∞n-°mw. HX-f-Øns‚ ]Øv
Ce-]d- n®v ssIbn¬ ASp-°n-∏n-Sn-®p. Hcp \∑-\n-d™ adnbw sNm√n,
Hcp Ce sh≈-Øn-te-bv°n-Spw. AXp kz¿§o-b-Xp-d-ap-JsØ e£y-
am-°n, amXm-hns‚ ]mZm-¥n-I-Øn-tebv°v Hgp-In-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xmbn
kvacn®v t\m°n-\n¬°pw. A\-¥cw ASpØ \∑-\n-d™ adnbw
sNm√n Hcp Ce-IqSn sh≈-Øn-te-bv°n-Spw. ssIbn¬ Ccn-°p∂
Ce-Iƒ Xocp-tºmƒ sIm¥-bpsS Hcp cl-ky-am-bn. {XnXz-kvXpXn
sNm√pw. {]m¿∞-\sb kvt\ln-°p-∂-h¿, AXn-\p≈ am¿§-ßƒ
Fhn-sSbpw Is≠-Øpw.
kpIr-X-P-]-ßƒ FÆm\pw Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®≥ kq{Xw I≠p-
]n-Sn-®n-cp-∂p. sNdnb Ce-I-fp≈ Hcp-Iºv HSn®p ssIbn¬ ]nSn-
°pw. Hmtcm kpIr-X-P]w sNm√n-bn´p Hmtcm Ce AS¿Øn Xmsg-
bn-Spw. Ah-km\w Ce-bpsS sR´v FÆn-t\m°n F{X kpIr-X-
P]w sNm√n F∂v a\- n-em-°pw.
49
1885-˛¬ am∂m\w Cw•ojv kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ ImesØ acn-

b-`-‡n-sb-∏‰n kXo¿∞y¿ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xp {it≤-b-am-Wv.
F√m Znh-khpw cmhnse sI.-kn. tXmΩkv ]≈n-bn¬ hcpw. Znhy-
]q-P-bn¬ klm-bn-°pw. amXm-hns‚ AƒØm-c-bn¬ A¿∏n-°-s∏-
Sp∂ F√m Znhy-_-en-I-fnepw klm-bn-®-Xn-\p-tijw am{X-amWv
ssZhm-e-b-Øn¬ \n∂p t]mbn-cp-∂-Xv. hn. Ip¿∫m\ Ign-™m¬
]≈n-bpsS ]cn-kcßfn¬ Np‰n-\-S∂p ]pjv]-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°pw.
B ]pjv]-ßƒ sIm≠v amXm-hns‚ AƒØmc at\m-l-c-ambn
Ae- ¶ - c n- ° pw. am∂m- \ Øp Xma- k n® \mep sIm√hpw Cu
AƒØmc Ae-¶mcw Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®≥ IrXy-ambn \n¿h-ln-®n-
cp-∂p F∂v am∂m\w B{i-a-Ønse A®-∑mcpw km£yw \¬Ip-
∂p. am∂m-\Øp ÿm]n-°-s∏´ amXm-hns‚ skmUm-en-‰n-bn¬
Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®\pw AwK-am-bn-t®¿∂p. AXns‚ {]osÎvSv
ÿm\w hf-sc-\mƒ hln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
tdman¬ sshZn-I-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn-\m-bn-s®∂ tXmΩkv siΩm-
i\v Aa- t em- ¤ - h - a m- X m- h n- \ mbn {]tXyIw {]Xn- j v T n- ° - s ∏´
hnZym¿∞n-hn-`m-K-Øn-emWv {]th-i\w e`n-®-Xv (9-˛mw Iq´w). At±-
l-Øn¬ hf¿∂p-h∂ acn-b-`‡n ]cn-]p-jvS-am-Im≥ A\p-Iq-e-am-
sbmcp kml-Ncyw ssZhw At±-l-Øn\p {]Zm\w sNøp-I-bm-bn-
cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-bp≈ Aa-tem-¤h - a
- m-Xm-hns‚ k - ∂- n-[n-bn¬ {]m¿∞n-
°p-∂X - n\p At±-lØn\p henb Xmev]c - y-am-bn-cp∂p. ]cn-ip-≤nsb
kvt\ln® At±lw ]cn-ip-≤-amb PohnXw \bn-°m≥ ]cn-ip-≤mw-
_n-I-bpsS ]mZw tN¿∂p-\n-∂p. ]cnip≤ AΩsb Xs‚ a≤y-
ÿbpw c£m-\m-Yb - p-ambn At±lw kzoI-cn®v AΩ-bv°mbn kzbw
ka¿∏n-®p. CXv amXmhpw ]p{X\pw F∂ \ne-bn-tebv°v hf¿∂v
henb Hcp kvt\l-_-‘-ambn Xo¿∂p.
tdman¬ ]Tn-®n-cp∂ ImeØv AhnsS kz¥w sNe-hn¬ ssZh-
P-\-\n-bpsS Hcp Nm∏¬ ]cn-jvI-cn-°p-Ibpw Ae-¶-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. amXm-hns‚ Xncp-kz-cq-]-Øn¬ kz¿Æm-`-c-W-ßƒ AWn-
bn®v AΩ-tbm-Sp≈ Bflm¿∞kvt\lw At±lw {]I-Sn-∏n-®p.
amXm-hns‚ kvXpXn-°mbn {]tXyI kpIr-X-Ir-Xy-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-
°p-Ibpw aq∂p \q‰n-b-º-Øn-aq-∂p-a-Wn-P]w Hmtcm Znh-khpw `‡n-
50
acn-b-`-‡≥
]q¿Δw P]n-bv°pIbpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. amXm-hns‚ Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ°v

{]tXy-I-hn[w Bfl\m Hcp-ßp-∂-Xn\v At±lw {i≤n-®n-cp-∂-Xmbn
Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ km£n-°p-∂p.
P]-am-ek
- Jyw
sshZn-I-\mbn kz¥w \mń¬ Xncn-s®-Ønb _. tXmΩm-®s‚
P]-am-e-`‡n A\ym-Zr-i-am-bn-cp-∂p. F√mhscbpw amXm-hns‚
k∂n-[n-bn-te-°m-\-bn-°m≥ At±lw B{K-ln-®p. P]-am-e-k-Jy-
Øns‚ ÿm]\w, P\-ßsf acn-b-`-‡n-bn¬ {]_p-≤-cm-°m≥
]‰nb am¿§-am-sW∂v I≠v tdman¬\n∂v t]mcp-∂-Xn\p ap≥]p-
Xs∂ At±lw -A-Xn-\p≈ A\p-hmZw kºm-Zn-®n-cp∂p. tdman¬\n-
∂p-sIm-≠p-h∂ P]-am-e-cm-⁄n-bpsS Hcp Xncp-kz-cq]w Nº-°pfw
I√q¿°m´v ]≈n-tbm-S-\p-_-‘n®v kz¥w sNe-hn¬ ]Wn-bn® ]oT-
Øn¬ {]Xn-jvTn®v P]-am-e-kJyw ÿm]n-®p. XZ-h-k-c-Øn¬ amXm-
hn-s\-°p-dn®pw P]-am-e-k-Jy-Øn¬ tNcp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p≈ {]tbm-
P-\-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw D÷z-e-Ømb Hcp {]kwKw At±lw ]d-™p.
hfsc Bfp-Iƒ P]-am-e-k-Jymw-K-ß-fmbn tN¿∂v AXns‚ \nb-
a-ßƒ A\p-jvTn®p Pohn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. kJy-ÿm-]\ - Ø
- n-\p-tijw
amXm-hns‚ AƒØm-c-bn¬ hn. Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-°-s∏´p. `wKn-
bmbpw shSn-∏mbpw AƒØmc kq£n-°p∂Xn\p-th≠n F¥p
sNehpw sNøm≥ A®≥ aSn-®n-cp-∂n-√.
B≠p-tXmdpw P]-am-ec
- m-⁄n-bpsS Xncp-\mƒ _. tXmΩm-®s‚
t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Nº-°pfw ]≈n-bn¬ BtLm-jn-®n-cp-∂p. Zqsc-
\n∂pw Xncp-\m-fn¬ kw_-‘n-°m≥ hcp∂-h¿°v Im∏n, I™n
apX-em-bh _. tXmΩm-®≥ kuP-\y-ambn sImSp-Øncp-∂p. Cu
kJy-Øns‚ imJ-Iƒ Nß-\m-t»cn hnIm-cn-bm-Ønse a‰p CS-h-
I-I-fnepw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v At±lw ap≥ssI FSpØp.
Nº-°p-fØv I√q¿°m´v ]≈n-bn¬ ÿm]n® P]-am-e-cm-⁄n-
bpsS AƒØm-c-bnse _en-b¿∏-Whpw Xncp-\m-fm-tLm-jhpw Nne
{]Xn-_-‘-ßƒ aqew Ime-{I-taW \ndp-Ø-em-°n. amXm-hns‚
cq]w h®n-cp∂ AƒØm-cbn¬ \n∂v AXp am‰-s∏-´p. CXp _.
A®\p a¿Ω-t`-Z-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ Hm¿t«w ssZhm-e-b-
51
Øns‚ ]Wn thKw ]q¿Øn-bm-Im≥ At±lw B{K-ln-®p. 1909

sk]vXw-_¿ 29˛mw XobXn Hm¿t«w ]≈n Bio¿hZn-®X - n-\p-tijw
]nt‰∂v P]-am-e-cm-⁄n-bpsS Xncp-kz-cq]w am¿ amXyp am°n¬
]nXmhns‚ {][m-\-Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬ AXym-Uw-_-c-]q¿Δw Hm¿t«-
tØbv ° v sIm≠p- t ]m- ∂ p. AhnsS {]tXyIw k÷- a m- ° nb
AƒØm-c-bn¬ ÿm]n-°pI-bpw _lp. tXmΩm-®≥ IrX-⁄-Xm-
_en A¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. HIvtSm-_¿ amk-Ønse H∂mw
Rmb-dmgvN sIm¥-am-Xm-hns‚ Xncp-\mƒ Cu ]-≈n-bn¬ Hcp CS-
h-I-]-≈n-bn-se-t∏mse BtLm-jn-°p-∂-Xn\v At±lw G¿∏m-Sp-
sN-bvXp. A∂p-ap-X¬ apS-ßmsX B Xncp-\mƒ HIvtSm-_¿ amk-
Ønse BZysØ Rmb-dmgvN BtLm-jn-®p-t]m-cp-∂p. Xte-∂mƒ
P]-ame FØn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ {]Z-£n-Whpw Xncp-\mƒ Znhkw hn.
Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS {]Z-£n-Whpw D≠v. BZy-Im-eØv Bcm-[-\-k\ym-
kn\n kaqlØnse F√m AwK-ßfpw CXn¬ kw_-‘n-®n-cp-
∂p. Hcp ]q¿Æ-P-]-am-e-bpsS FÆ-amb 153 I\ym-kv{Xo-Iƒ CXn¬
kw_-‘n-°p-∂Xp ImWm≥ At±-l-Øn\v hfsc B{K-l-ap-≠m-
bn-cp∂p. AXp C∂v k^-e-am-b-Xp-I≠v kz¿§-Øn-en-cp∂v At±lw
B\-μn-°p-∂p-≠m-hpw. 1909 HIvtSm-_¿ 3˛\v Rmb-dmgvN ChnsS
P]-am-ek
- J
- yX ÿm]n®v P]-am-ec- m-⁄n-bpsS Xncp-\mƒ Cu ]≈n-
bpsS {][m\ Xncp-\m-fmbn \n›-bn-®p.
Bcm-[\mk-\ym-kn\n kaq-lhpw acn-b-`-‡nbpw
_. tXmΩm-®≥ \qX-\-ambn ÿm]n-® Bcm-[-\-k-\ym-kn\n
kaq-lØ - ns‚ kI-eI - m-cy-ßfpw ssZh-P\
- \
- nsb `c-ta-ev]n-°pIbpw
Cu kaq-l-Øns‚ kwc-£-Ibpw a≤y-ÿ-bp-ambn Aa-tem-¤-h-
am-Xm-hns\ sXc-s™-Sp-°pIbpw sNbvXp. Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-\m-Y-t\m-
Sp≈ `‡n-bnepw ]cn-ip-≤n-bnepw k`mw-K-ßsf hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\v,
«ol-∑m-cpsS kwL-Øn¬ B≤y£w hln®v ]cn-ip-≤m-cq-]nsb
kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ahsc Hcp-°nb ]cn-ip≤ AΩ-bn¬ ]nXmhv A`bw
tXSn. k¿Δ-i-‡-\mb ssZhw ]cn. AΩ hgn F√m Imcy-ßfpw
km[n-®p-X-cp-sa-∂p≈ {]Xymi ]nXm-hn\pw j¥m-f-Ωbv°pw D≠m-
bn-cp-∂p.
52
acn-b-`-‡≥
bm{Xbv°pw Bizm-k-Øn\pw apºv Bcm-[\m k\ym-kn-\n-Iƒ

"Aa-tem-¤-h-I-\y-tI, Rßƒ°p klm-b-I-am-bn-cn-°-Wta' F∂
{]m¿∞-\ sNm√Wsa∂v \n¿t±-in®Xpw cm{Xn-P-]-Øns‚ Ah-
km\w "Fs‚ AtΩ Fs‚ B{i-bta' F∂ ic-W-\n¿`-c-amb
{]m¿∞\ sNm√m≥ \n¿t±-in-®Xpw Xs‚ Bflob a°ƒ ]cn.
AΩ-bn¬ ic-Ww-h®v hf-cm-\m-Wv.
B≠n¬ aq∂p-{]m-h-iyw Ipń-I-fp-ambn aptØm-en°pw Xncn®v
Nº-°p-ft- Ø-bv°p-ap≈ bm{X-bn¬ ]cn. AΩ-bpsS klmbw F{]-
Im-c-amWv tXSn-bn-cp-∂-sX∂v _. j¥m-fΩ Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂p. ""Cu
bm{Xm-th-f-I-fn-se√mw "Aa-tem-¤-h-I-\ytI Rßƒ°p klm-
b-am-bn-cn-°-Wta' F∂-t]-£n®v h≠n-bntem h≈-Øntem Ib-
dn-°-gn-™m-ep-S≥ P]-ame Bcw-`n°pw. 153aWn -P]w XocmsX
Bcpw A£cw Dcn-bm-Sn-bn-cp-∂n-√. B ]n©p-Ip-™p-ßƒ Cu
\nbaw A£-cw-{]Xn A\p-k-cn-®n-cp-∂Xv Hm¿°p-tºmƒ F\n°v
B›cyw tXm∂m-dp-≠v.'' Cu bm{X-I-fn-ep-≠mb ]e A]-I-S-ß-
fn¬ \n∂pw ]cn. AΩ Ahsc kwc-£n-®n-cp-∂p.
]m]-Øn¬ \n∂v AI∂p Pohn-°m≥ A\p-{Klw e`n-°p-∂-
Xn\v Aa-tem-¤-h-am-Xm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ {]tXyI a≤y-ÿm-t]-£, "Aa-
tem-¤h adn-b-ta, Rß-fpsS AtΩ...' F∂p XpS-ßp∂ {]m¿∞-
\, kaq-lmwKßƒ F∂pw cmhnse sNm√n-bn-cp-∂p. AXp ]nXmhp
cNn® {]m¿∞-\-bm-Wv. Bcm-[\m kaq-lmw-K-ß-fpsS {]m¿∞-\-
I-fn¬ ]eXpw ]nXm-hp-Xs∂ D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≈-h-b-t{X. AXn¬
hfsc at\m-lc - a
- mb Hcp {]m¿∞-\b- mWv ssZh-P\
- \
- n-bm-b... F∂p
XpS-ßp∂ {]m¿∞-\. kntÃ-gvkns‚ Hmtcm {]mh-iysØ {]m¿∞-
\-bnepw amXm-hns‚ GsX-¶nepw Hcp P]w ]nXmhv tN¿Øn-cp-
∂p. Hcp-Zn-hkw 2 sIm¥, 5 cmP-I-\ytI F∂ \a-kvImcw Ch
Iq´-Øn¬ sNm√-Ø-°-hn-[amWv {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-
∂-Xv. "«mwteIv' F∂ amXm-hns‚ kvXpXn∏p i\n-bmgvN BtLm-
j-]q¿Δw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ acn-b-`-‡-\mb ]nXmhv Xs‚
Bflo-ba°fmb I\y-I-I-fnepw acn-b-`‡n Atß-b‰w hf¿∂p-
h-cp-hm≥ {]b-Xv\n-®p. AXp ê-a-Wn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
53
Kh-s◊‚ v Imcy-ß-fp-sSbpw kmaq-ln-I-Im-cy-ß-fp-sSbpw tcJ-

I-fnepw CS-]m-Sp-I-fnepw kz¥w t]cn-t\mSv A∏s‚ t]cv tN¿Øv
Cc´-t∏-cmWp km[m-c-W-P-\-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. AXp-t]mse
Bcm-[-\-k-aq-lmw-K-ßƒ amXm-hns\ AΩ-bmbn kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-
∂-Xns‚ e£-W-ambn Hmtcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw t]cn\p apºmbn "tacn'
F∂p tN¿°Ww F∂p kaq- l - Ø ns‚ Bcw- ` - Ø n¬Øs∂
]nXmhv Xocp-am-\n-®p. Aßs\ BZy AwK-ßƒ°v tacn j¥mƒ,
tacn ¢mc, tacn {Sok F∂n-ß-s\-bmWp ]nXmhv t]cp sImSp-Ø-
Xv. Cu k{º-Zmbw ASp-Ø-Imew hsc \ne-\n-∂p. amXmhv eq¿±n¬
_¿Æ¿Zo-Ømbv°p Z¿i-\-a-cp-fn-b-t∏mƒ I≠ hkv{X-[m-c-W-
Øns‚ amXr-I-b-\p-k-cn-®mWv Bcm-[-\-k-\ym-kn\n kaq-l-Øns‚
hkv{Xw {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. sh≈ DSp∏pw \oe CS-s°´pw \oe-
°m-∏bpw \oe-®-c-Sn¬ saU-epw.
1911 Unkw-_¿ 15. A`n-\hsa{Xm\v Kwò-c-kzo-I-cWw \¬In
Nº-°p-f-Øp-\n∂v Ac-a-\-bn-tebv°p sIm≠p-t]m-Im≥ P\-ßƒ
Xnßn-°q-Sn. ]º-bm-‰n¬ AWn-s™m-cp-ßnb h≈-ßƒ AWn-\n-
c-∂p. \mK-kz-cw, _m‚ v apX-emb hmZy-tLm-j-ßƒ apg-ßn. hf-
sc-°m-ea - mbn ImØp-Im-Øn-cp∂p ÿm]n® _mem-cn-jvSX - I
- ƒ hn´p-
am-dmØ Bcm-[\ - k
- a
- q-lsØ hn´p-t]m-Ip-∂X- n¬ ]nXm-hn\p kzm`m-
hn-I-ambn tJZ-ap-≠m-bn. kz¥w a°-sf-t∏mse Xßsf ]cn-]m-en-
®p-h-f¿Ønb ]nXmhv ]ncn-™p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn¬ Bcm-[\ kaq-lmw-
K-ß-fpsS tJZw h¿Æ-\m-Xo-X-am-bn-cp∂p. B tJZw \nI-Øm≥
]nXmhv Hcp am¿§w Is≠-Øn. Xm≥ tdman¬ \n∂pw sIm≠p-h∂
Xncp-kz-cq]w BtLm-j-ambn aT-Øn-tebv°p sIm≠p-h-∂p. Aa-
tem-¤-h-am-Xm-hns‚ Xncp-kz-cq-]-Øn≥ apºn¬ kaq-lmw-K-ß-sf-
√m-h-scbpw hnfn-®p-Iq-ń. ]nXmhp ap´p-IpØn {]Xn-jvTm-P]w sNm√n
F√m-h-scbpw amXm-hn\p ka¿∏n-®p. ka¿∏-W-Øn-\p-tijw IqSp-
X¬ i‡n e`n-®p. Ahn-Sp∂v Fgp-t∂‰v Aev]-t\cw \n∂p. A\-
¥cw amXm-hns\ t\m°n ""AtΩ, CXm Ahn-SpsØ a°ƒ'', kntÃ-
gvkns\ t\m°n ""a°-tf, CXm \nß-fpsS AΩ'' F∂p ]d-™v,
Bcm-[-\-I-\y-I-Isf ]q¿Æambn ]cn-ip≤ AΩsb Gev]n-®p-
sIm≠v ]nXmhv kmh-[m\w \S-∂I - ∂
- p. B\-μX- p-μn-ec
- mbn ImØp-
54
acn-b-`-‡≥
\n∂ AP-K-W-ßƒ At±-lsØ kzoI-cn-®p. tLmj-bm{X \oßn.

F√m {]iv\ß - f- nepw AΩ-bn¬ A`bw tXSn-bmWv ]nXmhv hnPbw
hcn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. BZyw kl-\-i-‡nbpw A\-¥cw ]cn-]q¿Æ kam-
[m-\hpw ]cn-ip≤ AΩ At±-lØ - n\v {]Zm\w sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
Bcm-[\ - k
- a- q-lØ
- nse BZy AwK-ßf - psS \nXy-{h-Xh
- m-KvZm\w
Aa-tem-¤-h-am-Xm-hn\p {]XyIw {]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏´ Nß-\m-t»cn
]mtd¬]-≈n-bn¬h-®mWv \S-Ø-s∏-´-Xv. AXp ]nXm-hn\p ]cn-ip≤
P\-\n-bn-ep≈ hnizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw Hcp ]c-
ky-{]-I-S-\-am-bn-cp-∂p. Bcm-[-\-k-aq-lhpw AΩbpw XΩn-ep≈
_‘w, Ac-°n-´p-d-∏n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. Zqc-bm-{X-Iƒ°p apºpw
{]iv\-ßƒ ssIImcyw sNøp-tºmgpw ]nXmhv ]mtd¬]-≈n-bn¬
t]mbn amXm-hns‚ AƒØm-c-bn¬ _en-b¿∏n-®n-cp-∂Xmbn [mcm-
fw-t]¿ km£n-°p-∂p.
acnb`‡n AP-K-W-ß-fp-sS-bn-S-bn¬
sshZn-I-\m-bn-cp∂ ImeØv CS-h-I-I-fn¬ acn-b-`‡n {]N-cn-
∏n-°p-hm≥ Ipcym-f-t»cn _. tXmΩm-®≥ \nkvX{μw ]cn-{i-an-®n-cp-
∂p. amXm-hns‚ a≤y-ÿX hgn ]e ]m]n-I-sfbpw At±lw am\-
km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ""]m]n°pw ]pWy-hm\pw H∂pt]mse
ic-W-tØmsS ASp-Øp-sN-√m-hp∂ Hc-Ω-bmWv adn-bw. Ah-fn¬
A`bw Kan-®m¬ ]m]nbpw kz¿§ob Xpd-ap-JØv sNs∂-Øpw.''
F∂n-ßs\ ic-Whpw kvt\l-hp-ap-f-hm-°p∂ hmIy-ßƒ \nd™
At±-l-Øns‚ {]kw-K-Øns‚ hiyX H∂p thsd-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-
∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ F√m {]kw-K-ß-fnepw amXm-hn-s\-∏‰n Hcp
Imcy-sa-¶nepw ]d-bmsX Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√.
\ΩpsS Znhy-c-£-Is‚ Xncp-lr-Z-b-Øn-te-bv°p≈ ⁄m\-tKm-
h-Wnbpw anin-lmbn¬ F√mw- \ho-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p XpWbpw kz¿§-
Øn-te-bv°p≈ bm{X-bn¬ ⁄m\-\-£-{X-hp-ambn ]cn. AΩsb
Xs‚ AP-K-W-ß-fpsS apºn¬ At±lw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. cq]-Xm-
≤y-£-\m-b-Xn-\p-tijw cq]-X-bn-ep≈ F√m AP-K-W-ß-sfbpw
Cutim- b psS Xncp- l r- Z - b - Ø nepw ]cn. AΩbv ° pw ka¿∏n-
®psIm≠mWv Xs‚ AP-]m-e-\-ip-{iqj Bcw-`n-®-Xv. H∂m-asØ
55
CS-b-te-J-\-Øn¬ Xs∂ ]cn. AΩ-sb kvXpXn-°p-Ibpw hW-

ßp-Ibpw kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw Ah-fpsS Ffn-a, D]-hn, hnc-‡n, A\p-
k-c-Ww, hn\-bw BZn-bmb kIe KpW-ß-tfbpw A\p-I-cn®v Ah-
fpsS DØa a°-fmbn Pohn-°p-∂-Xn\v AXyp-’m-ln-I-fm-bn-cn-°p-
Ibpw sNøp-hn-s\∂v Ahsc DZvt_m[n∏n-®p. acn-b-`‡n {]tNm-
Z-I-ß-fmb 23 CS-b-te-J-\-ßƒ At±lw {]kn-≤-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-
≠v. amXm-hns‚ {][m\ Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ°v apºpw sabv, HIvtSm-_¿
Cu amk-ßƒ°p apºp-am-bn-´mWv Cu CS-b-te-J-\-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-
b-Xv. t_m[-\-]-chpw A\p-jvTm-\-]-c-hp-ambn {Ia-s∏-SpØn Fgp-
Xn-bn-´p≈ CS-b-te-J-\-ßƒ CuSp-‰-h-bm-Wv. amXm-hns‚ Xncp-\m-
fp-Iƒ°v AP-K-W-ßsf Hcp-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-bpsS e£yw.
Zn\w-{]Xn k‘ym-aW - n-tbm-Sp-IqSn F√m ssZhm-eb
- ß
- f
- nepw sIm¥-
\-a-kvImcw `‡n-]q¿Δw apS-°msX FØn-°-W-sa∂pw AXn¬
]≈n-ip-{iq-jn-I-sf-¶nepw kw_-‘n-°-W-sa∂pw Xs‚ 4˛mw \º¿
CS-b-te-J-\-Øn-eqsS DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®p. F√m IpSpw-_-ß-fnepw P]-
ame apS°wIqSmX \S-Ø-W-sa∂pw Fgp-t∂¬°p-tºmgpw InS-
°p-tºmgpw amXm-hns‚ kvXpXn-°mbn 3 \∑-\n-d™ adnbw `‡n-
]q¿Δw sNm√n ]cn-ip-≤-cmbn Pohn-°m\pw F√m B]-Øp-I-fn¬
\n∂pw c£n-°m\pw th≠n ]cn-ip≤ AΩ-bpsS am[yÿyw hgn
ImgvN-h-bv°-W-sa∂pw At±lw D]-tZ-in-®n-cp-∂p. Aßs\ Xs‚
AP-K-W-ßsf acn-b-`-‡n-bn¬ Dd-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Ah-cpsS \nXy-
c£ kpc-£n-X-am-°m≥ Ahn-Sp∂p {ian-®p.
Aßs\ Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-`-‡nbpw acn-b-`-‡nbpw CW-°n-
t°m¿Øp {]N-cn-∏n-®Xp Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-`-‡\pw acn-b-`-‡-\p-amb
]nXm-hns‚ B≤ym-fln-Ihpw euIn-I-hp-amb Hcp hnPbw Xs∂-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. ssZhsØ kvt\ln-°p-hm\pw Ahn-Sp-tØmSv sFIy-
s∏-Sp-hm\pw B{K-ln-°p-∂h
- ¿ ssZh-P\ - \
- n-bmb ]. AΩbpsS ]mZm-
¥n-I-Øn¬ A`-bw- K-an-®m¬ hnPbw kp\n-›n-Xa - m-sW∂p ]nXm-
hns‚ PohnXw \tΩmSp amXr-Ib - n-eqsS {]kw-Kn-°p-Ib - m-Wv.
56
a\p-jy-kvt\ln
5
a\p-jy-kvt\ln
IjvSn®p \S-°p-hm≥ am{Xw hoXn-bp≈ \S-∏m-X-Ifpw Aßn-

ßmbn H‰-s∏´p \n¬°p∂ hoSp-Ifpw sN‰-°p-Sn-ep-Ifpw am{X-ap≈
Hcp hnP-\-{]-tZ-iw. At\Iw G°¿ hnkvXo¿Æ-Øn¬ \o≠p-In-
S-°p∂ d_¿tØm-´-ß-fmepw Ip‰n-°m-Sp-I-fmepw A‘-Im-cm-hr-X-
amb A¥-co-£-Øns‚ `bm-\-I-Xbv°p Iq´p-\n¬°p∂ GIm-¥-
Xsb t`Zn-®p-sIm≠p ams‰m-en-s°m-≈p-I-bmWv B Zo\-tcm-Z-\w.
Ihn-fp-hm¿∏ptcmK-Øm¬ ac-W-tØmSp a√-Sn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ B
lX-`m-Kys‚ Zb-\o-b-i_vZw tIƒ°p-hm≥ Bcpw Iq´m-°n-bn-√.
Zmcn-{Zy-Øn-s‚bpw Xocmtcm-K-Øn-s‚bpw Xo®q-f-bn¬ \odp∂ B
PohnXw \ncm-i-bn-¬ AkvX-an-°m≥ t]mIp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AhnsS
kvt\l-Øn-s‚tbm Bizm-k-Øn-s‚tbm XW-te-Ip-hm≥, B sN‰-
°p-Sn-en-te°v Hs∂-Øn-t\m-°p-hm≥, ]W-Øn-s‚bpw {]Xm-]-
Øns‚bpw ]pdsI ]c°w ]mbp∂ temI-Øn\p Ign-™n-√. Cu
kμ¿`-Øn-emWp Im™n-c-a‰w ]≈n hnkoØ \S-Øp-hm≥ ]√-
°n¬ B hgn°p IS-∂p-t]mb Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXmhv B Zo\-tcm-
Z\w tIƒ°m≥ CS-bm-bX - v. Zo\-h’- e- \
- mb B ]nXm-hn\v AXns\
Ah-K-Wn®p aptºm-´p-t]m-Im≥ Ign-™n-√. X¬£Ww ]√-°n¬
\n∂p Xmsg-bn-d-ßnb At±lw B sN‰-°p-Sn-en-te°p t\sc Ib-
dn-s®-√p-Ib - mWp sNbvXX
- v. X\n°p e`n® Cu Akp-e` - `
- m-Ky-Øm¬
tcmKn Ipd-®p-k-a-b-tØ°p thZ-\-bpsS Imcyw Xs∂ hnkva-cn-®p-
t]m-bX - p-t]mse kt¥m-jN - n-Ø\- m-bn-°m-Ws- ∏-´p. Abm-fpsS Bh-
iy-a-dn™p th≠ klm-b-ßfpw km¥z-\-h-N- p-Ifpw {InkvXp-
hns‚ kam-[m-\hpw \¬In A\p-{K-ln®v Biz-kn-∏n-®p. kam-[m-
57
\-tØmSpw ssZh-Øns‚ Imcp-Wy-Øn-ep≈ Dd® hnizm-k-tØm-

Spw-IqSn B km[p c≠p-aq∂p Znh-k-Øn-\Iw temI-tØmSp bm{X-
]-d-™p. FhnsS thZ-\-bp-t≠m, FhnsS Bh-iy-ap-t≠m, FhnsS
A‘-Im-c-apt≠m Ahn-sS-sb√mw kvt\l-Øns‚ ssIØn-cn-bp-
ta¥n Xs‚ cmP-Io-b-amb D∂-Xnbpw {]Xm-]hpw {]uVnbpw hnK-
Wn®v Cd-ßn-s®-√p-hm≥ Hcp bYm¿∞-a-\p-jy-kvt\-ln°p am{Xta
km[n-°-bp-≈p. Cu kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-ßƒ \ΩpsS hμy-]n-Xm-hn¬
sNdp-∏Ø- n¬Øs∂ A-¶p-cn-®n-cp∂p F∂p Ncn{Xw km£n-°p-∂p.
tXmΩm-®≥ am∂m\w sImth-¥-bn¬ t_m¿UnwKv Ipń-bmbn
Xma-kn-°p∂ Imew. A∂mWv Ft¥m Imcy-Øn-\mbn I≠-¶-cn-
bn¬ _. Ipcym-t°m-k-®≥ AhnsS sN∂-Xv. Hcp sam¥-bp-ambn
hcm-¥-bn¬ \n∂ At±-l-Øns‚ Bhiyw Zpsc-\n∂p I≠pa-\-
n-em-°nb _me≥ s]s´∂v Hcp ]m{X-Øn¬ sh≈-hp-ambn At±-
l-Øns‚ klm-b-Øn\p sN∂p. AXp-I≠v AI-a-gn™p kt¥m-
jn® A®≥ "Ip™v \∂m-bn-hcpw' F∂min p \¬Inb kwKXn
Fs¥m-c-`n-am-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn Bbn-cn-°-Ww Nß\mt»cn cq]-X-
bpsS A≤y-£-\mbn Db¿Ø-s∏´ _. Ipcym-f-t»cn tXmΩm-®s\
A\p-tam-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Fgp-t∂‰p \n∂ hnImcn P\-dmƒ ˛ A∂p
sh≈-Øn-\mbn hcm-¥-bn¬ ImØp-\n∂ sshZn-I≥ ˛ ]d-™p-
Xo¿Ø-Xv.
B¿Ø-tcbpw Ah-i-tcbpw Ah-K-Wn-°-s∏-´-h-tcbpw Biz-
kn-∏n-°p-hm\pw Ahsc hnip-≤o-I-cn®v kz¿§o-b-]m-X-bn-tebv°v
\bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn hnÆn¬ \n∂p aÆn-tebv°v Cd-ßn-h∂
Cutim-an-in-lm-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n-sb∂ \ne-bn¬ c£-Wob IrXy-
Øn¬ Xs∂-Øs∂ apgp-h-\mbn A¿∏n® ]ptcm-ln-X-h-cy-\mWv
Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hv. kPm-Xo-b-\nepw hnPm-Xo-b-\nepw, Ipt_-c-
\n-epw, IptN-e-\nepw Xs‚ ktlm-Z-cs\ Z¿in-°p-hm≥, At±-l-
Øn\v {]bm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Xs‚ AP-]m-e-\-[¿Ω-Øn¬ \n∂v
Bscbpw Hgn®p\n¿ØmsX tcmKn-Isf Ah-cpsS `h-\-ß-fn¬
sN∂p kμ¿in®p kam-iz-kn-∏n°pI F∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp
{]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cp∂p. kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ \n∂v AI-‰n-\n-dp-Ø-s∏-ń-
58
a\p-jy-kvt\ln
cp∂ A[x-Ir-X-h¿§-°m-cpsS CS-bn-tebv°p kvt\l-Øns‚ ktμ-

i-hp-ambn Cd-ßn-s®-√p-hm≥ Ign-™Xv At±lw Bg-amb ssZh-
kvt\-l-Øn-s‚bpw AXn-cn-√mØ a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Øn-s‚bpw {]Xo-
I-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. PmXn-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-tbm-Sp≈ Ime-Øns‚
sh√p-hn-fn-bm-Wn-hnsS tIƒ°p-∂-Xv. FS-Xzm-∏≈n hnIm-cn-bm-bn-
cp∂ ImeØv ]≈n°p kao]w Hcp ]pe-b≥ IpjvT-tcm-K-_m-[n-X-
\mbn F√m-h-cmepw XyPn-°-s∏´pw shdp-°-s∏´pw Ign-™n-cp-∂p-
sh-∂-dn™v B Zo\-h-’-e≥ ac-Wm-k-∂-\mb B tcmKnsb
kμ¿in-°p-Ibpw hnizm-k-sh-fn®w \¬In Abmƒ°p ssZh-cm-
Py-Ønse AwKXzw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. IpjvT-tcm-K-Øns‚ òI-
cX a\p- j ysc `b- s ∏- S p- Ø p- I bpw Ah- c p- a m- b p≈ kº¿°-
Øn¬\n∂v Fß-s\bpw Hgn™pam-dp-hm≥ shº¬sIm-≈p-I-bpw,
IpjvT-tcm-Kn-Iƒ sshZy-k-lmbw t]mepw e`n-°msX \nXy-Zp-cn-
X-Øn-te°p X≈n-hn-Ss - ∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂ Hcp Ime-L´- Ø - n¬,
ssZh-kvt\-l-Øn¬ \n∂v Dcp-Øn-cn™ a\p-jykvt\l-ssN-X\yw
H∂p-am-{X-amWv Cu henb Imcy-Øn\v At±-lsØ t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv.
A°m-eØp ]S¿∂p-]n-Sn-®n-cp∂ tImf-dm-tcmKw \qdp-I-W-°n\v
IpSpw-_-ßsf IÆo-cn-em-gvØnb Zmcp-W-kw-`hw Hcn-°epw ad-°p-
hm≥ km[y-a-√. kzP-\-ß-fpsS hntbmKw aqehpw tcmK-Øns‚
bmX-\-Iƒ \nan-Øhpw t¢in-®n-cp∂ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-scbpw klm-bn-
°p-hm\pw Biz-kn-∏n-°p-hm-\p-ambn hoSp-tXmdpw Ib-dn-bn-dß
- p-hm≥
kvt\l-Xo-£vWX At±-lsØ \n¿_-‘n-®p. Bk-∂-a-c-W-cmb
tcmKn-Iƒ°v A¥y-Iq-Zm-i-Iƒ sImSp-°p-I, A\p-Zn\w ac-W-a-S-
™p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ At\-Isc kwkvI-cn-°p-I, kz¥w ssIh-i-ap-
≠m-bn-cp∂ ]Ww-sIm≠v acp∂pw km[-\-ßfpw hmßn ]mh-s∏-
´-hsc klm-bn-°pI XpS-ßnb kvt\l-Ir-Xy-ßƒ tXmΩm-®≥
sNbvXn-cp-∂p. C∂p≈ Poh-Im-cp-Wy kwL-S\-Iƒ F√mw \n¿Δ-
ln-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ßfmWv At±lw kzbw sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. a‰p-
≈-h-cpsS B-h-iy-ßƒ a\- n-em°n F¥p-t¢iw kln®pw AXp
\nd-th-‰n-s°m-Sp-°pI F∂p-≈-Xm-Wt√m kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw tkh-
\-Øn-s‚bpw ImX¬. AXp {]hr-Øn-cq-]-Øn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-´-t∏m-
59
gmWv B sN‰-°p-Sn-en¬ Ib-dn-bn-d-ßnb tamdokv [mcn-bmb Cu

sshZn-I-s\-°p-dn®v "amemJ IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂p'sh∂v A∂m-ńse
P\-ßƒ ]d-™n-cp∂Xv. B ]mh-\] - m-Zß
- f
- psS kv]¿i\w t]mepw
Ahsc ssZhn-I-cm-°n-b-Xm-bn-´mWv Ah¿°v A\p-`-h-s∏-´-Xv.
]nXm-hns‚ hm’-ey-[mc \pI¿∂p sshZn-I-\m-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw
At±-l-sØmsSm∂n®p Pohn-°p-Ibpw {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw sNbvX
_. Ipdp-¶m-´p-Ωq-e-bn-e-®s‚ A\p-`-h-hn-h-cWw \ΩpsS A¥-cw-K-
]-cn-tim-[-\bv°v \sΩ klm-bn-°m-Xn-cn-°-bn-√. s]‰n-sk-an-\m-
cn-°mcpw t_m¿UnwKv Ipń-I-fp-ambn 200-˛¬]cw hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ
Ac-a-\-bpsS 3˛mw \ne-bn¬ Xma-kn-°p-tºm-ƒ D≠m-Ip∂ Aku-
I-cyßƒ \ap°v Duln-°m-a-t√m. aq∂mw \ne-bn¬ InS-∂p≈
Nhn´pw _l-fhpw i_vZ-tIm-em-l-e-ßfpw tImh-Wn-∏-Sn-Iƒ NmSn-
bn-d-ßp-tºm-gp≈ H®-∏mSpsa√mw Hcn-°epw A£a {]Z¿in-∏n-
°msX kt¥m-j-tØmsS Xs∂ ]nXmhp kln-®n-cp-∂p. Nne-
t∏mƒ ib-\-ap-dn-bn¬ IS-∂p-sN-∂n´v Hcp-d-°-°m-cs‚ Imen¬ ]nSn-
®p-h-en-°pw. F∂n´p ]nXmhv ad-™p-\n¬°pw; ]cn-{`-an-®p-W-cp∂
hnZym¿∞n \mep-]mSpw t\m°n hnj-an-°pw. AXp-I≠p ckn-°p∂
]nXm-hns‚ hnt\m-Z-{]nbw lrZy-am-sW∂v Ahn-SpsØ hm’-ey-
`m-P-\-ßƒ ]d-bm-dp-≠v. cq]-X-bpsS Zp¿Δ-l-amb `cWw \n¿Δ-ln-
°p-tºmgpw Hmtcm Ipń-bpsSbpw Imcy-Øn¬ Ahn-Sp∂p {i≤m-ep-
hm-bn-cp-∂p. sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n-I-fpsS \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ, Ipń-I-fpsS
Xma-k-ku-I-cyw, Ah-cpsS `£Ww XpS-ßnb Imcy-ßƒ t]mepw
At\z-jn-°p-hm≥ At±lw ad-∂n-√. cm{Xn-bn¬ InS∂p Npa-bv°p-
Itbm Zo\-tcm-Z-\-ßƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-Itbm sNbvXm¬ DS-s\-
Xs∂ aq∂mw-\n-e-bn-seØn Ah¿°p th≠ ip{iq-j-Iƒ sNbvXp-
sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂Xv AhnsS InS-∂p-d-ßn-bn-cp∂ Ipń-I-fpsS Npa-X-
e-°m-cmb a‰p sshZn-I-¿ t]mepw Adn-™n-cp-∂n-√. cm{Xn-bnepw
Ipń-Iƒ ÿe-Øn-√m-Xn-cn-°p∂ ka-bØpw ag s]øp-tºmgpw apI-
fn¬ Ib-dn-s®∂v P\m-eI - ƒ AS-®n-Sp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ChnsS Hc-∏s
- ‚bpw
AΩ-bp-sSbpw kvt\lhpw ]cn-]m-e-\-I-fp-at√ \mw ImWp-∂-Xv.
]mh-s∏-´-h-scbpw [\n-I-tcbpw c≠p tNcn-bn¬ ImWp∂ a\p-jy-
60
a\p-jy-kvt\ln
Xz-an-√mbva Hcn-°epw Ct±-l-Øn¬ ImWp-hm≥ Ipń-Iƒ°p Ign-

™n-cp-∂n-√. Bcp IqSp-X¬ Ah-iX A\p`hn°p-∂-Xmbn tXm∂n-
bn-cp-∂pthm Ah¿°p IqSp-X¬ klmbw sImSp-Øn-cp∂p F∂-
XmWv ]c-am¿∞w.
a‰p≈-h-cpsS t¢i-ßƒ Xt‚-Xm-bn-°m-Wp-hm\pw km¥z-\-h-
N- p-I-fmepw kvt\lm-\zn-X-amb s]cp-am-‰-ß-fmepw Ah-bv°p-S-\Sn
]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øm\pw km[n-®n-cp∂ B kvt\l-Xm-X-\n¬
"A≤zm-\n-°p-∂-hcpw `mcw hln-°p-∂-hcpw Fs‚ ]°¬h-cp-hn≥,
Rm≥ \nßsf Biz-kn-∏n°mw' F∂-cp-fnb Znhy-Kp-cp-hns\ ]ecpw
Z¿in-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXn¬ A¤p-X-s∏-tS-≠-Xn-√.
_. X®-¶-cn-bn-e-®s‚ kt¥m-jm-{ip-°-fn¬ IpXn¿∂ Nne
A\p`h -kva-c-W-Iƒ ChnsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ A{K-ln-°-bm-
Wv. _. A®≥ sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n-bm-bn-cp∂ Imew. {]nb-¶-c-cmb
Xs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m-tcm-Sp-IqSn kk-t¥mjw Ah-[n-°mew Ign-
°p-hm≥ th≠n hoń¬ FØn-bn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. \n¿`m-Ky-sa∂p ]d-
b-s´. Xs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°fpw ktlm-Z-c-ßfpw hoSn\p kao]w
hkq-cn-tcmKw ]S¿∂p-]n-Sn-°-bm¬ _‘p-P-\-ß-fpsS `h-\-ßsf
A`-bw-K-an-®n-cn-°p∂p! X\n°p `£Ww ]mI-s∏-SpØn e`n-°p-∂-
Xn-\p-t]mepw \nhr-Øn-bn-√mØ ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn. \ΩpsS siΩm-»≥
Nmb-°-S-sbbpw tlm´-en-s\bpw A`bw {]m]n-t°-≠n-h-∂p. CsX-
ß-s\tbm Adn™ B ]p{X-h-’-e≥ DS-s\-Xs∂ siΩm-»s\
Bf-b-®p-h-cp-Øn. I≠-bp-Ss\ Benw-K\w sNbvXp-sIm≠v "Rm≥
ChnsS D≈-t∏m-gm-tWm, Fs‚ aI-t\, \o ]™w InS-°p-∂Xv?''
F∂p tNmZn-°p-Ibpw A∂p apX¬ Ac-a-\-bn¬ \n∂p `£Ww
sImSp-°p-hm≥ th≠ \n¿t±-i-ß-sf√mw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.
hnIm-c-hm-bv]n-ep-Xn¿∂ Cu hm°p-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-hm≥ \ncp-
≤-I-WvT-\mb At±-l-Øn\p km[n-®n-√.
hntZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂p ho∏-Iƒ \nd-®p-h-cp∂ ho™v CS-h-I-
Iƒ tXmdpw FØn-°p-hm≥ Ip∏n-I-fn¬ \nd-bv°p∂ tPmen
t_m¿UnwKv Ipń-If
- mWv \n¿Δ-ln-®n-cp-∂X
- v. CS-bvs°ms° Aev]w
61
ho™v Bkz-Zn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ A\p-hm-Zhpw Ah¿°p sImSp-Øn-

cp-∂p. Ipń-I-fpsS D√m-k-]q¿Æ-amb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ ImWp-∂-Xn-
\mbn CS-bvs°ms° ]nXmhv AhnsS sN√m-dp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp
Znhkw Ah-cpsS sNbvXn-Iƒ IÏp-fn¿s° I≠p-sIm-≠n-cp∂
]nXm-hn\v DSp-∏n¬ hoW O¿±n-bmWv kΩm-\a- mbn e`n-®X- .v t]Snbpw
k¶-Shpw Ie¿∂ apJ-`m-ht- Øm-Sp-IqSn t\m°n-\n∂ _mes‚ apºn¬
bmsXmcp hnIm-chpw {]Xy-£s - ∏-Sp-Øm-sXbpw Bscbpw A°mcyw
Adn-bn-°m-sXbpw ]nXmhv kz¥w apdn-bn¬ t]mbn hkv{Xw amdp-
I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. a\p-jy-_-e-lo-\-X-Isf IW-°n-se-SpØp Imcp-
Wyhpw kvt\lhpw Ie¿∂ `mh-Øn¬ Ah-tcmSv s]cp-am-dp-hm≥
\tΩm-Sp-]-tZ-in-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se-bp≈ A\p-`-h-]m-T-ßƒ F{X-th-
W-sa-¶nepw Ct±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-Øn¬ \n∂v AS¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-
hm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v A\p-`-h-ÿ¿ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp-∂p.
km[p-P-\-tk-h\w \ΩpsS kvt\l-Xm-X≥ Pohn-X-{h-X-am-°n.
"Cu Ffn-b-h-cn¬ Hcp-h\v \¬Ip-∂Xv F\n°v \¬Ip-∂-Xm-Ip-
∂p.' F∂p {]Jym-]n® {InkvXp-\m-Ys‚ {]Xn-]p-cp-j≥ AK-Xn-]q-
P-bn¬ B\μw Is≠-Øn. AXn\p PmXn-aX ]cn-K-W-\-I-fp-≠m-
bn-cp-∂n-√. a‰p-≈-h¿ thZ-\n-°p-∂Xp ImWp-tºmƒ Aen-™p-t]m-
Ip∂ Hcp arZp-e-lr-Z-b-amWv B Imcp-Wy-hm-cn-[n-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-
Xv. CXp temIw icn°pw a\- n-em-°nb Hc-h-k-c-amWv 1099se
sh≈s∏m°w. (AD 1924). ]g-b-\n-b-a-Im-esØ sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn¬
k¿Δ-Po-h-Pm-e-ßfpw A`bw Is≠-Øn-bXp t\mlns‚ s]´-I-
Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse 99˛se Ahn-Nm-cn-X-amb sh≈-
s∏m°w aqew hoSpw IpSnepw \jvS-s∏´ Ip´-\m-ńse P\-ßƒ
Is≠-Ønb A`-bt- I-{μ-am-bn-cp∂p Ipcym-ft- »-cn¬ tXmΩm-sa-{Xm≥.
sh≈s∏m-°-Øns‚ ÿnXn-K-Xn-Iƒ Adn-bp-hm≥ s]´-I-Øn¬
\n∂v Ab-bv°-s∏´ ]£n-I-sf-t∏mse ZqX-∑msc \ntbm-Kn-®v,
Poh≥a-c-W-k-a-c-Øn¬ Dg-ep∂ P\-e-£-ßsf h≈-ßfpw t_m´p-
Ifpw Ab®p Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂v Ah¿°p-th≠ `£-
Whpw hkv{Xhpw \¬In ]cn-N-cn-®p. Aßs\ At\Iw Pohn-X-
ßsf ac-W-Øns‚ ]nSn-bn¬ \n∂p c£n® Zo\-Z-bm-ep-hm-bn-cp∂p
62
a\p-jy-kvt\ln
Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hv.
Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ ]nXm-hns‚ ss]Xr-I-hm-’-ey-Øn\p ]m{X-am-
Ibpw ac-W-th-f-bn¬ B hμy-Xm-Xs‚ tcmK-¢n-jvS-amb inc p
aSn-bn¬ Xmßn ip{iq-jn-°m≥ `mKyw e`n-°bpw sNbvX dh. tUm.
F{_lmw hS-t°¬ km£n-°p∂p: ""Hcp sshZn-Is\ Nne Ip‰-
ßƒ°p imkn-t°≠n hcn-Ibpw At±lw ZpxJn-®p-t]m-hp-Ibpw
sNbvXm¬ hμy-]n-Xm-hn\Xp hfsc \mtf°p thZ-\m-P-\-I-am-bn-
cn-°pw. Xs‚ imk\ At±-l-Øn\p a\x-t¢-i-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂t√m
F∂ sshjayw Xocp-∂Xv ASpØ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ sshZn-Is\
I≠p kam-iz-kn-∏n-°p-tºm-gm-Wv.
ên-X-c-kn-I-\m-bn-cp∂p Ipcym-f-t»cn]nXmhv F∂-Xn\v Hcp
cwKw. Fkv.-_n. sslkvIqƒ amt\-Pcpw A°m-esØ {]kn≤
{]`m-j-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂ s].-_. apcn-°≥ tXmΩm-®≥, Hcn-°¬ Fhn-
sStbm {]kw-K-Øn\p t]mIm≥ ]nXm-hn-t\m-S-\p-hmZw hmßn Ac-
a-\-bn¬ \n∂n-dßn hS-°p-h-isØ ]d-ºn-eq-sS \S∂p \oßp-I-
bm-Wv. s]s´∂v Ac-a-\-bnse apdn-bpsS hS-t°-h-cm-¥-bn¬ \n∂
]nXmhv apdn-bn¬ \n∂n-cp∂ {io. hn.-F. F{_-lm-ans\ (h-S-t°-e-
®≥) hnfn-®p. ""FSm, A{_m-lmw, HmSn-h-cq, C∂p sshIn-´sØ
"I¿°-S-I-t»cn' {]kwKw ImW-Wtam \n\°v? Atßm-´p-t\m°v''
πm‰vt^m-an¬ \n∂p {]kw-Kn-°pw-]Sn Xebpw ssIbpw Nen-∏n®v
Hcp dntl-gvk¬ \S-Øp∂ kc-k-hm‹n apcn-°≥ tXmΩm-®s\
]nXmhv ck-I-c-ambn t\m°nb cwKw. AhnsS \ap°p ImWm-
hp∂ ên-Xm-fl-IX {it≤-b-am-Wv.
a\p-jy-Xz-ap-≈h
- ¿t° a‰p-≈h - c
- psS hy‡n-XzsØ am\n°p-hm≥
km[n-°-bp-≈p. Bcv Ft∏mƒ Xs∂ kao-]n-®mepw Ahsc kzoI-
cn®p am\n-°p-hm≥ Xs‚ tPmen-Øn-ct°m hnj-a-{]-iv\-ßtfm
HutZym-KnI IS-a-I-fpsS \n¿Δ-l-Wtam At±-l-Øn\v Hcp XS- -
am-bn-cp-∂n-√. Xs‚ Pq_n-en-bm-tLm-j-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-hm≥ h∂n-
cp∂ A`n-hμy ]nXm-°-∑m-cp-ambn kwkm-cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ
a√-∏-≈n-bn¬ \n∂v Hcp am\y-tZ-lw˛ t]mØ≥ h°o¬˛ ]nXm-
63
hns\ ImWp-∂-Xn-\mbn Ac-a-\-bn¬ sN-∂p. kml-N-cy-Øns‚

{]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°nb B am\y≥ ]nXm-hns‚ ap≥]n¬ \n∂v
amdn-\n¬°p-hm≥ X{X-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ At±-lsØ AI-tØbv°p
hnfn®v ""Ft∏m-gmWv h∂Xv? `£Ww Ignt®m?'' F∂pw a‰p-ap≈
Imcy-ßƒ At\z-jn-®p. s]mXn sIm≠p-h∂p `£Ww Ign®p F∂v
BK-X≥ adp-]Sn ]d-s™-¶nepw AXp-sIm≠v Xr]vXns∏-SmsX
Ip™∏nt®´s\ hnfn®p th≠ k¬°m-c-ßƒ sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°p-
hm≥ G¿∏mSp sNbvXp. B\-μ-\n¿hr-Xn-tbm-sS-bmWv B kw`hw
At±lw hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
AXn-Yn-]q-Pbpw Cuiz-c-]q-Pbpw Xpey-am-sW-∂mWv B¿j-kw-
kvImcw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ]m›m-Xyhpw ]uc-kvXy-hp-amb kwkvIm-
c-ß-fpsS aqe-XXzw a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-™-Xp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°p-
I-bnt√ AXn-Yn-Isf th≠-hÆw k¬°-cn®p ]qPn-°-W-sa∂p
a°sf D]-tZ-in-®n-´p-≈-Xv. GsX-¶nepw Bh-iy-\n¿Δ-l-Wm¿∞w
Xs∂ kao-]n-°p-∂-h¿ £oWn-X-cmbn I≠m¬ "Ft∏m-gmWv
`£Ww Ign®Xv? hni-°p-∂nt√?' F∂p≈ Imcy-ßƒ At\z-
jn® tijta h∂ Imcy-sØ-∏‰n tNmZn-®n-cp-∂p-≈p. AXnYn
k¬°m-c-Øn-\mbn Ac-a-\-bn¬ {]tXyIw Hc-®s\ \ntbm-Kn-®n-
cp-∂p. kμ¿i-Øn\p {]tXyIkabw \n›-bn-®n-cp-s∂-¶nepw GXp-
k-a-bØpw B¿°pw Xs∂ kao-]n-°p-hm≥ kuIcyw e`n-°-Ø-
°-hn[w Xs‚ lrZ-b-Øn-s‚bpw apdn-bp-sSbpw hmXn¬ Ft∏mgpw
Xpd-∂p-Xs∂ Cń-cp-∂p. sa{Xm≥]-Z-hn-bn¬ At±-l-Øn\p Inń-
bn-cp∂ _lp-a-Xn-Iƒ Al-¶m-c-tl-Xp-hm-bn-cp-∂n√ F∂p ank-
Ønse sshZn-I-cn¬ ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n∂n-cp∂ Bfpw kPm-Xob
sa{Xms\ e`n-°p-∂-Xn¬ [¿Ω-k-acw \SØnb Bfp-amb ]oSn-
tb-°¬ _. sImt®-∏® - ≥ Hcn-°¬ ]d-bp-Ib- p-≠m-bn. "hmZy tLmj-
ß-tfmsS kzoI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I, ]√-°nepw a‰pw hln-°-s∏-SpI,
CsXms° Al-¶m-c-P-\-I-at√' F∂v sImt®-∏-®≥ Hcn-°¬ ]nXm-
hn-t\mSp tNmZn-®p. AXn¬ Xms\m-cn-°epw \nK-fn-°m-dn√ F∂m-
bn-cp∂p hμy-]n-Xm-hns‚ hn\o-X-amb adp-]Sn.
kvt\l-ap≈ amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Xß-fpsS Hma-\-k-¥m-\-ßsf
64
a\p-jy-kvt\ln
F∂-t]m-se-bmWv Bcm-[\ kaq-lsØ A`n-h-μy-]n-Xmhv hm’-

ey-]q¿Δw hf¿Øn-s°m≠p h∂-Xv. ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂v A∏-s‚bpw
AΩ-bp-sSbpw kvt\lhpw ]cn-em-f-\-Ifpw H∂n-®-\p-`-hn-°m≥
`mKyw e`n-®-h-cmWp kaq-l-Ønse BZyamXm-°ƒ. ùXn-Ihpw
B≤ym-fln-I-hp-amb Imcy-ßƒ XpSßn ASp-°-f-°m-cy-ßƒ hsc
At\z-jn-®-dn-bp-hm≥ B kvt\l-ap≈ ]nXmhv Hcn-°epw ad-∂n-cp-
∂n-√. kaq-l-Ønse Hmtcm hy‡nsb kw_-‘n®pw G‰w eLp-
hmb Imcy-ßƒ t]mepw At±-l-Øn-\-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. Bcp-sS-
sb-¶nepw apJw hmSn-bn-cp-∂m¬ B kvt\l-ap≈ ]nXm-hns‚
lrZbw thZ-\n-°pw. Xs‚ a°ƒ Ft∏mgpw kt¥m-jNnØcpw
{]k-∂-h-Z-\-cp-ambn ImW-s∏-S-W-sa-∂mWv At±lw B{K-ln-®n-
cp-∂-Xv. amXm-]n-Xm-°ƒ Xß-fpsS sIm®p-a-°sf kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p-
hm≥ sIm®p-sIm®p kΩm-\-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xp-t]m-se, Nne-t∏m-
sgms° Nne kΩm-\ß - ƒ \¬In Xs‚ thZ-\n-°p∂ a°sf Biz-
kn-∏n-°p-hm≥ At±lw ]cn-{i-an-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
a°ƒ Hmtcm sNdnb tPmen sNbvXp-Im-Wp-tºmgpw B ]nXr-
lr-Zbw B\-μ-Nm-cn-Xm¿∞y-ß-fm¬ \nd-™p-I-hn™v A\p-tam-Z-
\hpw A`n-\-μ-\-hp-ambn ]pd-tØbv°v {]h-ln-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. DÆn-
°n-Sm-ß-fpsS ]ng® Im¬shbv]pw ]nXm-°-fpsS IÆn\v IuXp-I-
{]-Z-am-W-t√m. ]q°ƒ D≠m-°p-I, ]qs®≠p hbv°p-I, Ae-¶mc-∏-
Wn-Iƒ sNøpI XpS-ßnb Iem-hm-k\ {]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ kμ¿`-ß-
fn¬ Ah IÏp-fn¿s° I≠m-\-μn-°p-Ibpw a°-fpsS Ign-hp-I-
fn¬ At±lw A`n-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Bcm-[\ kaq-
lmw-K-ßƒ Hcp Imcy-Ønepw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS ]n∂n-em-I-cp-sX-∂p≈
Dt±-iy-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn, ka¿∞-cmb A≤ym-]I
- sc hcpØn ]m´v, Xø¬
apX-em-bh A`y-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw tIc-f-Ønse G‰w sa®-s∏´ ]cn-
io-e-\-tI-{μ-ß-fn¬ Ab®p hnhn[ Ie-I-fn¬ ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-
hm≥ ]nXmhp X¬]-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. sX‰p sNøp∂ a°sf in£n®p
hf¿Øp-∂Xp kvt\l-ap≈ ]nXm-°-∑m-cm-Wv. a°-fpsS \∑sb
B{K-ln-°p∂htc CXn\p apXn-cp-I-bp-≈p. hμy-]n-Xmhv sX‰p
sNøp∂ a°sf kvt\l-]q¿Δw imkn-°p-Ibpw Ah¿°v sNdnb
65
in£-Iƒ sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. am{X-a-√, Ahsc Biz-

kn-∏n-°pI IqSn sNbvXp-sIm≠v B ]nXr-lr-Zbw kwXr]vXn AS-
™n-cp-∂p. sX‰n-s\-b√
- msX sX‰p sNøp-∂h
- sc Hcn-°epw At±lw
shdp-Øn-cp-∂n-√.
a°-fn¬ Bsc-¶nepw tcmKw _m[n®p InS-∏m-bm¬ Ime-Xm-a-
k-sat\y Ahsc h∂p ImWpI -]n-Xm-hns‚ {]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cp-
∂p. F¥p XymKw kln®pw Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ \nd-th-‰n-s°m-
Sp-°p-hm≥ H´pw aSn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Imkm hn‰n-´m-sW-¶nepw tcmKn-Isf
NnIn-’n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Aam-¥n-°-cp-sX-∂p-]-tZ-in-°p-hm≥ t{]cn-∏n®
At±-l-Øns‚ Zo\m-\p-Iº hnkva-b-\o-b-am-Wv.
Bcm-[-\-k-aqlw apf-®Xpw hf¿∂Xpw Zmcn-{Zy-Øns‚ sISp-
Xn-Iƒ Atß-b‰w A\p-`-hn-®p-sIm-≠m-sW-∂p≈ Imcyw kpJ-
ku-I-cy-ßƒ bYm-hn[n A\p-`-hn-®p-I-gn-bp∂ B[p-\nI Xe-ap-
dbv°v A⁄m-X-am-bn-cn-°mw. Imen-sØm-gp-Øn¬ hncn-°-s∏-ń-cp∂
]e-I-bpsS ]pdØp InS-∂pdßp-Ibpw a¨N-ń-I-fn¬ `£Ww Ign-
°p-Ibpw asÆÆhnf-°ns‚ aßnb shfn-®-Øn¬ kwXr]vXn
Is≠-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂ \ΩpsS BZy-am-Xm-°ƒ°v ]e-
t∏mgpw e`n-®n-cp-∂Xv ]®-cn-°-™nbpw I∏-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p F∂p≈
kXyw ad-®p-h-bvt°≠ H∂-√. AXp Ign-°m≥ Xs‚ h’-e-]p-
{Xn-Iƒ {]bm-k-s∏-ń-cp-∂-t∏mƒ AXn¬\n∂p Ipd-s®-SpØp `£n-
®p-sIm≠v kvt\l-ap≈ Hc-Ω-sb-t∏mse Ah-cpsS {]bmkw eLq-
I-cn-°m≥ At±lw {ian-®n-cp-∂p. Bcm-[-\-k-aq-l-Øns‚ BZy-`-
h\w ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n ]cn-{i-an-®n-cp∂ _. tXmΩm-®≥ ]e-
t∏mgpw Xs‚ Bflo-b-]p-{Xn-I-tfm-sSm-∂n®p I´-Iƒ \nc-Øp∂
tPmen-bn¬ hym]r-X-\m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. tPmen sNbvXp £oWn-°p-
tºmƒ a°ƒ°p ]g-°pe kΩm-\n®p kt¥m-jn-∏n-°p-hm\pw B
hμy-Xm-X≥ Xøm-dm-bn-cp-∂p.
Bcm-[-\-k-aq-l-Øn¬ tNcp-hm≥ h∂n-cp∂ km[p-°-fmb
s]Ïp-ń-Isf Bcpamcp-a-dn-bmsX Ah¿°m-h-iy-ap≈ ]e km[-
\-ßfpw Ac-a-\-bn¬h-®p-Xs∂ \¬In-bmWv aT-Øn-te-bv°-b-®n-
cp-∂-Xv. a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Bflm-`n-am\w kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn-\v, hy‡n-
66
a\p-jy-kvt\ln
XzsØ am\n-°p-∂-Xn-\v, ]cn-{i-an-®n-cp∂ Hcp a\p-jy-kvt\-ln-bmWv

]nXmhv F∂-Xn\p aXn-bmb sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wn-h.
Hcn-°¬ Xs‚ h’-e-]p-{Xn-I-fn¬ Hcmƒ kz¥w A∏s‚ ac-
W-hm¿Ø ]nXm-hns\ Adn-bn-®-t∏mƒ B ]p{Xo-h-’-e≥ \¬Inb
lrZ-b-kv]r-°mb km¥z-\-h-N- p-Iƒ Xmsg-°p-dn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
""C∂p apX¬ \nt∂m-Sp≈ \ΩpsS F√m A\p-h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Hcp
]nXm-hn-\-SpØ hn[-Øn-em-bn-cn-°pw. AXn\p hn]-co-X-ambn Fs¥-
¶nepw A\p-`-h-s∏-´m¬ \sΩ Adn-bn-°p-I.''
A`n-h-μy-]n-Xmhv aT-Øn¬ hcp-tºm-sgms° Ipin-\n-tPm-en-°m-
cmb s]Ïp-ń-Isf kz¥w a°sf F∂-t]mse kμ¿in-°p-Ibpw
Ah-cpsS `£-Ww, AXns‚ ka-bw, Btcm-Ky-]-c-amb Imcy-ßƒ,
B≤ym-flnI Imcy-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n At\z-jn-°p-Ibpw Ah-
k-tcm-Nn-X-amb D]-tZ-i-ßfpw kΩm-\-ßfpw \¬In kt¥m-jn-
∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
ChnsS FSp-Øp-Im-ńb kw`-h-ßƒ, hnkva-b-\o-b-ßtfm Aam-
\p-jn-I-ßtfm As√-¶nepw Ah al-Ømb Nne Pohn-X-X-Xz-ßƒ
Dds° DZvtLm-jn-°p-∂p-≠v. km[m-cW a\p-jy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ H‰-
s∏´ kw`-h-ß-fmbn Chsb FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-sW-¶nepw
Hcp hy‡n-bpsS Pohn-X-Øn¬ DS-\ofw CØcw kvt\l-]p-jv°-
e-amb Bi-bm-Z¿i-ß-fpsS _ln¿kv^p-cWw Is≠-ØpI km[y-
a-√. a\p-jy-Po-hn-XsØ ssZhn-I-am-°p-∂Xv F¥mtWm AXmWp
hnip-≤n. km£m¬ hnip≤n Xs∂-bmWv kvt\lw. kvt\l-Øn\p
ad-™n-cn-°pI høm. a‰p-≈h - c- n-tebv°p {]h-ln-°p-hm\pw kvt\l-
hn- j - b - Ø n- t ebv ° v F√m- h - t cbpw B\- b n- ° p- h m\pw AXp
shº¬sIm-≈p-∂p. sNdp∏w apX¬ Ct±-l-Øn¬ apf-®p-h-f¿∂p-
sIm-≠n-cp∂ Znhy-Im-cpWy `‡n-bmWv At±-lØ - ns‚ Pohn-XØ - n\v
cq]hpw `mhhpw \¬In-b-Xv. a\p-jy-tcm-Sp≈ AXn-c‰ kvt\l-am-
Wt√m Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-hm-k-Øn\p {InkvXp-\m-Ys\ t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv.
Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-\m-Y-t\m-Sp≈ Ah-Km-V-kvt\-l-Øn¬ \n∂v Dd-sh-
SpØ kvt\l-ssN-X-\y-amWv a\p-jy-kvt\-l-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn\p
{]tNm-Z-\-a-cp-fn-b-Xv.
67
""cmPm-{]-Xy£ ssZhXzw'' F∂p-≈-Xm-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ {]am-

Ww. AXp-t]m-se-bp≈ Hcp ÿm\hpw _lp-am-\-hp-sa-√m-amWv
A°m-eØv Hcp sa{Xm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. tkh\w sNøpI F∂-
Xn-t\-°mƒ tkh\w kzoI-cn-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p A∂sØ
A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ {]tXy-I-X. Cß-s\-sbmcp Ime-L-´-Øn-emWp
tkh-\-Øns‚ ]pXnb ktμ-i-hp-ambn \ΩpsS ]nXmhv cwK-{]-
thiw sNbvX-Xv. A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ {]uVntbm ÿm\-h-en-∏tam
]mWvUn-Xy-Øns‚ Hu≤-Xytam ]nXm-hns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬
Hcn-°epw \ng¬ hoin-bn-cp-∂n-√. kvt\l-]q¿Δ-amb tkh\w
sIm≠p a‰p-≈-hsc ssZh-Øn-tebv°v ASp-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv B
I¿Ω-tbmKn ]cn-{i-an-®-Xv. ]nXm-hns‚ hn\-bm-\zn-X-amb {]h¿Ø-
\-ssien Xs‚ AP-K-W-ßsf am{X-a√ a‰p aX-ÿ-tcbpw kzm[o-
\n-®n-cp∂psh∂v 1925 Pq¨ 20˛\v \{km-Wn-Zo-]n-I-bn¬ h∂ Hc-\p-
kva-cWw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
""1095-˛mwam≠v \ΩpsS sa{Xm-\-®s‚ c≠mw {]mh-iysØ ]≈n
kμ¿i-\-th-f-bn¬ Ct∏m-gsØ ]q™m¿ henb cmPmhpambn
Hcp IqSn-°mgvN \S-Ønb hnhcw Zo]nI hmb-\-°m-cn¬ Nne-sc-
¶nepw Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. ]q™m¿ CS-h-I-tbbpw B
cmP-Ip-Spw-_-Øn\v tIc-f-Ønse Ipeo-\-cm-P-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ ]e-
Xp-am-bp≈ thgvN-tbbpwIpdn®v ChnsS hnh-cn-t°≠ kμ¿`-a-√.
F¶nepw C∂v B cmP-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ aqt∏-‰p-hm-gp∂ hen-b-X-ºp-
cm≥, lnμp-a-X-{]-Imcw Hcp DØ-a-`-‡-\pw, B[p-\nI ]cn-j-°m-c-
ß-fn¬ hnap-J-\pw BsW-∂p≈ ]c-am¿∞w Xpd-∂p-]-d-bmsX Xc-
an-√. Ct±lw \ΩpsS sa{Xm-\-®-s\-°p-dn®v hninjym At±lw
alm-bp-≤-th-f-bn¬ bqtdm-∏p-bm{X Ign-®-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v tI´-am-{X-
bn¬ At±-l-hp-ambn Hcp A`n-ap-J-kw-`m-j-W-Øn\v B{K-ln-®p.
ao\-®n¬ Xmeq-°nse Hcp {][m-\-]u-c-\pw, s]mXp-Im-cy-{]-k-‡-
\pw, ]tc-X-\p-amb anÃ¿ tPm¿÷v sh≈p-°p-t∂¬ aptJ\ henb
Xºp-cms‚ Cu B{K-l\ - n-hrØn hcp-Øn. IqSn-°m-gvNb
- psS kμ¿`-
Øn¬ \ΩpsS sa{Xm-\-®≥ Xncp-a-\- n-te°v henb Xºp-cm≥
Hcp ""kz¿Æ-\m-cßm'' kΩm-\n® hnh-chpw a‰pw Zo]n-I-bn¬Xs∂
A°m-eØv dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXn-´p-≈-Xm-W-t√m. henb BUw-_-c-
68
a\p-jy-kvt\ln
]q¿Δw \S∂ B cmP-Iob kμ¿i-\-Øn-\p-tijw ASpØ Ah-

k-c-Øn¬ anÃ¿ tPm¿÷v sh≈-p°p-∂\pw Rm\pw IqSn henb
Xºp-cms\ apJw ImWn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. A∂v B `‡-in-tcm-a-Wn-
bmb henb Xºp-cm≥ Rß-tfmSv k¥p-jvS-am-\-k-\mbn Iev]n-
®Xv Cß-s\-bm-Wv. ""\nß-fpsS sa{Xm≥ Hcp alm-flm-hm-Wv. X¿°-
an-√. F¥p hn\-bw, im¥≥, t]m∏ns‚ Bfp-X-s∂, \ap°p _lp-
t_m-[y-am-bn.''
Rß-tfmSp am{X-a√ henb Xºp-cm≥ Cßs\ Iev]n-®n-´p-≈-
Xv. BbnsS At±-lsØ kμ¿in-®n-´p≈ ]e-tcmSpw kw`m-j-W-
at≤y Cu hkvXpX ]d-™-dn-bn-®n-´p-≈-Xm-Ip-∂p. IqSmsX Cu
IqSn-°mgvN Ign-™-tXmsS ]q™m-‰nepw kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw
hkn-°p∂ kIe lnμp-°ƒ°pw sa{Xm-\-®≥ Xncp-a-\- nse
t]¿°v henb `‡nbpw _lp-am-\hpw Df-hm-bn-cp∂p F∂v F\n°v
]e-X-hW Adn-bm≥ Ign-™n-´p-≠v. Cßs\ ]d™pXpS-ßn-bm¬
lnμp-°-fnepw AI-tØm-en-°-cnepw henb \ne-bn-ep≈ ]ecpw
Hmtcm kμ¿`-h-im¬ Xncp-ta-\nsb BZ-cn®p _lp-am-\n-®n-´p-≠v.
ka-kvXm-[n-Im-chpw ssZh-Øn¬\n-∂p-≈-Xm-I-bm¬ GX-[n-Im-
c-sØbpw _lp-am-\n-°p-hm\pw A\p-k-cn-°p-hm\pw At±lw P\-
ßsf DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®p. cmjv{So-bm-[n-Im-c-tØmSp henb BZ-chpw
`‡nbpw ]nXm-hn\p≠m-bn-cp-∂p. h©n-cm-PI - p-Spw-_t- ØmSv A-t±lw
ZrV-_‘w ]pe¿Øn-t∏m-∂n-cp∂Xns‚ Imc-Whpw CXp-X-s∂.
A∂sØ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq¿ alm-cm-Pmhv {ioaqew Xncp-\mƒ cmP-
h¿Ω Xncp-ta-\nsb ]e {]mhiyw At±lw kμ¿in-®p. \ΩpsS
cmP-`-‡nbpw IrX-⁄-X-bp-sa√mw hμy-]n-Xmhv At±-lsØ Adn-
bn-®n-´p-≠v. B cmPm-hns‚ jjvSy_vZ]q¿Øn atlm-’-h-Øn¬
Xncp-a-\- nse t\¿°p≈ \ΩpsS IS∏mSns\ GXp-hn[w {]I-Sn-
∏n-°-W-sa∂v 23-˛mw \º¿ CS-b-te-J\w hgn shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. hn.
]Ømw ]obq-kv, At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Kman 15-˛mw _\-Zn-t‡mkv
F∂o ]cn-ip≤ ]nXm-°-∑msc kμ¿in® Ah-k-c-Ønepw kzcm-
Py-sØbpw cmPm-hn-s\bpw Ipdn-®-t±lw kwkm-cn-®p. 15-˛mw _\-
Zn-t‡mkv am¿∏m∏m Xncp-ta-\n-bn¬ \n∂v Hcm-iw-km-k-tμiw
69
\ΩpsS alm-cmPmhv {ioaqew Xncp-\m-fn\p sImSp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn

hmßn®v Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv sN∂t∏mƒ, CXp-hsc bmsXmcp
sa{Xm-∑m¿°pw Inń-bn-ń-√m-Ø-hn-[-Øn¬ Hcp cmP-Iob kzoI-
cWw e`n-°p-Ibpw cmPm-hns‚ AXn-Yn-bmbn 10 Znhkw Xncp-h-\-
¥-]p-cØp Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kztZ-i-hn-tZi t`Z-an-√msX
bp≤w, £maw, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ apX-emb ASn-b-¥n-c-L-´-ß-fn¬
]Ww-sIm≠pw {]m¿∞-\-sIm≠pw P\-ß-fpsS kl-I-c-W-tØmsS
cmjv{S-ßsf At±lw klm-bn-®n-cp-∂p.1
HutZym-KnI Imcy-ß-fn¬ hym]r-X-\m-bn-cp-∂-t∏mgpw GsX-
¶nepw Imcy-Øn-\mbn Xs∂ kao-]n-°p-∂-h-cpsS ]°-te°p
XnI™ Bflm¿∞-X-tbmSpw kvt\l-tØmSpw IqSn Cd-ßn-s®-
√p-hm≥ B \√-bn-Sb - ≥ Hcn-°epw Xmakw hcp-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-√. AXp-
sIm≠v a°ƒ°-SpØ kzmX-{¥y-tØm-Sp-IqSn Xs∂ kao-]n-°p-
hm≥ bmsXm-cp-Ø¿°pw {]bm-k-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS kpJ-
ku- I - c y- ß - s f- ° p- d n- ® - t \z- j n- ® - d n- b p- h m≥ A[n- I m- c - Ø ns‚
aXn¬s°´v At±-lsØ XS-™n-cp-∂n-√. ]nXm-hns‚ kvt\l-am-
[pcyw A\p-`-hn-®-dn-™n-´p≈ F√m-hcpw ˛ sshZn-Icpw I\ym-kv{Xo-
Ifpw A¬ta-\n-Ifpw ]mh-s∏-´-hcpw the-°mcpw A\y-a-X-ÿcpw
Htc kzc-Øn¬ {]Io¿Øn-®n-´p≈ Hcp kXy-ap-≠v ""F\n°p tXm∂p-
∂p, ]nXm-hn\v Ft∂m-SmWv IqSp-X¬ kvt\l-sa-∂v.'' D≈n¬
\nd™ hnip-≤n, AtX, Id-I-f™ ssZh-kvt\-lw, AXn¬ \n∂p
Dd-sh-SpØ a\p-jy-kvt\lw, AXmWp ]nXm-hn-s\-°p-dn®v C{]-
Imcw ]d- b p- h m≥ a‰p- ≈ - h sc t{]cn- ∏ n- ® - X v . ImcpWyw Xs‚
{]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS apJ-ap-{Z-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tcmKn-I-tfmSpw sX‰p sNøp-
∂-h-tcmSpw kmº-Øn-I-]-cm-[o-\-X-IƒsIm≠p hnj-an-°p-∂-h-
tcmSpw s]cp-am-dp-hm≥ Hc-km-am-\y-I-gnhv At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. GsXmcp sImSp-¶m-‰n\pw B {]im-¥-Xsb Cf-°p-∂-Xn\p
Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.
1. "\-{kmWn Zo]n-I' ˛ 1925 Pq¨ 20
70
a\p-jy-kvt\ln
kvt\lw H∂p-am-{X-am-Ip∂p temI-Øn\p Poh≥ \¬Ip-∂-Xv.

ssZhw \Ωn¬ \n∂v B{K-ln-°p-∂Xpw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw CXp
Xs∂-bm-Wv. {]]-©-Ønse krjvSn-Pm-e-ß-fn¬ kvt\l-Øns‚
am[pcyw Bkz-Zn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp∂ GI krjvSn a\p-jy-\-t{X.
a\p-jy≥ kvt\l-iq-\y-\m-bn-Øo¿∂m¬ Ah≥ ssNX-\y-cl - n-X\pw
arK-Xp-ey-\p-am-Wv. \ΩpsS Np‰p-]mSpw ItÆm-Sn-®m¬ C∂p kvt\l-
iq-\y-amb Hc-¥c - o-£a
- t√ \ap°v ImWp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂Xv? kvt\l-
Øns‚ A`m-h-Øn¬ ssNX-\y-c-ln-X-am-bn-Øo¿∂ Hc-¥-co-£-
Øn¬ kvt\l-Øns‚ ssNX\yw ]I¿∂p-sIm≠v ]nXm-hns‚
{]hrØn-am¿§w ]n¥p-Sc - p-hm≥ \ap°p Ign-™m¬ Bcm-[\m k\ym-
kn\n kaq-l-Øns‚ Dt±iyw k^-e-ambn F∂p hniz-kn-°mw.
{lkz-sa-¶nepw kw`-h-_-lp-ehpw hn-\o-Xhpw hntizm-Ø-c-hp-
amb B PohnXw B¿Ø-{Xm-tWm-∑p-J-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ic-bp-∂-hs‚
IÆo-scm-∏phm\pw Bh-iy-ad- n™p klm-bn-°p-hm\pw Ime-Øns‚
hnfn°v DØcw ]d-bp-hm\pw Ign™ {Im¥-Z¿in-bmWv At±lw.
kvt\tlm-Zm-c\pw B¿Ø-Nn-Ø-\p-amb Hcp Zo\-_-‘p-hn-s\-bpw,
hm’-ey-\n-[n-bmb Hcp ]nXm-hn-s\-bpw, {]Xyp-ev]-∂-a-Xn-bmb Hcp
I¿Ω-tbm-Kn-sbbpw H∂n®p ]nXm-hn¬ Z¿in-°p-hm≥ Ign-bpw. ssZh-
Øns‚ ]nXr-Xz-Ønepw hniz-km-tlm-Z-cy-Ønepw AN-©-e-ambn
hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw hnNm-c-Ønepw {]hr-Øn-bnepw B hnizmkw
km£m-XvI-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-
sat\y Gh-cp-sSbpw kvt\lm-Z-c-hp-Iƒ kam¿÷n-°phm≥ At±-
l-Øn\p km[n-®-Xv.
71
6
kap-Zm-tbm-≤m-c-I≥
“The history of the world is nothing, but the history of the great men
that lived there” (temI-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw AhnsS Pohn-®n-´p≈ alm-
flm-°-fpsS Ncn-{X-a-√msX as‰m-∂p-a-√).
XymK\n¿`-c-amb Pohn-X-Øn-eqsS temI-Øn-\p \nkzm¿∞-tk-
h-\-a-\p-jvTn-®n-´p≈ hy‡n-Iƒ, Ime-ßsf AXn-Po-hn-®p-sIm-t≠-
bn-cn-°pw. k\m-X-\-k-Xy-ßfpw D∂-Xm-Z¿i-ßfpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-
Ibpw, Ahbv°v P\-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ ÿnc-{]-XnjvT \¬Ip-Ibpw
sNbvXn-´p≈ alm-flm-°-fmWv kap-Zm-tbm-≤m-c-W-Øn\v Imc-W-
°m- c m- b n- ´ p- ≈ - X v . Aßs\ tIc- f P\- X - b psS aX- k m- a q- l nI
kmwkvIm-cn-Ic - w-Kß - f
- n¬ hy‡n-ap-{Z-]X
- n® bpK-{]-`m-h\
- mWv [\y≥
Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ tXmΩm sa{Xm≥. tIc-f-Øns‚ DZvK-Xn-bnepw
ItØm-en°m kap-Zm-bØ - ns‚ A`n-hr-≤n-bnepw PmK-cq-I\ - m-bn-cp∂p
At±-lw. aX-Øns‚ B¥-c-amb XXzw ssZh-kvt\-l-Øn¬\n∂v
Dcp-Øn-cn™ kap-Zm-b-tk-h-\-sa∂pw ka-{K-amb kap-Zmtbm≤m-
cWw aX-Øn\p am{Xta km[y-am-I-bp-≈p-sh∂pw At±lw a\-
n-em-°n. \n›-b-Zm¿Vyhpw ktlm-Z-c-kvt\-lhpw kmaq-ln-I-X-
eØn¬ al-Ø-c-ambn ]eXpw {]h¿Øn-°p-hm≥ At±-lsØ
t{]cn-∏n-®p. H∂p as‰m-∂ns\ AXn-i-bn-°p-amdv ]e hnin-jvS-Kp-
W-ßfpw ]nXmhn¬ hnf-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. sa{Xm≥ ÿm\-Øn-cp∂p
`cWw \S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ am{X-a√, sshZn-I-Imew XpSßn At±lw
P\-k-aq-l-Øns‚ \m\m-{]-Im-tc-W-bp≈ DXvI¿jØn\mbn {]b-
Xv\n-®n-´p-≠v. hnZym-`ym-k-{]-h¿Ø-\w, aZy-]m-\-\n-tcm-[-\w, kZm-
72
Nm-c-]m-e-\w, km∑m¿§nI ]cn-io-e-\w, hn⁄m-\-kw-h¿≤\w

XpSßn hnhn[ Xe- ß - f n- e p≈ At±- l - Ø ns‚ tkh- \ - ß ƒ
A∂sØ tIc-f-N-cn-{X-Øn-te°p shfn®w hoip-∂-h-bm-Wv.
hnZym-`ym-k]
- cw
a\p-jys‚ kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cn-Im-h-iy-ßƒ \n¿Δ-ln-°-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xpw Ahs\ _p≤n-Po-hnbpw I¿Ω-\n-c-X\pw Du¿÷-kz-e-
\p-am-°n-Øo¿°p-∂Xpw hnZym-`ym-k-am-Wv. a\p-jy-hy-‡n-XzsØ
]q¿Æ-ambn hnI-kn-∏n-®v, F√mw {InkvXp-hn¬ \ho-I-cn®v Hcp
]pXnb BIm-ihpw, ]pXnb `qanbpw ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp-hm≥ {ian-®p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Xncp- ` am\-h-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°p-th≠n I≠p-]n-Sn-
®n-cn-°p∂ am¿§hpw hnZym-`ymkw Xs∂. C°mcyw icn°pw a\-
n-em-°nb Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ _. tXmΩm-®≥ PmXn-aXNn¥ IqSm-
sX, IptNe Ipt_c t`Z-sat\y F√m _menIm_me-∑m¿°pw
hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-\p≈ kml-Ncyw kpI-c-am-°n-Øo¿°p-sa-∂p≈
Xocp-am-\-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv \nXy-\-Kc-Øn¬ \n∂p kztZ-iØp
Xncn-s®-Øn-bX- v. ]m›mXy sshZn-It- ae-≤y-£∑- m-cpsS `c-WØ
- n¬
Zo¿L-\mƒ Ign™ tIc-f ItØm-en-°-cpsS hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-
c-Ønse timNym-hÿ a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ Ct±-l-Øn\v A[n-I-
Imew th≠n-h-∂n-√. L.M.S., C.M.S. XpS-ßnb AI-tØm-en°m k`-
°m¿ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬ kmam-\ym-Xo-X-amb A`n-hr≤n {]m]n-®p-
sIm-≠p-an-cp-∂p. Cw•ojv ]Tn-°p-∂Xp a°sf t{]m´-Ã‚p-Im-cm-
°p-∂-Xn\p XpeyamsW∂ Hcp [mcW t]m¿´p-Ko-km-[n-]-Xy-Øn¬
\n∂p \ap°p e`n® Hcp Zpjv{]-Xo-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu Zpc-h-ÿ-
bn¬ \n∂p tIcf ImtØm-en-°sc Ipd-s®-¶nepw Db¿Øn-bXv
tUm. Im¿tfmkv eho™p Xncp-ta-\nbpw tUm. AtUmƒ^v saUv-
en-t°m´v Xncp-ta-\n-bp-am-Wv. eho™p Xncp-ta\n 1891-˛¬ Nß-\m-
t»-cn-bn¬ sk‚ v _¿°p-am≥kv kvIq-fpw, 1895-˛¬ FS-Xzm-bn¬
sk‚ v Atem-jykv kvIqfpw ÿm]n-®p. F¶nepw \ΩpsS s]mXp-
hnZym-`ym-kw A£-c-am-e, \oXn-km-cw, Aa-c-tIm-iw, A°-s°-´v,
\a-kv°m-c-ßƒ F∂n-h-sIm≠p hncm-a-an-Sp∂ Bim≥]≈n-°q-S-
ß-fn¬ HXp-ßn-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Cu L´-Øn-emWv tIcf ItØm-en-
73
°-cpsS CS-bn¬ hnZym-`ym-kØ

- n\v Hcp ]pXnb DW¿hpw Dt∑-jhpw
]I¿∂p-sIm-≠v, a\p-jy-t£-tam-∑p-J-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn A`n-
hμy Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ ]nXmhv cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-Xv. BZysØ
Xs‚ tkh-\-cwKw kz¥w CS-h-I-Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p. hnZym-e-b-
ß-fn-eqsS P\-ßsf kwkvIm-c-k-º-∂-cm-°p-∂-Xn-\mWv A`y-kvX-
hn-Zy-\m-bn-cp∂ B alm≥ {ian-®-Xv.
A∂p Nº-°pfw ]≈n-aX - n¬s°-ń-\I - Øv Kh-s◊‚p hI {]mY-
anI ]mT-ime am{Xta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. CS-h-I-°m¿ ]Wn-bm-cw-
`n-®n-cp∂ kvIqƒ sIńSw ]q¿Øn-bm-Ip-tºmƒ AXn¬ Ipń-Iƒ°v
Cw•ojv hnZym-`ymkw Bcw-`n-°-W-sa∂v At±lw Xocpam\n®p.
hnhcw kvIqƒ A[n-Imcn-Isf Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cw•o-
jns‚ {]mcw-`-]m-T-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp A[ym-]-I-s\bpw
At±lw \n-b-an-®p. ka-bw-t]mse kIq-fn¬ sN∂v _. tXmΩm-
®\pw Ipń-Isf Cw•ojv ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. Hcp ae-bmfw anUn¬
kv I qƒ (Fw.- F w) ÿm]n- ° p- ∂ - X n\pw At±lw D’m- l n- ® p.
F∂m¬ AXv ê-a-Wn-bp-∂-Xn\v Xmakw t\cn-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
FS-Xzm-∏-≈n-bpsS `c-W-Im-cy-ßƒ \n¿Δ-ln-®n-cp-∂-t∏mgpw
hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØv At±lw Imcy-£-a-ambn {]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn.
Hcp Cw•ojv sslkvIqƒ AhnsS ÿm]n-X-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw
AXns‚ A`n-hr-≤n-°p-th≠n ]eXpw sNøp-hm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Zqsc-
\n∂pw h∂p-]T - n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ Ipń-Iƒ°p kpc-£n-XX - zhpw Pohn-
X-ku-I-cyhpw e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Hcp t_m¿UnwKv DSs\
ÿm]n-®p. kvIqƒ Ipń-I-fpsS FÆw h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-cpsS
B≤ym-fln-Ihpw km∑m¿§n-I-hp-amb \ne-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw
AXp klm-b-I-am-bn. kz¥w apdn-t]mepw Ipń-Iƒ°v Xma-kn-°p-
∂-Xn\v At±lw hn´p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. IrXy-t_m-[hpw kz`m-h-ip-
≤n-bp-ap≈ A[ym-]-I-scbpw kvIqfn¬ \nb-an-®p. A≤ym-]-I-cpsS
iº-fw, kvIqfn\v Bh-iy-amb sIń-S-ßƒ, D]-I-c-W-ßƒ F∂n-
h-bnepw th≠ ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ hcp-Øn. AXns‚ ê-ambn 1907,
1908 F∂o h¿j-ßf - n¬ sa{Sn-°p-te-j≥ ]co-£b
- n¬ a{Zmkv {]kn-
U≥kn-bn¬ H∂mw-ÿm\w sk‚ v Atem-jykv kvIqƒ Ic-ÿ-
74
am°n F∂v Cu kvIqfns‚ cP-X-Pq-_nen hm¿jnI dnt∏m¿ń¬

\n∂pw a\- n-em-°mw. A°m-eØp \S-∏n-en-cp∂ sa{Sn-°p-te-j≥
]co-£-bn¬ amt\-Pvsa‚ v kvIqfp-Iƒ°v {]Y-a-ÿm\w e`n-°pI
hfsc A]q¿Δ-am-bn-cp-∂p. FSXzm sk‚ v Atem-jykv Cw•ojv
kvIqfns‚ ÿm]-I≥ tUm. Im¿tfmkv eho™p Xncp-ta\nbpw
C≥Uy-bpsS A∂sØ UenK‰v tam¨. ktekvIn Xncp-ta-\nbpw
FSXzm kvIqƒ kμ¿in® Hc-h-k-c-Øn¬ _. tXmΩm-®≥ Ah-
cpsS ap‡-I-WvT-amb {]iw-kbv°v ]m{Xo-`-hn-®p.
kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn\v A∂sØ kap-Zmbw hne I-ev]n-®n-cp-
∂n- √ . kap- Z m- b - Ø ns‚ i‡n- t I- { μ- a mWv kv { Xosb- ∂ pw, Hcp
s]Ïp-ń-bpsS hnZym-`ymkw Hcp IpSpw-_-sØ-b-√, tZisØ apgp-
h≥ D≤-cn-°p-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-am-sW∂pw a\- n-em-°nb _. tXmΩm-
®≥ kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn\p IqSp-X¬ A`n-hr-≤nbpw {]Nm-chpw
hcp-Øn. sshZnI hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Xs∂ C°mcyw
At±-lØns‚ Nn¥m-hn-j-b-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v A∂sØ Ub-dn-°p-
dn-∏p-Iƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS -`-‡n-{]-Nm-c-W-Øn-
\mbn Xm≥ ÿm]n® Bcm-[-\mk\ym-kn\n k-aq-l-Øns‚ \nb-
am-h-en-bn¬ "s]¨]-≈n-°q-S-ßƒ G¿s∏-SpØn s]Ïp-ń-Isf
A£-cm-`ym-kw, ]mN-I-hr-Øn, Xø¬, kwKo-Xw, Nn{X-sa-gpØv XpS-
ßnb temtIm-]-Im-c-{]-Z-ß-fmb Imcy-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°-W-sa∂pw
Aßs\ `h-\-ß-sfbpw Ic-I-sfbpw cmPy-ß-sfbpw \nßƒ \ho-
I-cn-°p-Ibpw KpWo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNø-W'-sa∂pw \n¿t±-in-®n-´p-
≈Xv CXp-sIm≠p Xs∂-bm-Wv. Cu B{K-l-tØm-Sp-IqSn Bcm-
[\m kaq-lmw-KßfpsS {][m\ t{]jn-X-cwKw hnZym-e-b-ambn
At±lw \n¿t±-in-®p.
IpSpw-_Ø- ns‚ \mUn-tI-{μ-amb kv{XoI-fpsS a\x-kw-kv°c - Ww
Ipń-I-fpsS kz`m-h-cq-]-h-XvI-c-W-Øn\pw hoSn-s‚bpw kap-Zm-b-Øn-
s‚bpw sI´p-d-∏n\pw kwhn-[m-\-Øn\pw F{X-am{Xw D]-Im-c-{]-Z-
am-sW-∂pw, AXn\p hnZym-`ymkw Fßs\ klm-bn°psa∂pw
FS-Xzm-bnse P\-ßsf Xs‚ {]`m-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS At±lw {Kln-
∏n-®p. Xma-kw-hn\m FSXzm CS-h-I-bnse {]mY-anI ae-bmfw
75
tKƒkv kvIqƒ anUn¬kvIq-fm°n am‰n. Hcp kvIqƒ sIń-Shpw

]WnIgn-∏n-®p. \n¿≤-\-cmb Ipń-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xn\p ]Ww
sIm≠pw At±lw klm-bn-®p-t]m-∂n-cp-∂p. hnZq-c-ÿ-cmb Ipń-
I-fpsS kpc-£n-X-Xzhpw Ah-cpsS B≤ym-flnI hf¿®bpw IW-
°n-se-SpØp hnhn[ Xe-ß-fn¬ \n∂p X\n°p t\cn-tS-≠n-h∂
sshcp-≤y-ßsf Ah-K-Wn®v 1908-˛¬ AhnsS Hcp t_m¿UnwKv
ÿm]n-®p. Zznap-J-ß-fmb B{K-l-ß-fmWv C{]-Imcw {]h¿Øn-
°p-hm≥ At±-lsØ t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-
ßƒsIm≠v B kvIqfnse Ipń-I-fpsS kwJy {Iam-Xo-X-ambn
h¿≤n-®p.
Nß-\m-t»cn cq]-X-bpsS {]Y-a-sa-{Xm-\mbn _. tXmΩm®≥
\nb-an-X-\m-b-t∏mƒ Xs‚ t{]jn-X-cwKw hn]p-ehpw hnkvXr-X-hp-
ambn. tIc-fob ItØm-en-°-cpsS hnizmk {]Nm-c-W-Øn-\mbn
At±lw A{im¥w ]cn-{i-an-®n-cp-∂p. icn-bmb hnZym-`ymkw hgn
Ipń-If- n¬ Pohn-Xh- n-ip≤n Df-hm-°W
- s
- a-∂p≈ Nn¥ At±-lØ - n¬
i‡n-s∏-´-Xns‚ ê-ß-fmWv C∂p Nß-\m-t»cn AXn-cq-]-X-
bnse ]≈n-Iƒ°p kao]w hf¿∂p-s]mßn \n¬°p∂ ]e
kvIqfp-If - pw. Ct±lw `cWw ssItø¬°p-tºmƒ, BÏp-ń-Iƒ°v
Kh-s◊‚ v Aw-Ko-Imcw e`n® ct≠m aqt∂m hn.-Fw. kvIqfp-Ifpw
aq∂p \mev ss{]adn kvIq-fp-Ifpw am{Xta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈q. a‰p-
≈-h-sb√mw A]q¿Æ-ß-fmb ss{]adn kvIqfp-Ifpw shdpw If-cn-
I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. CS-h-I-Iƒ tXmdpw ae-bmfw kvIqfp-Ifpw Cw•ojv
kvIqfp-Ifpw D≠m-bn-°m-Wp-hm≥ Ct±lw B{K-ln-°p-Ibpw AXn-
\p-th≠ t{]m’m-l-\-ßfpw klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-ßfpw sNbvXp-
sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. I\y-Im-a-T-ßƒ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v At±-
lsØ t{]cn-∏n® Hcp kwKXn Ah-cpsS A≤ym-]\w hgn, _me-
lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ ssZh-kvt\-lhpw k∑m¿§-{]-Xn-]-Ønbpw Df-hm-Ip-
sa-∂p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ ]pXn-b-Xmbn ÿm]n® I\y-Im-a-T-
ß-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v 15 sh¿Æm-°p-e¿ ss{]adn kvIqfp-Ifpw 9 hn.-
Fw. kvIqfp-Ifpw ÿm]n-X-am-bn.
C°m-eØp hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØp cmPy-sam-´p-°p≠mb DW¿Δv
76
Kh-s◊‚ns‚ ho£-W-Øn\p hyXn-bm\w Df-hm-°n. Kh-s◊‚ v

kvIqfp-Iƒ ]e ÿeØpw ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw \n¿±njvS ]co-£m-
tbm-Ky-X-bp-≈-hsc A[ym-]-I-cmbn \nb-an-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]co-
£m-tbm-Ky-X-bp-≈-h-cpsS A]-cym-]vXX \nanØw ]≈n-hI ]e
kvIqfp-Ifpw Kh-s◊‚ns‚ ]ń-I-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
kl-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øns‚ Zqjy-^-e-ßƒ a\- n-em-°nb ]nXmhv CS-
h-I-Iƒ tXmdpw BÏp-ń-Iƒ°pw s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°pw {]tXyIw
{]tXyIw kvIqfp-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p. ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ F√m-h¿°pw A[ym-
]-I-]-cn-io-e\w e`n-®n-cn-°-W-sa-∂p≈ \nbaw bph-Xn-Isf henb
Hcp {]Xn-k-‘n-bn-te°p \bn-®p. hnZq-c-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ s{Sbn-\nw-
Kn\p t]mIp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠p≈ _p≤n-ap´pIfpw k\ym-kn-\n-I-fmb
hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS kaq-l-Øns‚ \nb-am-h-en-b-\p-k-cn-
®p≈ I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬ A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sm-hp∂ sshj-ay-ßfpw
a\- n-em-°nb ]nXmhv ItØm-en°m bph-Xn-I-fpsS kpc-£n-X-
amb hnZym-`ymk ]cn-io-e-\Øn-\p-th≠n ÿm]n-®-XmWv hmg-∏≈n
s{Sbn-\nwKv kvIqƒ.
Cw•ojv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw a\- n-em-°nb B \√
CS-b≥, B cwKØpw th≠ t{]m’m-l\ - ß
- ƒ sImSp-Øp. BÏp-
ń-Iƒ°v Nß-\m-t»-cn, FS-Xzm, am∂m-\w, ]mem F∂o ÿe-ß-
fn¬ Hmtcm sslkvIqƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw cq]-X-bpsS
hnkvXo¿Æw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ AXv Xo¿Øpw A]-cym-]vX-am-
bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\m¬ an -Øns‚ ]e-`m-K-ß-fn-embn 10 Cw•ojv
anUn¬ kvIqfp-Iƒ ÿm]n-®p. A°m-eØv s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°v
Cw•ojv ]Tn-°p--∂Xn\p ItØm-en°m kvIqfp-Iƒ H∂pw-Xs∂
D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ]W-kw-_-‘-amb Xs‚ _p≤n-ap-´p-Iƒ H∂pw
hI-h-bv°msX At±lw Nß-\m-t»cn I¿Ω-eo-Øm-a-T-tØmSpw
AXn-c-ºpg Bcm-[-\-a-T-tØmSpw A\p-_-‘n®v Hmtcm Cw•ojv
sslkvIqƒ ÿm]n-®p. aptØm-en-bnepw IÆm-Sn-bp-dp-ºnepw Hmtcm
Cw•ojv anUn¬kvIqfpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øn. hnZym-e-b-ß-fpsS kpK-a-
amb \S-Øn-∏n\v dh. ^m. tImin aºew B.A.L.T. Ah¿Isf cq]Xm
hnZym-`ymk Ub-d-IvS-dmbn \nb-an-®p. Ime-Øns‚ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bv°-
\p-kr-Xa- mb hf¿®bpw {]i-kvXnbpw Ah-Im-is - ∏-Sp-∂ Cu ÿm]-
77
\-ßƒ°v P∑w \¬Inb [\y≥ Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXmhv Ah-bpsS

Ncn-{X-Ønse Hcp ambm ap{Z-X-s∂.
Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse sa®-s∏´ Iem-e-b-ß-fn¬ H∂mb Fkv.-
_n. tImfPv AXns‚ Bfl-IY Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv [\y≥ Ipcym-f-
t»-cn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS ]mh-\\ - maw D®-cn-®p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°pw. At±-
l-Øns‚ aq∂v A`n-em-j-ß-fn¬ H∂v bmYm¿∞y-am-bn-Øo¿∂-
Xm-Wn-Xv. tIc-fØ - n¬ Znhy-Im-cpWy Bcm-[\ k\ym-kn\n kaqlw
ÿm]n-°p-I, sX°≥ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn¬ Hcp tImfPv ÿm]n-°p-
I, tdman¬ InS∂p acn-°p-hm-\p≈ `mKyw kn≤n-°p-I. Cu aq∂p
Imcy-ßƒ s{]m∏-Km-¥-bn¬\n∂p t]mcp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv sk‚ v
]ot‰gvkv _kn-en-°m-bnse hn. ]t{Xm-kns‚ XqWn¬ ]nXmhv
Fgp-Xn-bn-ń-cp-∂p. Ah aq∂pw Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ \nd-th-dp-Ibpw
sNbvXp F∂v Ncn{Xw km£n-°p∂p. Xs‚ sa{Xm≥ ]´m-`n-tj-
Im-\¥ - cw sk‚ v _¿°p-am≥kv sslkvIq-fn¬h®v \S-Ønb A\p-
tam-Z-\-ao-‰nw-Kn¬ ""Cu hnZym-e-bsØ Ign-bp-∂Xpw thK-Øn¬ Hcp
alm-]m-T-im-e-bm-°-W-sa-∂p≈ tamlw km[n-°p-hm≥ ssZhw
A\p-{K-ln-°-s´. AXns‚ A`yp-∂-Xn-bv°mbn \nßƒ {i≤m-ep-
°m-fmbn-cn-°p-sa∂v Rm≥ hniz-kn-°p-∂p.''1 F∂p≈ hm°p-Iƒ
tImtfPv ÿm]-\-Øn¬ X\n-°p≈ A`n-em-j-Xo-{h-Xsb hnfn-®-
dn-bn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv.
1922 Pq¨ 9 ˛ A∂mWv Nß-\m-t»cn ]mtd¬∏≈n hI Hcp
c≠p-\n--e-s°-ń-S-Øn¬ Fkv.-_n. tImf-Pn\v Bcw`w Ipdn-®-Xv. 1923-
˛¬ ]pXnb tImf-Pns‚ inem-ÿm-]-\-I¿Ωw {]Ya {]n≥kn-∏mƒ
^m. amXyp ]pc-bv°¬ M.A.bpsS t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ A∂sØ Xncp-
hn-Xmw-Iq¿ Znhm≥Pn Bbn-cp∂ k¿ ‰n. cmL-hø \n¿Δ-ln-®p.
ItØm-en-°-cpsS hI-bmbn Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ GI
tImtfPpw CXp-X-s∂. Fkv.-_n. tImtfPv kam-cw-`n-®-Xns‚
kph¿Æ-Pq-_n-en-bpw, AXns‚ ÿm]-I\pw c£m-[n-Im-cn-bp-am-bn-
cp∂ A`n-hμy Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hns‚ P∑-i-Xm-_vZnbpw H∂n-
®m-tLm-jn-°p-hm≥ 1973˛¬ `mKyw e`n-®p.
1. "ssd‰v dh. tUm. tXmakv Ipcym-f-t»cn', F≥.-Fw. ^nen∏v, 1924
78
hμy-Xn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS {]b-Xv\-^-e-ambn cq]w-sIm≠ hnZym-e-

b-ßsf ItØm-en°m A¥-co-£Ø - n¬ hf¿Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip∂
hnj-b-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p A\-¥cw At±-l-Øns‚ {i≤ KmV-ambn
]Xn-™-Xv. ""ss]X-ßƒ \S-t°-≠p∂ hgn-bn¬ Ahsc A`y-kn-
∏n-°p-I, F∂m¬ Ah¿ hr≤-cm-Ip-tºmƒ AXns\ hn´p-am-dp-I-bn-
√.'' F∂ Znthym-]t- Z-ihpw At±-lØ - ns‚ lrZ-bØ - n¬ ]e-t∏mgpw
apg-ßn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. X∂n-anØw hnZym-`ymkw tIhew euIn-I-
am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂m¬ AXv B]-XvI-c-sa∂v B {]Xn-`m-imen {Kln-
®p. ""⁄m\-Øns‚ Bcw`w ssZh-`-b-am-Ip-∂p.'' (kp`m.1:7) F∂
thZ-hm-Iy-{]-Imcw hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ {]mcw-`-L-´-Øn¬Øs∂
ssZh-hn-izm-khpw k∑m¿§-\n-jvTbpw ]men-°-s∏-Sp∂ kvIqfp-I-
fn¬ am{Xta ItØm-en-°m-°p-ń-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ At±lw A\p-
h-Zn-®n-cp-∂p-≈p. Zqc-ÿe- ß
- f
- n¬t∏mbn ]Tn-°p-hm≥ B{K-ln-°p∂
BÏp-ń-Iƒ ItØm-en-°¿ \S-Øp∂ t_m¿Unw-Kp-I-fn¬ Xma-
kn-®p-]-Tn-®p-sIm-≈-Ww. AXn\p \nhr-Øn-bn-√m-Ø-]£w DØ-a-
I-tØm-en°m `h-\-ßƒ sXc-s™-SpØp Ipń-I-fpsS Imcyw B
IpSpw-_-Ø-e-h-∑msc Gev]n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXn\p hμy-]n-Xm-hns‚
A\p-hmZw CS-h-I-hn-Im-cn-am¿hgn Ipń-I-fp-sS-a¬ Npa-X-e-s∏-´-h¿
ap≥Iqń hmßn-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-sb√mw Hmtcm CS-b-te-J-\-
ß-fn¬°qSn Ahn-Sp∂p {]tXyIw Adn-bn-®n-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. At±-l-
Øns‚ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ°v hn]-coXw sNøp∂-h¿°v ITn-\-amb
in£bpw \¬In-bn-´p-≠v. Cßs\ Xma-kn-®p-]-Tn-°p∂ Ipń-I-fpsS
B≤ym-fln-Ihpw km∑m¿§n-I-hp-amb \S-]-Sn-I-sf-∏‰n AXXp
ÿesØ _. hnIm-cn-am-cpsS km£y-]{Xw kvIqƒ h¿jm-h-km-
\-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ap≥]msI lmP-cm-°-W-sa∂pw ]nXmhv
Iev]n-®p. Hmtcm Ipń-bp-sSbpw CS-h-I-bnse _. hnIm-cn-am-cm-bn-
cp∂p AXn-t\¿∏mSp sNtø-≠n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AI-tØm-en°m-kvIq-
fp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn t]mIp∂ Ipń-Iƒ AXXp ÿesØ
_. hnIm-cn-bpsS tcJm-aq-e-ap≈ kΩ-X-tØm-Sp-IqSn hμy-]n-Xm-
hn¬ \n∂v A\p-hmZw hmßn-bn-cn-°-W-sa∂pw \n¿_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p.
79
kmam-\y-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Ønt\m D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Ønt\m A\y-

ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ t]mIm≥ B{K-ln-°p∂ s]Ïp-ń-I-ƒ°pw Nne
hyh-ÿ-Iƒ _m[Iambn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ H∂p-In¬ I\y-Im-a-T-ß-fn-
tem, AY-hm, I\y-mkv{XoI-fpsS kwc-£-W-Øn-ep≈ t_m¿Unw-
Kp-I-fntem Xma-kn®p ]Tn-®p-sIm-≈-Ww. A√msX a‰p hońtem
ÿetØm ASpØ kw_-‘n-I-fpsS `h-\-ß-fn¬ t]meptam ]T-
\-Øn-\mbn t]mbn Xma-kn-®p-Iq-Sm. Ahn-hm-ln-X-cmb s]Ïp-ń-
Iƒ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xnt\m ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-t\m th≠n A\y-`-h-\-ß-
fn¬ Xma-kn-°p-∂Xns\ kw_-‘n®pw Atß-b‰w FXn¿∏p-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p, At±-l-Øn-\v. D]-tZ-i-ß-fmepw CS-b-te-J-\-ß-fmepw
AXns‚ Zqjy-^-e-ßƒ At±lw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®p. X∂m¬ km[n-
°p-∂-hn-[-Øn¬ Ah¿°p-th≠ klm-b-ßfpw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-Øn-
´p-≠v. D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn\v B{K-ln-°p∂ s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°mbn
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cØv an w hI Hcp sIńSw hmS-I-bvs°-Sp-Øp.
AhnsS I\ym- k v { Xo- I - f psS ta¬t\m- ´ - Ø n¬ Kh- s ◊‚p- h I
kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p∂Xn-\p≈ F√m kuI-cy-ßfpw At±lw G¿s∏-
Sp-Øn. CXp-t]mseXs∂ Xm≥ ÿm]n® F√m I\yIm-e-b-ß-
tfmSpw A\p-_-‘n®v hnZym-e-b-ßfpw t_m¿Unw-Kp-Ifpw ÿm]n-
®n-cp-∂p.
k∑m¿§-\n-jvT-bp≈ A≤ym-]n-Im-≤y-]-Isc \nb-an-°p∂ Imcy-
Ønepw IqSp-X¬ {i≤n-°W - s - a∂p kvIqƒ `mc-hm-ln-Isf At±lw
DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®p. A{]-Imcw Xs∂ ItØm-en°m hnZym¿∞n-I-fpsS
B≤ym-fln-Im-`n-hr-≤n-bv°p-X-Ip∂ F√m am¿§-ßfpw Ah-ew-_n-
®p-sIm-≈-W-sa∂pw AXn\p Npa-X-e-s∏-´-hsc At±lw t_m[y-
s∏-Sp-Øn. kzm[n-Im-cm-Xn¿Øn-°p-≈n¬ \S-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ kvIqfp-Iƒ
icn-bmb \nb-{¥-WØ - nepw in£-WØ - nepw ]ptcm-Ka - n-°p-∂p-t≠m-
sb∂v At\z-jWw sNøp-∂-Xn\pw _. hnIm-cn-amsc Npa-X-e-s∏-
Sp-Øn. C{]-Imcw Ipń-I-fpsS hnZym-`ymkw ItØm-en-°m-]-cn-k-c-
ß-fn-¬ Bbn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v D]-bp-‡-amb F√m am¿§-ßfpw Xs‚
18, 28, 84 F∂o CS-b-te-J-\-ßƒ aptJ\ At±lw \n¿t±-in-®p.
""a\x-kw-kvI-c-W-amWv hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ ]c-tam-t±-iyw. Cu
kwkvIc - Ww ssZh-sØ-∏‰ - nbpw ssZh-Ie
- v]\
- I
- s
- f-∏‰
- n-bp-ap≈ icn-
80
bmb t_m[y-Øn¬ \n∂p In´p-∂p. CXp-sIm-≠mWv ItØm-en°m

kvIqfp-If - nepw ItØm-en°m D]m-≤ym-bc - psS ASp-°epw Ipń-Isf
hnSp-∂Xv-'' F∂v tIc-f-I-tØm-en°m kpdn-bm\n alm-P-\-tbm-K-
Øn¬ A≤y£w hln-®p-sIm≠v At±lw kwkm-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-
bn. kvIqfp-I-fpsS FÆw hnIm-cn-bm-Øn¬ h¿≤n-®p-Im-Wp-∂-Xn\pw
AXp- h gn kap- Z mbw _u≤n- I hpw ssh⁄m- \ n- I - h p- a mb
D¬°¿jsØ {]m]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw At±lw AXn-bmbn B{K-ln-
®p. \ΩpsS \mńse hnZym-`ym-km-`n-hr-≤n°pw A[x-ÿn-Xc - psS kwc-
£-WØ - n\pw th≠n Xs‚ ]m›m-Xy-]c - y-S\- hpw temI-]c
- n-Nb- hpw hn]p-
e-amb hn⁄m-\k - º
- Øpw hn\n-tbm-Kn-®X - n¬ \ap-s°∂pw At±-lsØ
IrX-⁄X - t- bmsS kvacn-°mw. hnZym-`ymk]c-amb At±-lØ - ns‚ ]cn-
{i-aß
- ƒ F√m kap-Zm-b° - m¿°pw hninjym ItØm-en°mkap-Zm-b-
Øn\pw \nc-h[n \∑-Iƒ {]Zm\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v. A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-
cmb bph-Xo-bp-hm-°-∑m-cpsS kwJy h¿≤n-®p. kap-Zm-b-Øns‚
kmº- Ø n- I hpw kmwkv ° m- c n- I - h p- a mb hi- ß sf kmc- a mbn
kv]¿in-°p-∂-Xn\pw Cu ]cn-{iaw klm-b-I-am-bn. Ipcym-f-t»-cn-
]nXmhv hnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØp sNbvX al-Ømb tkh-\-ßsf A`n-
\-μn®v 50000 eoc (C‰m-en-b≥ \mW-bw) A∂sØ am¿∏m∏m Xncp-
a-\- p-sIm≠v kΩm-\n-®n-´p-≠v.1
hn⁄m-\m-`n-hr≤n
hnZym-eb
- w-hgn e`n-°p∂ ⁄m\-Øn\pw ]pd-sa, a‰p-hn-[Ø
- nepw
Adnhp kºm-Zn-°p-∂X -- n-\p-th≠ am¿§-ßƒ At±lw D]-tZ-in-
®p. \√ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ, ]{X-am-kn-I-Iƒ, a‰p {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ
F∂nh hoSp-I-fn¬ hcpØn hmbn-°p-∂-Xn\pw t{]m’m-l\w
\¬In. _p≤n-hn-Im-k-Øn\pw a\x-kw-kvI-c-W-Øn\pw D]-I-cn-°m-
ØXpw k∑m¿§-hncp≤-ß-fmb {]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ AS-ßn-b-Xp-am-b-
hsb At±lw \ntcm-[n-®p. X∂n-anØw F√m-hcpw ZpjvI¿Ω-ß-
fn¬ \n∂pw hn´-I∂p Pohn-°p-∂-Xn\v CS-bm-bn. Xncp- -`m-am-Xmhv
B{K-ln-°p-∂-hn-[-Øn¬ ssZh-`-‡nbpw hn⁄m-\hpw {]Zm\w
sNøp∂ {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ hmbn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\p hnizm-kn-Iƒ°v
1. "\{kmWn Zo]nI' ˛ 1924 Unkw-_¿ 27
81
{]tNm-Z-\-a-cp-fp∂ CS-b-te-J-\-ßfpw At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v

(\º¿ 84). tIc-fob ItØmen°m kmln-Xy-Øns‚ timNym-hÿ-
ÿ-sb-°p-dn®pw AXn-\p≈ \nhm-c-W-am¿§-ß-sf-∏-‰nbpw tIcf
ItØm-en°m kpdn-bm\n alm-P-\-tbm-K-Øn¬h®v At±lw Hcn-
°¬ C{]-Imcw {]kvXm-hn-®p: ""\ΩpsS aX-X-Xz-ßsf Ah-K-Wn-
°p-Ibpw Bt£-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ]e {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßfpw
]pd-Øp-h-cp∂ Hcp Ime-am-Wn-Xv. Cu \mi-Im-c-i-‡nsb XS-bp-I-
sb-∂p≈Xp `mjm-`n-am-\n-I-fp-sSbpw aXm-`n-am-\n-I-fp-sSbpw Hcp
henb IS-a-bm-Wv. i{Xp-°-fpsS FXn¿hm-Z-ßsf JWvUn°p-∂-
hbpw {InkvXob XXz-ßsf hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-h-bp-amb ]pkvX-I-
ßfpw eLp-te-J-Ifpw [mcmfw D≠m-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ata-cn-
°, Cw•≠v apX-emb cmPy-ß-fn-se-t∏mse ItØm-en-°m-a-X-XXz
{]kn-≤o-I-c-W-k-amPw \ΩpsS tIc-f-\m-ńepw ÿm]n-°-Ww.
{]kvXpX cmPy-ß-fnse XmZri {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßsf X¿÷a
sNbvXpw A\p-I-cn®pw Chn-sSbpw ItØm-en°m {KŸ-ß-fpsS
kwJy h¿≤n-∏n-°mw. \ΩpsS B{K-lß - s- fbpw Ah-Im-iß- s
- fbpw
hmZn-°p-∂-Xn\p \ΩpsS kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ hI-bmbn Hcp h¿Ø-am-
\-∏{- Xhpw D≠m-tI-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ipsd h¿j-ßƒ°p ap≥]v kmaq-
ln-I-k-tΩ-f-\-Øn¬h®v kap-ZmbwhI-bmbn ""tIcf Zo]n-I-°-
º\n'' ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\pw a‰pw G¿∏mSv sNbvXXv Cu Bhiyw
t_m[y-am-b-Xp-aq-e-am-Wv. AXn-\m¬ kap-Zm-b-Øn\v D]-Imcw
sNøm≥ Icp-tØ-dnb ]{X-]p-kvX-I-am-kn-I-I-fpsS Ipdhp \mw ]cn-
l-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Ip-∂p.''1
]{X-ß-fpsS {]m[m\yw ]e-t∏mgpw Ahn-Sp∂p t_m[y-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-´p-≠v. hn. {^m≥knkv kme-kns\ ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-Ic
- psS c£m-
[n-Im-cnbmbn am¿]m∏m \n›-bn® Ah-k-c-Øn¬ hn. {^m≥kn-
kv kmekns‚ ]Sw ImWn-®p-sIm≠v ""CXm \nßƒ°v DØ-a-
\mb Hcp c£m-[n-Im-cnsb ]cn. ]nXmhv Iev]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hn.
{^m≥knkv Fs‚bpw BZ¿i-]p-cp-j-\m-Wv. \√-\√ teJ-\-ßƒ
FgpXn \nß-fpsS ISa \n¿Δ-ln-°-Ww.''2 F∂p ]{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-
Ø-epƒs∏´ Hcm-tfmSp hfsc Xmev]-cy-]q¿Δw Ipcym-ft»cn D]-
1. "\{kmWn Zo]nI' ˛ 1918 G{]n¬ 30
2. "\{kmWn Zo]nI' ˛ 1925 Pq¨ 11
82
tZ-in-®p. ]{X-ßƒ, {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-hsb Ahn-Sp∂v

D≈-gn™v kvt\ln-®n-cp-∂p. ⁄m\-kw-h¿≤-I-ß-fmb CuhI
{]ÿm-\-ß-fn-se√mw Aflm-b-cpsS kl-I-cWw At±lw Imw£n-
°p-Ibpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. ]{X-{]-kn-≤o-I-c-
W-ß-fpsS {]m[m\yw a\- n-em°n hμy-Xn-cp-ta\n tIm´-bØv cq]-
X-hI ÿeØv (C-t∏mƒ eq¿±v]≈n Ccn-°p∂ ÿew) Hcp {] v
ÿm]n°Ibpw (hn.-Pn. {] v). {io. Fw.-Fw. tPmk-^ns‚ ]{Xm-
[n-]-Xy-Øn¬ "A\-¥-`m-cXn' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp ]{Xw {]kn-≤o-I-
cn-°pIbpw sNbvXp.
ItØm-en-°m-kw-LS- \- I- ƒhgn aX-Øn\pw kap-Zm-bØ- n\pw \nc-
h[n \∑-Iƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xm-I-bm¬ kwL-S-\-Isf A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-
Ø-W-sa∂pw At±lw \n›-bn-®p. I¿j-I-k-am-P-ßƒ ÿm]n®pw
s\bvØv, A®-Sn, inev]-hn-Zy BZn-bmb sNdp-InS hyh-km-b-ßƒ
]cn-t]m-jn-∏n®pw kap-Zm-bm-`n-am-\n-Iƒ {]b-Xv\n-t°≠ Bh-iy-
IX F√m-h¿°pw a\- n-em-°n-s°m-Sp-Øp. ]c-kv]-c-k-lm-b-kw-
L-S-\-Iƒ°pw {]Nmcw hcp-Øn. F√m-hcpw sXmgn-ens\ kvt\ln-
°-Ww. GsX-¶nepw sXmgn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw A`y-kn-®n-cn-°-Ww.
hμy-]-Xm-hns‚ Cuhn[ D∂-Xm-Z¿i-ßƒ Hmtcm∂pw kap-Zm-
bØns‚ A`yp∂Xn°p hfsc {]tbm-P-Io-`-hn-®p.
sshZn- I cpw Aflm- b cpw XΩn- e p≈ kulm¿±- ] - c - a mb
h¿Ø\w k`-bpsSbpw kap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚bpw A`yp-Z-b-Øn\p hfsc
klm-bn-°p-sa-∂-t±lw P\-ßsf a\- n-em-°n. ""Cu c≠p hIp-
∏p-Ifpw ItØm-en-°m-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-s‚ c≠p a¿Ω-`m-K-ß-fm-Ip-∂p.
adn-®m-sc-¶nepw k¶-ev]n-°p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬ AXp tIhew A_-≤hpw
{lkz-Zr-jvSn-bpsS ê-hp-am-bnt´ KWn-t°-≠-Xp≈p''2 F∂mWv
tIc-fob ItØm-en°m kpdn-bm\n alm-P-\-tbm-K-Øn¬h®v Ahn-
Sp∂p {]kvXm-hn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
kmaq-ly-Xn-∑-Iƒs°-Xnsc
tIc-fob P\-X-bpsS aX kmwkvIm-cnI cwK-ß-fn-tebv°v IS-
∂p-sN∂v AhnsS thcq-∂n-bn-cp∂ kmaq-lnI Xn∑-Iƒs°-Xnsc
1. "\{kmWn Zo]nI' ˛ 1918 G{]n¬ 30
83
]S-s]m-cpXn tIc-f-Øns‚ DZvK-Xn-bn¬ PmK-cq-I-\m-bn-cp∂ Hcp

bpK-{]-`m-h-\mWv Ipcym-f-t»-cn-]n-Xm-hv. aZy-]m-\w, A«o-e-\m-S-I-
ßƒ, hyh-lm-cw, [q¿Øv F∂n-hsb D∑q-e\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\p-
th≠n ]nXmhv \S-Ønb {ia-ßƒ Ncn-{X-{]m-[m\yw A¿ln-°p-
∂-h-bm-Wv.
aZy-]m-\-w
P\-k-ap-Zm-b-Øns‚ Bfl-\m-i-Øn\pw [\-\-jvS-Øn\pw Imc-
W-am-Ip-∂Xpw ]e Xn∑-Iƒ°p hnf-\n-e-hp-amb aZy-]m\w ]mtS
\ndp-Ø-em-°p-∂-Xn\p tIc-f-Øn¬ BZy-ambn ]cn-{i-an-®Xv Ipcym-
f-t»cn am¿ tXmΩm sa{Xm-\m-Wv. 1914˛se Xs‚ bqtdm∏p ]cy-S-\-
th-f-bn¬ At±lw Bkv{Xn-b-bnse Hcp alm-tbm-K-Øn¬ kw_-
‘n®p aZy-]m-\\ - n-tcm-[\
- k
- {- º-Zm-bß
- ƒ {Kln-®p. bqtdm-∏n¬ \n∂p-
ap≈ {]Xym-K-a-\-tijw ]c-ky-I-ev]-\-Iƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn®v ASn-b-
¥n-cm-Zn-I-fnepw Xncp-\m-fp-I-fnepw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ el-cn-km-[-
\-ßfpw Ah-bpsS Zp¿hy-bhpw \ndp-Ø-em°n (C-S-b-te-J\w 8,
13, 15). CXns‚ ]n∂nse tNtXm-hn-Im-c-sa-s¥∂v At±lw hy‡-
am-°p-∂p. ""aZy-]m-\-sa∂ `b-¶c Xn∑sb \ΩpsS a°-fmb \nß-
fpsS CS-bn¬ \n∂v \nt»jw Zpco-I-cn®v \nß-fpsS IpSpw-_-ßsf
ku`m-Ky-k-ºq¿Æ-ÿn-Xn-bnepw \nß-tfm-tcm-cp-Ø-cp-sSbpw lrZ-
bßsf k - a
- m-[m-\Ø- nepw kz¿§ob {]k-∂X - b
- nepw B°n-Øo¿°-
W-sa-∂p≈ \ΩpsS ]nXm-hn-\-SpØ lrZ-b-Øns‚ AXn-cp-I-hn™
B{Klw H∂p-am-{X-amWv C{X {]mh-iyhpw ]e in£-I-fn¬
Iogmbpw \m\m-{]-Im-tc-Wbpw aZy-]m\ \ntcm-[\ - Ø
- n\v \sΩ _≤-
1
{i-≤-\m°n Xo¿Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.'' (PL. 8)
aZy-]m-\-Øns‚ hn]-Øp-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]nXmhv Xs‚ Cu CS-b-
te-J-\-Øn¬ C{]-Imcw ]d-bp-∂p. ""aZyw F∂ ss]im-Nn-I-hnjw
a\p-jy-\n-epƒ{]-th-in-®m¬ Ah≥ Imń-°q-´p∂ tImam-fn-Øc
- ß
- fpw
A\¿∞-ßfpw F{X-sb∂v ]d-™-dn-bn-°m≥ ]‰n-√. Ima-t{Im-[mZn
hnIm-c-ß-sf, aZy-]m\w DW¿Øp-Ibpw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNø-
∂p. CØcw hnIm-c-ßƒ a\p-jy-cpsS lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ Dd-ßn-°n-S-
1. PL = CS-b-te-J-\-ßƒ
84
°p∂ hnj-k¿∏-ß-fm-Ip-∂p. CXv kpt_m-[sØ \in-∏n-®p,

ss{IkvXh Ass{I-kvXh `h-\-ßsf \c-I-Xp-ey-am-°p-∂p. a\p-
jy-lr-Z-b-ßsf kIe Zp¿Kp-W-ß-fn-tebv°pw BI¿jn-°p-Ibpw
Xn∑-bn¬ ITn-\-cm-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ Hcp sIme-]m-X-In-bm-Ip∂p
aZyw.'' (PL. No.8) Ahn-izm-kw, Alw-`m-hw, Ak-Xyw, ssewKn-I-X-
bpsS AXn-{]-k-cw, `n∂-X, alm-tcm-K-ßƒ, AIm-e-a-c-Ww, Kp≠m-
hn-f-bm´w XpS-ßn-b-h-bvs°√mw ]pdta P\-ß-fpsS Bfl-\m-i-
Øn\pw [\-\-jvS-Øn\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p. AXn-\m¬ aZyw hn¬°p-
Itbm D≠m-°p-Itbm Zm\w sNøp-Itbm t]mepw sNøp-∂Xv icn-
b-√. AXv kaq-lsØ \in-∏n-°p∂ Xn∑-bm-sW∂v At±lw Xs‚
AP-K-W-ßsf DZvt_m-[n-∏n-®p. (PL. 39)
1917- ˛ se {]Pm- k - ` - b n¬ hn.- F w.- F ¬ P\m¿±- \ - ∏ n≈ "a[p-
h¿÷\w' \nth-Z\ - h
- n-jb - a- mbn kzoI-cn-®p. B hnj-bsØ Bkv]-
Z-am°n kzm`n-{]mbw ImWn®v Hsc-gp-Øb - ®
- p-sIm-Sp-°W
- s
- a∂v Ipcym-
f-t»cn ]nXm-hns\ At±lw Adn-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. At±-l-Øns‚
B{K-lm-\p-k-cWw A`n-h-μy-]n-Xmhv 1917 P\p-hcn 11˛\v Ab®
IØn¬ aZy-tk-h-bpsS `b-¶-c-Xzw, AXns\ XS-bp-hm-\mbn Kh-
s◊‚ v kzoI-cn-t°≠ am¿§-\n¿t±-i-ßƒ, aZy-\n-tcm-[\w aqew
\mSn-\p-≠m-Imhp∂ KpW-ßƒ F∂n-hsb hni-Z-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-
®n-cp-∂p. a\p-jy-k-ap-Zm-bsØ \in-∏n-°p∂ aZy-sØ-∏‰n ]nXm-sh-
gp-Xnb lrZ-b-kv]¿in-bmb B IØv {]Pm-k-`-bn¬ {io. P\m¿±-
\-]nf Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.
]nXm-hns‚ {]t_m-[-\-ß-fpsS ê-am-bn, aZy-]m-\-Øns‚
_m°n-]-{X-amb Aim¥n \rØ-am-Sn-bn-cp∂ \nc-h[n IpSpw-_-ßƒ
kam-[m\ \ntI-X-\-ß-fm-bn. aZy-]m\ \ntcm-[-\m¿∞w At±lw
sNbv X [oc- X - t b- d nb {]h¿Ø- \ - ß sf hne- a - X n- ® p- s Im≠v
A∂sØ {][m\ am[y-a-ß-fm-bn-cp∂ ]{X-ßƒ {]kvXm-h-\-I-fn-
d-°n, At±-lsØ {]Io¿Øn-®n-´p-≠v. ""aZy-]m\w kw_-‘n®v Xncp-
a-\- nse {]b-Xv\-ßƒ \ΩpsS \mńse k¥Xn]c-º-c-I-fm¬
Xo¿®-bmbpw {]Io¿Øn-°-s∏-Spw. aZy-]m-\-\n-tcm-[\ {]ÿm\w
tIc-fo-b-cpsS CS-bn¬ Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS b»-kn\v [mhfyw h¿≤n-
85
∏n-®n-´p-≠v.''1 . ]nXmhv aZysØ shdp-°p-Ibpw aZy-]m-\nsb kvt\ln-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. aZy-]m-\n-Iƒ, Zp¿am¿§n-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-hsc
cl-ky-Øn¬ hnfn®v Icp-Wm-]q¿Δw D]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw {]m¿∞n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂p. X∑qew el-cn-]-Zm¿∞-ßƒ°-Sn-a-bmbn
Akm-∑m¿§nI PohnXw \bn-®n-cp∂ ]e-tcbpw \∑-bn-tebv°p
ssI]n-Sn-®p-b¿Øm≥ At±-l-Øn\p km[n-®p. CXn-s\m-cp-Zm-l-c-
W-amWv Gh-cp-sSbpw t]Sn-kz-]v\-am-bn-cp∂ "tImSm-en-h¿°n'sb
"kzman-Pn-]p-Øq-cm≥' B°n am‰n-b-Xv. ]nXm-hns‚ Iev]-\-Ifpw D]-
tZ-i-ßfpw kaqlw apgp-h\pw bYm-hn[n kzoI-cn-®n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ aZy-
hn-]Øv C∂v C{X-b-[nIw cq£-am-Ip-I-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p.
Zp¿hybw
]nXmhv Xs‚ 4˛mw \º¿ CS-bt- e-J\ - Ø
- n¬ ]d-bp-∂p. ""\ΩpsS
CS-bn¬ [\-\m-i-Øn-\p≈ am¿§-ß-fn¬ aZy-]m\w Ign-™m¬
{][m-\-am-bn-´p-≈Xv Ieym-Wm-tLm-jhpw kZy-bp-am-Wv. Aan-X-amb
BS-bm-`-c-W-ß-fp-≠m-°n-bpw, Ik-hp-X-c-ß-fp≈ hkv{X-ßƒ
hmßnbpw kº-Øn¬ Ihn™ kZy-Iƒ \S-Ønbpw F{X IpSpw-
_-ß-fmWv \n¿[-\-cmbn `hn-®n-´p-≈Xv'' F∂ {]kvXmhw [\w
F{]- I mcw hn\n- t bm- K n- ° Ww F∂v P\- ß sf ]Tn- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ p.
""AhchcpsS ÿnXn°pw, kwkv°m-c-Øn\pw A\p-Kp-W-√mØ
thj-hn-[m-\-ßƒ, Ae-¶m-c-ßƒ, kZy-{`m-¥v, No´p-I-fn, hkv{Xm-`-
c-W{- àw CXym-Zn-[\
- t- em-] am¿§-ßsf \ncp-’m-ls
- ∏-Sp-Øm≥ At±-
l-Øn\v km[n-®Xv kaq-l-Øns‚ ka-{K-hn-I-k-\-Øn-\mbn A¿∏-
W-t_m-[-tØmsS \ne-sIm-≠-Xn-\memWv. \nXy-c-£-bpsS am¿§w
Adn-bm-sXbpw kmØms‚ sIWn-I-fn¬s∏´pw A‘-Im-c-Øn¬
\na-·-m-bn-cn-°p∂ P\-ßsf kXy-Øns‚ hgn-bn-tebv°v kvt\l-
]q¿Δw £Wn-t°-≠Xv Xs‚ IS-a-bm-sW∂v At±lw a\- n-em-
°n. \ΩpsS kaq-l-Øn¬ h¿≤-am-\-am-Ip∂ Cu \mc-Iob {]h-
W-X-Iƒ k`-bpsS apgp-h≥ {]iv\-am-sW∂pw Hmtcm k`m-X-\-b-
s\bpw _m[n-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂pw t_m[y-s∏´v A\p-Zn\ _en-b¿∏-
W-Øn¬ k`m-X-\-bsc apgp-h-\mbn ka¿∏n®v {]m¿∞n-°-W-sa∂v
Xs‚ AP-K-W-ßsf At±lw D]-tZ-in-®n-cp-∂p.
86
\nim-tLm-j-ßƒ
kap-Zm-bØ - ns‚ kmwkv°m-cnI, [m¿ΩnI \ne-hmcw XmgvØp∂
Xc-Øn¬ ]≈n Xncp-\m-fm-tLm-j-ß-tfmS-\p-_-‘n®v \nim-tLm-
j-ßƒ, A«oe \mS-I-ßƒ, kZy, aZy-]m\w Ch \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.
B]-XvI-c-amb Cu BtLm-j-ß-fpsS ê-ambn ssZhm-eb ]cn-
k-c-ßƒ A\m-im-ky-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw, sImSpw-sIm-≈-Iƒ°pw
D≈ tIfo-cw-Kß - f - mbn amdn-bn-cp-∂p. X∑qew IpSpw-_ß- f- nse kam-
[m-\m-¥-co£w XI¿∂n-cp-∂p. CsXmcp kmaq-ly-Xn-∑-bm-sW∂pw
AXns‚ `hn-jy-Øp-Iƒ F{X-b-[n-I-am-sW∂pw {Kln® ]nXmhv
{]Xn-_-‘-ß-tfm, {]Xn-tj-[-ß-tfm hI-h-bv°msX ssZh-]-cn-]m-
e-\-bn¬ Dd-®p-\n-∂p-sIm≠v Xs‚ Iev]-\-I-fn-eqsS Cu Xn∑-bpsS
\mcm-b-th-c-dp-Øp. ""\Ωp-sS hnIm-cn-bm-Øn¬ \mw kzoI-cn®v A`n-
\-bn-°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-a-Xn-bn-√mØ GXp \mS-I-ß-sfbpw Bcpw
Xs∂ ImWp-Ib - m-Is- ´, A`n-\b- n-°p-Ib
- m-Is´ sNbvXp-Iq-Sm-sb∂pw
\ΩpsS an -Øn-ep≈ bmsXmcp ]≈n-bnepw taem¬ cm{Xn {]Z-
£n-W-ßfpw BtLm-j-ßfpw \S-Øm≥ ]mSn-s√-∂pw, sshIn´v 6
aWn°v ap≥]v Xncp-\mƒ NS-ßp-Iƒ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-W-sa∂pw''
Iev]\ sImSp-Øp. CXv P\-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ henb tImfn-f°w
krjvSn-®p. F¶nepw P\-ßsf hio-I-cn-°-Ø-°-hn-[-ap≈ At±-
l-Øns‚ ka-Nn-Ø-Xbpw AN-©-e-amb ssZh-hn-izm-khpw aqew
Ahsc im¥-cm-°m≥ km[n-®p. BZna {InkvXym-\n-I-sf-t∏mse
{][m-\-Xn-cp-\m-fp-Iƒ°p-apºv Dd-°-sam-gn™v Xo£vW-Xm-]q¿Δw
Iq´mb P]-[ym-\-ßƒ \S-Ønbpw _mlym-Nm-c-ß-sf-°mƒ Xß-
fpsS ]pWym-`n-hr-≤nsb ap≥\n-dp-Ønbpw Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ `‡n-]q¿Δw
BtLm-jn-°-W-sa∂v At±lw \njv°¿jn-®p.
hyh-lmcw
{InkvXob IpSpw-_-ßfpsS £b-Øn-\p≈ ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-amb
thsdmcp ImcWw knhnepw {Inan-\-ep-amb hyh-lm-c-ß-fm-Ip-∂p.
{Zhy-\miw am{X-a√ Bflm-°-fpsS \nXy-\m-ihpw hyh-lmcw aqew
D≠m-Ip-∂p. Cu hn]-Øn-s\-Xnsc A`n-h-μy-]n-Xmhv XqenI Nen-
∏n-®p. IpSpw-_-Øn-\-IØpw IpSpw-_-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ Iq´mbva
87
hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p∂ Imcy-Ønepw ]nXmhv {]tXyIw DZvt_m-[-\-

ßƒ \¬In. kzØp-°ƒ bYm-k-abw a°ƒ°p hn`-Pn-®p-sIm-Sp-
°p-hm≥ amXm-]n-Xm-°∑ - msc D]-tZ-in-®p. AXn¬ sshapJyw ImWn-
°p-∂-h¿°v IqZm-i-Iƒ apS-°-W-sa∂pw Iev]-\ \¬In. \nc-]-cm-
[n-Isf I≈-t°-kn¬ IpSp-°p-∂-h¿°v DØn-cn-∏p-ISw Ds≠∂pw
Ah¿ kaq-l-Øn\v DX∏p \¬Ip-∂p-sh∂pw `h-\-k-μ¿i-\-th-f-
I-fnepw ]≈n hnko-Ø-bpsS Ah-k-c-ß-fnepw FSp-Øp-]-d-™n-
cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ \qdn-e-[nIw hcp∂ CS-b-te-J-\-ß-fnse
{]Xn-]m-Zyw IpSpw-_-˛-C-S-h-I-X-e-ß-fn-ep≈ Iq´m-bvabpw PohnX
\ho-I-c-W-hp-am-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv {]tXyIw kvac-Wo-b-am-Wv.
PmXn-kv]¿≤
PmXn-kv]¿≤-bpsS Icm-f-l-kvX-ß-fn-e-a¿∂v t]Sn-®n´v ]pd-Øn-
d-ßp-hm≥ t]mepw aSn-®n-cp∂ hy‡n-Isf kaq-l-Øns‚ apJy-[m-
c-bn-tebv°v ssIsIm-SpØv Db¿Ø-phm≥ InW™p ]cn-{i-an®
Hcp kap-Zmb ]cn-jv°¿Øm-hm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. C°m-eØv Kh-
s◊‚ v Xe-Øn¬ Zfn-X¿°pw a‰p-≈-h-sc-t∏m-se-bp≈ B\p-Iq-
ey-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°p-
∂-Xn\pw th≠n Akwªn am¿®pw ]m¿e-sa‚dn am¿®pw a‰pw \S-
Øp-∂p-≠-t√m. F∂m¬ CXn-s\-{Xtbm ap≥]v ]nXmhv Ah-cpsS
A`yp-∂-Xn-bv°mbn ]cn-{i-an-®p. A∂v XymP-tIm-Sn-bn¬ Ign-™n-
cp∂ ZfnXv `h-\-ßƒ kμ¿in-°p-∂-Xn¬ At±lw hf-sc-b-[nIw
kua-\kyw {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. ZfnXv ss{IkvX-h¿°v {]tXyI
ssZhm-e-b-ßƒ \n¿Ωn®v Ahsc kh¿Æ ss{IkvX-h-cn¬ \n∂v
AI-‰p-hm-\p≈ F√m kwcw-`-ßfpw XI¿°p-Ibpw AXn-s\-Xnsc
i_vZ-ap-b¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ""]pXp-{In-kvXym-\n-Ifpw ]gb
{InkvXym-\n-Ifpw I¿Øm-hns‚ ap≥]n¬ t`Z-an-√m-Ø-h-cm-I-bm¬
Hcp Iq´¿°v Hcp {]tXyIw ÿew as‰mcp Iq´¿°v as‰mcp ÿew,
F∂p-h-cp-∂Xv H´pw icn-b-√. Bb-Xn-\m¬ aZv_-lm-bn¬ ]gb
{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ Ip¿_m\ sIm≈p-∂n-SØ - p-Xs∂ ]pXnb {InkvXym-
\n-Ifpw Ip¿_m\ ssIs°m-t≈-≠X - m-Wv....'' (1914 sabv 17) F∂p≈
At±-l-Øns‚ Iev]\ am‰-ß-fpsS Iml-f-\mZ-ambn C∂pw {]Xn-
[z-\n-°p-∂p.
88
A«o-e-km-lnXyw
a\p-jy-a-\- ns\ kwkvI-cn-°p-hm\pw Ahs‚ A[-a-hn-Im-c-
ßsf DW¿Øn-hn´v Ak-∑m¿§n-I-X-bn-te°v \bn-°p-hm\pw Hcp-
t]mse kzm[o-\-ap-≈-h-bmWv \mS-I-ßfpw AXp-t]m-ep≈ Iem-
{]-I-S-\-ß-fpw.
A«oekmln-Xyw a\p-jy-\n¬ hcp-Øp∂ hn]-Øp-I-sf-°p-dn®v
Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXmhv t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. km∑m¿§n-I-hn-cp≤
{]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ AS-ßnb {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ßƒ \ntcm-[n-°p-Ibpw
hn⁄m-\-{]-Z-ß-fm-bh hmbn-°p-hm≥ P\-ßsf t{]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. ""hj-fmb ]pkvX-I-ßfpw amkn-I-Ifpw ]{X-ßfpw aqew
h∂p-Iq-Sp∂ \mi-ßƒ A]-cn-lm-cy-ß-fm-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ahsb
Zpco-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p \mw D]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw k¬]p-kvX-I-ß-fpw,
kXy-\m-Zw, \{kmWn Zo]nI apX-emb amkn-I-Ifpw hmßn®v
Ahsb hmbn-°p-∂-Xn\v Hu’pIyw P\n-∏n-°m≥ {i≤m-ep-°-fm-
bn-cn-°-W-sa∂v \mw KpW-tZm-jn-°p-∂p.'' (PL. 4)
\io-I-c-tWm-]m-[n-Iƒ
ItØm-en-°m-k` - bv°pw {]tXy-In®v kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-bØ - n\p
th≠n Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ tXmΩm sa{Xm≥ hf-sc-b-[nIw {]h¿Øn-
®p. AXn-\n-S-bn¬ \nc-h[n {]Xn-_-‘-ßƒ At±-lØn\v A`n-ap-
Jo-I-cn-t°≠n h∂n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Ah-sbm∂pw hμy-]n-Xm-hns\
Hcn- ° epw I¿Ω- h n- a p- J - \ m- ° n- b n- √ . {]Xyp- X , ss[cy- k - t aXw
Ahsb apgp-h≥ XcWw sNøp-∂-Xn\v At±-l-Øn\v km[n-®n-cp-
∂p. C{]-Imcw kap-Zm-tbm-XvI¿j-Øn-\mbn ]nXmhv sNbvX {]b-
Xv\-ßfpw [\-hy-bhpw Ime-Øns‚ Adp-Xn-hsc \ap°v hnkva-cn-
°m-hp-∂-X-√. At±-l-Øns‚ \nkzm¿∞-amb tkh\w Hcp kap-
Zm- b - s Øtbm Hcp tZi- s Øtbm am{X- a √ _m[n- ® n- ´ p- ≈ - X v .
PmXnaXIme-tZ-i-ß-fpsS ]cn-an-Xm-Xn¿Øn-Isf AXn-ew-Ln®p
hnhn[ kap-Zm-b-°m-scbpw ]e tZi-°m-scbpw AXp hnkva-bn-∏n-
®n-´p-s≠-∂p-≈Xpw bYm¿∞-am-Wv. Hcp kap-Zm-b-kvt\-ln-sb-∂
\ne-bn¬ hμy-]n-Xm-hns‚ \nkvXpe tkh-\-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øn-
bn-´p≈ alm-∑m-cpsS hN- p-Iƒ°pw aqeyw Iev]n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
89
{]kn-≤-\mb Hsc-gp-Øp-Im-c≥ sjh-en-b¿ hn.-kn. tPm¿÷v _n.-

F.-F¬.‰n C{]-Imcw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p: ""1914-˛¬ tIc-fob
kpdn-bm\n kap-Zm-bsØ hnj-a-L-´-ß-fn¬ kma¿∞y-tØm-Sp-IqSn
\bn®v A\-iz-c-Io¿Øn-°¿l-cm-bn-Øo¿∂ ]e t\Xm-°-∑m-cp-ap-
≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Ah-cpsS \nc-bn¬ am¿ tXmΩm sa{Xm-\p≈ ÿm\w
AZzn-Xo-b-am-Wv. Xncp-a-\- p-sIm≠p `cWw ssItb‰ \mƒ apX¬
Xncp-a-\- nse lrZ-b-Øns‚ Hmtcm kv]μ-\hpw c‡-_n-μp-°-
fpsS Hmtcm Ne-\hpw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚ \∑bpw ta∑-bp-ap-t±-in-®p-
≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. kmap-Zm-bnI Imcy-ßƒ°p-th≠n ka-btam [\tam
hybw sNøp-hm-\-t±lw bmsXmcp aSnbpw ImWn-®n-cp-∂n-√. a\p-
jy-cn¬ \n∂p {]Xn-\-μn-b¿ln-°mØ \∑ {]h¿Øn-°p-hm-\p≈
k∑-t\m-`mhw \ΩpsS hμy-]n-Xm-hn¬ khn-tijw tim`n-®n-cp-
∂p.'' as‰mcp ]{X-{]-kvXm-h-\bpw CØ-cp-W-Øn¬ kvac-Wo-b-am-
Wv. ""ItØm-en°m kap-Zmbw Cu tIc-f-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°pw Ime-
tØmfw Ipcym-f-t»-cn-Øn-cp-ta-\n-bpsS {]Xn-`m-hn-emkhpw `‡n-
{]-Nm-c-Whpw lrZ-b-ip-≤nbpw kXy-k-‘-Xbpw kap-Zm-tbm-≤m-c-
I-ß-fmb AkwJyw the-Ifpw DXvIr-jvS-k-am-cw-`-ßfpw P\-X-
Xn-bpsS lrZ-b-]q¿Δ-amb \μnsb A¿ln-°pw. At±-l-Øns‚
kvacW kZm A`n-\-h-am-bn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.''1
""Ah≥ \∑ {]h¿Øn-®p-sIm≠pw ]nim-Nn-\m¬ ]co-£n-°-
s∏-Sp-∂-h-sc-sb√mw kpJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠pw Np‰n-k-©-cn®p-'' (\S-
]Sn 10:38) F∂v \ΩpsS c£-I-\mb Cutim-sb-°p-dn®v ]d-™n-
cn-°p-∂Xv Ipcym-f-t»-cn ]nXmhnepw \nd-th-dn-sb∂p \n w-ibw
]d-bm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ hn\-bm-\zn-X-amb tkh-\-ßƒ
P\-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ At±-l-Øn\p ÿnc-{]-XnjvT t\Sn-s°m-Sp-Øp.
ItØm-en°m kap-Zm-bm-¥c - o-£Ø
- n¬ Pzen-s®-cn-bp∂ Hcp ssIØn-
cn-bmbn At±lw {]Im-in-®p. Ime-Øns‚ bh-\n-I-bn¬ tPymXn-
-am\w Ahn-Sp∂v C∂pw hncm-Pn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
1. "\{km-Wn-Zo-]nI'-- -˛ 1925 Pq¨ 11
90
\-√ C-S-b≥
7
\-√ C-S-b≥
\-√ C-S-b≥ F-∂p tIƒ-°p-tºmƒ ]-®-∏p¬-Ø-In-Sn-I-fn¬-°q-

Sn B-Sp-I-sf \-bn-®p \-S-°p-∂ H-cp C-S-b-s‚ Nn-{Xw \-Ωp-sS a-t\m-
ap-Ip-c-Øn¬ sX-fn-™p h-cpw. A-tXm-sSm-∏w Zn-hym-P-]m-e-I-s‚ Nn-
{X-hpw. ssZ-h-kp-X-\m-b an-in-lm-bm-Ip-∂p \-Ωp-sS "\-√ C-S-b≥'.
A-hn-Sp-∂p X-s‚ B-ń≥-]-‰-sØ ta-bv-°p-hm≥ A-∏-kv-tXm-e-∑m-sc-
bpw A-h-cp-sS ]n≥-Km-an-I-sf-bpw \n-b-an-®p. {In-kv-Xp-hn-\m¬ sX-c-
s™-Sp-°-s∏-´ H-cp A-P-]m-e-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p Ip-cym-f-t»-cn¬ am¿ tXm-
Ωm-sa-{Xm≥. h-μy-]n-Xm-hn-s‚ C-S-b-\-Sp-Ø {]-b-Xv-\-^-e-ßƒ \m-
an-∂pw A-\p-`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.-
H-cp Z-i-h¿-j-°m-ew s{]m-∏-K-¥m-tIm-f-Pn¬ ssh-Zn-I-]T-\w \-
S-Øn-b Ip-cym-f-t»-cn -tXmam-®≥ hn-]p-e-am-b im-kv-{X-⁄m-\-hpw
kw-kv-Im-c k-º-Øpw {]-hr-Xyp-∑p-J-am-b ssZ-h-kv-t\-l-hpw \n-d-
™ H-cp ssh-Zn-I-\m-bn kz-tZ-i-Øp a-S-ßn-sb-Øn. ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-
Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ {]m-cw-`-L-´-Øn¬, Np-cp-ßn-b-Im-ew kz-¥w C-S-h-I-
bn¬ Xm-a-kn-®p-sIm-≠v a-X-]T-\w, `-‡-kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS ÿm-]-
\w, hn-Zym-`ym-kw Xp-S-ßn-b t{]-jn-X-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fn-eq-sS A-t±-
lw \n¿-h-ln-® \n-kv-Xp-e-tk-h-\-ßƒ im-iz-X-kv-a-c-Wo-b-ß-fm-Wv.-
t_m¿Unw-Kn¬
Xp-S¿-∂v N-ß-\m-t»-cn sk‚ v _¿-°p-am≥-kv t_m¿-Unw-Kv ssh-
kv-sd-Iv-S-dm-bn A-t±-lw \n-b-an-°-s∏-´p. _.-tXm-Ωm-®-s‚ ta¬-t\m-
91
´-Øn¬ I-gn-™n-cp-∂ t_m¿-Unw-Kv hn-Zym¿-∞n-Iƒ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚

kv-t\-l-]q¿-Δ-am-b in-£-WØ - n-epw kw-c£
- W- Ø
- n-epw k-¥p-jv-Sn
{]ISn∏n-®p. A-h-cp-sS B-fln-I-hpw eu-In-I-hp-am-b D-∂-Xn-°m-bn
A-t±-lw A-hn-{i-aw ]-cn-{i-an-®n-cp-∂p. ¢m-kn-se ]mT-ßƒ ]Tn-°p-
∂-Xn-\v k-a-bw \n-›-bn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. B k-a-bw Ir-Xy-am-bpw \n-
i-_v-Z-am-bpw hn-\n-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw \n-jv-°¿-jn-®p. F-√m Zn-h-
k-hpw Zn-hy-_-en-bn¬ kw-_-‘n-°p-I, hn.-Ip¿-_m-\-bpsS k-∂n-
[n-bn¬ Iq-´-am-bpw X-\n-®pw hn-ko-Ø \SØp-I, k-aq-l-am-bn P-]-
am-e sNm-√p-I, k-μ¿-t`m-Nn-Xw ]-c-kv-t\-l {]-hr-Øn-I-fpw ]-cn-Xym-
K-hpw A-\p-jvTn-°p-I Xp-S-ßn-b-h-sb-√mw A-®≥ A-h-sc A-`y-kn-
∏n-®p. Xn-cp-lr-Z-b-`-‡n, Zn-hy-Im-cp-Wy `-‡n Xp-S-ßn-b-h _m-e-lr-
Z-b-ß-fn¬ I-cp-∏n-Sn-°m≥ A-t±-lw ]-cn-{i-an-®p.-
Ip-ń-Iƒ h-f-sc \n-jvT-tbm-sS h-f-c-W-sa-∂v A-®-\v \n¿-_-‘-
ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. cm-{Xn 9 a-Wn-°v ti-jw ]p-d-Øn-d-ß-cp-sX-∂v {]-
tXy-Iw \n-jv-°¿-jn-®n-cp-∂p. A-®-\-dn-bm-sX ]p-d-Øp-t]m-Ip-∂ Ip-
kr-Xn-I-sf I-≠p-]n-Sn-°m≥ A-®≥ Nn-e ap≥-I-cp-X-ep-Iƒ sN-bv-Xn-
cp-∂p. cm-{Xn {]m¿-∞-\ I-gn-™v In-S-°m≥ t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\v ap-ºv Ip-
ń-I-fp-sS i-b-\-ap-dn-bn¬ {]-th-in-®v A-Ω-bp-sS kv-t\-l-tØm-sS
Ip-ń-I-sf A-t\z-jn-®n-cp-∂p. D-d-°-Øn¬ ÿm-\-{`w-iw h-∂ h-kv-
{X-ßƒ h-en-®n-Spw, ]p-X-∏p-Iƒ F-Sp-Øv ]p-X-∏n-°pw. I-fn-I-gn-™v
sN-cn-∏v Du-cn-h-bv-°m-sX In-S-°p-∂-h-cp-sS Im-en¬-\n-∂v sN-cp-∏p-
Iƒ A-gn-®p \o-°pw. P-\m-e-bv-°-cn-In¬ In-S-°p-∂-h¿-°v a-g-tb¬-
°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ P-\¬-∏m-fn-Iƒ A-S-®n-Spw. `-£-W-im-e-bn¬ sN-∂v
t\-c-sØ `-£-Ww cp-Nn-®p t\m-°pw. `-£-Ww i-cn-bm-bn-s√-∂p
tXm-∂n-bm¬ ]-Ww ap-S-°n F-s¥-¶n-epw hm-ßn-®p-sIm-Sp-°pw.-
am-\-kn-I-hpw Im-bn-I-hp-am-b hn-t\m-Z-ßfn¬ G¿-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-
≈ ku-I-cy-ap-≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-Øn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw hr-Ym k-a-bw \-jv-S-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\v A-t±-l-a-h-sc A-\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Ip-ń-I-fn¬ B-
sc-¶n-epw h-√ tcm-K-hpw ]n-Sn-s]-´p In-S-∏n-em-bm¬ kz-¥w kp-J-
ku-I-cy-ßƒ Xy-Pn-®pw, th-≠n-h-∂m¬ cm-{Xn ap-gp-h≥ D-d-°-an-f-®n-
cp-∂pw ssh-kv sd-Iv-S¿ A-h¿-°m-h-iy-am-b ip-{iq-j sN-bv-Xp-sIm-
92
\-√ C-S-b≥
Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. sX-‰p-Iƒ I-≠v I-Æ-S-®p-I-f-bm-sX, th-Z-\n-∏n-°m-sX

k-μ¿-t`m-Nn-Xw A-h Xn-cp-Øn-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, A-ß-s\ Xn-cp-
Ø-s∏-Sp-∂ hy-‡n-bp-sS hn-izm-km-Z-c-ßƒ k-am¿-÷n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw
C-t±-l-Øn-\p km-[n-®p. Cu Zr-i-{]-h¿-Ø-\-ß-fm¬ Ip-ń-Iƒ A-
t±-l-Øn¬ H-c-[n-Im-cn-sb-b-√, H-cp h-’-e-]n-Xm-hn-s\-bm-Wv Z¿-
in-®-Xv. Ip-ń-Iƒ-°v A-t±-l-tØm-Sp-≈ a-Xn-∏pw kv-t\-l-hpw B-Z-c-
hpw A-\p-Zn-\w h¿-≤n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. "Xo-£v-W-X-bp-≈ ssh-Zn-
I≥' ssh-kv sd-Iv-S-dn-s\-∏-‰n B _m-e-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ cq-]o-Ir-X-am-
b A-`n-{]m-b-a-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.-
hn-hn[ CS-hI
- I
- f
- n¬
{]kw-K-Øn-\-\p-k-c-W-amb {]hr-Øn, BZ¿i-hm\pw hn\o-X-
lr-Z-b-\p-amb _. tXmΩm-®s‚ Hcp {]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. hn.
]utemkv «olm ]d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse ssZh-Øn-ep-≈ PohnXw hgn
At\Iw Bflm-°sf At±lw kz¿§o-b] - m-Xb
- n-te-°m-\b
- n-®p-sIm-
≠n-cp-∂p. tkhn-X-\m-Im-\-√, tkhn-°m\pw At\-Iw-t]-cpsS ap‡n-
°mbn kzPo-h≥ A¿∏n-°m-\p-ambn a\p-jy-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ h∂ Znhy-
Kp-cp-hns‚ amXr-I-bv°-\p-k-cWw A-t±lw apt∂m´p \bn-®p.
X∑qew ssZh-sØbpw a\p-jy-scbpw kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw tk-hn-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm≠v A¿∏-W-Øns‚ _-en-th-Zn-bn¬ B
lrZbw IØn-Pz-en-®p.
an-in-lm-bp-sS kv-t\-l-ssN-X-\y-tØm-sS ]-Øp-h¿-jw hn-Im-
cn-bm-bn `-c-Ww \-S-Øn-b A-t±-l-Øn-\p tN-∂-¶-cn (1901 B-K-Ãv-
˛1902 H-Iv-tSm-_¿), Im-hm-ew (1902 H-Iv-tSm-_¿-˛1906 sa-bv), F-S-Xzm
(1906 sa-bv-˛1910 sa-bv), I-√q¿-°m-Sv(1910˛1911) F-∂o C-S-h-I-I-fn-ep-
≈ P-\-ß-sf k-Xy-Øn-s‚ Xp-d-I-fn-te-°pw hn-izm-k-Øn-s‚ sh-fn-
®-Øn-te-°pw \-bn-°p-hm≥ I-gn-™p.-
C-S-h-I-`-c-Ww B-cw-`n-®-t∏mƒ-Ø-s∂ A-t±-lw B-hn-jv-I-cn-®
H-cp ]p-Xn-b ]-≤-XnbmWv -ho-Sp k-μ¿-i-\w. A-Xv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ `-
c-W-sØ hn-P-bn-∏n-®p. kzm-[n-Im-cm-Xn¿-Øn-bn¬-s∏-´ C-S-h-I-bn-se
Hm-tcm ho-Spw k-μ¿-in-®v A-h-cp-sS B-≤ym-fln-I-hpw eu-In-I-hpw
93
km-º-Øn-I-hp-am-b ÿn-Xn-K-Xn-Iƒ t\-cn-´p a-\-kn-em-°p-I F-∂-

Xm-bn-cp-∂p Cu Zr-i-k-μ¿-i-\-Øn-s‚ {]-[m-\ D-t±-iyw. B-≠p-Ip-
º-km-cw ap-S-°n Po-hn-®n-cp-∂-h-sc A-t\z-jn-®-dn-™v A-h¿-°p ]m-
]-tam-N-\w \¬-Ip-I, ]m-]-Øn-s‚ C-cp-f-S-™ ]m-X-bn¬ N-cn-®p \-
´w Xn-cn-bp-∂ a-\p-jy-a-°-sf tX-Sn-∏n-Sn-®v kp-Ir-X-Po-hn-X-Øn-\p t{]-
cn-∏n-°p-I-˛-C-h-bpw A-Xn-s‚ C-X-c e-£y-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. `-h-\ k-
μ¿-i-\-th-f-bn¬ B-cp-sS-bpw k¬-°m-cw kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-X-s√-∂v A-
t±-lw P-\-ß-sf t\-c-sØ-X-s∂ A-dn-bn-®p. G-sX-¶n-epw Ip-Spw-_-
Øn¬ A-kz-ÿ-X-bp-s≠-∂-dn-™m-ep-S-s\ A-tßm-´p ]p-d-s∏-Sp-I-
bm-bn. Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ß-sf Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-sc-bpw hn-fn-®p I-≠p Im-cy-
ßƒ tNm-Zn-®-dn-bp-I F-∂-Xv A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ H-cp hn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.
Zpx-Jn-X-sc A-hn-Sp-∂v B-iz-kn-∏n-°pw, I-e-l-ßƒ ]-c-kv-]-cw ]-d-
™p-Xo¿-°p-hm≥ A-h¿-°-h-k-cw sIm-Sp-°pw. Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw
B-h-iy-am-b D-]-tZ-i-ßƒ \¬-In A-h-sc kw-Xr-]v-X-cm-°pw. F-
√m-‰n-ep-a-]-cn-bm-bn A-t±-lw ]-cn-K-Wn-®n-cp-∂-Xp k-am-[m-\-hpw ]-
c-kv-]-c-kv-t\-l-hp-am-Wv. "k-am-[m-\-{]n-b-\m-b' A-t±-lw k-am-[m-\-
t°-Sn-\p Im-c-W-am-Ip-∂ km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬ \n-∂p A-I-∂p Po-hn-
°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. b-Ym¿-∞-am-b k-tlm-Z-c-kv-t\-l-Øm¬ hn-π-h-_p-
≤n-Is - f-bpw hn-tZz-jI
- m-cn-Is
- f-bpw ssZ-ha
- °
- f
- m-bn am-‰n-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥
B ssZ-h-kv-t\-ln-°v A-[n-Iw {]-bm-k-s∏-tS-≠n-h-∂n-√ _. tXmam-
®s\ Z¿-in-°p-∂ F-{X h-en-b ]m-]n-bpw ITn-\lr-Z-b-\pw ssZ-hn-
I-am-b kw-Xr-]v-Xn-bpw k-am-[m-\-hpw {]m-]n-°p-sa-∂-Xv B¿-°pw
\n-tj-[n-°m-hp-∂-X-√. A-t±-l-Øn¬ hn-f-ßn-bn-cp-∂ b-Ym¿-∞ hn-
ip-≤n-bp-sS _m-ly-am-b H-c-S-bm-f-sa-∂p-th-Ww C-Xn-s\ I-cp-Xp-hm≥.
a-‰p-≈-h-sc ssZ-h-Øn-¶-te-°v A-Sp-∏n-°p-hm≥ Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-ip-
≤n-bp-≈-h¿-t° km-≤y-am-Ip-I-bp-≈q. A-Xp-sIm-≠p X-s∂-bm-hmw
]m-]n-I-sf am-\-km-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-≈ A-km-[m-c-W-am-b I-
gn-hv _. tXmam-®\v e-`n-®-Xv. A-°m-e-ß-fn¬ ]m-]-k-¶o¿-Øm-\-¥-
cw sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂ {]m-bv-›n-Ø-Øn-s‚ ImTn-\yw-sIm-≠pw A-e-k-
X-\n-an-Ø-hpw Zo¿-L-\mƒ Ip-º-km-cw ap-S-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m-epw ]m-
]-tam-N-\-th-Zn A-tcm-N-I-am-bn ]-e¿-°pw A-\p-`-h-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. A-
h¿-s°-√mw Cu ]m-h-\-ÿ-ew B-izm-tI-{μ-am-°n-Øo¿-°p-∂-Xn-\v
94
\-√ C-S-b≥
A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ `-h-\-k-μ¿-i-\w D-]-I-cn-®p. A-ß-s\ ]-e-cpw hn.-

Iq-Zm-i-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-®p hn-ip-≤n-bp-sS am¿-§-Øn-te-°v {]-th-in-®p-
sh-∂-Xp _.-tXm-Ωm-®-s\ A-Xo-h-k-¥p-jv-S-\m-°n. A-k-am-[m-\-Øn-
s‚-bpw A-kw-Xr-]v-Xn-bp-sS-bpw tI-fo-cw-K-am-bn-cp-∂ A-t\-Iw Ip-
Spw-_-ß-sf ssZ-h-Øn-¶-te-°-Sp-∏n-°m-\pw A-t±-l-Øn-\p I-gn-™n-
´p-≠v. X-s‚ B-Sp-I-sf A-dn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n A-h-cp-sS a-≤y-Øn-
te-°n-d-ßn-s®-√p-I-bpw A-h-cp-sS kp-Jm-kp-J-ßƒ A-t\z-jn-®-dn-
bp-I-bpw sN-bv-X H-cp \-√ C-S-b-s\ B-Zy-am-bn-´m-Wv C-S-h-I-P-\-
ßƒ Z¿-in-®-Xv.-
Ip-ń-Iƒ, {]m-b-am-b-h¿, ]p-Xp-ss{I-kv-X-h¿ Xp-S-ßn Hm-tcm hn-
`m-K-°m¿-°pw sh-tΔ-sd hm¿-jn-I-[ym-\w _. tXm-Ωm-®≥ G¿-s∏-
Sp-Øn. Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ k-am-[m-\-]q¿-Æ-am-b A-¥-co-£w kr-jv-Sn-
°p-hm≥ A-Xp Im-c-W-am-bn. Ip-ń-I-fp-sS a-X-]T-\w Du¿-÷n-X-s∏-
Sp-Øn-sb-∂p-≈-Xpw {]tXyIw {]-kv-Xm-h-l-am-Wv. Zn-hy-Im-cp-Wy B-
cm-[-\ k-`, `-‡-k-Jy-ßƒ, hn. {^m≥-kn-kv-I≥ aq-∂mw-k-`, th-Z-
{]-Nm-cw, hn-Zym-`ym-kw Xp-S-ßn ]-e-Xpw A-t±-l-am-cw-`n-°p-I-bpw
A-`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. Zn-hy-_-en-bn¬ k-Po-h-\-am-bn
]-¶p-sIm-≈p-∂-Xn-\pw hn.-Iq-Zm-i-Iƒ-°p `-‡n-]q¿-Δ-a-W-bp-∂-Xn-\pw
a-‰p `-‡m-`ym-k-ßƒ Ir-Xy-am-bn A-\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A-t±-lw
hn-izm-kn-I-sf Iq-sS-°q-sS D-]-tZ-in-®n-cp-∂p. k¿-tΔm-]-cn, A-t±-l-
Øn-s‚ k-∑m-Xr-I F-√m-h¿-°pw kp-Ir-X-hym-]m-c-Øn-\p Iq-Sp-X¬
D-]-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p. ]-e-t∏m-gpw kz-¥w B-tcm-Ky-\n-e A-h-K-Wn-®pw
h-en-b B-fl-]-cn-Xym-K-tØm-sS kz-I¿-Ø-hym-\p-jvTm-\-Øn-\v A-
t±-lw t{]-cn-X-\m-bn-´p-≠v.-
ssh-Zn-I-¿ C-S-b-\-Sp-Ø iq-{iq-j-bm¬ Hm-tcm ss{I-kv-X-h-s\-
bpw `-cn-°p-hm-\pw \-bn-°p-hm-\pw ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm-\pw ]-hn-{Xo-I-cn-°p-
hm-\pw I-S-s∏-Sp-∂p. F-¶n-epw Z-cn-{Z-sc-bpw A-h-i-scbpw {]-tXy-I-
hn-[-Øn¬ X-ß-sf `-c-ta¬-]n-®n-´p-s≠-∂v a-\- n-em-°n A-t±-lw
Zpx-Jn-X-tcm-Spw Z-cn-{Z-tcm-Spw kv-t\-l-]q¿-Δ-am-Wv h¿-Øn-®p-t]m-∂-
Xv. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ I-cp-Wm¿-{Z-am-b H-cp hm-°v A-Y-hm H-cp t\m-´w
a-Xn-bm-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p t¢-in-Xl - r-Zb
- ß
- ƒ-°v B-izm-kw ]-I¿-∂p-sIm-
95
Sp-°p-hm≥. th-Z-\-b-\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h-sc I-≠m¬ H-cm-izm-k-hm-s°-

¶n-epw ]-d-bm-sX A-t±-lw A-h-sc hn-´p-]n-cn-™n-cp-∂n-√. ku-ay-
am-bn kw-km-cn-®pw ]p-©n-cn Xq-In-bpw [-\w-sIm-≠v k-lm-bn-®pw
A-K-Xn-I-sf ]-d-™-bn-°p-I A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ km-[m-c-W co-Xn-bm-
Wv. G-Xp Np-‰p-]m-Sn-epw X-s∂ k-ao-]n-°p-∂ B-fp-I-sf-°-≠p Im-
cyw tNm-Zn-®v D-S≥-X-s∂ A-t±-l-a-h-cp-sS B-h-iyw \n¿-h-ln-®p-sIm-
Sp-°pw. A-h-i¿-°pw B-ew-_-lo-\¿-°pw A-`-b-tI-{μ-am-bn-cp-∂p A-
t±lw. ]-≈n-bn¬ h-cp-∂-Xn-\pw Iq-Zm-i-Iƒ kzo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw
\-√ h-kv-{X-an-√m-bv-a ]-e¿-°pw X-S- -am-bn-Øo¿-∂n-´p-≠v. h-kv-{Xw,
]-Ww C-h \¬-In c-l-ky-Øn¬ A-t±-l-ah-sc-bpw k-lm-bn-®p-h-
∂n-cp-∂p. ""A-K-Xn-I-tfm-Sp I-cp-W-bp-≈-h-\m-bn-cn-°-Ww. I-gn-hp-t]m-
se A-h-sc k-lm-bn-°-Ww''1 F-∂ X-s‚ ]n-Xr-hy-\m-b _.-tXm-
Ωm-®-s‚ A-¥n-tam-]-tZ-iw _.-tXm-Ωm-®≥ Po-hn-X-Øn¬ {]m-tbm-
Kn-I-am-°n.
h-kv-Xp-X¿-°-ßƒ, ap-X-te¿-∏m-Sp-Iƒ ap-X-em-b-h \n-an-Øw `n-
∂n-®pw ]n-W-ßn-bpw I-gn-™n-cp-∂-h-sc-bpw A-t±-l-Øn-\-`n-ap-Jo-
I-cn-t°-≠n-h-∂n-´p-≠v. D-]-tZ-in-®pw km-¥z-\-hm-°p-Iƒ ]-d-™pw
A-h¿-°p-th-≠n \n-c-¥-cw {]m¿-∞n-®pw A-t±-l-a-h-sc ku-lm¿-±-
Øn-te-°p Xn-cn-®p-hn-´p. C-{]-Im-cw C-S-h-I-P-\-ß-fp-sS B-≤ym-fln-
I-hpw eu-In-I-hp-am-b {]-iv-\-ßƒ-s°-√mw _. tXm-Ωm-®≥ h-f-sc-
sb-fp-∏-Øn¬ ]-cn-lm-cw I-s≠-Øn. kz-¥w P-\-X-bn¬ am-{X-a-√,
C-X-c-a-X-ÿ-cn-epw A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ `-c-Ww k-t¥m-j-hpw kw-Xr-]v-
Xn-bpw D-f-hm-°n. ""H-cp-Im-cyw k-^-e-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ hn-izm-kw, im-
kv-{X-⁄m-\w, {]-hr-Øn C-h aq-∂pw A-]-cn-Xym-Py-am-bn-cn-°-W-sa-
∂-Xv F-√m-h-cp-a-dn-™n-cn-°-Ww. hn-izm-k-an-√m-Ø-h-s‚ hn-Zy {`m-
¥-s‚ ssI-øn¬-°n-ń-b I-Øn-t]m-se tem-I-Øn-\m-]-Xv-I-c-am-bn-
cn-°pw.-'' _. tXm-Ωm-®-s‚ ]u-tcm-ln-Xy c-P-X-Pq-_n-en B-tLm-
jn-® Zn-h-kw (1924 Un-kw. 5) N-ß-\m-t»-cn-°m¿ k-a¿-∏n-® aw-K-fm-
iw-km-]-{X-Øn-\v A-t±-lw \¬-In-b a-dp-]-Sn-{]-kw-K-Øn-se H-cp
`m-K-am-Wv ta-ep-≤-cn-®-Xv. A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ `-c-W-a-Wv-U-e-ß-fn-se-√mw
1 am¿ tXmΩm Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ Xncp-a-\- nse Poh-N-cn{Xw
96
\-√ C-S-b≥
Cu aq-∂p-Im-cy-ß-fpw k-hn-ti-jw {]-Im-in-®n-cp-∂p.-

Cu-hn-[ {]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ-°n-S-bn-epw ]-e {]-Xn-k-‘n-L-´-ß-
sf-bpw C-t±-lw X-c-Ww sN-bv-Xn-´p-≠v. "\-√ C-S-b'\m-b an-in-lm-
sb C-hn-sS-sb-√mw A-t±-lw am-Xr-I-bm-°n-bn-cp-∂p. A-\n-jv-S-Im-
cn-I-tfm-Sv F-Xn-cn-tS-≠ k-μ¿-`-ß-fn¬ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ F-fn-a F-Xn-
cm-fn-sb ]-cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ ]-cym-]v-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. d-h. ^m. am-
hp-cq-kv kn.-Fw.-sF-.bp-sS I-Øn-se H-cp Zr-Iv-km-£n-hn-h-c-Ww am-
\p-jn-I _-e-lo-\-X-sb F-{]-Im-cw ssZ-hn-I-am-°n-sb-∂-Xn-\v H-∂mw-
X-cw sX-fn-hm-bn D-≤-cn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. _. tXm-Ωm-®≥ F-S-Xzm-∏-
≈n hn-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂ Im-ew: X-\n-°p Xo-sc C-jv-S-an-√m-Ø H-cp
Im-cy-Øn-\p am¿ am-°o¬ a-Øm-bn sa-{Xm-\n¬ \n-∂v A-\p-Iq-e-am-
b I-ev-]-\ hm-ßn-®p-sIm-≠v H-cp hy-‡n A-t±-l-Ø k-ao-]n-®p I-
ev-]-\ sIm-Sp-Øp. A-t∏m-gp-≠m-Im-hp-∂ lr-Z-b-t£m-`w \-ap-t°-
Xm-≠v Du-ln-°m-a-t√m. I-ev-]-\ hm-bn-®-bp-S-s\ £p-`n-X-\m-bn A-
t±-lw A-Xp h-en-s®-dn-™p. F-∂m¬ A-Sp-Ø £-W-Øn¬ X-s∂
H-c-[n-Im-cn-bp-sS I-ev-]-\-tbm-Sp sN-bv-X \n-μ-\w a-\- n-em-°n-b _.
tXm-Ωm-®≥ I-ev-]-\ In-S-∂ ÿ-e-Øp-sN-∂p ap-´p-Ip-Øn F-fn-a-tbm-
Sp-Iq-Sn I-S-em-s -Sp-Øp kv-t\-l-tØm-sS Npw-_n-®v A-Xp sIm-≠p-
h-∂-bm-fn-s‚ ap-ºn¬-h-®p ]-cn-lm-cw sN-bv-Xp. I-ev-]-\ A-\p-k-cn-
°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. F-fn-a-bp-sS-bpw Io-gv-h-g-°-Øn-s‚-bpw ho-tcm-Nn-
X-am-b Cu {]-h¿-Ø-\w H-cp-Ø-a-am-Xr-I-bm-bn A-\p-`-h-s∏-´p-sh-∂v
A-t±lw km-£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.-
`n-∂m-`n-{]m-b-ap-≈-h-cp-am-bn C-S-s]-tS-≠n-h-cp-tºmƒ A-t±-l-
Øn¬ sX-fn-™p-{]-Im-in-®n-cp-∂ hn-im-e-ho-£-W-hpw k-ln-jv-Wp-
X-bpw B-sc-bpw B-I¿-jn-°p-hm≥ ]-cym-]v-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. ss{I-kv-
X-h-ssN-X-\yw A-Xn-s‚ ]q¿-Æn-a-bn¬ A-t±-l-Øn¬ ]-cn-th-jw
Nm¿-Øn-\n-∂-Xm-W-Xn-\p Im-c-Ww. F-S-Xzm-]-≈n-bn¬ hn-Im-cn-ÿm-
\w h-ln-®n-cp-∂ _. tXm-Ωm-®-s\, C-S-h-I-tbm-K-ß-fn-se-√mw \n-
in-X-am-bn hn-a¿-i-\w \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂ H-cm-tfm-Sv tbm-K-Øn¬-sh-®p
ap-´p-Ip-Øn ""a-I-t\, \o Cu ]-d-bp-∂-sX-√mw i-cn-bm-sW-¶n¬ F-
t∂m-Sv £-an-°p-I'' F-∂p-]-d-™p. hn-ip-≤n-bp-sS hn-cn-am-dn¬ hn-P-
97
bw-{]m-]n-® A-t±-l-Øn¬ \n-∂p ]p-d-s∏-´ Cu hm-°p-Iƒ F-Xn-cm-

fn-sb X-∂n-te-bv-°v A-Sp-∏n-°p-hm≥ k-lm-bn-®p F-∂-Xm-Wv ]-c-
am¿-∞w.-
]-c-kv-t\-l-Øn-\pw hn-\-b-Øn-\pw {]m-ap-Jyw \¬-In-s°m-≠p
ssZ-hn-Im-[nIm-cw hn-\n-tbm-Kn-® _. tXm-Ωm-®-\n¬ {]-km-Zn-®p kw-
{]o-X-\m-b ssZ-hw, \-√ C-S-b-s‚ h-Sn A-t±-l-Øn-\p \¬-In. Ip-
™m-Sp-I-fp-sS \-Sp-hn-te-bv-°v A-t±-l-sØ Iq-ń-s°m-≠p-h-cn-I-bpw
sN-bv-Xp. ""]-{¥-≠p-h¿-jw I-gn-bp-∂-Xn-\p ap≥-]v H-cp sa-{Xm-\m-bn-
Øo-cpw'' F-∂v 1899 sa-bv 27-˛mw Xo-b-Xn I¿-±n-\mƒ I-t -¥ Xn-cp-
a-\- p-sIm-≠p Ip-cym-f-t»-cn¬ _. tXm-Ωm-®-\p Ip¿-∫m-\-∏-´w sIm-
Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ \-ev-In-b B-iw-k A-ß-s\ k-^-e-am-bn.-
cq-]-Xm X-e-Øn¬
kz-k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬-s∏-´ H-cp \m-´p-sa-{Xm-s‚ A-`m-h-Øm¬, X-
ß-fp-sS hn-izm-k-hpw ss«-ln-I ]m-c-º-cy-ß-fpw A-`w-Kp-cw ]m-en-
°p-hm≥, N-ß-\m-t»-cn hn-Im-cn-bm-Øn-se \-{km-Wn {In-kv-Xym-\n-
Iƒ ]-e \q-‰m-≠p-I-fm-bn [m-cm-fw k-ln-t°-≠n-h-∂n-´p-≠v. X-ßƒ-
°v H-cp \m-´p-sa-{Xm-s\ e-`n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn ]-cn. knw-lm-k-\-Øn-
te-°p tI-c-f kp-dn-bm-\n {In-kv-Xym-\n-Iƒ Xp-S-sc-Øp-S-sc A-t]-
£-Iƒ k-a¿-∏n-°p-bp-≠m-bn. X-∑q-ew 1911 Hm-K-Ãp-am-kw 30-˛mw Xo-
b-Xn Nß-\m-t»cn hn-Im-cn-bm-Øn-s‚ -hn-Im-cn A-∏-kv-tXm-en-°m
B-bn _. tXm-a-kv Ip-cym-f-t»-cn-sb \n-b-an-®p-sIm-≠p-≈ hn. ]-
Ømw ]o-bq-kv am¿-∏m-∏m-bp-sS _q-f e`y-ambn. A-tXm-sS _. tXm-
Ωm-®-s‚ A-P-K-W-ß-fp-sS kw-Jy h¿-≤n-®p. ssZ-h-h-N-\-am-Ip-∂
hn-Øp hn-X-bv-°p-hm-\p-≈ h-b-ep-I-fp-sS hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bpw hn-]p-e-am-
bn. ""k-I-e-hpw {In-kv-Xp-hn¬ \-ho-I-cn-°p-I'' Zn-hy-Im-cp-Wy-`-‡-
\m-b hn. ]-Ømw ]o-bq-kn-s\-t∏m-se hn. «o-lm-bp-sS Cu hm-Iyw
ap-{Zm-hm-Iy-am-bn kzo-Ic
- n-®p-sIm-≠v Ip-cym-ft- »-cn¬ tXm-Ωm sa-{Xm≥
N-ß-\m-t»-cn hn-Im-cn-bm-Øn-s‚ `-c-Ww in-c- n-te-‰n. Xn-cp- -`-bp-
sS B-Z¿-i-ßƒ-°pw Xm-ev-]-cy-ßƒ-°pw A-\p-kr-X-am-bn Po-hn-®v
Ip-cym-f-t»-cn¬ ]nXmhv \q-X-\-cq-]-X-bp-sS {]-Im-i-t[m-c-Wn-°pw,
Im-cy-⁄-\m-b C-S-b-s‚ I-cp-Øn-\pw am-t‰-‰n.-
98
\-√ C-S-b≥
F-√m-hn-[-Øn-epw D-≤m-c-Ww A-Xym-h-iy-am-bn-h-∂ H-cp L-´-

Øn-em-Wp N-ß-\m-t»-cn hn-Im-cn-bm-Øn-s\ \-ho-I-cn-°m≥ ]-cn.
knw-lm-k-\w am¿ tXm-a-kv Ip-cym-f-t»-cn-sb A-[n-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-
Xv. `-c-W-ta-‰-bp-S-s\ kzm-[n-Im-c-ko-a-bn¬-s∏-´ C-S-h-I-I-sf kw-_-
‘n-® H-cp ]T-\w A-t±-l-Øn-\m-h-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. C-Xn-te-°m-Zy-am-
bn an- -Øn-se G-Xm-\pw ssh-Zn-I-sc £-Wn-®p-h-cp-Øn. Hm-tcm
s^m-tdm-\m-bn-te-°pw A-hn-Sp-sØ _. hn-Im-cn Dƒ-s∏-sS H-cp aq-
∂w-K-°-Ωo-j-s\ \n-b-an-®p. A-h¿ A-X-Xp s^m-tdm-\m-I-fn-ep-≈
F-√m ]-≈n-I-fn-epw-t]m-bn Hm-tcm ]-≈n-bp-sS-bpw B-fln-I-hpw eu-
In-I-hp-am-b ÿn-Xn-K-Xn-I-sf A-t\z-jn-®-dn-™v dn-t∏m¿-´p sN-tø-
≠n-bn-cp-∂p. X-s‚ `-c-W-Øn≥-Io-gp-≈ F-√m _. ssh-Zn-I-cp-sS-bpw
ÿn-Xnhn-h-c-ßƒ {]-kv-Xp-X dn-t∏m¿-ń¬ \n-∂v A-t±-l-Øn-\p t_m-
[y-am-bn. A-Xn-s‚ sh-fn-®-Øn¬ A-\-¥-c-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ X-øm-dm-
°n A-t±lw {]-h¿-Ø-\-am-cw-`n-®p. kz-P-\-ß-sf ssZ-hn-I-Im-cy-ß-
fn¬ ip-jv-°m-¥n-bp-≈-h-cm-°n-Øo¿-°m≥ k¿-Δ-tXm-∑p-J-am-b am¿-
§-ß-fn¬-°q-Sn A-t±-lw ap-t∂m-´p-\o-ßn.-
""{]n-b-s∏-´ a-°-fm-b \n-ß-tfm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw \-Ωp-sS i-‡ym-
\p-k-c-Ww k-I-e-hn-[ k-lm-b-ß-fpw sN-øp-∂-Xn-\v \mw k-∂-≤-
\m-I-bm¬ \o-Xn-tbm-Spw kv-t\-l-tØm-Spw-Iq-Sn-b \-Ωp-sS I-ev-]-\-
I-tf-bpw \n-b-a-ß-sf-bpw \n-ß-f-\p-k-cn-®p-t]m-cp-∂-Xn-\v A-Xo-h-
Xm-ev-]-c-cm-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂p Zr-V-am-bn \mw hn-iz-kn-°p-∂p.-'' C-{]-Im-
cw 1˛mw \-º¿ C-S-b-te-J-\-Øn-eq-sS X-s‚ B-flo-b-a-°-fp-sS k-
lm-b-k-l-I-c-W-ßƒ A-hn-Sp-∂v B-h-iy-s∏-´p. am-{X-a-√, N-ß-\m-
t»-cn hn-Im-cn-bm-Øn-s‚ \-ho-I-c-W-sa-∂ ]-c-tam-t±-iyw `-c-Wo-b-
cm-b _. ssh-Zn-I-sc-bpw {]n-b hn-izm-kn-I-sf-bpw A-t±-l-a-dn-bn-
°p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp. {In-kv-Xo-b D-]-hn ]m-en-®p ssZ-h-a-l-Xz-Øn-\pw
B-flm-°-fp-sS c-£-bv-°pw th-≠n th-e sN-øp-hm≥ Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-
°p-ap-≈ I-S-a-sb-bpw h-μy-Xn-cp-ta-\n A-\p-kv-a-cn-∏n-®p.-
Xp-S¿-∂p X-s‚ A-[o-\-X-bn-ep-≈ F-√m hn-izm-kn-I-sf-bpw ]-
≈n-I-sf-bpw ÿm-]-\-ß-sf-bpw k-μ¿-in-°p-∂-Xn-\v C-S-h-I-`-c-W-
Øn-se-∂-t]m-se A-t±-lw H-cp ]-cn-]m-Sn X-øm-dm-°n. A-t±-l-Øn-
99
s‚ Hu-tZym-Kn-I-am-b ]-≈n k-μ¿-i-\w hn-Im-cn-bm-Øn-s‚ \-ho-I-c-

W-Øn¬ ]-e-Xpw {]-h¿-Øn-°p-hm≥ h-gn-sX-fn-®p. hy-‡n-]-c-am-b
_-‘w ]p-e¿-Ø-°-hn-[-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p Hm-tcm k-μ¿-i-\-hpw. B-
Zn-a-{In-kv-Xym-\n-I-sf-t∏m-se G-I-a-\- pw G-I-lr-Z-b-hpw D-≈-h-cm-
bn {In-kv-Xo-b-]-c-kv-t\-l-Øn¬ kz-P-\-X h-f¿-∂p-h-c-W-sa-∂p-≈-
Xv Cu-Zr-i k-μ¿-i-\-Øn-s‚ ]-c-a-e-£y-am-bn A-t±-lw I-cp-Xn. `-
‡m-\p-jvTm-\Ø - n-ep-≈ {i-≤b - pw I¿-Øh- y-\n¿-Δl- W- Ø- n-ep-≈ Xm-
ev-]-cy-hpw Hm-tcm-cp-Ø-cp-sS B-h-iy-ß-fpw km-l-N-cy-ß-fp-sa-√mw
A-t±-l-Øn-\v A-dn-tb-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p; hn-ip-≤n-bp-sS Kn-cn-irw-K-
Øn-te-°v F-√m-h-sc-bpw B-\-bn-°p-hm≥. ]p-Wy-Øn¬ B-flm-°-
sf ]-Sn-]-Sn-bm-bn D-b¿-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-hm-\pw, B-≤ym-fln-I-Po-
hn-X-Øn¬ _-e-lo-\-X-bp-≈-h-sc i-‡n-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\pw D-≈ {]-
tXy-I-h-cw ssZ-hw A-t±-l-Øn-\p \¬-In-bn-cp-∂p. B-fln-I-tam, eu-
In-I-tam B-bn B-cp Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-j-an-°p-∂p-thm, A-h-sc A-t±-
lw A-[n-I-am-bn k-t\-ln-°pw; k-lm-bn-°pw, a-‰p-≈-h¿-°v H-cp X-
c-Øn-epw A-\n-jv-Sw tXm-∂m-Ø-hn-[w. C-°m-cy-Øn¬ c-‡-_-‘-
tam [-\-tam {]-Xm-]-tam ]Tn-t∏m km-a¿-∞y-tam D-tZym-K-tam H-
∂pw A-t±-l-Øn-\p t\m-´-an-√. h-μy-]n-Xm-hn-s‚ ]-≈n-k-μ¿-i-\-
th-f-I-fn¬ Ip-º-km-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn ]-e-cpw A-t±-l-sØ k-μ¿-
in-®n-´p-≠v. G-sX-¶n-epw ]-≈n-bn¬ A-t±-lw hn-ko-Ø-bv-°p h-cp-
∂p-s≠-∂-dn-™m¬ ]m-]-tamN-\-Øn-\m-bn a-‰p ]-≈n-I-fn¬ \n-∂p-
t]m-epw B-fp-Iƒ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ ]-°¬ F-Øp-am-bn-cp-∂p. A-
°m-eØ - p \n-eh - n-en-cp-∂ ]-ck
- y-{]m-b›
- n-Øß- f- pw, Ip-ºk- m-cØ
- n¬
sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂ ]-cn-lm-c-{]-hr-Øn-I-fpw sa-{Xm-\m-b-ti-jw A-t±-
lw e-Lq-I-cn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.-
am¿ tXm-a-kv Ip-cym-f-t»-cn-bp-sS Po-h-Im-cp-Wy-{]-hr-Øn-Iƒ {]-
kn-≤-ß-fm-Wv. D-]-Po-h-\-Øn-\p am¿-§-an-√m-sX I-jv-S-s∏-Sp-∂ Z-cn-{Z-
Ip-Spw-_-ß-sf A-t\z-jn-®-dn-™v A-h-sc k-lm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, A-
h-tcm-Sp k-º¿-°w ]p-e¿-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw A-t±-lw {]-tXy-I {]-Xn-]-
Øn Im-Wn-®n-cp-∂p. km-[p-°p-fp-sS t\-sc Xn-cp-ta-\n H-cn-°-epw
ITn-\-lr-Z-b-\m-bn-cp-∂n-√. X-s∂ k-ao-]n-®n-´p-≈ B-sc-bpw A-hn-
100
\-√ C-S-b≥
Sp-∂p sh-dpw-ssI-tbm-sS hn-ń-ń-√. `n-£p-°ƒ-°v t\-cn-´p ]-Ww sIm-

Sp-°p-∂-Xn-\p Nn-e-t∏mƒ A-c-a-\-bp-sS c-≠mw \n-e-bn¬ \n-∂v A-
t±-lw Xm-sg-bn-d-ßn-h-∂n-´p-≠v. B-h-iy-Øn-\p ]-W-sam-cn-°-epw
Xn-I-bm-Xn-cp-∂ A-t±-lw A-K-Xn-Iƒ-°p h-f-sc Hu-Zm-cy-]q¿-Δw Zm-
\w sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p. k-μ¿-i-I-cm-bn X-s∂ k-ao-]n-®n-cp-∂-h-tcm-Sv B-
Zy-ta tNm-Zn-°p-∂-Xp `-£-Ww I-gn-t®m F-∂m-Wv. `-£-W-t\-c-a-s√-
¶n-epw C-°m-cyw tNm-Zn-®-dn-™v A-h¿-°p-th-≠-Xp th-Kw sIm-Sp-
∏n-°pw. B-`n-Pm-Xyw sIm-≠pw Ip-Spw-_-]m-c-º-cyw \n-an-Ø-hpw ]-c-
k-lm-ba - `
- y¿-∞n-°p-hm≥ e-÷n-°p-∂h - ¿-°v A-t±-la
- d
- n-™p k-lm-
b-ßƒ sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p. a-‰p km-l-b-ß-tf-°mƒ C-{]-Im-c-ap-≈ ]-c-
kv-t\-l-{]-hr-Øn-I-sf \-Ωp-sS kv-t\-l-Xm-X≥ Iq-Sp-X¬ hn-e-bn-cp-
Øn. kz-¥w A-Ω-bp-sS kv-t\-l-hpw Hu-Zm-cy-hpw ]-cn-{i-a-hpw ssZ-
h-`-‡n-bpw {]m¿-∞-\-bp-am-Wv X-s∂ Cu ÿn-Xn-bn-em-°n-b-sX-
∂p kv-t\-l-]n-Xm-hv ]-e-{]m-h-iyw ]-d-™n-´p-≠v.-
hn-izm-kn-I-fp-sS B-fl-c-£-bpw A-ss{I-kv-X-h-cp-sS am-\-km-
¥-c-hpw, A-I-tØm-en-°-cp-sS ]p-\-ssc-Iy-hpw _. ssh-Zn-I-cp-sS
kp-Ir-X-Po-hn-X-sØ-bpw k-l-I-c-W-sØ-bpw B-{i-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p-
sh-∂v A-t±-lw \-√-h-Æw A-dn-™n-cp-∂p. X-∂n-an-Øw sa-{Xm-∑m-
cp-sS hn-th-I-an-I-fm-b k-tlm-Z-c-∑m-cpw kv-t\-ln-X-∑m-cpw, hn-in-
jym, {]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-am-b _. ssh-Zn-I-cp-sS B-≤ym-fln-I-cq-]-h-Xv-I-
c-W-Øn¬ A-`n-h-μy-]n-Xm-hp h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw {i-≤n-®p. `-c-W-ta-‰-bp-
S-s\ N-ß-\m-t»-cn hn-Im-cn-bm-Øn-se _. ssh-Zn-I-¿-°m-bn H-cp
[ym-\-]-cn-]m-Sn A-hn-Sp-∂p kw-L-Sn-∏n-®p. A-t±-lw \n-›-bn-® [ym-
\-{]-kw-K-ßƒ-°pw ]p-d-ta, [ym-\-Zn-h-k-ß-fn¬ h-μy-]n-Xm-hpw A-
h¿-°p-]-tZ-i-ßƒ \¬-In-bn-cp-∂p. Hm-tcm [ym-\-hpw I-gn-bp-tºmƒ
_. ssh-Zn-I¿ Xo-£v-W-X-bp-≈-h-cm-bn kz-¥w C-S-h-I-`-c-W-Øn-\v
D-Zyp-‡-cm-Ipw. F-√m ssh-Zn-I-¿-°pw Cu [ym-\-ap-d, h¿-jw-tXm-dpw
Xp-S¿-∂p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\v Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw Xo-b-Xn-bpw ÿ-
e-hpw \n¿-t±-in-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. 1916 Pq¨ 1\v _. ssh-Zn-Icp-sS
D-tZym-K-\n¿-Δ-l-Ww, \-S-]-Sn, hym-]m-cw, sXm-gn¬ C-h-sb A-Sn-
ÿm-\-am-°n H-cp C-S-b-te-J-\w A-h¿-°m-bn ]p-d-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. ""Cu
101
I-ev-]-\-bn-se Xm-ev-]-cy-a-\p-k-cn-®p Po-hn-®m¬ H-cp ssh-Zn-I-\v Xo¿-

®-bm-bpw ]p-Wy-hm-\m-Im≥ I-gn-bpw.-'' F-∂p Nn-e _. ssh-Zn-I¿
A-°m-e-Øp ]-d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn.-
Xn-cp- -`m-am-Xm-hp X-s‚ a-°-sf ]p-Wy-h-gn-bn¬ \-S-Øp-hm-\pw
hn-ip-≤n-bn¬ F-Øn-°p-hm-\pw \n-›-bn-®n-´p-≈ kp-c-£n-X-am¿-§-ß-
fm-Wp k-Jy-ß-fpw `-‡-kw-L-S-\-I-fpw. H-cp _m-e-hn-Zym¿-∞n-bm-
bn-cn-°p-tºm-gpw, ssh-Zn-I-]-T-\-Im-e-Øpw Nn-e-k-Jy-ß-fp-sS Aw-K-
Xz-hpw t\-Xr-Xz-hpw C-t±-lw h-ln-®n-´p-≠v. C-S-h-I-`-c-W-Øn-epw hn-
Im-cn-bm-Øn-s‚ `-c-W-Øn-epw C-h-h-gn e-`n-°m-hp-∂ \n-c-h-[n A-
\p-{K-l-ß-sf-bpw \-∑-I-sf-bpw ]-‰n A-t±-lw hn-izm-kn-I-tfm-Sp {]-
kw-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. N-ß-\m-t»-cn hn-Im-cn-bm-Øn¬ Xn-cp-lr-Z-b-P-]-am-
tem-Ø-co-b k-Jy-ßƒ ÿm-]n-®v A-t\-Iw-t]-sc A-h-bp-sS Aw-K-
ß-fm-bn kzo-I-cn-®p. Cu-tim-bp-sS Xn-cp-lr-Z-b-`-‡n \-Ωp-sS hn-Im-
cn-bm-Øn¬ F-¥p-am-{Xw {]-N-cn-°s∏-Sp-tam A-{X-bpw [m-cm-f-am-b
\-∑-Iƒ Hm-tcm-cp-Ø¿-°pw D-≠m-Ip-sa-∂v C-S-b-te-J-\-ß-fn¬-°q-
Sn A-t±-lw hn-izm-kn-Iƒ-°p sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Øn.-
a-cn-bmw-_n-I-bp-sS H-cp {]-tXy-I `-‡-\m-bn-cp-∂p A-`n-h-μy ]n-
Xm-hv. X-s‚ A-P-K-W-ß-sf a-cn-b-`-‡-cm-°n-Øo¿-°p-∂-Xn-\v A-t±-
lw A-Xo-h-{i-aw sN-bv-Xp. ssh-Zn-I-\m-bn tdm-an¬ \n-∂v \m-ń¬-h-
∂-ti-jw I-√q¿-°m-´p-]-≈n-bn¬ B-Zy-am-bn "P-]-am-e-k-Jyw' ÿm-
]n-®-Xv A-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. N-º-°p-fw Hm¿-t«w ssZ-hm-e-b-
Øn-te-°v {]-kv-Xp-X-k-Jyw ]n-∂o-Sv A-t±-lw am-‰n ÿm-]n-®p. Ipcym-
f-t»cn ]nXm-hns‚ I-ev-]-\-{]-Im-cw ]-cn. P-]-am-e-cm-⁄n-bp-sS Xn-
cp-\mƒ B-tLm-j-]q¿-Δw `-‡n-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn C-t∏m-gpw \-S-Øn-h-cp-
∂p. F-√m I-tØm-en-°m-kv-Iq-fp-I-fn-epw A-a-tem-¤-h-am-Xm-hn-s‚
skm-Um-en-‰n ÿm-]n-®-Xpw C-t±-l-am-Wv. ssZ-h-am-Xm-hn-s\ _-lp-
am-\n-°p-∂-h¿-°v Cu-tim {]-Xn-k-Ωm-\w \¬-Ip-sa-∂p {]-Xym-i
\¬-In-s°m-≠v A-hn-Sp-∂v B-_m-e-hr-≤w P-\-ß-sf-bpw "a-dn-bw-h-
gn' Cu-tim-bn-te-°v B-\-bn-®p. s{]m-∏-Km-¥m tIm-tf-Pn¬ hn-Zym¿-
∞n-bm-bn-cp-∂ A-h-k-c-Øn¬ kz-¥w sN-e-hn¬ A-e-¶-cn-® ssZ-h-
P-\-\n-bp-sS Aƒ-Øm-c Ip-cym-f-t»-cn ]n-Xm-hn-s‚ a-cn-b-`-‡n-bp-sS
102
\-√ C-S-b≥
H-cp \n-Xy-kv-am-c-I-am-Wv.-
A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ {i-≤-bv-°p hn-j-bo-`-hn-® a-s‰m-cp k-Jy-am-Wp
hn. {^w-ko-kv-t°m-kn-s‚ aq-∂mw-k-`. tdm-an¬ ]Tn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p-tºmƒ A-t±-lw Cu k-`-bp-sS Aw-K-am-bn-Øo¿-∂n-cp-∂p. F-S-
Xzm-∏-≈n-bp-sS hn-Im-cn-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºm-gm-Wv N-ß-\m-t»-cn sa-{Xm≥
am¿ am-Xyp am-°n¬ C-t±-l-sØ aq-∂mw-k-`-bp-sS kp-∏o-cn-b-dm-bn
\n-b-an-®-Xv. hn-Im-cn-bm-Øn-s‚ `-c-W-ta-‰-t∏mƒ Cu k-`-bp-sS {]-N-
c-Wm¿-∞w C-t±-l-Øn-\p Iq-Sp-X¬ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-hm≥ km-[n-®p. ]-
e-sc-bpw C-Xn-s‚ Aw-K-ß-fm-bn kzo-I-cn-®p \n-b-a-ßƒ cq-]o-I-cn-
®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. aq-∂mw-k-`-sb kw-_-‘n-® Im-cy-ß-f-S-ßn-b H-cp ]p-
kv-X-I-hpw A-®-Sn-∏n-®p. k-Jy-Øn-s‚ \-S-Øn-∏n-\m-bn cq-]-Xm kp-
∏o-cn-b¿ ÿm-\-tØ-°v H-cp ssh-Zn-I-s\-bpw \n-b-an-®p.-
Zn-hy-Im-cp-Wy-t{]-jn-X-s\-∂v A-]-c-\m-aw kn-≤n-®n-´p-≈ Ip-cym-
f-t»-cn ]n-Xm-hv, hn. Ip¿-_m-\-tbm-Sp-≈ `-‡n P-\-ß-fp-sS-bn-S-bn¬
{]-N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn ÿm-]n-®-Xm-Wv "hn. Ip¿-_m-\-bp-sS B-cm-
[-\-k-Jyw.-' kp-J-k-t¥m-jm-Zn-I-fn¬ ap-gp-In-bpw, ÿm-\-am-\-ßƒ
Imw-£n-®pw k-º-Øpw Po-hn-X-ku-I-cy-ß-fpw h¿-≤n-∏n-®pw, kz-bw
hy-‡n-{]-`m-h-Øn¬ A-l-¶-cn-®pw Po-hn-°p-hm≥ B-{K-ln-°p-∂-h-
cm-b ss{I-kv-X-h-P-\-X-bp-sS ap≥-]n¬, {In-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ k-tμ-i-sØ
{]-Im-in-∏n-°p-∂ ssI-Øn-cn-\mfßfm-Wv am¿ tXm-Ωm sa-{Xm≥
ÿm-]n-® k-Jy-ß-fpw kw-L-S-\-I-fpw.
ssZ-h-{]-am-W-ßƒ, Xn-cp- -`-bp-sS I-ev-]-\-Iƒ F-∂n-h-bp-sS
ip-≤-am-b B-N-c-Ww, hn. Iq-Zm-i-I-fp-sS kzo-I-c-Ww, hn-izm-kn-I-fp-
sS k-∑m¿-§o-P-hn-Xw, Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn-se {In-kv-Xo-b-kv-t\-lw C-Xym-
Zn ]p-Wy-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚ A-Sn-ÿm-\-]-c-am-b Im-cy-ß-fn-se-√mw A-
t±-lw X-s‚ {i-≤ ]-Xn-®p. {In-kv-Xym-\n a-s‰m-cp {In-kv-Xp B-bn-cn-
°-W-sa-∂pw, {In-kv-Xo-b-Ip-Spw-_w \-{k- n-se hn-ip-≤ Ip-Spw-_-
Øn-s‚ am-Xr-I-bm-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂p-am-Wv C-t±-lw A-`n-e-jn-®n-cp-∂-
Xv. {In-kv-Xo-b kv-t\-l-Po-hn-Xw k-Po-h-hpw hn-ip-≤-hp-am-°n-Øo¿-
°p-∂-Xn-\p k-lm-bn-°p-∂ H-∂m-Wp \-Ωp-sS I¿-Øm-hn-s‚ ]o-U-
\p-`-h-kv-a-c-W. Cu h-kv-Xp-X {K-ln-®n-cp-∂ h-μy-]n-Xm-hv hn-Im-cn-
103
bm-Øn-ep-≈ F-√m ]-≈n-I-fn-epw …o-hm-]m-Y-bv-°p {]-Nm-cw h-cp-

Øn. sh-≈n-bm-gv-N-tXm-dpw D-®-I-gn-™p aq-∂p-a-Wn-°p a-Wn-sIm-ń
Cu-tim-bp-sS I-jv-Sm-\p-`-h-ß-sf kv-a-cn-®p {]m¿-∞n-°p-∂-Xn-\p {]-
tXy-I-\-a-kv-Im-cw A-t±-lw \n-›-bn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. \-Ωp-sS ]n-Xm-
hm-cw-`n-® B \-√ A-\p-jvTm-\w B-cm-[-\-k-aq-l-Øn-en-∂p Xp-S¿-
∂p-h-cp-∂p. {Xn-Im-e-P-]-Øn-\p ]-≈n-bn¬ a-Wn-b-Sn-°p-tºmƒ hn-
izm-kn-I-sf-√m-h-cpw {Xn-Im-e-P-]w sNm-√-W-sa-∂p \n¿-_-‘-am-°n-
b-Xv C-t±-l-am-Wv. X-’-a-bw _. ssh-Zn-I-∑m-cpw, ]-≈n-bn-ep-≈-h-
cpw, k-ao-]-ÿ-cpw, Ip-ń-I-fpw tN¿-∂v P-]-am-e Xp-S-ßn-b k-‘ym-
{]m¿-∞\ - I- f
- pw ssZ-hm-eb
- Ø
- n¬-h®- p \-SØ
- W
- s- a-∂p A-t±-lw \n¿-
t±-in-®n-´p-≠v. Hu-tZym-Kn-I-]-≈n-k-μ¿-i-\w \-S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ ]n-
Xm-hv X-s∂ Cu k-a-b-sØ \-a-kv-°m-c-ß-fn¬ ]-¶p-sIm-≠p a-‰p-
≈-h¿-°p am-Xr-I Im-Wn-®p-sIm-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. ""C-Xn-te-bv-°v D-]-tbm-
Kn-°p-∂ Np-cp-ßn-b k-a-b-Øn-s‚ hn-e F-¥p-am-{X-sa-∂v Hm-tcm-cp-
Ø¿-°pw A-h-cp-sS a-c-W-ti-jw A-\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-X-√m-sX C-t∏mƒ
hn-h-cn-®-dn-bp-I {]-bm-kw X-s∂'' F-∂v 51-˛mw \-º¿ C-S-b-te-J-\-
Øn-eq-sS Cu {]m¿-∞-\-bp-sS {]m-[m-\yw A-t±-lw hy-‡-am-°n.-
`-‡-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fn¬ H-∂m-b am-k-h-W-°-ßƒ `-‡n-]q¿-Δ-am-
N-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw hn-izm-kn-I-sf A-t±-lw D-Zv-t_m-[n-∏n-®p. {]-tXy-
I Xn-cp-\m-fp-Iƒ-°p ap≥-]p {Xn-Zn-\w, \-h-\mƒ B-Zn-bm-b {]m¿-∞-
\-Iƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bv-°p Ip¿-_m-\ sNm-√p-hm-t\m, a-‰p I¿-Ω-
ß-f-\p-jvTn-°p-hm-t\m B ]n-Xm-hv A-\p-h-Zn-®n-cp-∂n-√. Zn-hy-_-en-
b¿-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Cu `-‡-Ir-Xy-ßƒ A-\p-jv-S-Tn-°-cp-sX-∂m-bn-cp-
∂p A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ \n¿-t±-iw. Rm-b-dm-gv-N-I-fn-epw I-S-ap-≈ Zn-h-k-
ß-fn-epw hn-izm-kn-Iƒ hn. Ip¿-_m-\-bn¬ ]q¿-Æ-am-bn ]-s¶-Sp-°-
Ø-°-hn-[w Cu Zn-hy-I¿-Ωw \-S-Øn-h-c-W-sa-∂p I-ev-]-\-Iƒ h-gn
_. hn-Im-cn-am-sc A-dn-bn-®n-cp-∂p. P-\-ßƒ-°p Ip¿-_m-\ Im-Wp-∂-
Xn-\p bm-sXm-cp _p-≤n-ap-´pw t\-cn-Sm-Xn-cn-°-Ø-°-hn-[w \n-›n-X-a-
Wn-°q-dn¬ Hm-tcm ssh-Zn-I-\pw B-gv-N-tXm-dpw am-dn-am-dn Zn-hy-_-en
A¿-∏n-®p-t]m-c-W-sa-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p I-ev-]-\-I-fn-se Xm-ev-]-cyw. Xn-
cp-\mƒ-]m-´p-Ip¿-∫m-\-I-fp-sS F-Æw ]-≈n-I-fn¬ h¿-≤n-∏n-®p. C-Xp-
104
\-√ C-S-b≥
sIm-≠v ]-≈n-°p-`m-cw Iq-Sp-I-bn-t√-sb-∂p tNm-Zn-®-h-tcm-Sv ]n-Xm-

hn-\p ]-d-bm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂ a-dp-]-Sn C-{]-Im-c-am-Wv: ""C-S-h-I-∏-≈n
A-∂m-ń-se P-\-ßƒ F-√m-h-cpw Iq-Sn I-jv-S-s∏-´p ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-
Xm-Wv. Ip¿-_m-\ sNm-√n-°m≥ I-gn-hn-√m-Ø-h¿-°p-th-≠n-°q-Sn D-
]-I-cn-°m-\m-Wp ]-≈-s®-e-hn¬ Ip¿-_m-\ sNm-√n-°p-∂-Xv.-'' {In-kv-
Xo-b D-]-hn A-t±-l-Øn¬ A-Xn-cp-I-hn-™n-cp-∂p-sh-∂v Cu-hn-[
{]-h¿-Ø-\-ßƒ Hm-tcm-∂pw hn-fn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂p.-
ssZ-hm-e-b-Øn-s‚-bpw, ssZ-hm-e-b-kw-_-‘-am-b Im-cym-Zn-I-fp-
sS-bpw A-t\z-j-W-Øn-epw A-t±-lw Z-Ø-{i-≤-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ssZ-hm-
e-b ip-{iq-jn-I-fp-sS tPm-en-I-fn¬ Iq-Sp-X¬ \n-jv-T h®p. I-]ym-c-
∑m-cpw ]m-´p-Im-cpw _-en-]o-T-Øn¬ G-‰-hp-a-Sp-Øp s]-cp-am-dp-∂-h-cm-
I-bm¬ A-h¿ hn-iz-kv-X-cpw tPm-en-bn¬ Pm-{K-X-bpw ]-cn-N-b-hpw D-
≈-h-cp-am-I-Ww. \-S-]-Sn-I-fn-epw ]p-Wym-`ym-k-ß-fn-epw a-‰p-≈-h¿-
°p am-Xr-I-bm-bn h¿-Øn-°-Ww. am-kw-tXm-dpw Ip-º-km-cn-®p hn.
Ip¿-_m-\ kzo-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-am-Wv. 16-˛mw \-º¿ C-S-b-te-J-\-Øn-eq-
sS ssZ-hm-e-b-ip-{iq-jn-Iƒ-°v A-t±-lw \¬-In-bn-´p-≈ D-]-tZ-i-
ß-fm-Wn-h. ]-≈n-bpw ]-≈n-ap-‰-hpw A-tXm-Sp-tN¿-∂p-≈ ]-≈n-s°-
ń-S-ß-fpw sh-Sn-∏m-bpw `w-Kn-bm-bpw tI-Sp-]m-Sp-Iƒ Iq-Sm-sX-bpw kq-
£n-°-W-sa-∂p ]n-Xm-hn-\p h-en-b \n¿-_-‘-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]-≈n-
km-am-\-ßƒ h-cp-Øn-bpw kz-¥w D-]-tbm-K-Øn-\p-≈ Xn-cp-h-kv-{X-
ßƒ, A-cp-fn-°m ap-X-em-b-h \-ev-In-bpw ]m-h-s∏-´ ]-≈n-I-sf h-f-
sc-b-[n-Iw k-lm-bn-®n-´p-≠v. ssZ-hm-e-b-Øn-s‚ ]-cn-ip-≤n-°-\p-kr-
X-am-b `-‡ym-Z-c-ßƒ Im-Wn-°p-∂-Xn-\pw, ]-cn-ip-≤ Ip¿-∫m-\-bn¬
an-in-lm-bp-sS k-Po-h-km-∂n-≤yw A-\p-kv-a-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw D-]-I-
cn-°p-∂ ]-e C-S-b-te-J-\-ß-fpw ]n-Xm-hv F-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. ssZ-h-`-
h-\-am-b ]-≈n-I-fn¬ Nn-e-Xn-s\ Xn-cp-°p-cn-in-s‚ Aw-iw-sIm-≠pw
hn-ip-≤-cp-sS Xn-cp-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ-sIm-≠pw A-ew-Ir-X-am-°n.-
N-ß-\m-t»-cn hn-Im-cn-bm-Øn¬-s∏-´ A-P-K-W-ß-fp-sS ]-cn-]m-
e-\-Øn¬ B \-√ C-S-b-s‚ Im-e-Sn-Iƒ ]-Xn-bm-Ø a-Wv-U-e-ß-fn-
√. Hm-tcm C-S-h-I-bpw k-μ¿-in-®v {In-kv-Xp-hn¬ \-ho-I-c-Ww \-S-
Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂ h-μy-]n-Xm-hv ]-≈n-I-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p-≈ I-\ym-
105
Im-a-T-ß-sf-bpw sIm-th-¥-I-sf-bpw k-μ¿-in-°p-∂ Im-cyw hn-kv-a-

cn-®n-√. A-h-cp-sS hn-ip-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-\p-]-I-cn-°-Ø-°-h-Æw k-μ¿-
i-\w \-S-Øn hy-‡n-]-c-am-bpw k-aq-l-]-c-am-bpw ]-e D-]-tZ-i-ß-
fpw \n¿-t±-i-ß-fpw A-h¿-°p \¬-In-h-∂n-cp-∂p.-
k-\ym-kn-\o k-\ym-kn-I-fp-sS ssZ-h-hn-fn-sb ]n-Xm-hv t{]m-’m-
ln-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. km-º-Øn-I-hn-j-aw A-\p-`-hn-°p-∂ ssh-Zn-I-hn-Zym¿-
∞n-Iƒ-°v B-h-iy-am-b [-\-k-lm-b-hpw sN-bv-Xn-cp-∂p. ssh-Zn-I¿-
°m-bn ]m-td¬ H-cp sI-ń-Sw ]-Wn-I-gn-∏n-®-Xv C-t±-l-am-Wv. A-°m-
e-Øp ssh-Zn-I-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ D-]-cn-hn-Zym-`ym-kw e-`n-®-h-cp-sS F-
Æw Ip-d-hm-bn-cp-∂p. A-Xp ]-cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p km-am-\y-hn-Zym-`ym-
kw e-`n-®-h-cpw `-‡-cp-am-b bp-hm-°-∑m-sc A-t±-lw Xr-»n-\m-∏-
≈n tIm-tf-Pn-te-°pw, D-∂-X-_n-cp-Z-[m-cn-I-sf tdm-Ωm, Im≥-Un ap-
X-em-b sk-an-\m-cn-I-fn-te-°pw A-b-®p. C-{]-Im-cw hn-ip-≤-cpw hn-
⁄m-\n-I-fp-am-b ssh-Zn-I-cp-sS kw-Jy h¿-≤n-®p. ""]-´w sIm-Sp-°p-
I-bpw \n-Xy-]d- s
- ™m-∏p-Iƒ kzo-Ic - n-°p-Ib
- pw sN-øp-∂ Zn-hk- ß- ƒ,
X-s‚ A-∏-kv-tXm-e-Po-hn-X-Øn-se ku-`m-Ky-Zn-h-k-ß-fm-bn-´m-Wv C-
t±-lw ]-cn-K-Wn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. A-h-km-\-am-bn ]p-Ø≥-]-≈n sk-an-\m-
cn-bn¬ ]-´w-sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ t]m-b-t∏mƒ 75-˛-¬ ]-cw si-Ωm-»-∑m¿
]-´-Øn-\m-bn X-s∂ k-ao-]n-®p. X-s‚ Po-hn-X-Øn-se G-‰-hpw B-\-
μ-I-c-am-b Zn-h-k-ß-fn-sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p A-Xv.-'' F-∂m-Wv A-t±-l-
Øn-s‚ Po-h-N-cn-{Xw km-£n-°p-∂-Xv.-
]-≈n-I-fp-sS A-`m-hw B-≤ym-fln-I-Im-cy-ßƒ \n¿-h-ln-°p-∂-
Xn-\p ]-e-sc kw-_-‘n-®pw h-en-b {]-iv-\-am-bn-Øo¿-∂n-cp-∂p. Cu
{]-iv-\-]-cn-l-c-W-{i-aw an- -Øn-s‚-hn-hn-[ `m-K-ß-fn-em-bn ]-e ]-
≈n-I-fpw ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p ]nXm-hns\ t{]-cn-∏n-®p. A-ß-s\ 8
Ip-cn-ip-]-≈n-I-fpw 22 I-t∏-f-I-fpw 6 an-j≥ ]-≈n-I-fpw Iq-Sp-X-em-bn
D-≠m-bn.-
H-cp ssh-Zn-I-ta-e-[y-£-s‚ `-c-W-Øn¬ {]m-[m-\y-a¿-ln-°p-∂
Im-cy-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv k-\ym-k-k-`-Iƒ-°p cq-]w-sIm-Sp-°p-I F-∂-
Xv. F-∂m¬ Cu a-lm-Ir-Xy-Øn-\v F-√m-h¿-°pw km-[n-s®-∂p-h-cp-
106
\-√ C-S-b≥
∂-X√ - . ssZ-hØ
- n-s‚ {]-tXy-I I-Sm-£Ø
- m¬ I¿-Ω[ - o-c\
- m-b Ipcym-
f-t»cn ]n-Xm-hn-\v A-Xn-\p-≈ `m-Kyw B-cm-[-\m k-\ym-kn-\n k-aq-
l-ÿm-]-\-Øn-eq-sS I-c-K-X-am-bn. AtXm-sSm∏w a‰p k\ymkn
k\ym-kn-\n-I-fpsS hf¿®-bnepw At±-l-Øns‚ {i≤ ]Xn-™p.
cq]-X-bpsS hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn-embn 3 aT-ßfpw 45 AwK-ßfpw D≠m-
bn-cp∂ I¿Ω-eoØm k\ym-kn\n kaq-l-Øn\v 9 aT-ßfpw 166
AwK-ß-fpw, 4 aT-ßfpw 36 AwK-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp∂ ¢mc-k-aq-l-
Øn\v 6 aT-ßfpw 126 AwK-ß-fpw, 5 A¿∞n-\n-Iƒ am{X-ap-≠m-bn-
cp∂ Xncp-lr-Z-b-k-aq-l-Øn\v 26 AwK-ßfpw, 12 A¿∞n\n-Iƒ
D≠m-bn-cp∂ Bcm-[-\m-k-aq-l-Øn\v 9 `h-\-ßfpw 169 AwK-ßfpw
]nXm-hns‚ Ime-Øp-≠m-bn.
""F-s‚ B-Sp-I-sf F-\n-°m-bn \o ta-bn-°p-I.-'' (hn. tbm. 21:16)
F-∂p \-Ωp-sS I¿-Øm-hv B-sc t\m-°n A-cpƒ sN-bv-Xp-thm B
hn-ip-≤ ]-t{Xm-kn-s\-t∏m-se \-√ C-S-b-\m-b Ip-cym-f-t»-cn¬ am¿
tXm-Ωm sa-{Xm≥ X-s∂ `-c-ta¬-]n-® B-ń≥-]-‰-sØ ap-gp-h-\pw ]-
cn-]m-en-®p. A-h-sc am-{X-a-√, A-P-W-K-Øn¬ s]-Sm-Ø-h-sb-bpw
A-hn-Sp-∂p {In-kv-Xp-hn-te-°v B-\-bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. ""Rm≥ \-√
C-S-b-\m-Ip-∂p. \-√ C-S-b≥ B-Sp-Iƒ-°p-th-≠n kz-Po-h≥ k-a¿-∏n-
°p-∂p.-'' (hn. tbm. 10:11). tem-I-c-£-I-\m-b {In-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ Cu hm-
Iyw A-`n-h-μy-]n-Xm-hn¬ A-\z¿-∞-am-bn.
107
8
{Im¥-Z¿in
""anin-lm-bn¬ F√mw \ho-I-cn-°pI'' F∂ BZ¿ihmIy-hp-

ambn k`m-`-cWw ssItø‰ ]. ]nXmhv ]Ømw ]nbqkv am¿]m-∏-
tbmSp tN¿∂v k`m \ho-I-c-W-sa∂ ]pØ≥ ktμ-i-hp-ambn tIc-
f-k-`-bn-te°p IS-∂p-h∂ BNm-cy-t{i-jvT-\mWv [\y≥ am¿
tXmakv Ipcym-f-t»-cn. At±-l-Øns‚ {]t_m-[-\-ßfpw Dƒ°m-
gvN-Ifpw Ac-\q-‰m-≠n-\p-tijw \S∂ hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ ]T-
\-ßt- fmSv Gsd km[¿Ωyw ]pe¿Øp-∂X - m-Wv. kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw
tkh-\-Øn-s‚bpw al-\o-b-am-XrI temI-Øn\p ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-
Øp-sIm≠v kap-Zmb ]cn-jv°-c-W-Øn\pth≠n aptºm-ń-d-ßnb
Hcp I¿Ω-tbm-Kn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. `mc-Xa - Æn¬ ]nd∂ Km‘n-
Pnbpw tIc-fØ - ns‚ hoc-k¥- m-\a - mb Ipcym-ft- »cn ]nXmhpw Htc
BZ¿i-ßsf apdpsI ]nSn-®-h-cm-Wv. F√m cwK-ß-fnepw ]cn-
h¿Ø\w hcp-Øp-hm\pw \ho-Ic - Ww \S-Øp-hm\pw B{K-ln-®n-cp-
∂p-sh-¶nepw AXn\p kzoI-cn® am¿§w kwL-´\ - m-flI
- tam \io-I-
c-tWm-∑p-Jtam Bbn-cp-∂n-√. hn. Ip¿_m-\sb kw_-‘n®v c≠mw
hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn¬ D∂-bn® Bi-bß - ƒ D±¿i\w sNbvXp-
sIm-≠mWv Ipcym-ft- »cn ]nXmhv \ho-I-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bcw-`n-
®-Xv. hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS Du¿÷-kze t{]jn-X-\m-bn-cp∂ ]nXmhv
kap-Zm-bØ- ns‚ ]cn-h¿Ø-\hpw c£bpw {InkvXp-hns‚ Cu temI-
Øn-ep≈ Znhy-Im-cpWy km{am-Py-Øn¬ Z¿in-®p. kvt\l-Øns‚
XS-hp-Im-c-\mbn k{Im-cn-bn¬ hkn-°p∂ {InkvXp-hns‚ kvt\l-
ssN-X\yw ]q¿W-ambpw Dƒs°m≠n-cp-∂X - n-\m¬ a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚
]q¿Æn-a-bn¬ At±lw FØn-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ]d-bmw. kvt\l-Øn-
108
{Im¥-Z¿in
s‚ Iq-Zm-i-bm-b hn. Ip¿-_m-\-tbm-Sp-≈ kv-t\-l-hpw sF-Iy-hpw

A-t±-l-sØ kv-t\-l-Øn-s‚ H-cp Iq-Zm-i-bm-°n am-‰n. A-ß-s\
{In-kv-Xp-hn-s‚ Zn-hy-Im-cp-Wy cm-Py-Øn-s‚ {]-Nm-cw k-ap-Zm-b-Øn-
s‚ c-£-bv-°v A-Xym-h-iy-am-sW-∂p a-\- n-em-°n k-{Im-cn-bp-sS
G-Im-¥-X-bn¬ \n-∂pw A-hn-Sp-sØ sh-fn-®-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp-hm-\m-
{K-ln-®p.
sshZn-I]
- c
- n-io-e\w
]. Ip¿_m\ ]cn-I¿Ωw sNøp∂ sshZn-I¿ ssZh-P-\-Øns‚
t\Xm-°-∑m-cm-sW∂pw Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sfbpw {]kw-K-ß-
sfbpw {]tXy-In®v Pohn-X-am-Xr-I-tbbpw P\-ßƒ kkq£vaw
ho£n-°p-sa∂pw X∑qew amXr-Im-]-c-amb PohnXw \bn-°p-hm≥
Ah-cpsS AP-]m-e-\-[¿Ωw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p-s≠∂pw a\- n-em°n
Po-hn-°p-Ibpw AXp a‰p-≈h - sc Hm¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Xncp-
-`-bpsS \ho-I-c-W-Øn¬ AXo-h-{]m-[m-\y-ap-≈Xpw t¢i-]q¿Æ-
hp-amb I¿Ø-hy-amWv ]ptcm-ln-X¿ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv (P01) F∂
c≠mw hØn- ° m≥ Iu¨kn- e ns‚ ho£Ww Pohn- X - Ø n- ¬
{]mh¿Øn-I-am-°nb ]nXmhns‚ amXr-Ibpw {]tNm-Z-\hpw \√n-S-
b-\mb tbip-{InkvXp Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p. At±lw hnIm-cn-bm-bn-
cp∂ tN∂-¶-cn, Imhm-ew, FS-Xzm, Nº-°pfw F∂o CS-h-I-Iƒ
]utcm-ln-Xy-]-c-amb ka¿∏-W-Øns‚ am‰p-c-®p-t\m-°p-hm-\p≈
ip{iq-jm-th-Zn-I-fm-bncp∂p. ""a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ `mhn IS-∂p-t]m-
Ip-∂Xv IpSpw-_Ø - n-eq-sS-bm-Wv. IpSpw-_a- mWv kaq-lØ - ns‚ Bcw-
`hpw Aÿn-hm-chpw'' (Ip-Spw_w Hcp Iq´m--bva) F∂ Nn¥m-[m-c-
bn¬ tIc-fk - `
- b
- n¬ kpZr-Vhpw hnip-≤h - p-amb IpSpw-__- ‘
- ß
- ƒ
kwPm-X-am-°p-hm≥ ]nXmhv Is≠-Ønb am¿§w `h-\-k-μ¿i-\-
ßƒ Bbn-cp-∂p.
""sa{Xm-∑m¿ Xß-fpsS kl-{]-h¿Ø-Ic - mb sshZn-Isc a°fpw
kvt\ln-X-cp-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-°-Ww'' (LG 29). F∂ kp\-l-tZmkv
ktμiw A\z¿∞-am-°p∂ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fmWv At±-l-Øns‚
Pohn-XØ- n-ep-S\
- ofw \ng-en-°p-∂Xv cq]-Xb
- nse sshZn-I¿°p-th≠n
[ym\hpw tIm¨{^≥kp-Ifpw \S-Øn. A\p-Zn\[ym\w, hnhn[
109
`‡m-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ F∂nh \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw BZ¿i-\njvTamb

Hcp PohnXw \bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ahsc t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p. CS-h-I-
kw-_‘ - a- mb tcJ-Iƒ, Xncp-hk
- v{X-ßƒ, Xncp-hk- vXp-°ƒ F∂nh
IrXy-ambpw hrØnbmbpw kq£n-°p-∂-Xn\v Ahsc ]Tn-∏n-®p.
Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ hcp-tºmƒ tlm´-ep-I-fn¬ \n∂pw `£Ww Ign-
°p∂ coXn \ndp-Ø¬ sNbvXp. Xs‚ tai-bn¬ Xt∂m-sSm∏w
Blmcw Ign-°p-hm≥ At±lw Ahsc A\p-h-Zn-®p. tcmKn-I-fmb
sshZn-I-cpsS Imcy-Øn¬ {]tXyI Xmev]-cyhpw {i≤bpw {]Z¿in-
∏n-®p. ]nXr-Xp-ey-amb kvt\l-tØmsS Ah-cpsS \yq\-X-Iƒ Xncp-
Øn-s°m-Sp-Øp. Xs‚ A[o-\-X-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-
scbpw hy‡n-]-c-ambn Adn™v Ah-cpsS {]iv\-ßƒ a\- n-em°n
am¿§-Z¿i\w \¬In, _ncp-Z-[m-cn-I-fmb sshZn-Isc kvIqfp-I-fn¬
\nb-an-®p-sIm≠v Ipń-Iƒ°v sa®-s∏´ in£-W-Øn\v If-sam-cp-
°n. Ah-cpsS amXr-Im-]-c-amb Pohn-X-Øn\v ê-Zm-b-I-amb CS-h-
I-{]-h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ°pw klm-ba - mb Dƒ°m-gvNI- ƒ e`n-°m≥ ]cym-
]vX-amb 113 D]-tZ-i-te-J-\-ßƒ At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.
""]cn-io-e-\-Øns‚ kp{]-[m-\-amb D]-I-cWw A≤ym-flnI
kwhm-Za - m-Wv'' (VC 66). ""]cn-io-e\w apgp-h≥ hy‡n-Is- fbpw Dƒs°m-
≈Ww'' (VC 65) F∂ ho£Ww kz¥-am-°n-bn-cp∂ ]nXmhv sshZn-
I-]-cn-io-e-\-Ønepw \nXm¥ Pm{KX ]pe¿Øn. Hmtcm hy‡n-
bpw ssZhm-t\z-j-W-Øns‚ ]mX-bn¬ Ncn-∏n-°m≥ Bh-iy-amb
\n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬In-bn-cp-∂-sXm-sSm∏w [ym\m-flI Pohn-X-Øn-
eqsS Hmtcm \nan-jhpw Xßsf kw_-‘n® ssZh-lnXw Is≠-
Øp-hm\pw {]m]vXc - m-°n. ""]´-kp-JØ- n\p ]Tn-°p-∂h- ¿°v {]tXyI
]≈n-°q-S-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv, sa{Sn-°p-te-j≥ Ign™ tijw
`‡nbpw ]T-\hpw I≠ tijw skan-\m-cn-bn¬ Iq´p-∂-Xv, siΩm-
»-∑m¿ ]pØ≥ Ip¿_m\ sNm√n-b-tijw DSs\ CS-h-I-I-fn¬
t]mImsX Ch¿°v B[ym-flnI Imcy-ß-fn¬ kma¿∞yhpw IqZm-
i-I-ƒ sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\p ]cn-N-bhpw {]kwKw ]d-bp-∂-Xn\p
{]m]vXnbpw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v Hcp henb c≠mw skan-\mcn ÿm]n-
°p-Ibpw ChnsS F√m Znh-khpw Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿ {]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw
110
{Im¥-Z¿in
Bfl-Im-cy-ßƒ°p-th≠ kwK-Xn-Isf DS-\pS≥ sNø-Ø-°-hÆw

]cn-N-bn-°p-Ibpw sNtø≠Xv'' 1 F∂v tIhew Hcp sshZn-I-
hn-Zym¿∞n am{X-am-bn-cns° sshZn-I-]-cn-io-e\w kw_-‘-ambn
sNbvX Xocp-am-\-ßƒ {]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-hm≥ ]nXmhp \S-Ønb
{ia-ßƒ {it≤-b-ß-fm-Wv. hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb sshZnI ]cn-io-e-
\-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ kuIcyw e`n-°m≥ Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ \S-Øn-
bn-cp∂ ssa\¿ skan-\mcn 1922-˛¬ tIm´-b-tØ°p am‰n. D∂X
hnZym-`ym-km¿∞w At±lw sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n-Isf tdmw, Im≥Un
XpS-ßnb ÿe-ß-fn-te-°-b-®p.
k\y-kvX]
- c
- n-io-e\w
Xnc- -`-bpsS s]mXp-\-∑-bv°mbn kl-I-cn®p {]h¿Øn-°m\pw
k\ym-kn-Isf s]mXp-hmbn _m[n-°p∂ Imcy-ßƒ \S-Øm≥
klm-bn-°m-\pw, ta¬ t{ijvT-∑m-cpsS kwL-ßfpw Iu¨kn-ep-
Ifpw t{]m’m- l n- ∏ n- ® p- s Im≠phtc- ≠ - X m- W v . '' (PC 23) F∂
Iu¨kn¬ {]t_m-[-\-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn C∂p {]h¿Øn°p∂
CRI bv°v kZri-am-Wv 1915-˛¬ ]nXmhv Nß-\m-t»cn Fkv.-_n.
sslkvIq-fn¬ h®p \S-Ønb k\ym-k-Iq-´mbva. hnIm-cn-bm-Ønse
F√m kaq-l-ß-sfbpw Dƒs∏-SpØn ˛ I¿Ω-eo-Øm, ¢mc, Bcm-
[\ F∂o k\ymk kaq-l-Øn¬s∏´-hcpw Xncp-lr-Z-b-aT ÿm]-
\m¿∞w ]cn-io-en-∏n-°-s∏-ń-cp∂ A¿∞n-\n-Ifpw Dƒs∏sS 150
t]tcmfw ˛ a[y-th-\-e-h-[n-°m-eØv (am¿®v 25 ˛ G{]n¬ 15 hsc)
\S-Ønb Cu tIm¨{^≥kns‚ kIe DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xzhpw hln-
®Xv ]nXmhp Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. `£-W-Øn\pw bm{Xbv°pw th≠n-
h∂ kIe sNe-hp-Ifpw ]nXmhv Xs∂ \n¿h-ln-®p. Cu kwL-
Øns‚ t{ijvT Nß-\m-t»cn I¿Ω-eoØm aTmw-K-amb t{Xkym
I{Xo-\m-Ω-bpw s{]m°p-td-‰¿ Bcm-[\m k`mw-K-amb A¿∞n\n
^ntem-an-\mbpw Bbn-cp-∂p. hn. Ip¿_m-\bpw `£-Whpw ¢m p-
Ifpw F√m-hcpw H∂n®p Xs∂-bmWv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. kaq-l-
{]m¿∞-\-Iƒ hyXy-kvX-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v lmfns‚ hnhn[ `mK-
ß-fn¬ Hmtcm kaq-lmw-K-ßƒ tN¿∂v Htc ka-bØp \S-Øn.
1. Ub-dn-°p-dn∏v, \º¿ 7 & 9
111
hn`m-KnI Nn¥m-K-Xn-Ifpw BNm-c-hy-Xym-k-ßfpw \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂

B Ime-L-´-Øn¬ hnhn[ k\ymk kaq-l-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈
AI¬® am‰p-∂X - n\pw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏-Sp-∂X- n\pw Cu Iq´mbva
Gsd klm-bn-®p. Zo¿L-\mƒ AS-®n-ń-cp∂ ]e apdn-Iƒ Hcp-an®p
Xpd-∂-t∏mƒ ]c-kv]c kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw kulm¿±-Øn-s‚bpw
sh≈n-sh-fn®w Ah-bv°p-≈n¬ {]th-in-°p-Ibpw A‘-Im-cm-hr-
X-am-bn-cp∂ A¥-co£w {]`m-]q-cnXambn-Øo-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
am{X-a√ Hmtcm k`bpw AXns‚ I\Ø `nØn-Iƒ°p-≈n¬ ad-
®p-h-®n-cp∂ ]e \√ Imcy-ßfpw {]Im-i-am-\-am-bn-Øo¿∂p-sh-∂p-
≈Xpw Hcp ]c-am¿∞-am-Wv. Cßs\ hnhn[ k`-°m-cmb k\ym-
kn-\n-Iƒ XΩn¬ apºn-√m-Xn-cp∂ Hcp kulr-Zhpw ]c-kv]c [mc-
Wbpw ssIh-cp-Øp-hm≥ ]nXm-hns‚ {Im¥-Z¿inXzw am¿§-Z¿i\w
\¬In. ka-bsØ IS∂p Z¿in-°p-∂-h≥, hcm-\n-cn-°p-∂-Xpw IS-
∂p-t]m-bXpw Z¿in-°p-∂-h-\m-Wt√m {Im¥-Z¿in.
Xs‚ ss]Xr-I-]-cn-em-f-\-bn¬ ]cn-]m-en-®p-h∂ Bcm-[-\-k-`-
°m¿°p am{X-ambn 1921, 22, 23 F∂o h¿j-ß-fn¬ hmg-∏-≈n-bn¬
h®v Hmtcm tIm¨^-d≥kp-Iƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Imen-sØm-gp-Øn¬
A©w-K-ß-sf-s°m≠v Bcw-`n® Cu kaqlw, ÿm]-Is‚ hnip-
≤nbpw hy‡n-{]-`m-hhpw hnfn-®d- n-bn-°p-amdv Npcp-ßnb Imew-sIm≠v
hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn-te°p hym]n-°p-Ibpw AwK-kwJy \q‰n Adp-
]Øn H≥]-Xmbn h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. BflnI ]p{Xn-am-sc-
sb-√m-hs
- cbpw hnfn-®p-Iqń {]kn-≤n-bm¿÷n® sshZn-Is - cs°m≠p
th≠ D]-tZ-i-ßƒ sImSp-∏n-°p-hm\pw ]nXmhv {i≤n®n-cp-∂p. CS-
bv°n-Sbv°v ssZh-]-cn-]m-e-\-bn¬ \ap-°p-≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ hnizm-
k-sØ-∏-‰nbpw kmwtKm-]mwKw {]m]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ am¿§-sØ-∏-
‰nbpw Ct±lw kwkm-cn-°pw. kz¥w A\p-`-h-ß-sf-Øs∂ hnh-
cn®v Bflo-b-a-°-fpsS at\m-hn-izm-ksØ h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
bXv\hpw At±lw sNøm-Xn-cp-∂n-√. Cu Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ]c-kv]cw
F√m-hcpw Hmtcm hms°-¶nepw kwkm-cn-°-W-sa-∂p-≈Xp ]nXm-
hn\p henb \n¿_-‘-am-bn-cp-∂p. \mep aWn-s°-√m-h-scbpw
kμ¿in-°p-hm-\mbn hcp-tºmƒ Bsc-¶nepw ]c-kv]cw kwkm-
cn-°m-Ø-Xm-bn-´p-t≠m-sb∂pw a‰pw At\z-jn-°pI km[m-cW - -am-Wv.
112
{Im¥-Z¿in
Cu kμ¿`-Øn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø-tcbpw X\n-®p-I≠v Ah¿°m-h-iy-

amb Znthym-]-tZ-i-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw ]nXmhv Xmev]cyw ImWn-
®n-cp-∂p. tImgvkp-I-fp-sSbpw tIm¨^-d≥kp-I-fp-sSbpw bpK-Øn¬
Pohn-°p∂ \mw CXn¬ henb {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Is≠∂p hcn-I-bn-
√. F∂m¬ A∂sØ ]cn-Xx-ÿn-Xn-bn¬ CØcw tIm¨^d≥kp-
Iƒ Ct±-l-sØ-t∏m-se-bp≈ {Im¥-Z¿in-Iƒ°-√msX a‰m¿°pw
`mh\ sNøp-hm≥ t]mepw km[n-®n-cp-∂n-√. A°m-eØp ]e¿°pw
In´m-Ø-hÆw ]Øp-sIm-√sØ tdma≥ hnZym-`ymkw t\Snb Hcp
hnZym-hn-im-c-Z-\n¬ \n∂n-sXms° {]Xo£n-°m-hp-∂-XmWp Xm\pw.
Aevamb ZuXyw
cmjv{Sob kmaqly hnZym-`ym-k-cw-K-ß-fn¬ Aevam-b¿°v
\n¿Æm-bI ]¶p-h-ln-°p-hm-\p-≠v. sshZn-Icpw A¬ta-\n-Ifpw
XΩn-ep≈ kulm¿±-]-c-amb h¿Ø\w k`-bp-sSbpw kap-Zm-b-
Øn-s‚bpw A`yp-Z-b-Øn\v hfsc klm-bn-°p-sa∂v At±lw P\-
ßsf a\- n-em-°n. Cu c≠p hIp-∏p-Ifpw ItØm-en°m kaq-l-
Øns‚ c≠p a¿Ω`m-K-ß-fm-Wv. adn-®v, Bsc-¶nepw k¶-ev]n-°p-
∂p-s≠-¶n¬ AXp tIhew A_-≤hpw {lkz-Zr-jvSn-bpsS ê-hp-
am-bnt´ KWn-t°-≠-Xp-≈q. F∂mWv tIc-fob ItØm-en°m kpdn-
bm\n alm-P-\-tbm-K-Øn¬ At±lw {]kvXm-hn-®-Xv. ""ItØm-en-
°-cpsS CS-bn¬ D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ PmXn-t`-Z-ßƒ am‰p-∂-
Xn-\p-th≠n sa{Xm-∑mcpw ]´-°mcpw {][m\ P\-ß-fp-sam-cp-an®v
Hcp \m´p-kwLw IqSp-∂Xv'' F∂ ]nXm-hns‚ Ub-dn-°p-dn∏v kq\-
l-tZmkv D±¿i\w sNbvX ]mÃ-d¬ Iu¨kn¬ F∂ Bibw
Xs∂-bm-Wv.''
{]m¿∞n-°p-I, A\p-k-cn-°p-I, ]≈nbv°p kw`m-h\ sNøpI
F∂-Xn¬ am{Xw Aflm-b-cpsS Npa-X-e-Iƒ HXp-ßn-\n¬°p-Ibpw
k`-bpsS ZuXy-\n¿Δ-lWw GXm≠v ]q¿Æ-am-bn-Øs∂ lb-
cm¿°n-bpsS Npa-X-e-bmbn Icp-X-s∏-ń-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp∂
Ime-L-´-Øn-emWv Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXmhv Aevam-b¿°v k`m-k-aq-
l-Øn-ep≈ ]¶m-fn-Xz-sØ-°p-dn®v t_m[-h-XvI-cWw \S-Øn-bXpw
Ah¿°v A¿l-amb ÿm\w sImSp-°p-hm≥ {ian-®Xpw. ASn-ÿm-
113
\-]-c-amb {]iv\-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ k` apgp-h≥ Ahsb t\cn-

tS-≠n-h-cpw. ssZh-cmPyw hym]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Aevam-b¿°p≈ ]¶v
Hcn-°epw hnkva-cn-°p-hm≥ ]mSn√. sshZnI Aevam-b-_-‘-Øn¬
IqSp-X¬ kl-I-cWw D≠m-I-Ø-°-hn[w kaq-l-Øn¬ ÿmbn-
bmb at\m-`m-h-ßƒ cq]w sIm≈-Ww. ""k`-bpsS Iq´mbva G‰w
DNn-X-ambn {]I-Sn-X-am-hp-Ibpw t{]jn-X-hrØn G‰w ê-{]-Z-am-
hp-Ibpw sNø-Ø-°-hn[w Aevam-b¿ Htc ico-c-Øns‚ Ah-b-h-
-ßƒ t]mse kwL-Sn®v {]h¿Øn-°-Ww.'' (A.20) k`-bn¬ Aevam-
b¿°p≈ ÿm\w Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hns‚ ImeØv IqSp-X-embn
AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. Aevam-b-cpsS k¿§-i-‡nbpw Ign-hp-Ifpw k`m-
tk-h-\-Øn-\p-th≠n hn\n-abw sNøp-hm≥ At±lw kuIcyw Hcp-
°nbn-cp-∂p. ""_lp-am-\-s∏´ sshZn-Icpw hnizm-kn-Ifpw tbmPn®p
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂m¬ Hmtcm CS-h-I-bnepw Bflo-b-ambpw
euIn-I-ambpw Ct∏m-gp-≈-Xn¬ ]Xn-∑-Sßv \∑ kn≤n-°p-sa∂v
\mw ]q¿Æ-ambpw hniz-kn-°p-∂p.'' (PL.4) Aevam-b¿°v k`-bpsS
t{]jn-X-Zu-Xy-\n¿Δ-l-W-Øn-\p≈ IS-a-sb-°p-dn®v IqsS-°qsS
Ahsc A\p-kva-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. ""F√m {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw Xß-fpsS
ÿnXn-bv°-\p-k-c-W-ambn hnizm-k-{]-Im-isØ {]k-cn-∏n-∏m\pw
Hgn-®p-Iq-Sm-Ø IS-a-bp-s≠∂v \mw \nß-fn-tem-tcm-cp-Ø-scbpw
{]tXyIw Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. (PL.27) ss{IkvXh hnizm-k-Øn¬
Bgs∏´- h ¿ am{Xta hnizm- k - { ]- t Lm- j - I - c mbn amdq F∂
bmYm¿∞yw ]nXmhv a\- n-em-°n. Aflm-bc - psS B≤ym-flnI Pohn-
X-\-ho-I-c-W-Øn\v `‡-kw-L-S-\-Iƒ°p≈ ÿm\w F{X-b-[n-I-
sa∂v CS-b-te-J-\-ß-fn-eqsS DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p-Ibpw `‡-kw-L-S-
\-Iƒ ÿm]n®v AXnse AwK-ßf - m-Ip-hm≥ Blzm\w sNøp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Bcm-[-\m-k-Jy-X, Xncp-lr-Z-b-k-Jy-X, P]-am-e-k-JyX
IqSmsX Aflmb ]¶m-fn-ØsØ Gsd t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®h - b
- mWv
{^m≥kn-kI v ≥ aq∂mw-k`- , ItØm-en°m hnZym¿∞n-kw-LS- \ - (KCSL),
ItØm-en°m tIm¨{K-kv, am¿tØmΩm Zmk-kwLw F∂n-h.
tdman¬ sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n Bbn-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ {^m≥kn-
kvI≥ aq∂mw-k-`-bpsS AwKXzw kzo-I-cn® _lp. tXmΩm-®≥
\mń¬ Xncn-s®-Øn-b-tijw tIc-f-Ønse AXns‚ ÿm]-I-\mb
114
{Im¥-Z¿in
]pØ≥]-d-ºn¬ sXmΩ-®-t\m-sSm∏w AXns‚ hf¿®-bv°p-th≠n

Gsd ]cn-{i-an-®p. 1910-˛¬ Nß-\m-t»cn hnIm-cn-bm-Ønse aq∂mw-
k-`-bpsS kp∏o-cn-b¿ Bbn \nb-an-°-s∏´ At±lw aq∂m-kw-`-
bpsS ]pXnb \nb-am-h-en°v cq]wsImSp-°pIbpw Nß-\m-t»cn
hnIm-cn-bm-Ønse ]≈n-I-fn¬ CXns‚ imJ-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Nß-\m-t»cn cq]-X-bn¬ am{X-a-√, tIc-f-sam-´p-°p-ap≈
IpSpw-_-ß-fpsS sI´p-d-∏n\pw B≤ym-flnI \ho-I-c-W-Øn\pw Cu
kwL-S\ hgn-sX-fn-®p. k`-bp-sSbpw kap-Zm-b-Øns‚bpw t{ijvT-
amb `mhn-°p-th≠n ItØm-en° BZ¿i-ßƒ°-\p-kr-X-amb ]cn-
io-e\w \evIpI F∂-XmWv tIcf ItØm-en°m hnZym¿∞n-
kJyw sIm≠v e£yw h®-Xv. 1918-˛¬ cq]o-Ir-X-amb AJne tIcf
ItØm-en°m tIm¨{K-kns‚ \mμn-bmb ae-_m¿ ImØ-enIv
Atkm-kn-tb-j≥ kap-Zmb ]ptcm-K-Xn-bv°m-h-iy-amb Xocp-am-\-
ßƒ FSp-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah \S-∏n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw s]mXp-{]-iv\-
ßƒ°v ]cn-lmcw Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Hcp am¿§-am-bn-´mWv
kwÿm]n-X-am-b-Xv. A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmb Aevam-b-cpsS kl-I-c-W-
tØm-Sp-IqSn cq]X-bnse aX-t_m-[\w Imcy-£-a-am°mw F∂
e£y- t Øm- S p- I qSn ÿm]n- X - a mb am¿tØm- Ω m- Z m- k - k wLw
Aevamb t{]jn-X-Xz-Øn\v am¿ tXmΩm sa{Xm≥ \¬Inb Hcp
henb kw`m-h-\-bm-Wv.
]p\-ssc-Iy-{i-aß
- ƒ
c£-bpsS ktμiw IqSp-X¬ [mcm-f-X-tbmsS Bfp-Iƒ kzoI-
cn-°p-∂-Xn\v CS-bm-°p-Ibpw Aßs\ a\p-jy-a-lm-Ip-Spw-_-Øns‚
sFIy-Øn-\mbn hgn-Xp-d-°p-Ibpw AXn-\mbn If-sam-cp-°p-Ibpw
sNøpI c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn-ens‚ e£y-ß-fn-sem-∂p-X-
s∂. ss{IkvX-h-k-`-I-fpsS sFIyw CXn¬ ]c-a-{]m-[m-\y-a¿ln-
°p-∂p. kXyw kwc-£n-°p-hm\pw AXp {]N-cn-∏n-°p-hm\pw k`
F∂pw AXyp-’p-I-bm-Wv. AXn\p Imc-W-ap-≠v. F√m a\p-jycpw
kXyw Adn-b-W-sa∂pw c£ {]m]n-°-W-sa∂pw B{K-ln-°p∂
ssZh-Øns‚ (1 Xntam. 2, 4) ]≤-Xn-{]-Imcw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ønb kXyw
]q¿Æ-ambn G‰p-]-d-bm-Øn-S-tØmfw Imew a\p-jy¿°p ]cn-]q¿Æ
115
ssNX\yw {]m]n-°mt\m am\-kn-I-s∏m-cpØw ssIh-cp-Ømt\m

km[n-°p-I-bn-√. shfn-s∏-Sp-Ønb Cu kXy-ß-tfmSp tN¿∂p-
\n¬°p-∂-h-bm-Wt√m bYm¿∞ kam-[m-\hpw \nXy-c-£bpw
(Iu¨kn¬ Un{In {]mcw-`w). C°mcyw t\c-sØ-Xs∂ a\- n-
em-°n-s°m-≠mWp ]p\-ssc-Iy-Øn\p th≠n \ΩpsS ]nXmhv
Bflm¿∞-ambn ]cn-{i-an-®n-´p-≈-Xv. ""kIea\p-jy-cp-tSbpw \nXy-
c-£sb B{K-ln-°p-Ibpw CutimbpsS Xncp-lr-Zbw \ΩpsS k`-
bn¬ \n∂pw ]ncn-™p-t]m-bn-cn-°p∂ ktlm-Z-c-ß-fpsS ta¬ A\p-
{K-ln®v GIk-Xy-k-`-tbbpw AXns‚ GI Xe-h-t\bpw Ah¿
Xncn-®-dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw Cßs\ \ΩpsS kpdn-bm-\n-k-ap-Zmbw apgp-
h\pw Ime-Xm-akw IqSmsX GI-kz-cØ - n¬ IrX-⁄X - m-kvtXm{Xw
]mSn ssZhsØ kvXpXn-°p-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm-Ip-∂-Xn\p th≠n
\nßƒ Xo£vW-Xm-]q¿Δw {]m¿∞n-∏n≥'' (PL. 85) F∂ Blzm\w
tIc-f-Ønse ss{IkvX-h-k-`-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ kºq¿Æ-sF-Iyhpw
Iq´m-bvabpw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ B{Klw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
^m. sUman-\n°v tXm´m-t»cn FwF, F¬.-‰nsb cq]Xm thZ-{]-
Nm-c-U-b-d-IvS-dmbn \nb-an-®v AI-tØm-en-°-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ anj≥
the-bv°mbn \ntbm-Kn®p a√-∏-≈n-bnse AI-tØm-en-°¿ Xs∂
thZ-{]-N-c-W-th-e-bv°mbn B ÿe-tØbv°v Ct±-lsØ £Wn-
®p-sh-∂Xv Hcp {]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. ÿesØ kml-Ncyw a\- n-
em-°nb ]nXmhv hn. AØ-t\-jy-kns‚ \ma-Øn¬ Ahn-sS-sbmcp
]≈n ]Wn-bn-®p. bmt°m-_m-b, am¿tØm-Ωm, kn.-Fw.-Fkv F∂o
{InkvXob hn`m-Kß - f - S- ß
- nb ÿe-hm-kn-Is
- f-√m-hcpw H∂p-t]mse
_lp-am-\n-®m-Zc - n-®p-hc- p∂ hn. AØ-t\-jy-kns‚ hn-izm-k{- ]-amWw
Xs∂-bmWv Ah¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Ah-sc-√m-hcpw
B hnip-≤s‚ ]°-tebv°v BI¿jn-°s - ∏-Sp-sa∂pw Aßs\ ]p\-
sscIyw km[n-°m-s\-fp-∏-am-Ip-sa-∂p-ap-≈ Nn¥-bmWv B hnip-
≤s‚ \ma-Øn¬ AhnsS ]≈n ]Wn-bp-hm≥ At±-lsØ t{]cn-
∏n-®-Xv. 1907-˛¬ Fd-Wm-Ipfw sa{Xm≥ am¿ fqbnkv Xncp-ta-\n-bp-
ambn tdman\p t]mbt∏mƒ ]e sImØp-cq-]-ßfpw Ahn-sS-\n∂v
sIm≠ph∂ncp-∂p. AXn-sem-∂mWv hn. AØ-t\-jy-kns‚ cq]-
hpw. ]≈n-sh-©-cn∏p Ign™v hn. AØ-t\-jy-kns‚ cq]w ]≈n-
116
{Im¥-Z¿in
ap-‰Øv Fgp-∂-≈n-®p-h®v _lp. sIm®p-Nm-≠n-b-®≥ CMI ]d™

{]kwKw ]p\-ssc-Iy-Øn\v Gsd klm-b-I-am-bn. tIcf {InkvXym-
\n-I-sfbpw Iq\w-Ip-cniv kXy-tØbpw AXn-\p-ti-j-ap-≠mb
{InkvXob hn`m-K-ß-sfbpw Ah-cpsS ]p\-ssc-Iy-sØbpw kw_-
‘n®pw AXn-\-hsc klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn\pw kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ambn
\ΩpsS ]q¿ΔnI-∑m-cpsS £W-a-\p-k-cnt®m F∂p tXm∂p-amdv hn.
AØt\jykv Xs∂ ÿe-sØ-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂pw-a‰pw ên-
tXm‡n Ie¿∂ {]kw-Khpw ]nXm-hns‚ km∂n-≤yhpw hy‡n-]-
c-amb kwk¿§hpw ]e-tcbpw ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn-te°v BI¿jn-
®p. Zmho-Z-®-s‚bpw a‰pw ]p\-ssc-Iy-Øn\p ]nXm-hns‚ Cu hgn-
°p≈ ]cn-{iaw hfsc klm-b-I-c-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. At±-l-Øn\p
ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn¬ tNcp-∂-Xn-\p≈ G‰hpw henb Bh-iy-am-
bn-cp-∂Xp amtdm-\oØ kpdn-bm\n{Ia-Øn¬ Ip¿_m-\bpw a‰p
{]m¿∞-\-Ifpw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p doØ-\p-h-Zn®p In´p-I, AX-\p-k-cn-
®p≈ XIvkmbpw a‰p {]m¿∞-\-∏p-kvX-I-ßfpw e`n-°pI F∂n-h-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. 1914-˛se tdmΩm bm{X-bn¬ ]. ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂v CXn-
\p-th≠ A\p-hm-Z-ßƒ hmßn XIvkmbpw sIm≠p-h∂psImS-
Øp. Aßs\ Zmho-Z-®-t\bpw Iq´-scbpw ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn-
te°p tN¿°p-∂-Xn\v Ct±-l-Øn\p km[n-®p. {InkvXp-hns‚
kvt\l-kt- μiw F√m-hs - cbpw Adn-bn-°p-∂X
- n¬ ]nXmhv ImWn®
HuZmcyhpw hnim-e-ho-£-Whpw ]e-scbpw Chn-tS-°m-I¿jn-®p.
Xncp-ta\n AI-tØm-en-°sc hfsc Bflm¿∞-X-tbmsS kvt\ln-
°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS Bh-iy-ß-fn¬ klm-bn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-t]m-
∂p. hnip≤I¿Ω-ß-fn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \ΩpsS ]≈n-
I-fn¬ hcp-∂-hsc Imcy-ambn kzoI-cn-°pI At±-l-Øns‚ as‰mcp
{]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Npcp-°n-∏-d-™m¬ {InkvXp-hns‚ ZuXyw
{]N-cn-∏n-°p∂Xn-\mbn ]cn-{i-an-®n-cp∂ \ΩpsS ]nXm-hn¬, as‰mcp
{InkvXp-hns\ Z¿in-°p-hm≥ Ah¿°p Ign™p F∂-XmWv ]p\-
ssc-Iy-{]-ÿm-\-Øns‚ hnP-b-tl-Xp. ""kXy-Øn-s‚bpw k∑t\m-
`m-h-Øn-s‚bpw ]n≥_-e-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb'' ka-{K-]-T-\-Øn-eqsS
""\ΩpsS th¿s]´ ktlm-Z-c-ß-fpsS Nn¥m-KXn a\- n-em-°Ww''
F∂ Iu¨kn-ens‚ D≈-dn™ Hcp CS-b-\m-bn-cp-∂p ]nXm-hv.
117
{]hm-NI
- ≥
1920-˛¬ ]øº≈n Zmho-Z®\pw At±-l-Øns‚ IqsS ItØm-
en-°m-k-`-bn-tebv°p tN¿∂ GXm\pw t]cpw XncnsI t]mb-
t∏mƒ, a√-∏-≈n-bnse anj≥ cwKw GXm≠v inYn-eo-`-hn-®-Xp-
t]mse Bbn-Øo¿∂p. ""]nXm-hns‚ a√-∏-≈n-bnse {]h¿Ø\w
\njv^-e-am-bn, ]Ww sNe-hm-°n-bXpw hrYm BWt√m'' F∂pw
a‰pw Hcp kwkmcw P\-ß-fpsS CS-bn¬ ]c-∂p. Cu kμ¿`-Øn¬
]nXm-hns\ ImWp-∂-Xn-\mbn Ac-a-\-bn¬ FØnb anÃ¿ sI.-
kn. t]mØ≥ h°o¬ ]nXm-hns\ Biz-kn-∏n-°m-s\-∂-hÆw Cu
Imcy-sØ-∏‰n kwkm-cn-®p. DS≥Xs∂ ""Ubdn ssIøn-ept≠m?''
F∂p tNmZn-®p. ""Ct∂bv°p 10 sIm√-Øn-\Iw bmt°m-_m-b-k-
`-bnse Hcp \√ `mKw ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn¬ tNcp-sa-∂p-≈Xp
Xo¿®-bm-Wv. Rm≥ ]d-bp∂ Cu kwKXn Fgp-Xn-s°m-≈p-I, Xo¿®-
bmbpw kw`-hn-°pw.'' F∂ {]km-Zm-fl-I-amb hm°p-IfmWv ]nXm-
hn¬ \n∂p ]pd-s∏-´-Xv. 1930-˛¬ am¿ Chm-\n-tbmkv Xncp-ta-\nbpw
Iqćpw ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn-tebv°p h∂-t∏mƒ A`n-hμy Ipcym-
f-t»-cn¬ ]nXmhv ]d™ hm°p-Iƒ t]mØ≥ h°o¬ Hm¿°p-
Ibpw Xs‚ Ub-dn-°p-dn∏p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 10 h¿jw
XnI-bp-∂-Xn\v 3 Znhkw IqSn am{Xta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. Xs‚
{]h-N\w \nd-th-dn-bXp kz¿§-Øn-en-cp∂p I≠m-\-μn-°p-∂-Xn\p
am{Xta B t{]jn-X-ho-cy\p `mKyw e`n-®p-≈q.
B\μNmcn-Xm¿∞y-ß-fn¬ Ba-·-\mb Hcp ]mh-s∏´ hy‡n-
bpsS IÆo-cn-ep-Xn¿∂ hm°p-I-fmWv ChnsS Hm¿Ωn-°p-I. ]Øp-
]-{¥≠p hb- p≈ B _me≥ hmg-∏≈n aT-Øn¬ Nn√d tPmen-
Iƒ sNbvXp Ign-bp-I-bm-Wv. Hcp Znh-kw, kpJ-an-√msX Bkv]-
{Xn-bn¬ InS-°p∂ Hcp knÃ-dn\v (H-tdmΩ aZ¿) `£-W-hp-ambn
AhnsS sN∂n-cn-°p-∂p. Xs‚ h’-e-]p-{Xnsb ImWp-∂-Xn-\mbn
A`n-h-μy-]n-Xmhpw AhnsS FØn-bn-´p≠v. Cu _mes\ I≠n´p
""sIm®p-an-Sp-°≥, AΩ-am¿ IeymWw Ign-∏n®v aT-Øns‚ ]d-ºn¬
Xma-kn-∏n°pw'' F∂p-]d- ™v Hcp sNdnb Imip-cq]w Ah\p kΩm-
\-ambn sImSp-Øp. Ime-Øns‚ XnI-hn¬ ]d™ Imcy-ß-sf√mw
\nd-th-dn. Ime-N{Iw ]ns∂bpw aptºm-´p-\o-ßn. \ΩpsS At¥m-
118
{Im¥-Z¿in
\nbpw IpSpw-_hpw hmg-∏≈n aT-Øns‚ ]e IpSn-I-fn¬ H∂mbn

amdn. At∏m-gmWv IpSn-bn-d°v {]iv\w DZn-°p-∂-Xv. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw
Xßƒ°¿l-am-bXv hmßn Xmakw am‰n. C∂pw aT-Øns‚ ]d-
ºn¬ Xs∂ Xma-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ At¥m-\n, ""Fs‚ ]nXmhp
]d™ hm°ns‚ i‡n-bmWv Fs∂ ChnsS\n∂pw am‰m-Xn-cp-
∂Xv'' F∂p ]dbpI-bp-≠m-bn. ]nXm-hns‚ hm°ns‚ hiy-i‡n
At¥m\n sNdp-∏-Ønte a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. At¥m-
\nsb hmg-∏≈n aT-Øns‚ ]d-ºn¬ Xma-kn-∏n-°m≥ aTm-[n-]am¿
Xocp-am-\n-®-t∏mƒ ]nXmhv C{]-Imcw {]h-Nn-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-s\-
∏‰n B¿°pw Adn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√.
CXp-t]m-ep≈ {]h-N-t\m-‡n-Iƒ Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ DS-\ofw
ImWmw. AsX√mw A£-c»x \nd-th-dn-sb-∂-XmWv kXyw. Nº-
°pfw aTw ]Wn-Xp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ kabw Xs‚ _‘-Øn¬s∏-
´Xpw hnhm-ln-X-bp-amb Hcp s]Ïpń At±-lsØ kμ¿in-°p-
∂-Xn-\mbn h∂p. CsX-¥n-\mWv ]Wn-bp-∂-sX∂v tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ,
""\n\°p Xma-kn-°m≥'' F∂m-bn-cp-∂p adp-]-Sn. Imew A[nIw
aptºm´p t]mbn-√, hn[-h-bm-bn-Øo¿∂ Ahƒ B I\y-Im-e-b--
Øn-¬ {]th-in-°m≥. Ip∂n¬ Hutk-∏-®s‚ koa-¥-]p-{Xnbpw
]nXm-hns‚ `mKn-t\-bnbpw Bcm-[-\- k\ym-kn\o kaq-lØns‚
kvt\l-am-Xm-°-fn¬ Hcm-fp-amb _. tacn knkn-en-bm-Ω-sb-bmWv
ChnsS A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
k`-bnse ]©-am-Xm-°-fn¬ _. t{Xkym-Ω tcmKn-Wn-bm-bn
hmg-∏≈n aT-Ønt\mS-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ Hcp sIń-S-Øn¬ (Nmssπ≥
Xma-kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ amfn-I-s°-ń-Sw) Ign-bp-I-bm-Wv. Im≥k-
dn\p s\øq¿ sh®v Hm∏-td-j≥ Ign™p \∑-cWw {]Xo-£n-®p-I-
gn-bp∂ B -a-Iƒ°v, Xm≥ tdman\p t]mIp-∂-Xn\p ap≥]p-Xs∂
Xncp-∏m-tYbw sImSp-°-W-sa∂p ]nXm-hn\v B{K-l-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
AX-\p-k-cn®p s^{_p-hcn 16\v ]nXmhp hmg-∏-≈n-bn¬ h∂p Xncp-
∏m-tYbw sImSp-Ø-tijw Htdm-Ω-tbmSv ""t{XkymtΩ Rm≥
t]mIp∂p; \ap°v kz¿§-Øn¬h®p ImWmw: AhnsS Hcp aTw
thWw. AXn-s\mcp Itπm≥; Rm≥ t\csØ Aßp sN√pw. Hcp
aZ¿ thWw; AXn\p t{XkymΩ ht∂-°-Ww.'' C{Xbpw ]d-™n´p
119
]nXmhv Xs‚ ]´w-aq-Sn-sØm-∏n-sb-SpØp t{Xkym-Ωb - v°p sImSp-Øp-

sIm-≠p ]-d™ - p: ""C-Xp X-eb - v°
- ¬ h-®p-sIm-≈q. ]n-im-Nn-s‚ ]-co-
£-Iƒ D-≠m-Ip-Ib - n-√.-'' A-h¿ ]n-cn-™p. 1925 Pq¨ 2\v ssh-In-´v
t{X-kym-Ω X-s‚ ip-{iq-jI - \
- m-bn \n-∂ tPy-jvTk - t- lm-Zc- ≥ Ip-™m-
t°m-®-t\m-Sp ]-d-bp-∂p: ""A-®m-bm, \-Ωp-sS k-ap-Zm-b-Øn¬ h-en-
sbm-cmƒ a-cn-®p. ]n-t‰-∂v A-ca - \- b
- n¬ h-∂ I-ºn B h-en-b Bƒ
B-sc-∂p kv] - j
- vS- a
- m-°n. Pq-sse 4˛mw Xo-bX - n kz¿-§o-ba - T-Øn-s‚ a-
Z-dm-bn t{X-kym-Ω bm-{X-Xn-cn-®p. a-cn-°p-∂X - n-s‚ X-te-∂v ]-´w-aq-Sn-
sØm-∏n B \n- z-bm-b H-tdm-Ω, X-s∂ ip-{iq-jn-® tPy-jvT\ - p \¬-
In. C-∂v B ho-ń¬ A-sXm-cp Zn-hy-\n-[n-bm-bn kq-£n-®p-hc - p-∂p.
""{]nb-a-°-tf, CXv Chn-SpsØ Fs‚ Ah-km\ Ip¿_m-\-bm-
bn-cn-°pw. \ΩpsS 13 h¿jsØ `c-W-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ ]e hnj-a-X-
Ifpw \nßƒ°p h∂n-cn-°mw. AsX√mw F√m-hcpw £an-°p-Ibpw
\ap-°p-th≠n {]tXyIw {]m¿∞n-°p-Ibpw sNø-Ww.'' Xs‚ Ah-
km-\sØ tdmΩm bm{Xbv°p apºmbn am¿®v 18-˛mw XobXn Nß-
\m-t»cn IØo-{U-en¬ s]m¥n-^n-°¬ Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®-tijw
]d™ hm°p-Iƒ t{imXm-°sf s]mń-°c - b
- n-°pI Xs∂ sNbvXp.
Xs‚ Ah-km-\\ - m-fp-If
- n¬ aTw kμ¿in-®n-cp∂ Hmtcm {]mh-iyhpw
""a°sf CsXs‚ Ah-km-\-hm-°p-I-fm-Wv. C\n A[n-I-\mƒ Pohn-
®n-cn-°-bn-√. BI-bm¬ \nß-fnXp Ipdn-s®-SpØp kq£n-°p-Ibpw
{]mtbm-Kn-Ia - m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-≈W - w'' F∂p Iev]n-®p-sIm≠v
Hmtcm Znthym-]-tZ-ißƒ \¬ImsX ]ncn-™n-cp-∂n-√. CXv At±-
l- Ø ns‚ Zo¿L- h o- £ - W - Ø n- \ pw, Bg- t a- d nb hnip- ≤ n°pw
\n¿hymPamb ss]XrIkvt\l-Øn\pw aXn-bmb sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wv.
ssZh-hp-am-bn-´p≈ KmssV-Iy-Øn¬ \n∂p am{Xta C{]-Im-c-
ap≈ Imcy-ßƒ Ak-∂n-Kv[-ambn {]Jym-]n-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-I-
bp-≈p. {]m¿∞-\-bpsS a\p-jy¿t° AXn-\p≈ hcw e`n-°q.
`mhnsb ap≥Iq-ń-°m-Wp-∂-Xn\pw Ah-bv°-\p-kr-X-ambn PohnXw
{IaoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v F√m aWvU-e-ß-fnepw th≠ ap≥I-cp-X-ep-
Iƒ sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ i‡nbpw ss[cyhpw Znhy-Im-cpWy k∂n-
[n-bn¬ \n∂v ]nXmhv kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂p.
120
thZ-{]-Nm-cI≥
9
thZ-{]-Nm-cI≥
1911 \hw-_¿ 28. A∂mWp sa{Xm≥]-´-kzo-I-c-W-Øn\p Ipcym-

f-t»-cn¬ _. tXmΩm-®≥ BZysk{I-´dn ]m≠n-bw-am-°¬ _.
Ipcy-®≥, ip{iq-jn-Iƒ, _‘p-an-{Xm-Zn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-scmØp
Im≥Un°p ]pd-s∏-´-Xv. Icp-am-Sn-bn-se-Ønb _. A®\pw Iqćpw
Ãowt_m´p In´p-∂-Xn\p Ipd-®p-k-abw ImØp-\n¬t°-≠-Xm-bn-h-
∂p. DS≥Xs∂ Icp-am-Sn-∏-≈n-bn¬ Ibdn hnko-Ø-I-gn-®-tijw
AhnsS I≠ Ipń-I-fpsS kao-]-tØ-°mWp t]mb-Xv. t_m´p-h-cp-
∂-Xp-hsc Ipń-Isf thZ-]mTw ]Tn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. aX-sØbpw
aX-Im-cy-ß-sf-bpw-Ip-dn®p ]Tn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Inń-bn-cp∂ ka-b-sa√mw
ê-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sh-∂-Xn\v CXp-t]m-se-bp≈ DZm-l-c-
W-ßƒ F{X-th-W-sa-¶nepw FSp-Øp-Im-Wn-°p-hm≥ km[n-°pw.
aXm-≤ym-b\w
sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n-bm-bn-cp∂ Imew-ap-X¬ Xs∂ aXm-≤y-b\w
A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈ Nne \n¿t±-i-ßƒ _. tXmΩm-®s‚
Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-I-fn¬ ImWmw. imkv{Xo-b-hn-⁄m-\-sØm-sSm∏w
aX- ] - c - a mb Imcy- ß fpw Ipń- I ƒ°p ]I¿∂p- s Im- S p- ° p- h m≥
At±lw amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m-scbpw A≤ym-]-I-scbpw D]-tZ-in-°p-
Ibpw, kvt\l-]q¿Δ-amb Iev]-\-Iƒ sImSp-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-
≠v. k¿tΔm-]-cn, Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Ahn-Sp∂p kZm PmK-cq-I-\mbn
h¿Øn-®p. aX-t_m-[-\-cw-KsØ At±-l-Øns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ
hne-bn-cp-Øp-tºmƒ, _. tXmΩm-®≥ kphn-ti-j-{]-Nm-c-W-Øn-
s‚bpw thZm-≤ym-]\ - Ø
- n-s‚bpw XnI™ Hcp BNm-cy≥ AY-hm,
G‰hpw henb Hcp A∏-kvtXm-e≥ Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂p \ap°p
121
ImWmw. Xs‚ aX-{]-t_m-[-\-b-Xv\-ßƒ BZy-ambn Bcw-`n-®Xv

kz¥w CS-h-I-bn¬Ø-s∂. Bflm-°-fpsS c£-bv°p-th≠n Hcp
sshZn-I≥ sNtø-≠-Xn¬ G‰hpw {][m-\-amb Imcy-amWp {]kw-
Khpw aXm-≤ym-]-\hpw F∂p _. tXmΩm-®≥ a\- n-em-°n-bn-cp-
∂p. XXv^-e-ambn ]≈n-kw-_-‘-amb tPmen-Iƒ°p ]pd-ta, Rmb-
dmgvN Znh-k-ß-fn¬ cmhn-sebpw D®bv°pw Hmtcm Ip¿∫m-\bpw
{]kw-Khpw Hcp aWn-°q-dn-e-[nIw kabw Ipń-Iƒ°p thZ-]m-
Thpw \S-Øp-∂-Xn¬ At±lw IqSp-X¬ Xmev]cyw ImWn-®p. tN∂-
¶-cn, Imhm-ew, FS-Xzm, I√q¿°mSv F∂o ]≈n-I-fn¬ hnIm-cn-
bmbn `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂t- ∏mgpw Ipń-If - psS aX-]T- \
- I
- m-cy-Øn¬
At±lw AXo- h - { i- ≤ m- e p- h mbn h¿Øn- ® p- t ]m- ∂ p. FSXzm
sslkvIq-fnse aXm-`y-k\w A°m-eØp Xosc Xr]vXn-I-c-am-bn-
cp-∂n-√. AXp ]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\p ¢m p-k-a-b-Øn\v Ac-a-Wn-°q¿
ap≥s] ItØm-en°m°pń-Iƒ°v aX-]T - \w \S-Øn-s°m-≈W - s- a∂v
At±lw \n¿_-‘-am-°n. AXn-\p-th≠n ItØm-en°m A≤ym-]-
Icpw Ipń-Ifpw \n›n-X-k-a-bØv kvIqfn¬ h∂p-tN-c-W-sa∂pw
DZ-t_m-[n-∏n-®p. _. tXmΩm-®\pw IrXy-k-a-bØp lmP-cmbn
Db¿∂ ¢m nse Ipń-Iƒ°v thZ-]mTw FSp-Øn-cp-∂p. CS-bv°n-
Sbv°p ]co£ \SØn hnP-bn-Iƒ°p ôkm-\p-Iq-eyhpw A\p-h-
Zn®p sImSp-Øp. Rmb-dm-gvNt- Xmdpw D®-Ig - n™v CS-hI-bnse F√m
ItØm-en°m BÏp-ń-Iƒ°pw s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°pw shtΔsd
Hmtcm aWn-°q¿t\cw At±lw Xs∂ aXm-≤ym-]\w \n¿Δ-ln-®n-
cp-∂p. Ipń-Iƒ IrXy-amb aX-]-T-\-¢m- n¬ lmP-cm-I-W-sa∂pw
D]-tZ-in-®p. ¢m p-k-a-bØv thZ-]m-T-kw-_-‘-amb tNmZy-ßƒ
tNmZn®v icn-bmb DØcw \¬Ip∂ Ipń°v At±lw Hmtcm `‡-
km-[-\-ßƒ kΩm-\n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. ItØm-en-°m-°p-ń-Iƒ°p aX-
hn-⁄m\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn X\n°p sNøm-hp-∂-Xns‚ ]c-am-
h[n ]cn-{i-an-®p. _me-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ ItØm-en-°m-hn-izm-k-k-Xy-
ßƒ Ah-KmVw Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw, Ah A\yq\w A\p-jvTn-°p-
∂-Xn\pw sa{Xm-\m-b-Xn-\p-ti-jhpw Ct±lw DW¿∂p-{]-h¿Ø-
®n-cp-∂p. {InkvXob aX-X-Xz-ß-sf-°p-dn®v At»jw ⁄m\-an-√m-
Ø-hc - n¬ kphn-ti-j{- ]-kwKw ê-aW - n-bp-Ib- n-√. Cu bmYm¿∞yw
122
thZ-{]-Nm-cI≥
a\- n-em-°n-s°m≠v _. tXmΩm-®≥ kphn-ti-j-{]-`m-j-W-sØ-

°mƒ {]m[m\yw aX-]-T-\-Øn\p sImSp-Øp.
dh. ^m. amhp-cqkv kn.-Fw.-sF-bpsS IØnse Hcp `mKw A`n-
h-μy-]n-Xm-hns‚ aX-t_m-[\ Xo£vWX - sb hni-Za
- m-°p-∂p-≠v. AXv
ChnsS tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ømw:-˛ ""D]-cn-hn-Zym-`ym-km¿∞w ]mtd¬ Hcp
tImfPv XpS-ßn-b-tijw Hcp Znhkw Nß-\m-t»-cn-∏-≈n-bn¬h®v
hμy-Xn-cp-ta-\n, Cu tImf-Pn-t\-°mƒ Bhiyw Hmtcm CS-hI - b- nepw
Ipń-I-fpsS aX-]-T-\-Øn\p kuI-cy-ambn th≠n-S-tØmfw thZ-
]m-T-im-e-Iƒ D≠m-°p-∂-XmWv F∂v DW¿Øn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
At±-lØ - ns‚ A\p-{K-lm-»n-kp-It- fmSpIqSn Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ XpS-
ßnb am¿ tXmΩm-Zm-k-kw-LsØ F√m-hn-[-Ønepw t{]m’m-
ln-∏n-®n-cp-∂Xp Ipń-I-fpsS aX-]-T-\-Ønepw Ass{I-kvX-h-cpsS
am\-km-¥c - Ø
- n-ep-ap≈ At±-lØ - ns‚ ipj-°m-¥n-aq-ea - m-Wv.'' tIc-
fob ItØm-en°m kpdn-bm\n alm-tbm-K-Øn¬ B≤y£yw hln-
®p-sIm≠v kwkm-cn-®-t∏mgpw At±-l-Øn\p ]d-bm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv
aX-]-T-\-sØ-∏-‰n-bm-Wv. ""hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ {][m\ Dt±iyw a\x-
kw-kv°-c-W-am-Wv. sh√nw-KvS¨ {]`p-hns‚ hm°p-Iƒ Hm¿∏n-°p-
∂p. ""Fgp-Xm\pw hmbn-°m\pw Iq´m\pw Ipd-bv°m\pw \nßƒ
\nß-fp-sS Ipń-Isf ioen-∏n-°p-tºmƒ thZ-Imcyw ad-∂p-t]m-Ip-
s∂-¶n¬ B`m-k∑ - m-cpsS Hcp kaq-lsØ \nßƒ hf¿Øp-Ib - s{X
sNøp-∂-Xv.'' aX-]-T-\-Øns‚ Bh-iy-IX Cu alm-tk-\m-\n-bpsS
H∏-sa-¶nepw Hm¿Øn-cn-°-Ww.''1
hμy-]n-Xmhp aq∂mw-{]m-hiyw tdmΩm-bm{X \S-Ønb Ah-k-
c-Øn¬, bqtdm-∏n-ep≈ _pUm-s]-Ãn¬ \S∂ alm-tbm-K-Øn¬
kw_-‘n-®-Xp-aqew ]≈n-°q-S-ß-fn¬ thZ-]-T-\-{]-Nm-c-W-am¿§-ß-
fpsS \qX-\-k-{º-Zm-b-ßƒ {Kln-°p-∂-Xn\v At±-l-Øn\p km[n-
®p. kap-Zm-b-Øn¬ ImWp∂ kI-e-\m-i-ßfpw ssZhn-I-amb Adn-
hn-√m-bva-bn¬ \n∂v D¤-hn-°p-∂-Xm-sW∂pw At±lw hnizm-kn-
Iƒ°p shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-Øp. _. hnIm-cn-am¿, a‰p sshZn-I-¿,
amXm-]n-Xm-°∑m¿, Ipń-I-fpsS ta¬ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap-≈-h¿ XpSßn
1. \{km-Wn-Zo-]nI 1918 G{]n¬ 30
123
F√m-hcpw Ah-cpsS aX-]-T-\-Im-cy-Øn¬ {]tXyIw Xmev]cyw

ImWn-°-W-sa∂v D]-tZ-in®v At±lw ]e CS-b-te-J-\-ßƒ Fgp-
Xn-bn-´p-≠v. Ipń-Iƒ°v aXm-≤y-b\w \S-Ø-s∏-SmØ ]≈n-I-fp-s≠-
∂-dn-™v, IS-ap≈ Znh-k-ß-fntem a‰p kuI-cy-ap≈ Znh-k-ß-
fntem Ahsc thZ-]mTw ]Tn-∏n-®p-sIm-≈-W-sa∂p {]tXyIw
DZvt_m-[\w \¬In. Ipń-I-fpsS lmP¿ IrXy-ambn ]pkvX-I-Øn¬
FgpXn kq£n-°m\pw Ahn-Sp∂p \njvI¿jn-®p. B≠n¬ aq∂n¬
c≠p-`mKw Znh-k-ß-fn¬ lmP-cm-ImØ Ipń-I-fpsS hnhmlw \S-
Øp-∂-Xn\v hμy-]n-Xm-hns‚ A\p-aXn e`n-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX
hnhm-l-Øn-\p≈ thZ-]m-T-∏-co£ HØp-I-eym-W-Øn\p ap≥]v \S-
Øn-bn-cn-°-W-sa-∂pw, ss]X-ß-fpsS thZ-]m-T-]-T-\-Øn\p {]Xn-
Iq-ea- mbn \n¬°p∂ amXm-]n-Xm-°∑ - m¿°pw c£m-I¿Øm-°ƒ°pw
IqZm-i-Iƒ sImSp-Øp-Iq-sS∂pw Iev]n-®p. F√m ]≈n-I-fnepw icn-
bmbn aX-t_m-[\w \S-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn\p ]≈n-I-fpsS ÿnXn-°-
\p-k-cWw iºfw sImSpØv aX-kw-_-‘-ambn \√ ]cn-⁄m-
\ap≈ Bfp-I-sf \nb-an-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. kzm[n-Im-c-Øn-ep≈ CS-
h-I-∏-≈n-I-fnse Ipń-I-fpsS thZm-≤ym-b-\-kw-_‘-amb F√m
Imcy-ß-fnepw ]q¿Æ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw _. hnIm-cn-amsc Ahn-Sp∂v
Gev]n-®p. ItØm-en°m A≤ym-]-I¿Xs∂ Ah-cpsS Ipń-Iƒ°p
aXm-`y-k\w \¬I-W-sa∂pw ]nXmhv D]-tZ-in-®p. km≤ym-b-Zn-h-
k-ß-fn¬ aX-t_m-[\w \S-tØ-≠-Xn-s\-bpw, i\n, Rmb¿ Znh-
k-ß-fn¬ Cu hnjbw kw_-‘n®p IqSpX¬ ]T\w th≠-Xn-
s\bpw ]‰n-bp≈ \n¿t±-i-ßfpw sImSp-Øp. thZ-]mT∏-co-£-Ifpw
th≠-{X t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p. Kh-s◊‚p kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ]Tn-°p∂
Ipń-Iƒ°pw aX-]-T-\-Øn-\p≈ kuIcyw D≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-°-W-
sa-∂pw, AXn\p km[n-°m-Ø-]-£w AØcw kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Ipń-
Isf Ab-bv°-cp-sX∂pw Bbn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Iev]\ (\.
18). Hmtcm CS-h-I-bnepw aXm-≤ym-]\w \S-Øp∂ coXn, Ipń-I-
fpsS lmP¿, ]T-\-Øn-\p≈ D’m-lw, ]T\w F∂n-hsb icn-
bmbn ]cn-tim-[\ sNbvXv HutZym-Kn-I-amb ]≈n-k-μ¿i-\mh-k-
c-ß-fn¬ btYm-NnXw k-Ωm-\ßfpw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. BZy-sh-≈n-
bm-gvN-tXmdpw kvIqƒam-t\-P-tcm, At±-l-Øm¬ \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-
124
thZ-{]-Nm-cI≥
Sp∂ thsdmcp sshZn-I-t\m, hnizm-k-kw-_-‘-ambn AY-hm,

k∑m¿§-]-c-am-bn, kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°p∂ ItØm-en°m Ipń-Iƒ°p-
th≠ D]-tZiw Ah-k-tcm-NnXw \¬I-Wsa-∂pw, Ah¿°p aX-
kw-_‘ - a- mbn D≠m-Ip∂ kwi-bß - ƒ Xo¿Øp-sIm-Sp-°W - s - a∂pw
D≈ Hcp Iev]-\bpw D≠m-bn (PL. 88). Cu Iev]-\m-\p-k-cWw
{]Xn-amkw Ipń-Iƒ°p \¬In-h-cp∂ D]-tZißƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-
h-®n-cn-°W- s - a∂pw, At±-lØ
- ns‚ ]≈n-kμ- ¿i-\t- h-fb- n- ¬ AXpw
{]tXyI ]cn-tim-[-\bv°v hnj-b-am°p-sa∂pw {]kvXpX CS-b-
te-J-\-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. _ncp-Z-[m-cn-I-fmb _. sshZn-
Isc \nb-an®p Ipń-I-fpsS thZm-`y-k\w A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øn. C{]-
Imcw F√m am¿§-ß-fn¬°q-Snbpw {InkvXp-a-X-Øns‚ XØz-ßƒ
Ipń-Isf ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p hμy-]n-Xmhp {i≤n-®p. XXv^-e-ambn
ssZh-hn-izm-khpw k∑m¿§-\n-jvTbpw Ah-cn¬ ]pjvSn-s∏-´p. Ipcym-
f-t»cn Xncp-ta\n Bcw-`n® Cu ]≤-Xn-I-sf√mw Imtem-Nn-X-amb
hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ß-tfmsS C∂pw XpS¿∂p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv.
t{]jn-X{- ]-h¿Ø\w
A⁄m-\-Øn-s‚bpw Ahn-izm-k-Øn-s‚bpw A‘-Im-c-Øn¬
\na-·-cm-bn-cn-°p∂ P\-ßƒ°p ssZh-Øns‚ AXn-c‰ A\p-{K-l-
ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ssIs°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ hnizm-k-sh-fn-®sØ ImWn-
®p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ Xs‚ henb ISa icn°pw a\- n-em°n
{]h¿Øn® Hcp hy‡n-bmWv A`n-hμy Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ am¿
tXmΩm sa{Xm≥. kphn-ti-j-tLm-jWw Xs‚ sXc-s™-Sp-∏ns‚
ZuXy-ambn At±lw Icp-Xn. CtX-∏‰n hy‡-amb Hcp ImgvN-∏mSv
]nXm-hn\v D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠mWv Xs‚ H∂mw \º¿
CS-b-te-J-\-Øn¬ sshZn-I¿°v At±lw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. ""Bflm-°-
fpsS c£sb {]Y-a-em-°m°n Znhy-c-£-Is‚ Xncp-c-‡-Øm¬
ho≠p-sIm-≈-s∏´ bmsXmcp Bflmhpw \in-®p-t]m-Im≥ CS-bm-
Im-Xn-cn-∏m≥ AXn-ip-jvIm-¥n-tbmsS anin-lm-bpsS kvt\l-sØ-
{]Xn bYm-i‡n {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn¬ \nßƒ Ft∏mgpw k∂n-
ln-X-cm-bn-cn-t°-≠-Xm-Wv.''
A∏-kvtXm-enI ssNX\yw \nd-™-Xp-fp-ºn, tdman¬\n∂v \mń-
125
se-Ønb DS≥Xs∂ Cuh-gn-°p≈ {]h¿Ø-\hpw At±lw Bcw-

`n-®p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p. F¶nepw 1892-˛¬ tN∂-¶-cn-∏≈n AXn¿Øn-
bn¬ Xg-®p-h-f¿∂p-h∂ "Ipcp-hn-f-thZw' F∂ ioiva-tbm-Sp≈ ]S-
sh-´-em-bn-cp∂p Xs‚ thZ-{]-Nm-c-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS {]Xy-£-cw-
K-ambn \mw ImWp-∂-Xv. ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn¬ \n∂pw hgn-sX-‰n-
t∏mb BSp-Isf icn-bmb am¿§-Øn-te°p \bn-°p-hm≥ G‰hpw
tbmPn® hy‡n-bm-sW∂p a\- n-em-°n-s°m≠p Xs∂-bm-Wv,
am°o¬ sa{Xm≥ 1901 HmKÃp amk-Øn¬ Ct±-lsØ tN∂-¶-cn-
∏≈n hnIm-cn-bmbn \nb-an-®-Xv. ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ {]iv\-ßƒ°n-S-
bn¬ ioiva \n¿aq-e-am-°p-hm≥ km[n-®n-s√-¶n-epw, kXy-hn-izm-k-
sh-fn®w ImWn®p {InkvXp-am¿§-Øn¬ Ncn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Nq≠p-
]-eI sh®p-sIm-Sp-°p-hm≥ At±- l - Ø n\p Ign- ™ p. Xm≥ hnX-
®- h nØv ê- a - W n™p ImWp- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ `mKyhpw Ct±- l - Ø n-
\p- ≠ m- b n.
1906 apX¬ 4 h¿jw Zo¿Ln® FSXzm CS-h-I-bnse `c-W-Im-
eØpw Cu cwKØp Imcy-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p∂-Xn\p ssZhw At±-
l-Øn\v Ah-kcw \¬In. Xs‚ CS-h-Im-Xn¿Øn-bn-ep≈ F√m
P\-ß-fp-sSbpw CS-bn-te°v ˛ PmXn-a-X-t`-Z-sat\y ˛ Cd-ßn-s®-√p-
I-bpw, Ah-cpsS kpJm-kp-J-ßƒ icn°pw a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw
sNbvX-t∏mƒ {InkvXp-hns‚ Hcp bYm¿∞ A\p-Km-ansb A∂m-
´p-Im¿ At±-l-Øn¬ Z¿in-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ Cu kao-]\w AI-
tØm-en-°-scbpw A\y-a-X-ÿ-scbpw ItØm-en-°m-k-`-tbmSp IqSp-
X¬ ASp-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw At\ym\yw A[n-I-kvt\-l-tØmSpw
kulm¿±-tØmSpw IqSn h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kml-Ncyw krjvSn-
®p. kap-Zm-b-Ønse IogvL-S-I-ß-fmbn Icp-X-s∏-ń-cp∂ ]d-b¿,
]pe-b¿, Ac-b¿ F∂n-h-cpsS CS-bn-te°pw kvt\l-Øns‚ Zo]-
in-J-bp-ambn At±lw Cd-ßn-s®-∂p. Ah¿°p ss{IkvX-h-a-X-Xz-
ßƒ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ, amtΩm-Zokm kzoI-cn®p
{InkvXp-in-jy-cm-hm≥ Ah¿ shº¬ sIm≠p. _. tXmΩm-®≥
IØn-®p-h® B hnizm-k-Zo-]-Øn\p ap≥]n¬ Ah-cpsS A\-¥-c-
Km-an-Iƒ C∂pw {]Im-in-X-cm-sW-∂p-≈Xv A∂v Ah-cn¬ \nt£-
]n® hnizm-k-Zm¿VysØ hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-I-bmWp sNøp-∂-Xv.
126
thZ-{]-Nm-cI≥
]nXm-hns‚ anj-\dn Xo£vWX Xs‚ \ma-Im-c-W-I-\mb hn.

tXmΩm-«o-lm-bn¬ \n∂p Xs∂-bmWv e`n-®-Xv. hnip-≤s‚ \maw
[cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ A`n-am\w sIm≠n-cp∂ ]nXmhv At±-l-Øns‚
Ime-Sn-Isf ]ns©-√p-∂-Xn\pw At±-l-tØmSp kvt\l-_-lp-am-
\-ßƒ A¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw {i≤n-®n-cp-∂p. `mc-Øns‚ ZznXob A∏-
kvtXm-e-\mb hn. {^m≥knkv tkhy-dns‚ Hcp Icw kq£n-®n-cn-
°p∂ tdmanse sPkp ssZhm-ebw {]Y-a-_-en-b¿∏-W-Øn-\mbn
kzoI-cn-®Xpw ]ptcm-ln-X-\mbn \mń-te°v Xncn-®p-t]m-cp-∂-Xn\p
ap≥]v Cu AƒØm-c-bn¬ Xs∂ _en-b¿∏n-®-Xp-sa√mw Cu hnip-
≤s‚ anj-\dn Xo£vWX e`n-°p-∂-Xn\pth≠n Bbn-cp-∂p.
ItØm-en°m {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw al-Ø-chpw ]cn-ip-≤-
hp-am-bXv anj≥ {]h¿Ø-\-am-sW-∂p≈ ]cn. ]nXmhv 11-˛mw
]obqkns‚ Pohn-X-Z¿i-\hpw "`mc-Xsa \ns‚ c£ \ns‚ k¥m-
\-ß-fn¬' F∂ 13-˛mw setbm am¿]m-∏-bpsS Blzm-\hpw ]nXm-
hn¬ Gsd kzm[o\w sNep-Øn. thZ-{]-Nm-c-{]-h¿Ø\w Imcy-£-
a-am-°m≥ th≠n-am{Xw Bcw-`n® tdmanse s{]m∏-Km¥m tImf-
Pnse kpZo¿L-amb A`y-k-\hpw temI-Øns‚ hnhn[ anj≥
cmPy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw h∂n-cp∂ anj-\dn sshZn-I-tcmSpw sshZn-I-
hn- Z ym¿∞n- I - t fm- S p- a p≈ kwk¿§hpw At±- l - Ø ns‚ anj≥
Xo£vWX h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ Imc-W-am-bn.
Xs‚ sa{Xm-`n-tj-IØ - ns‚ {][m\ DtZym-KI - S- a
- I
- f
- n-sem∂v thZ-
{]-Nm-c-tPm-en-bm-sW∂v ]c-ky-I-ev]-\-bn-eqsS hy‡-am-°n-bn-´p-≠v.
""\ΩpsS A`n-tj-I-Øns‚ {][m\ DtZym-K-I-S-a-I-fn-sem∂v thZ-
{]-Nmc tPmen-bm-Ip-∂p-sh∂v \mw Adn-bp-Ibpw CXn-te°v the
sNøp-∂-Xn-\mbn \mw \sΩ-Øs∂ Xøm-dm-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p''
(PL. 68). thZ{]N-c-W-th-esb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ 9 CS-b-
te-J\ - ß- ƒ {]kn-≤o-Ic- n-®n-´p-≠v. ""1900-˛¬ ]cw h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw
C\nbpw A⁄m\-Øn-s‚bpw Ahn-izm-k-Øn-s‚bpw A‘-Im-c-
ß-fn¬ \na-·-cm-bn-cn-°p∂ P\-ßƒ°p \mw ssZh-Øns‚ AXn-
c‰ A\p-{K-l-ß-fn¬\n∂v ssIs°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ hnizm-k-sh-fn-
®sØ ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-∏m≥ \ap°pw \nßƒ°pw F{Xtbm henb
IS-∏mSv D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂p. \ap-°p-th≠n am{X-a-√, A\y¿°p-th≠n
127
IqSnbpw \ap°p hnizm-k-Øns‚ {]Imiw Xc-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p F∂p

\mw \√-hÆw Hm¿°-Ww'' (PL. 27) F∂ Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hns‚
]cn-tZ-h-\-Øn¬ ]cn. ]nXmhv tPm¨t]mƒ am¿]m-∏m-bpsS lrZ-
b-Øp-Sn-∏p-Iƒ tIƒ°mw. ""Bflm-°-fpsS c£-bv°mbn the
sNøp-∂Xpw the sNøp-∂-hsc klm-bn-°p-∂Xpw al-\o-bhpw
ssZhn-I-hp-am-Ip-∂p. CXp ]cn. {XnXz-Ønse aq∂m-fp-I-fp-sSbpw
ssZhnI the-bm-Wv. ssZh-cm-Py-Øn-\p-th≠n the sNøp-∂Xp
ssZh-tØm-Sp-IqSn the-sN-øp-∂-Xp-t]m-sebpw ssZhsØ klm-
bn-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-sebpw BIp-∂p'' F∂v 56-˛mw \º¿ CS-b-te-J-\-
Øn-eqsS Cu hnip-≤-th-e-bpsS t{ijvTX Xs‚ AP-K-W-ßsf
At±lw {Kln-∏n-®p. sshZn-Icpw hnizm-kn-Ifpw Ah-cpsS A[n-
Im-c-Øntem kwc-£-W-bntem Ccn-°p∂ Xncp- -`-bpsS AwK-
ß-f-√mØ Bflm-°sf D]-tZ-in®pw [\-k-lmbw sNbvXpw kXy-
hn-izm-k-Øn-te°p Xncn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Dt]£ hnNm-cn-°m≥ ]mSn-
s√∂pw At±lw Adn-bn-®n-´p-≠v.
""kIe a\p-jycpw c£-{]m-]n-°-W-sa∂pw kXy-Øns‚ Adn-
hn-te°p Xncn-b-W-sa∂pw'' (1 Xntam. 2, 3) ssZhw B{K-ln-°p-
∂p. AXn\p {]b-Xv\n-®-Xp-sIm≠p am{X-a√; {]m¿∞-\bpw thZ-
{]-Nm-c-th-e-bpsS Hcp {][m-\-L-S-I-ambn Icp-X-W-sa∂v A`n-h-μy-
]n-Xmhv F√m-hs - cbpw A\p-kvac - n-∏n-®p. ""am\-km-¥cw ssZh-Øns‚
{]hr-Øn-bm-Ip-∂p. CXn-te°v Bh-iy-amb hc-{]-kmZw {]m¿∞-
\bpw kXv{]hr-Øn-Ifpw aqew e`n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. {]m¿∞-\-h-gn-
bmbn hnizm-k-{]-Nm-c-th-e-bn¬ ]¶p-sIm-≈p-hm≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-h¿
BcmWv?'' (PL. 108). \mw A∏-kvtXm-enI ssNX-\y-Øn¬ \nd™p
{]h¿Øn-s®-¶n¬ am{Xta ""\ns‚ cmPyw hcs´'' F∂ {]m¿∞\
A¿∞- h - Ø m- b n- Ø o- c p- I - b p≈p F∂ hkvXpX At±lw
a\ nem°n-bn-cp-∂p. ]m]n-I-fpsS am\-km-¥-c-Øn-\m-bn-´p≈ "adn-
b-Øns‚ G‰w ]cn-ip≤ Aa-tem-¤-h-lr-Z-b-Øn≥ AXn-k-Jy'-
Øns‚ imJ-Iƒ F√m CS-h-I-∏-≈n-I-fnepw D≠m-bn-cn-°p-∂Xp
thZ-{]-Nm-c-the ê-{]-Z-ambpw hnP-b-I-c-ambpw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\p
IqSp-X¬ klm-bn-°p∂ am¿§-ambn At±lw \n¿t±-in-®p. {]Xn-
Zn\w Hcp \∑- \ n- d ™ adn- b hpw ""]m]n- I - f psS kt¶- X - t a,
128
thZ-{]-Nm-cI≥
Rßƒ°p-th≠n At]-£n-°-Wta'' F∂ kpIr-X-P]hpw sNm√p-

hm≥ am{Xta kJy-Øns‚ AwK-ßƒ IS-s∏-ń-cp-\-\p-≈p. kJymw-
K-ß-fn¬ {]m]vXnbpw k∑-\- p-ap-≈-hsc tN¿Øp kuI-cy-ap≈
CS-hI- I
- f
- n¬ thZ-{]-Nm-cW
- {- ]-h¿Ø-Ik
- w-Lhpw G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥
Ct±lw D]-tZ-in-®p. ]pXp-{In-kvXym-\n-Isf thZ-]mTw ]Tn-∏n-°p-
I, ⁄m\-kv\m-\-Øn\v Bfp-Isf Hcp-°pI F∂n-ßs\ thZ-{]-
Nm-c-kw-_-‘-amb tPmen-Iƒ Cu {]h¿Ø-I-kw-LsØ Npa-X-e-
s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xm-sW∂pw _. hnIm-cn-amsc Adn-bn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.
c£-Is‚ anj≥ F∂ Nm{In-I-te-J-\-Øn¬ ]cn. ]nXmhv
tPm¨t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ Hcp anj-\-dn°v {]Y-ahpw {][m-\-hp-ambn
D≠m-bn-cn-t°≠ KpWw Pnhn-X-hn-ip-≤n-bm-sW∂v {]Jym-]n-®n-´p-
≠v. Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXmhpw CtX ho£Ww ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn
ImWmw. ""\mw A\y-cpsS c£-bv°p-th≠n ]cn-{i-an-°p-∂-Xn\v
B{K-ln-°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ H∂m-aXp \sΩ-Øs∂ hnip-≤o-I-cn-°p-
Ibpw bYm¿∞-amb D]-hn-tbm-Sp-IqSn CX-c-∑m-cpsS c£-bv°mbn
\sΩ _en-k-a¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xm-Wv.'' (PL. 72).
Ass{IkvXh-cpsSbpw AI-tØm-en-°-cp-sS-bp-an-S-bn¬ the
sNøp-∂-Xn-\mbn A`y-kvX-hn-Zycpw I¿Ω-[o-c-cp-amb ]e sshZn-I-
sc \nb-an®v Ah¿°p-th≠ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. Ass{I-
kvX-h-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂Xn\p ssIbv]≥πm-°¬ _.
A{_-lm-a-®-s\bpw ]\-®n-°¬ _. tXmΩm-®-s\bpw \nb-an-®p.
t{]jn-X-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°mbn [mcmfw ]Ww Ct±lw sNe-hp-
sN-bvXn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ Pohn-X-am-Xr-I-hgn t{]jn-X-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS
Bh- i y- I X At±lw P\- ß sf a\- n- e m- ° n. BZy- a mbn
Xßƒs°mcp kPm-Xo-b-sa-{Xms\ e`n-®-Xn¬ k¥p-jvS-cmb
P\ßƒ \¬Inb ]mcn-tXm-jn-I-ß-sf√mw \μn-]q¿Δw kzoI-cn-
®p. F∂m¬ kz¥w Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn H∂pw kq£n-®p-h-bv°msX
F√mw km[p-P-\-tk-h-\-Øn\pw s]mXp-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p-ambn
am‰n-h-bv°p-I-bmWv ]nXmhv sNbvX-Xv. Xs‚ ]utcm-ln-Xy-c-PX
Pq_n-en-bm-tLm-jm-hk - c
- Ø
- n¬ kΩm-\a - mbn sImSpØ 18,000 cq]m-
bn¬ 5,000 cq]m ]nXm-hn\p kz¥-ambn Hcp Imdp-hm-ß-W-sa∂
129
Dt±-iy-tØm-Sp-IqSn {]tXyIw Nq≠n-°m-Wn-®n-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬

B 18,000 cq]mbpw anj≥ cwK-ß-fnse km[p-P-\-ßƒ°p-th≠n
sNe-h-gn-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn B tÃPn¬ h®p Xs∂ _. hnImcn P\-
dm-fns\ Gev]n-®p-sh∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ Bflm-°-fpsS t\sc-bp≈
At±-l-Øns‚ Xo£vW-Xbpw t{]jn-X-ssN-X-\yhpw km[p-P-\-
tk-h\ Xev]-c-Xbpw F{X-am-{X-sa∂p a\- n-em-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
BtKm-fk- `- b
- psS anj≥ Bh-iy-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-hm≥ ""]t{Xm-
kns‚ Imiv'' F∂ t]cn¬ [\-ti-J-cWw \S-Øp-∂-Xp-t]mse,
am¿tXm-Ωm-«o-lm-bpsS Xncp-\mƒZn\w ""tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS Imiv''
F∂ t]cn¬ [¿Ω tiJ-cWw \S-Ø-W-sa∂pw AXn-cq-]-X-bnse
anj≥ Bh-iy-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°m≥ th≠n hn\n-tbm-Kn-°W - s- a∂pw
At±lw \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂p. ""hn. tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS a°-sf''∂v
{]iw-kn-°p∂hcmb \mapw ""tXmΩm-«o-lm-bpsS Imiv'' F∂
t]cn¬ B≠n¬ Hmtcm N{I-sa-¶nepw [¿Ω-ambn \o°n-h-bv°p-
∂p-sh-¶n¬ F{Xtbm hep-Xmb Hcp kwJy tiJ-cn-∏m\pw AXp-
sIm≠v hn. tXmΩm-«olm ChnsS BZy-ambn {]kw-Kn® hnizm-
ksØ Cu \mń¬ F{X-b-[n-I-ambn {]k-cn-∏n-°p-hm\pw ]c-k-
lmbw IqSmsX \ap°pw km[n-°p-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p.'' (PL. 27).
s{]m∏-Km¥m Xncp-kw-L-Øns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S-Øp∂
t{]jn-X-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v Bfpw A¿∞hpw \¬In klm-bn-
°p-hm\pw At±lw _≤-{i-≤-\m-bn-cp-∂p. hnizm-k-{]-Nm-c-W-kw-
_-‘a - mb hnj-bß
- s
- f-°p-dn®v ]T-\¢
- m- p-Iƒ \S-Øn-bpw {]m¿∞-
\m-Zn-\-ßƒ \n¿t±-in®pw ]Ww tiJ-cn®v Xncp-kw-L-Øn\p \¬Ip-
Ibpw kphn-ti-j-{]-tLm-jW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-tfm-Sp≈ sFIy-
Zm¿Vyw At±lw {]I-S-am-°n.
ItØm-en°m IpSpw-_-ßƒ Hmtcm∂pw Actbm Ht∂m ct≠m
N{Iw am{X-sa-¶nepw G‰w c£m-I-c-amb Cu Bh-iy-Øn-tebv°p
\o°n- h - b v ° - W - s a∂v At±lw kv t \l- ] q¿Δw D]- t Z- i n- ® p.
Chbv°pw ]pd-ta, Rmb-dm-gvN-tXmdpw hn. Ip¿_m\ ka-b-Øp≈
thZ-{]-Nm-c-°m-ip-]n-cn-bv°¬ At±lw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-I-bp-≠m-
bn. ItØm-en°m hnZym-e-b-ß-fnepw t_m¿Unw-Kp-I-fnepw thZ-
{]-Nm-c-s∏ń sh∏n®pw ]W-∏n-cnhp \S-Øn-®n-cp-∂p. ac-W-]-{Xw,
130
thZ-{]-Nm-cI≥
`mK-D-S-ºSn F∂n-h-aqew Xß-fpsS kzØp hn`-Pn-°p-tºmgpw Xncp-

\mƒ, hnhmlw XpS-ßnb ASn-b-¥n-c-ßƒ \S-Øp∂ Ah-k-c-ß-
fnepw Cu \ntbm-Km¿∞w Hcp sNdnb XpI kw`m-h\ sNøp-hm≥
CS-b-te-J-\-ßƒ aptJ\ At±lw hnizm-kn-Isf t{]cn-∏n-®p. Cu
[\-ti-J-c-W-am¿§-ß-fn¬°qSn Ah¿ \√ XpI ]ncn-s®-SpØp thZ-
{]-Nm-ct- h-esb klm-bn-°bpw sNbvXp. Cßs\ hnizm-knIsf√m-
hcpw {InkvXp-hns‚ cmPyw temI-saßpw ÿm]n-°p-∂X - n-\p-th≠n
Xß-fpsS kvt\l-]n-Xm-hn-t\mSpw tbmPn®p {]h¿Øn-®p. CXn¬
k¥p-jvS-Nn-Ø-\mbn ""]mh-\-amb Cu sshZn-I-th-e-bn¬ lrZ-b-
]q¿Δw klm-bn-°p-Ibpw kl-Ic - n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂h- ¿ k¿h-i-
‡s‚ kºq¿Æ-`-WvUm-c-Øns‚ \nXym-h-Im-in-I-fmbnØo-cs´''
F∂v Hcp ]c-ky-°e - v]\
- h- gn Biwk \¬In-s°m≠p hμy-]n-Xmhp
IrX-⁄X {]Im-in-∏n-®p. F{X-b[ - nIw kwJy thZ-{]-Nm-cW - m¿∞w
sNe-h-gn-°pt∂m A{X-b-[nIw kt¥m-jhpw kwXr-]vXn-bp-amWv
Ahn-Sp∂p ImWn-®n-cp-∂X - pw. kz¥-ambn Inń-bn-´p≈ ]W-°n-gn-Ifpw
kΩm-\-ßfpw hnizm-k-{]-h¿Ø-\-Øn\pw an -Øns‚ s]mXp-\-
∑bv°pw th≠n-b√ - msX as‰m-∂n\pw hn\n-tbm-Kn-®n-ń-√.
th-Z-{]-N-c-Whn-j-b-Øn¬ ssh-Zn-I-cpw A-ev-am-b-cpw Im-Wn-°p-
∂ Ip-‰-I-c-am-b A-\m-ÿ A-t±-l-Øn-s‚ lr-Z-b-sØ {h-W-s∏-Sp-
Øn-bn-cp-∂p. ""F-{X-tbm B-bn-cw P-\w io-iv-a-bn-epw F-{X-tbm h-
en-b kw-Jy A-⁄-X-bn-epw Po-hn-®p h-cp-∂p. \mw C-h-cp-sS a-\-
p Xn-cn-hn-\m-bn F-¥p sN-bv-Xn-´p-s≠-∂pw F-¥p sN-øp-∂p-sh-
∂pw Hm¿-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. B-b-Xn-\m¬ ssh-Zn-I-cpw hn-izm-
kn-I-fpw X-ß-fp-sS A-[n-Im-c-Øn-tem kw-c-£-W-bn-tem C-cn-°p-
∂ Xn-cp- -`-bp-sS Aw-K-ß-f-√m-Ø B-flm-°-sf X-ß-fp-sS D-’m-
l-tam, {Z-hy-k-lm-b-tam-sIm-t≠m Xn-cp- -`-bn-te-°v Xn-cn-°p-hm≥
em-`-sØ-tbm Zm-£n-Wy-sØ-tbm hn-Nm-cn-®v D-t]-£ hn-Nm-cn-°p-
∂p-sh-¶n¬ A-Xv A-h-cp-sS B-fl-c-£-bv-°v {]-Xn-_-‘-am-Ip-∂-Xp-
t]m-se X-s∂ \n-ß-fp-sS B-fl-c-£-bv-°pw {]-Xn-_-‘-am-bn-cn-°p-
sa-∂pw t\-sc a-dn-®v sN-øp-∂-Xm-bm¬ A-Xn¬-X-s∂ \n-ßƒ tam-
£-In-co-S-Øn-\v b-Ym¿-∞ A-h-Im-in-I-fm-bn-Xo-cp-∂-Xm-sW-∂pw
\n-ßƒ {]-tXy-Iw Hm¿-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. (PL. 68).
131
{In-kv-Xm-\p-`-hw kz-¥-am-°n-b B-Zn-a-ss{I-kv-X-h-k-aq-lw hn-Pm-

Xn-b¿-°v H-cp t{]-c-I-i-‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ss{I-kv-X-h-cp-sS ]-c-kv-]-
c [m-c-W-bpw lr-Z-b sF-Iy-hpw ss{I-kv-X-h hn-izm-k-Øn-te-°v I-
S-∂p-h-cp-hm≥ A-h¿-°v Dƒ-t{]-c-W \¬-In. ssZ-h-cm-Py hn-I-k-\-
Øn≥ am-Xr-I-bv-°p-≈ ÿm-\w F-{X i-‡-am-sW-∂v ]n-Xm-hv a-\-
n-em-°n. A-⁄m-\n-I-sf k-Xy k-`-bn-te-°v B-I¿-jn-°p-∂-Xn-
\v {]-[m-\ {]-Xn-_-‘-am-bn \n¬-°p-∂-Xv \-Ωp-sS am-Xr-Im-tbm-Ky-
a-√m-Ø Po-hn-X-am-Ip-∂p. \-Ωp-sS Zp¿-am-Xr-I-aq-ew A-⁄m-\n-Iƒ
t]m-epw ]-e-t∏m-gpw \-sΩ A-]-l-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\v C-S-bm-Ip-∂-Xv F-
{X-tbm k-¶-S-I-c-hpw e-÷m-h-l-hp-am-Ip-∂p. B-Zn-a {In-kv-Xym-\n-I-
sf t\m-°p-hm≥ hn-kv-a-b-\o-b-am-b A-h-cp-sS ]-c-kv-t\-lw, kzm¿-
∞ ]-cn-Xym-Kw, k-∑m¿-§ \n-jvT F-∂n-h {In-kv-Xym-\n-Iƒ-s°m-Ø
am-Xr-Im tbm-Ky-am-b Po-hn-Xw X-s∂. A-⁄m-\n-I-sf Iq-´w Iq-´-am-
bn k-Xy k-`-bn-te-°v B-I¿-jn-®p sIm-≠p-h-∂n-cp-∂p. \mw km-
£m¬ {In-kv-Xo-b Po-hn-Xw \-bn-®n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ \-Ωp-sS Np-‰p-]m-
Spw Im-Wp-∂ A-⁄m-\n-I-fpw A-hn-izm-kn-I-fpw F-{X ]-t≠ k-
Xy-hn-izm-kw kzo-I-cn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
kv-t\-l-Øn-eq-sS hy-‡n-sb-bpw k-aq-l-sØ-bpw D-≤-cn-®p ssZ-
h-Øn-s‚ ]n-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ a-\p-jy-k-aq-l-sØ sF-Iy-Øn-te-°pw im-
¥n-bn-te-°pw \-bn-°p-I F-∂-Xm-W-t√m ss{I-kv-X-h k-tμ-i-Øn-
s‚ Im-X¬. C-Xp i-cn-°pw {K-ln-®v B-Zn-a {In-kv-Xym-\n-I-sf-t∏m-
se hn-kv-a-b-\o-b-am-b ]-c-kv-t\-lw, kzm¿-∞-]-cn-Xym-Kw, k-∑m¿-§-
\n-jvT Xp-S-ßn-b im-iz-X-aq-ey-ß-fn¬ A-[n-jvTn-X-am-b-˛-am-Xr-Im-tbm-
Ky-am-b-˛-H-cp Po-hn-Xw \-bn-®v k-I-e-sc-bpw k-Xy-a-X-Øn-te-°v B-
\-bn-°-Ww F-∂-Xv hn-izm-kn-I-tfm-Sp-≈ H-cp D-Zv-t_m-[-\-am-bn-cp-
∂p. Zn-hy-c-£-I-\m-b Cu-tim-bp-sS A-h-km-\ th¿-]m-Sn¬ A-hn-
Sp-∂v \-sΩ G¬-]n-® ssZ-h-cm-Py-Øn-s‚ {]-Nm-c-Ww \n¿-h-ln-°p-
∂-Xn¬ X-ß-fp-sS Po-h-s\-t∏m-epw _-en-b¿-∏n-®-h-cm-b hn.-]-t{Xm-
kv, ]u-tem-kv «o-l-∑m-sc-bpw, hn-in-jy hn.-tXm-Ωm-«o-lm-sb-bp-
am-Wv h-μy-]n-Xm-hp \-ap-°p am-Xr-I-bm-bn Nq-≠n-°m-Wn-®p-X-∂-Xv.
Ip-cym-f-t»-cn ]n-Xm-hv `-c-Ww ssI-tb¬-°p-tºmƒ (1911˛¬) ]p-
132
thZ-{]-Nm-cI≥
∂-{]bn¬ am-{X-ta H-cp an-j≥ ]-≈n D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. A-ss{I-kv-

X-h-cp-sS-bpw A-I-tØm-en-°-cp-sS-bpw C-S-bn¬ {]-h¿-Øn-°p-∂-Xn-
\v k-a¿-∞-cm-b ssh-Zn-I-sc \n-b-an-®v Cu Xp-d-bn¬ A-t±-lw h-f-
sc hy-Xn-bm-\-ßƒ h-cp-Øn. I-tØm-en-°m Xn-cp- -`-tbm-Sp bm-
sXm-c-\p-`m-h-an-√m-Xn-cp-∂ H-cp tI-{μ-am-bn-cp-∂p A-°m-e-Øp (1919)
tIm-´b- w ]-´W
- w. Cu ]-´W - Ø
- n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂ B-fp-Iƒ-°p I-tØm-
en-°-hpw ss«-ln-I-hp-am-b G-I-k-Xy k-`-sb-∏-‰n-bp-≈ A-dn-hpw a-
Xn-∏pw Xm¬-]-cy-hpw {]-Zm-\w-sN-tø-≠-Xp X-s‚ G-‰-hpw h-en-b I-
S-a-bm-sW-∂v A-t±-l-Øn-\p tXm-∂n. N-ß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬-\n-∂p tIm-
´-b-tØ-°p am-‰n-b s]-‰n-sk-an-\m-cn-bp-sS ÿm-]-\w (1922) hn.-sIm-
®p-t{X-kym-sb [-\y-sb-∂p \m-a-I-c-Ww sN-bv-X-Xn-s‚ _-lp-am-\m¿-
∞w \-S-Øn-b {Xn-Zn-\m-tLm-jw (1923) tIm-´-bw I-tØm-en-°m
tIm¨-{^≥-kv (1924), A-tXm-S-\p-_-‘n-®v \-S-Øn-b Zn-hy-Im-cp-Wy
{]-Z-£n-Ww F-∂n-h A-hn-S-sØ A-I-tØm-en-°m k-tlm-Z-c-ßƒ-
°v C-t±-l-Øn-s‚ t]-cn¬ A-Xym-Z-c-hn-\pw kv-t\-l-Øn-\pw Im-c-
W-am-°n. A-I-tØm-en-°¿ kw-_-‘n-°-Ø-°-h-Æw I-tØm-en-°m
tIm¨-{^≥-kp-Iƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xpw A-h-bn¬ I-tØm-en-°m a-X-X-
Øz-ß-sf ÿm-]n-®p {]-Xn-tbm-Kn-I-fp-sS A-]-hm-Z-ß-sf J-Wv-Un-
®p {]u-V-Kw-ò-c-ß-fm-b {]-kw-K-ßƒ \-S-Øp-∂-Xpw A-t±-l-Øn-
\p h-en-b kw-Xr-]v-Xn \¬-In-bn-cp-∂p. kz-¥w P-\-sØ-sb-∂-t]m-
se C-X-c a-X-ÿ-sc-bpw k-Xy-hn-izm-k-Øn-te-°v B-\-bn-°p-hm≥
X-s‚ I-gn-hns‚ ]-c-am-h-[n A-t±-lw ]-cn-{i-an-°-X-s∂ sN-bv-Xp.-
hnizm-k-{]-Nm-c-kw-_-‘-ambn At±-l-Øns‚ `c-W-Im-ep-Øp-
≠mb A`n-hr≤n A¤p-X-]q¿Δ-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. kI-e-Pm-Xn- P-\-ß-
fp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ {InkvXp-\m-Y-s\-∏‰n At±lw {]kw-Kn-®p. Ahn-
SpsØ kphn-tijw F√m-bn-SØpw {]N-cn-∏n-®p. ""\nß-fpsS Bflm-
°ƒ°p-th≠n Rm≥ F∂-sØs∂ hybw sNøpw'' (2 sImdn.
12,15) F∂p ]d™ hn. ]utem-kn-s\-t∏mse \ΩpsS ]nXmhpw
Xs‚ Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ XymK-k-∂-≤-X-tbmSpw Xo£vW-X-
tbm-Spw-IqSn \S-Ønb thZ-{]-Nm-c-{]-h¿Ø\whgn ssZh-Øns‚
cmPyw hnkvXr-X-am-°n.
133
10
Bcm-[\mk\ym-kn\n kaqlÿm]-I≥
^mZ¿ tXmakv Ipcym-ft- »cn _meyw apX¬ Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-Øn¬

hkn-°p∂ Znhy-\m-Y-t\mSv ASpØ _‘w ]pe¿Øn-t∏m∂ Hcp
hy‡n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. inip-{]m-b-Øn¬ At±-l-Øn¬ apf-sb-SpØ
Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-`‡n Ime-Øn-s\mØp hf¿∂p-h∂ - p. 1890-˛¬ tdman¬
sshZn-I-hn-Zym-`ymkw Bcw-`n-®-t∏mƒ, Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-`-‡n-bn¬
]pjvSn-{]m-]n-°m≥ hf-°q-dp≈ aÆn-te°v At±lw ]dn-®p-\-S-s∏-
Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Znhy-Im-cp-WysØ Bcm-[n-°pI, Ahn-SpsØ Xncp-
k-∂n-[n-bn¬ hkn-°p-I, Ch At±-l-Øn-t\-‰hpw {]nb-¶-c-ß-fmb
Imcy-ß-f-t{X. Xs‚ kabw apgp-h\pw Znhy-Im-cpWy k∂n-[n-bn¬
sNe-hg- n-°m≥ At±lw B{K-ln-®p. siΩm-»\ - m-bn-cn-°p∂ ImeØv
s{]m∏-Km¥ tImf-Pn-\-SpØv Hcp \nXym-cm-[-\-a-T-ap-s≠∂v At±lw
a\- n-em°n. s{]m∏-Km-¥-bn¬ \n∂p GsX-¶n-ep-samcp sshZn-
I≥ Nne {]tXyI Znh-k-ß-fn¬ AhnsS _en-b¿∏n-°m≥ t]mbn-
cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ _en-bn¬ klm-bn-°m≥ t]mIp-∂-Xn\v
tXmakv siΩm-i≥ AXoh Xev]-c-\m-bn. hn. _en-b¿∏n-°m≥
t]mIp∂ sshZn-I≥ Bsc-∂p t\csØ At\z-jn-®-dn™v A\p-
hm-Z-ßƒ hmßn-°pw. A\p-hm-Z-e-_v[n-°p-th≠n Fs¥¥p XymK-
ßƒ sNøp-hm\pw At±lw k∂-≤-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Imc-Ww, AhnsS
]c-ky-ambn Fgp-∂≈ - n-bn-cn-°p∂ Znhy-\m-Ys\ Bcm-[n-°phm-\p≈
B{K-l-Øm¬ At±lw Fcn-™n-cp-∂Xp Xs∂.
]pXnb {]Imiw
\nXym-cm-[\°t∏-f-bnse Bcm-[-\-bn-eqsS \h-amb Hcm-ibw
Znhy-\m-Y≥ At±-l-Øn\p \¬In. kz¥w \mSmb tIc-f-Ønepw
134
CXp-s]m-semcp k∂ym-k-k-aqlw D≠m-I-Ww. Cu B{K-l-sØ-

∏‰n tIc-f-Ønse hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS Bcm-[\m k∂ym-kn-\n-Iƒ-
s°-gp-Xnb D]-tZ-i-te-J-\Øn¬ At±lw Cßs\ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-
I-bp-≠m-bn: ""\ΩpsS Cu tZi-ß-fn¬Iq-sSbpw Cu ]c-a-Zn-hy-Im-
cp-Wy-Øn≥ t\sc-bp≈ `‡n, ]q¿Δm-[nIw h¿≤n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
F∂n-cp-∂mepw CXn-te-bv°m-bp≈ \nXym-cm-[-I-cpsS kwLw
\ΩpsS Cu \mń¬ Cs√∂p \mw ImWp-I-bm¬ Cu ]c-a-I¿Øm-
hns‚ \nXym-cm-[-\m¿∞w Iq´-Po-hnXw \bn-°p∂ Atß hm’ey
aW-hm-ń-I-fpsS Hcp k` D≠m-I-W-sa∂v At\-I-h¿j-ßƒ°p
apºp Xs∂ AXn-bmbn B{K-ln-°p-∂-Xm-Ip-∂p.'' sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿-
∞n Bbn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ Hcp-Zn-hkw D≠mb kz]v\w ˛ HcmƒXmgvN-
bn¬, sh≈w s]mßn-°n-S-∂n-cp∂ Nº-°p-fsØ Imc-bv°¬ ]pc-
bn-S-Øn¬ \h-hr-μw-am-em-J-am-sc-t∏mse ]cn-ip-≤≥... ]cn-ip-≤≥...
]cn-ip-≤≥... F∂v Bcm[n°p∂ Hcp KWw I\y-I-am¿ ˛ km£m-
XvI-cn-°p-hm≥ At±lw shº¬sIm-≠p.
sshZn-I-\m-b-tijw Bcm-[-\- k\ym-kn\n k-aq-l-ÿm-]-\-
sa∂ A`n-emj ]q¿Øo-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ am¿§-ßƒ At±lw
Bcm™p XpS-ßn. A∂v C‰en-bnepw Ab¬cm-Py-ß-fnepw \ne-
hn-en-cp∂ ]e k\ym-k-k-aq-l-ßfpw kμ¿in®v Ah-sb-∏‰n
At±lw ]Tn-®p.
tdman¬ \n∂p 1899 \hw-_¿ 1˛mw XobXn _. tXm-Ωm-®≥
kztZ-iØv h∂p-tN¿∂p. Xs‚ Nnc-Ime A`n-em-ja - mb hn. Ip¿_m-
\-bpsS Bcm-[\m k\ym-kn\o kaq-l-Øns‚ ÿm]-\-Øn-\mbn
At±lw ssZh-]c - n-]m-e\
- b
- n¬ B{i-bn®v ImØn-cp-∂p. Hcp kaqlw
XpS-ß-W-sa-¶n¬ sIń-S-ßƒ thWw. ssZhm-e-b-ap-≠m-IWw;
k\ym-kn-\nI-fpsS Pohn-Xm-h-iy-ßƒs°mØ kml-N-cy-ß-fp-≠m-
IWw; AwK-ßƒ thWw; At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥-Iƒ ]Xdn \S-∂p.
F¶nepw At±lw Bi ssIshSn™n-√. B{Klw X∂ \√
ssZhwA-Xn\p≈ hgnbpw ImWn-®p-Xc - p-sa∂v At±lw {]Xym-in-®p.
ssZh-Øns‚ am¿§-ßƒ \nKq-V-ß-fm-Wv. Ahn-Sp∂p Hmtcm-cp-
Ø-tcbpw ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw Ahn-Sp-tØ°p {]oXn-I-c-amb \nan-
135
j-Øn¬ hnP-b-Øns‚ Inco-S-a-Wn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. tIc-f-

Øn¬ Bcm-[-\m k\ym-kn\o -k-aqlw DZbw sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈
s]m≥]p-ecn ASp-Øp. Hcp-Zn-hkw Nº-°pfw I√q¿°m´v ]≈n-
bn¬ hn. Ip¿_m\ Ign™v _. tXmam-®≥ A∂sØ kphn-ti-j-
`mKw hymJym-\n®p {]kw-Kn-®p.
Nº°pfw kztZ-in-\n-bmb Hcp hn[-hbpw ssZhm-e-b-Øn-en-
cp∂p {]kwKw {ihn-°p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ^ntem-an\m! At±-l-
Øns‚ hm°p-Iƒ Ah-fpsS lrZ-bsØ kv]¿in-®p. Cu hn[h
]p\¿hn-hm-lm-tem-N\ - I
- ƒ ]cn-Xy-Pn®v Bbp-jvImew apgp-h≥ ssZh-
tk-h-\-Øn-\mbn ]q¿Æ-ambn A¿∏n®p Pohn-°p-hm≥ B{K-ln-®p
{]m¿∞-\m-\n-c-X-bmbn Ign-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ssZhw Ah-fpsS
{]m¿∞\ kzoI-cn-®-Xmbpw k\ym-k-Po-hnXw \bn-°p-hm≥ Hcp
sshZn-I≥ Xs∂ klm-bn-°p-∂-Xmbpw Hcp kz]v\w ImWp-I-bp-
≠m-bn. ^m. tXmakv Ipcym-f-t»-cnsb I≠-t∏mƒ kz]v\-Øn¬
I≠ sshZn-Is‚ cq]w Hm¿Ω-bn¬ h∂p. {]kwKw Ah-km-\n-®-
t∏mƒ ^ntem-an\ A®s‚ ASp-sØ-Øn, ssZhsØ IqSpX¬
kvt\ln-°p-∂-Xn\pw ssZh-Øn\p {]nb-¶-c-amb Hc¿∏nX PohnXw
\bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ \njvI-]-S-amb B{Klw hn\-b-]q¿Δw At±-
lsØ Adn-bn-®p. Xm≥ ÿm]n-°m-\n-cn-°p∂ Bcm-[\ k\ym-
kn\n kaq-l-Øns‚ {]Y-amw-KsØ ^ntem-an-\m-bn¬ Is≠-Ønb
At±lw C{]-Imcw {]Xn-h-Nn®p: ""Hcp {^m≥knkv Ako-kn-bpsS
ASp-°¬ ¢mc sN∂-t]m-sebpw Hcp {^m≥knkv kme-kns‚
ASpØv j¥mƒ sN∂-t]m-se-bp-amWv \nßƒ Ct∏m-ƒ Fs‚-
A-Sp-°¬ h∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.'' XpS¿∂p≈ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ^ntem-an-
\m-sb-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ At\z-jn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw Bh-iy-
amb B≤ym-flnI D]-tZ-ißƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.
6 Znh-k-tØ-°p≈ Hcp ]q¿Æ-[ym\w \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v _.
tXmΩm-®≥ ^ntem-an-\m-tbm-Sm-h-iy-s∏-´p. [ym\-Øns‚ hnj-b-
ßfpw ssSwtS-_nfpw A®≥ Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-Øp. au\hpw as‰√m
{Ia-ßfpw IrXy-\n-jvTt- bmSpw [oc-Xt- bmSpw IqSn ^ntem-an\m ]men-
®p. {]m¿∞-\b - p-tSbpw XymKw, Ffna ]c-kvt\lw XpS-ßnb kpIr-
136
X-ß-fp-tSbpw ]mX-bn-eqsS A®≥ B Bflm-hns\ \bn-®p. Znhy-

Im-cp-Wy-`-‡n-bpsS Bg-Øn-te-°-hsf Cd-°n. \nc-h[n ]co-£-
W-ß-fm¬ Ah-fpsS \n›-b-Zm¿Vy-tØbpw Ffna, A\p-k-cWw
apX-em-b-h-tbbpw At±lw ]cn-tim-[n-®p. Ffn-a-bpsS AKm-[-X-
bn-te°v XmgvØn-thcp-d∏
- n-®p-sIm≠v B kpIr-Xh
- √n Xg-®p-hf
- ¿∂p.
hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS apºn¬ Bbn-cn-°p-I, AXm-bn-cp∂p ^ntem-an-
\mbv°pw G‰w {]nb-¶-c-amb IrXyw. AtXm-sSm∏w A`n-e-jn-°p∂
Imcy-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m-\p≈ Ignhpw Xt‚-Shpw hnizm-khpw
Ahƒ°p P∑\m kn≤n-®n-cp-∂p. AXv B≤ym-flnI Pohn-X-Ønepw
_mly-Po-hn-X-Ønepw D]-Im-c-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw Ahƒ {ian-®n-cp-∂p.
Xs‚ {]m¿∞\m Pohn-X-Øn\v Hcp Iq´p-Im-cnsb ^ntem-an\m
C°m-eØp Is≠-Øn. AXv Nº-°pfw CS-hI Iqen-∏p-c-bv°¬
A∂Ω (_. ¢mc-Ω)-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 12 hb- p≈ A∂-Ω-tbmSp
""\ap°p k\ym-kn-\n-I-fm-I-Ww, AXn-\mbn {]m¿∞n-°Ww''
Fs∂√mw ^ntem-an\m D]-tZ-in-®n-cp-∂p.
k\ym-k-Po-hnXw B{K-ln-°p∂ ^ntem-an-\mbv°v {Iao-Ir-X-
amb ]cn-io-e\w e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v hońse A¥-co£w ]cym-]vX-am-
hp-I-bn-s√∂v a\- n-em°n _. Ipcym-f-t»-cn-e-®≥ ^ntem-an-\msb
Nß-\m-t»cn ¢mc-a-T-Øn-tebv°v Ab-bv°m≥ Xocp-am-\n-®p. \mep
hb-kp-am{Xw {]mb-ap-≠m-bn-cp∂ Xs‚ Hma-\-a-Iƒ t{Xkym-°p-
ńsb AΩ-bpsS kwc-£-W-Øn\v `c-ta-ev]n-®n´v k\ym-k-]-cn-io-
e-\-Øn\pw ]T-\-Øn-\p-ambn Ahƒ 1903 P\p-hcn 21˛\v Pß-\m-
t»cn ¢mc-a-T-Øn-te-bv°p-t]m-bn. Ahn-SpsØ A¿∞n-\n-I-fpsS
IqsS Xma-kn®v {]mcw-`-]-cn-io-e\w t\Sn.
A∂p \mńse kv{XohnZym-`ym-k\ - n-eh
- mcw If-cn-bn-ep≈ ]T\w
am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠p ^ntem-an-\mbv°pw AXn¬°-hn™
hnZym-`ymkw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. ¢mc-a-T-Øn-em-bn-cp∂ ^ntem-an\
Xs‚ \-ho-\-Pn-hn-Xm-h-ÿbv°v hnZym-`ymkw A-\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂p
a\- n-em°n IqSp-X¬ ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ B{Klw Imhmew ]≈n
hnIm-cn-bm-bn-cp∂ _lp. tXmam®s\ Adn-bn-®p. A∂sØ hnImcn
A∏-kvtXm-en° Bbn-cp∂ am¿ amXyp am°n¬ ]nXm-hns‚ A\p-
137
h-mZtØmSpw A\p-{K-lm-in-kp-I-tfmSpw IqsS ¢mc-a-T-Øn¬ Xma-

kn-®p-sIm≠v Nß-\m-t»cn I¿Ω-eo-Øm-aTw hI kvIqfn¬ tN¿∂p-
]-Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ G¿∏m-SpI-sf√mw _. tXmam-®≥ ^ntem-an-
\mbv°v sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-Øp. 22 hb- p≈ ^ntem-an\m H∂mw
¢mknse _©ns‚ A‰Øv bmsXmcp `mh-t`-Zhpw IqSmsX ]Tn-
°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Ccp-∂p. Ipń-Iƒ Bt£-]n®p Nncn-®p. ^nteman\m
N©en-®n-√. AhfpsS _en ssZhw kzoI-cn-®p. Hcp-h¿jw-sIm≠v
\mep-¢mkv ]T\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. D]-cn-]-T-\-Øn\mbn aptØm-en-
bnep≈ I¿Ω-eo-Øm-aTw t_m¿Unw-Kn¬ 1904 P\p-hcn 21˛\v
tN¿∂p.
1904 am¿®p-am-k-Øn¬ Ah-[n-bm-b-t∏mƒ t_m¿UnwKv Ipń-I-
sf-√m-hcpw hoń¬t]m-I-W-sa-∂p≈ \n¿t±-i-ap-≠mbn. kz¥w hoń-
te°p t]mIm≥ \nh¿Øn-bn-√m-Ø ^ntem-an-\m-bpsS hnj-a-
ÿnXn a\- n-em°n tXmΩm-®≥ ^ntem-an\mbpsS kplr-Ømb
Iqen-∏p-c-bv°e A∂-Ωsb Imhm-e-Øp≈ Xs‚ tPy-jvT-Øn-bpsS
hoń-te°v hcp-Øp-Ibpw ^ntem-an-\msb Ah-cpsS IqsS Xma-kn-
∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah[n I-gn-™-v t]-mIp-tºmƒ IqSp-X¬ Ipń-
Isf aptØm-en°p sIm≠p-t]m-I-Wsa-∂p≈ ^ntem-an-\m-bpsS
B{Klw a\- n-em-°nb _. tXmΩm-®≥ kz¥w ktlm-Z-c-]p{Xn
ap´Øv I≠--Øn-∏d - º
- n¬ {_nPn-Øn-t\-°qSn Imhm-eØ
- n\p sIm≠p-
h-∂p. Ah[n Ah-km-\-®-t∏mƒ Ch¿ aq∂p-t]cpw aptØm-en-bn¬
]pXp-Xmbn Bcw-`n® kvIqfn¬ tN¿∂v ]T\w Bcw-`n-®p. Hmtcm
Ah-[nbpw Ign-bp-tºmƒ ^ntem-an\m IqSp-X¬ Ipń-Isf kwL-
Sn-∏n®v aptØm-en°v sIm≠p-t]m-bn-. B Iq´-Øn¬ ^ntem-an-\m-
bpsS aIƒ t{Xkym-°p-ń-bp-ap-≠m-bn-cq-∂p. GI-tZiw \mep h¿jw-
sIm≠v "]t{Xm-kns‚ he' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Cu kwL-Ønse
AwK-ßƒ ]Xn-t\-gmbn h¿Zv[n®p. Hc-Ω-sb-t∏mse ^ntem-an\
Ah-cpsS Imcy-ßƒ At\z-jn®p \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p.
Hm¿t«w ssZhm-ebw
Imhmew ]≈n-ap-dn. ^m. tXmΩkv Ipcym-f-t»cn Nn¥-bn¬
apgp-In-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Bcm-[-\- k\ym-kn\n kaqlw! ssZhw \n›-
138
bn® al-\o-b-ap-lq¿Ø-Øn¬ AXv P\n-°pw. Bcm-[-\-k-`-bpsS

H∂masØ Bhiyw hn. Ip¿_m\ Fgp-s∂-≈n-®p-h®v Bcm-[n-
°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp Bcm-[-\m-e-b-am-Wv. Bcm-[-\-k` D≠m-bn´v
Bcm-[n-°m≥ CS-an-√msX h∂mtem? Hcp ssZhm-ebw AXn-thKw
]Wn-tb-≠-Xm-h-iy-am-Wv. At±lw Nn¥-bn¬ \n∂p-W¿∂p. Xs‚
kztZ-i-amb Nº-°p-fØv, Imc-bv°¬ ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ Hcp ]≈n
]Wn-bp-∂-Xn\p Kh-s◊‚n¬ \n∂pw hmßn-bncp∂ A\p-hm-Z-]{Xw
At±lw t\m°n-sb-Sp-Øp. A\-¥cw Nß\mt»cn cq]-X-bpsS
hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°-bm-bn-cp∂ am¿ amXyp am°o¬ ]nXm-hns‚
]°-tebv°v 13-˛mw setbm am¿]m∏mbpsS Pq_nen kvamc-I-ambn
sk‚ v]ot‰-gvkv Hm¿t«w ssZhm-ebw ]Wn-bp-∂-Xn-\p≈ A\p-
hm- Z - Ø n- \ mbn At]- £ - b - b - ® p. A\p- h - Z n®p adp- ] Sn e`n- ® p.
]WZu¿e-`y-Øm¬ A®≥ hfsc hnj-an-°p∂ Hcp Imew! hm\w
am¥m≥t]mepw Iqen- s Im- S p- ° p- ∂ - X n- \ p≈ ss]k- b n- √ msX
At±lw hnj-an-®p. [¿Ω-∏n-cn-hn\p h∂ ¢mc-I-\ym-kv{Xo-I-fn¬
\n∂pw 10 cq]m ISw hmßn-bmWv ]Wn-Iƒ Bcw-`n-®-Xv. 1903
G{]n¬ 24-˛mw XobXn am¿ amXyp am°n¬ ]nXmhv ssZhm-e-b-
Øns‚ -in-em-ÿm-]-\-I¿Ωw \n¿Δ-ln-®p.
Imen-sØmgpØn¬
^m. tXmakv Ipcym-f-t»cn 1906-˛¬ FS-Xzm-]≈n hnIm-cn-bmbn
\nb-an-°-s∏-´p. AhnsS At±lw \S-Ønb hnZym-`ymk]cn-jvI-c-
W-ß-fn¬ {][m-\-s∏´ H∂v tKƒkv kvIqfns‚ ÿm]-\-am-bn-cp-
∂p. _p≤n-a-Xn-bmb ^nteman\ CsXmcp ipt`m-Z¿°-ambn a\-
n¬ I≠p. \mep sIm√-tØm-f-ambn ^ntem-an-\mbpw Iqćpw
aptØm-en-bn¬ Xmakw XpS-ßn-bn-´v. hml-\-ku-I-cy-an-√m-Xn-cp∂
A∂v, aptØm-en-bn-te-°p≈ bm{X hfsc t¢i-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ip´-
\m-Sns‚ a°ƒ°p ae-\m-ńse Pohn-Xhpw {]bmkw Xs∂. AXn-
\m¬ FSXzm tKƒkv kvIqfn¬ Xß-sf-°qSn tN¿Øp ]Tn-∏n-°-
W-sa∂pw AXn-\p≈ kuI-cy-ßƒ D≠m-°n-Øc - W
- s
- a∂pw ^ntem-
an\ A®-t\m-S-`y¿∞n-®p. B A`y¿∞\ A®≥ \nc-kn-°p-I-bm-
Wp-≠m-bXv. ^ntem-an\ `·m-i-bm-bn-√. Imcy-ßƒ t\Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥
139
Xs∂ Xocp-am-\n-®p. Ahƒ sa{Xm-s‚-b-Sp-°-seØn \nth-Z\w

\SØn. Imcy-ßƒ {Kln® am°n¬ ]nXmhv Hcp Iev]\ - s
- b-gpXn
^m. tXmakv Ipcym-ft- »-cn°p sImSp-Øb
- ®
- p. Iev]\
- b
- psS Npcp°w
CXm-bn-cp∂p: aptØm-en-bn-te-bv°p≈ bm{Xbpw Ahn-SpsØ Xma-
khpw s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°v _p≤n-ap´pw A®\v A[n-I-s®-e-hp-a-t√?
am{X-a-√, A®s‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn¬ Xma-kn®p ]Tn-°p-∂-XmWv
Ah¿°v \√ ]cn-io-e\w In´p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ffp-∏ am¿§-hpw.
Iev]\ hmbn® A®≥ [¿Ω-k-¶-S-Øn-em-bn. tae-[n-Im-cn-I-
fpsS Iev]-\-Isf Atß-b‰w hne-a-Xn-°bpw A\p-k-cn-°-bpw
sNøp∂ Hcp hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p ^m. tXmΩkv Ipcym-f-t»-cn. A\p-
Iq-ek
- m-lN
- c- y-ßs
- fm∂pw C√m-Xn-cp-∂n´pw At±lw A\p-kc - n-°m≥
Xøm-dm-bn. s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°v Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ sIńSw At\z-
jn®v FSXzm CS-hI apgp-h≥ \S-∂p. ê-ap-≠m-bn-√. At±lw
{]m¿∞-\-bn¬ A`bw Kan-®p. Xs‚ Bflo-b-kp-lrØpw tIc-f-
Ønse aq∂mw-k-`-bpsS ÿm]-I-\p-amb ]pØ≥]-d-ºn¬ sXmΩ-
®≥ CXn-\p-th≠ F√m klm-b-k-l-I-c-W-ßfpw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-
Øp. A-t±-lØ - ns‚ hoSv Ipń-If
- psS Xma-kØ- n\v hn´p-sIm-Sp-°m≥
Xømdm-bn-cp∂p F¶nepw ho-Sn-t\mSp tN¿∂p-≠m-bn-cp∂ Imen-
sØm-gp-ØmWv Ipcym-f-t»cn tXmam-®≥ sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv. Bcm-
[-\-k-`bv°p P\n-°m-\p≈ t_Xve-lw! aptØm-enbn¬ ]Tn-®n-
cp∂ s]Ïp-ń-Isf Bf-b®p hcp-Øn. 1908 P\p-hcn 29-˛mw XobXn
{^m≥knkv kmekv ]pWy-hms‚ Xncp-\mƒZnhkw _. A®≥
B Imen-sØmgp-Øm-io¿h-Zn®v s]Ïp-ń-Isf AhnsS Xma-kn-
∏n-®p. kpZo¿L-amb Hcp-]-tZiw Ah¿°v \¬In.
]cn-]q¿Æ-Zm-cn-{Zy-Øns‚ Hcp ÿe-am-bn-cp∂p AsX-¶nepw ]cn-
]q¿Æ kam-[m-\hpw kt¥m-jhpw AhnsS Ah¿ Is≠-Øn. ]ip-
sØm-gp-Ønse sNcn-hp≈ Xd-bn¬ InS-°p-tºmƒ Ah¿°mh-em-
Xn-I-sfm∂pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. a¨N-ń-I-fn-emWv Ah¿ `£Ww
Ign-®n-cp-∂-Xv. IjvS-∏m-Sp-I-fn¬ B\μw Is≠-Øm\pw \nXy-Po-hn-
X-Øn-te°p]-Ic - n-°p∂ \n[n-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p-hm\pw A®≥ Ahsc
A`y-kn-∏n-®p. Ah¿°m-izm-khpw i‡nbpw ]I¿∂psImSp-Øp-
140
sIm≠v A®-s\-t∏mgpw klm-b-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p. ""Znhy DÆnsb

A\p-I-cn-°m≥ e`n® `mKy-s∏´ \nan-j-ßƒ'' F∂mWv A®≥
]d-™n-cp-∂-Xv.
Imen-sØmgpØn¬ Xmakw XpS-ßn-b-Xns‚ ]nt‰-Zn-hkw Znhy-
_-en-I-gn™v B sNdp-`-h-\-Øn-te°v A®≥ h∂p. At±-l-Øn-
\n-cn-°m≥ sImSp-°m≥ Hcp Ccn-∏n-S-Øn-\p-th≠n ^ntem-an-\bpw
Ipń-Ifpw HmSn-\-S-∂p. Ah-km\w Ah¿ InS-°p∂ ]mbv ASp-°n-
h®v Hcp Ccn-∏n-S-ap-≠m-°n. AXp-I≠v _. A®\pw AXp-≠m-°nb
Ipń-Ifpw H∏w BÀm-Zn-®p. Zmcn-{Zy-Ønse \njvI-f-¶-amb B\μw!
k\ym-k-Øns‚ B ]n≈-sØm-ń-en¬ AwK-ßƒ A\p-k-cn-
t°-≠-Xmb {Ia-ßfpw ssSwtS-_nfpw A®≥ Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-Øp.
cmhnse {]`m-X-{]m¿∞\ Ign™v ASp-Øp≈ CS-h-I-∏-≈n-bn¬
t]mbn Znhy-_-en-bn¬ kw_-‘n-°pw. {]m¿∞-\, ]T-\w, `£-
Ww, au\m-\p-jvTm-\w, D√mkw F√mw ssSwtS-_n-f-\p-k-cn®v IrXy-
ambn AhnsS BN-cn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. F√m \nb-a-ßfpw IrXy-ambn
A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw A\p-k-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ ^ntem-an\
AXoh {i≤ ]Xn-∏n-®p. A®s‚ amXr-Ibpw D]-tZ-ihpw Ah¿°p
{]tNm-Z-\taIn. ssZh-Øns‚ Icw Ah-tcm-Sp-IqSn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
h≈-∏p-cb
- n¬
12 Znh-k-ßƒ IS-∂p-t]m-bn. FSXzm CS-hI sXt°-SØp ]oSn-
I-bn¬ Ipcy≥ h¿°n, At±-l-Øns‚ h≈-∏pc Xma-k-Øn-\mbn
\¬In. Bcm-[-\m k\ym-kn\n kaq-l-Øns‚ BZy-k-¥m-\-ßƒ
h≈-∏p-c-bn-te°v amdn-Øm-a-kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Hcp apdnbpw
Xpd∂ lmƒ t]mse \o≠ Hcp `mK-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p Cu h≈-∏p-
c-bv°v. ChnsS k\ym-k-Po-hnXw {Ia-ambn \S-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Xma-
kn-°p-∂X - n\pw Imen-sØm-gp-Øn-t\-°mƒ kuI-cy-ap-≠v. ]Tn-°p∂
Ipń-Isf kvIqfn¬ tN¿Øp. anUn¬ kvIqƒ ]co-£bv°v tN¿∂-
h¿ ss{]adn ¢m p-I-fn¬ ]Tn-∏n-®p.
ssZh-kvt\-lw, ]c-kvt\-lw, A\p-k-c-Ww, Ffn-a, Zmcn-{Zyw,
IrXy-\n-jvT, \nb-am-\p-k-cWw XpS-ßnb kpIr-X-ßƒ hotcm-Nn-
141
X-ambn A`y-kn-°p-hm≥ A®≥ Ah¿°p ]cn-io-e\w \¬In-bn-cp-

∂p. Ffnb {]h¿Øn-Iƒ sNøp-hm\pw Ffna A`ykn-°p-hm\pw
DX-Ip∂ am¿§-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Ahsc kwb-a\w ioen-∏n°p-
hm≥ At±lw ]Tn-∏n-®p. kvIqƒ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ 4 aWn-°pw, kvIqfn-
√mØ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ]I¬ ka-bØpw Ah¿°v thZ-]p-kvX-Iw,
aX-X-Xz-ßƒ apX-embhbpw Cw•ojp ¢m p-Ifpw A®≥ FSp-Øn-
cp-∂p. kvIqfn-√mØ Znh-k-ß-fn¬ Ac aWn-°q¿ hoXw ]≈n-
bn¬ t]mbn Bcm-[n-°phm\pw ]e {]mhiyw Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-k-
μ¿i\w \S-Øp--hm\pw A®≥ Ahsc D]-tZ-in-®p. Cß-s\-bmWv
Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-\m-Y-t\mSv D‰-_‘w ]pe¿Øm≥ ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn
Ahsc Hcp-°n-b-Xv.
hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bn¬ Fgp-s∂-≈n-bn-cn-°p∂ Cutimsb Bcm-
[n-°pI F∂ {][m\e£y-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp k\ym-kn\o kaqlw
tIc-f-Øn¬ ÿm]n-°-W-sa-∂p-≈-Xmbncp∂p Ipcym-f-t»-cn-bn-e-
®s‚ Nnc-Im-em-`n-em-jw. F∂m¬ ]pXnb Hcp k\ym-kkaqlw
XpS-ßp∂ Imcy-Øn¬ A∂p cq]-Xm-≤y-£-\m-bn-cp∂ A`n-hμy
am°n¬ sa{Xm-\-®\v A`n-{]m-b-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ChnsS \ne-hn-en-cn-
°p∂ ¢mc, I¿Ω-eo-Ø, hnkn-t‰-j≥ F∂o k`-I-fn¬ GsX-
¶nepw H∂ns‚ imJ-bmbn XpS-ßn-bm¬ aXn-sb-∂m-bn-cp∂p At±-
l-Øns‚ Xocp-am-\w. thW-sa-¶n¬ Bcm-[-\bpw IqSn \S-Øp-
hm≥ kuI-cy-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
as‰mcp k`-bpsS imJ-bmbn XpS-ßn-bm¬ Xm≥ Dt±-in-°p∂
e£yw km[n-°-bn-s√∂v _. tXmΩm-®\p \√-Xp-t]mse Adn-bm-
am-bn-cp-∂p. Hcp k`bpw AXns‚ \nbaw hn´p {]h¿Øn-°p-I-bn-√-
t√m. AXn-\m¬ ]e {]mhiyw am°n¬]n-Xmhns\-°≠v At±lw
\nth-Z\w \S-Øn. ]nXmhv FSpØ Xocp-am-\-Øn¬ Dd-®p-\n-∂p.
Ah-km\w 1908 \hw-_¿ 23-˛mw XobXn Hc-t]-£-bp-ambn ^ntem-
an-\sb Nß-\m-t»cn Ac-a-\-bn-te-bv°-b-®p. AXn¬ ]cn-io-e\w
\S-Øp∂ s]Ïp-ń-I-fn¬ 6 t]¿ 18 hb- n\p apI-fn¬ {]mb-ap-
≈-h-cm-sW∂pw Ah¿°v intcm-hkv{Xw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ A\p-
hmZw \¬I-W-sa∂pw At]-£n-®n-cp-∂p. AtXm-sSm-∂n®v Hcp \na-
142
b-a-kw-ln-Xbpw AwKo-Ic- W
- Ø
- n-\mbn Ab-®p. apºp e`n-®n-´p≈
adp-]Sn Xs∂-bmWv Cu At]-£bv°pw e`n-®X - .v ho≠pw A®\pw
^ntem-an-\mbpw ]nXm-hns\°≠p kwkm-cn-®p.
intcm-hk
- v{X-[m-cWw k\ymk{]th-i\
- Ø
- n-\p≈ Hcp°w am{X-
am-sW∂pw k`m-h-kv{X-kzo-I-c-W-tØmsS am{X-ta, Hcp k\ym-k-
k-aq-l-Øn\v Bcw`w Ipdnbv-°p-I-bp≈psh∂p ]nXmhn\p t_m[y-
am-b-t∏mƒ intcm-hkv{Xw \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ A\p-aXn kt¥m-j-
]q¿Δw \¬In.
intcm-hkv{Xw [cn-°p-hm-\p-≈-h¿ aq∂p-Zn-hkw [ym\n®v Hcp-
ßn. A®≥ Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS [ym\-Kp-cp. 1908 Unkw-
_¿ 8, Aatem¤-ha - m-Xm-hns‚ Xncp-\mƒ Zn\w, IrX-⁄X \nd™
lrZ-b-tØm-sS-bmWv A®≥ _en A¿∏n-®-Xv. _en-b¿∏-W-Øn-
\p-tijw intcm-hkv{Xw [cn-°p-hm-\p-≈-hsc aZv_-lm-bn-tebv°p
hnfn-®p. FSXzm CS-h-I-P-\-ß-fpsS km∂n-≤y-Øn¬, Ahsc
km£n-I-fm-°n-s°m-≠v, Bio¿Δ-Zn® sh≈ intcm-h-kv{X-ßƒ
A¿∞n-\n-Isf [cn-∏n-®p. ]pXnb t]cpw Ah¿°v \¬In. Aßs\
Bcm-[\m k\ym-kn\n kaq-l-Øns‚ apf-sb-Sp-°m≥ Bcw-`n-®p.
intcm-hkv{Xw kzoI-cn-®-h-cpsS t]cv
1. Nº-°pfw CS-hI h√-bn¬ ^ntem-an-\˛ A¿∞n\n j¥mƒ
2. Nº-°pfw CS-hI Iqen-∏p-c-bv°¬ A∂Ω amXyp˛
A¿∞n\n tacn ¢mc
3. XpcpØn CS-hI t\cyw-]-d-ºn¬ A∂ tPm_v˛
A¿∞n\n kvsImfm-Ãn°
4. ap´-Øp-]≈n CS-hI I≠-Øn-∏-d-ºn¬ {_nPn-ØmΩ h¿°n˛
A¿∞n\n adnbw aKvZ-te\ Zv ]m n
5. ]pfn-¶p∂v ]≈n CS-hI I√p-]p-c-bv°¬ tdmkv Ipcy≥
A¿∞n\n {Sokm
6. ]q¶mhv ]≈n CS-hI ]≈n-∏-d-ºn¬ tdmkΩ h¿°n˛
A¿∞n\n ImX-d-bn≥
143
tXmWn-∏p-cb
- v°¬
Ipń-I-fpsS kwJy h¿≤n-°p-Ibpw GXm\pw t]¿ intcm-
hkv{Xw [cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvI-bm¬ h≈-∏pc Xma-k-Øn\p aXn-
bm-bn-cp-∂n-√. am{X-a√ - , Bcm-[\m k\ym-kn\n kaq-lØ - ns‚ BZy-
`- h \w kz¥w \mSmb Nº- ° p- f Øv Bbn- c n- ° - W - s a∂v _.
tXmΩm®≥ B{K-ln-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-\m¬ Nº-°p-fØp
tXmWn-∏p-cbv°¬ Xm¬°m-enI Xma-k-Øn\v ]\ºpw Hmebpw
D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp sjÕv D≠m-°n. AXn¬ k\ym-k-Øns‚ \nb-a-
a- \ p- k - c n®v ib- \ - a p- d n, `£- W - i m- e , ]T- \ - a p- d n, ]mN- I - i m- e ,
t_m¿UnwKv apX-em-bh ]\-ºp-Xń D]-tbm-Kn®v th¿Xn-cn-®p-≠m-
°n-bn-cp-∂p. 1908 Unkw-_¿ 10-˛mw XobXn h≈-∏p-c-bn¬ \n∂p
Nº-°p-f-tØ°p Xmakw am‰n. ]pXnb `h\w Bio¿Δ-Zn®p
{]Xnjv T \S- Ø n- b - t ijw lrZ- b - k v ] ¿inbpw Zo¿L- h p- a mb
Hcp]tZiw _. tXmΩm®≥ ]d-™p. A\-¥cw ]pXnb \nb-am-h-
enbpw Zn\-N-cy-Ifpw A\p-k-cn-®p≈ PohnXw Ah¿ Bcw-`n-°p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. A¿∞n\n tacn j¥m-fns\ t{ijvT-bmbn \nb-an-
®p. sNe-hp-I-sf√mw A®≥ hln-®n-cp∂p.
as‰mcp sjÕv IqSn sIń s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ°mbn AhnsS kvIqƒ
Bcw-`n-®p. H∂p apX¬ Bdp hsc ¢m p-Iƒ Dƒs∏´ Hcp sh¿Wm-
Ip-e¿ anUn¬ kvIqƒ 1909 s^{_p-hcn 20˛\v hn. tXmam-«o-lm-
bpsS \ma-Øn¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bn. Ipń-Iƒ F√m ¢m nepw [mcm-
f-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. j¥m-fΩ h≈-Øn¬ k©-cn®v Hmtcm hoSpw
Ib-dn-bn-dßn AXy-≤zm\w sNbvXmWv kvIqfn\p th≠ km[-\-
ßfpw Hmtcm ¢m n\pw th≠ Ipń-I-sfbpw kºm-Zn-®-Xv. k\ym-
k-Po-hn-Xm-t«-j-Øn\pw ]T-\-Øn-\p-ambn 60-˛¬]cw Ipń-Iƒ
t_m¿Unw-Kn¬ h∂p-tN¿∂p. cm{Xn ib-\-ap-dn-°mbn kvIqƒsI-
ńSw Xs∂ D]-tbm-Kn-®p. A¿∞n\n j¥m-fns\ Xø¬ ankv{S-
mbpw A¿∞n-\n-I-fmb adnbw aKvZ-te\ Zv ]m n, kvsImfm-Ãn-
°, ImX-dbn≥ F∂n-hsc Xmgv∂ ¢m p-I-fn¬ A[ym-]-I-cmbpw
\nb-an-®p. Aßs\ Bcm-[\m kaq-lmw-K-ßƒ hnZym-`ym-k-t{]-
jn-X-cw-KØv X\-Xmb {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bcw-`n-®p.
144
tXmWn-∏p-c-bv°¬ \n∂v CS-h-I-∏-≈n-bn¬ t]mbmWv A¿∞n-

\n-Iƒ {]m¿∞\, Bcm-[-\, Znhy-Im-cpWy kμ¿i\w apX-em-bh
\S-Øn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Bcw-`n-®n-cn-°p∂ Hm¿t«w ]≈n-bpsS
]Wn thKw ]q¿Øn-bm-°m≥ A®≥ {ian-®p. A®s‚ tPyjvT-
k-tlm-Z-c-≥ Ipcym-f-t»-cn-bn¬ Nmt°m-®-s‚bpw ktlm-Z-cn-]p-{X-
\mb Ip∂n¬ Ip™-hp-tk-∏-®-s‚bpw \n¿t√m-`-amb klm-bhpw
kl-I-c-Whpw sIm≠p thK-Øn¬ ]≈n]Wn ]q¿Øn-bm-bn. 1909
sk]vXw-_¿ 29-˛mw XobXn A`n-hμy am°n¬ ]n-Xmhv Cu ssZhm-
ebw Bio¿Δ-Zn-®p. 30-˛mw XobXn AXn¬ _en-b¿∏-Whpw ]cn.
P]-am-e-cm-⁄n-bpsS Xncp-kz-cq-]-{]-Xn-jvTbpw \S-∂p. A∂p-ap-X¬
k`mw-K-ß-fpsS {]m¿∞-\, Bcm-[\ XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw Hm¿t«w
]≈n-bn¬ \S-Øn-Øp-S-ßn. {ItaW Hm¿t«w ]≈n-bpsS kao-
]Øv Hcp kvIqƒ sIńSw ]Wn-Xo¿Øp. aThpw ]Wn-bm≥ Bcw-
`n-®p. ssZh-Øns‚ A\-¥-amb ]cn-]m-e\!
A¿∞n-\n-Iƒ {]`m-X{- ]m¿∞-\b
- v°p-tijw ]I¬ Bh-iy-ap≈
km[-\-ßƒ klnXw tXmWn-∏p-c-bv°¬ \n∂p h≈-Øn-¬ Hm¿t«-
Øp-h-cpw. ]≈n°p kao]w Hcp sNdnb sjÕv D≠v. AhnsS
km[-\-ßƒ kq£n-®n´v [ym\w, Imt\m\m \a-kvIm-cw, hn. _en
Ch Ign™v sjÕn¬t∏mbn I™n IpSn- ° pw. A\- ¥ cw
]T\Øn\p-tijw kvIqfn¬t]m-Ipw. D®bv°p kvIqƒ hn´-Xn-\p-
tijw hnbm-km-{Im, Bfl-tim-[\ Ch Ign™v D®-`-£-Ww, A\-
¥cw Aev]w hn{i-an-®n´v ⁄m\-hm-b\ \S-Øn-b-tijw kvIqfn¬
t]mIpw. 4 aWn°v hnkoØ Ign™v 5.30 hsc hn{i-an-°pw. 5.30\v
sIm¥, [ym\w, AØm-gw Ch Ign™v kmam-\-k-lnXw tXmWn-
∏p-c-bn-te°v t]mIpw. A®s‚ D]-tZ-i-ßfpw kvt\l-hm-’-ey-
ßfpw anin-lm-bv°p-th≠n Cu {]bm-k-ß-sf√mw kln-°m≥
Ah¿°p i‡n \¬In. kam-[m-\-Øn-s‚bpw B\-μ-Øn-s‚bpw
Ime-ambn AXv Ah¿°-\p-`-h-s∏-´p.
BZy-`h
- \w
Nº-°p-fØv Imc-bv°¬ ]pc-bn-S-Øn¬ \n¿Ωn® Hm¿t«w
ssZhm-e-b-Øn\v kao]w Bcm-[-\m k\ym-kn\n kaq-l-Øns‚
145
amXr-`-h\w 1910 HIvtSm-_¿ 17\v Bio¿Δ-Zn®p. ]e L´-ß-fn-

embn 7 AwK-ßƒ IqSn intcm-hkv{Xw kzoI-cn-®p. A¿∞n-\n-Iƒ
\njv I - f - ¶ hpw ]cn- ] q¿Æ- h p- a mb PohnXw \bn- ° p- ∂ - X n\pw
\nkzm¿∞-amb ]c-kvt\-l-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ sNøp-∂-Xn\pw \nc-
¥cw ssZh- k m∂n- ≤ y- k v a - c - W - b n¬ Pohn- ° p- ∂ - X n\pw A®≥
Ahsc t{]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ]c-kvt\-
l-Øn\p IqSp-X¬ {]m[m\yw \¬Ins°m≠v ]c-kv]-c-ap-≠m-Ip∂
sX‰p-Ip-‰ß - ƒ £an-°p-∂X - n\pw hotcm-Nn-Xa- mbn ]c-kvt\-lØ - n¬
apt∂-dp-∂-Xn\pw A®≥ klm-bn-®p. ktlm-Z-c-kvt\-l-Øn¬ ]d-
∂p-b¿∂ lrZ-b-tØmsS _en-b¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw hn. Ip¿_m\
kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw CS-h-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n cm{Xn-P-]-Øns‚
Ah-km-\-Øn¬ Hcp {]m¿∞\ At±lw Iqń-t®¿Øp.
"t{ijv T : Ct∂- Z n- h kw Rm≥ sNbv X kIe sX‰p- I fpw
Ft∂mSp £an-°-W-sa∂p Rm\-t]-£n-°p-∂p.
ktlm-Z-cn-Iƒ: A{]-Imcw Rßfpw At]-£n-°p-∂p.'
]c-kv]cw £am-bm-N\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hc-h-kcw \nbaw
aqew {]Zm\w sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp∂p. Aßs\ ]c-kv]cw £an®v
kam-[m-\-tØmsS Dd-ßm≥ t]mhpI F{X `mKy-am-Wv!
Xma-k-Øn\p aT-ap-≠m-bn, {]m¿∞-\bv°pw Bcm-[-\bv°pw
ssZhm-eb
- a
- p-≠m-bn. AwK-ßƒ h¿≤n-®p. Ah¿ k`m-hkv{Xw kzoI-
cn®v k\ym-kn-\n-I-fm-Im≥ ip`-ap-lq¿Øw ImØn-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
A`n-\h
- s
- a-{Xm≥
Bcm-[\m k\ym-kn\n kaq-lØ- ns‚ ÿm]-\Ø - n-\p≈ ssZh-
Øns‚ CS-s]-S-em-bn-cp∂p Ipcym-f-t»cn _. tXmΩm-®s\ Nß-
\m-t»cn hnIm-cn-bm-Øns‚ hnImcn A∏-kvtXm-en-°mbpw s]√m
F∂ Zn°ns‚ sa{Xm-\p-am-bn \nb-an®Xv. k¿Δ{X BÀm-Z-{]-I-S-
\-ßƒ! Bcm-[\ k`m-wK-ß-fm-Im≥ sImXn®p ImØn-cp∂ I\y-
I-Iƒ IqSp-X¬ B\-μn-®p. 1911 Unkw-_¿ 3˛mw XobXn Im≥Un-
bn¬ h®p tUm. tXmΩkv Ipcym-f-t»cn sa{Xm-\mbn A`n-tjIw
146
sNø-s∏-´p. A¿∞n-\n-I-fn¬ {]mb-]q¿Ønbpw ]Iz-Xbpw {]m]n®

A©p-t]¿ k-\ymk-hk - v{X-kzo-Ic
- W
- Ø
- n\v H-cp-°a
- m-bn-´p≈ [ym\w
\S-Øp-∂-Xn\v \n¿t±iw \¬In-bn-´mWv sa{Xm-`n-tj-I-Øn-\mbn
At±lw t]mb-Xv. Xncn-s®-Ønb ]nXmhv 1911 Unkw_¿ 10-˛mw
XobXn, Nº-°pfw Hm¿t«w tZhm-e-b-Øn¬ h®v kaq-l-Ønse
BZy 5 AwK-ßƒ°v ˛ knÃ¿ tacn j¥mƒ, kn. tacn ¢mc,
kn. adnbw aKvZ-te\ Zv ]mkn, kn. {Sokm, kn. tacn B©e ˛
k`m-hkv{Xw \¬In. Aa-tem-¤-h-am-Xm-hns\ A\p-kva-cn®v sh≈-
D-Sp∏pw Im∏qkpw \oe s_¬‰pw, s_¬‰n¬ 153 aWn IdpØ
aWn-Iƒ sIm≠p≈ P]-am-ebpw temI-Øn\p acn®v ssZh-Øn-\p-
th≠n Pohn-°p-∂p- F∂v kqNn-∏n-°p-hm≥ IdpØ th¬, IdpØ
Im∏ F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p k`m-h-kv{X-ambn \¬In-b-Xv. inc-kn¬
]pjv ] - I n- c o- S - a - W n™v IrX- ⁄ - X - b psS Iq∏p- s sI- I - f p- a mbn
\n¬°p∂ BZy- Aw-K-ß-sf-°≠p Xs‚ A`n-emjw ]qhWn-™-
Xn¬ ]nXmhv kwXr-]vX-\mbn ssZh-Øn\p \μn ]d-™p. Aßs\
tIc-f-Øn¬ Bcm-[-\m k\ym-k-k-aqlw cq]w-sIm-≠p.
Aa-tem-¤h
- a
- m-Xm-hns‚ kwc-£W
- b
- n¬
acn-b-`-‡-\mb ]nXmhv Nß\mt»cn Ac-a-\-bnse Xs‚
HutZym-Kn-I-ÿm\w Gs‰-Sp-°m≥ t]mIp-∂-Xn\p apºmbn 1911
Unkw-_¿ 15\v Nº-°pfw aTw Nm∏-en¬ Aa-tem-¤-h-am-Xm-hns‚
Xncp-kz-cq]w {]Xn-jvTn®v Bcm[-\-k-aq-lmw-K-ßsf ]cn. AΩbv°v
ka¿∏-n®p. Aßs\ Xs‚ Akm-∂n-≤y-Øn¬ Cu k\ym-kn-\n-I-
fpsS kwc-£Ww ]cn. AΩsb `c-ta-ev]n-®p. j¥m-fΩ kaq-l-
Øns‚ t{ijvT-Øn-bmbn XpS¿∂p. k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Ønepw {Iam-
\p-jvTm-\-Ønepw IqSp-X¬ ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn I¿Ω-
eoØm aT-Ønse {]Y-amw-K-amb tXm∏n¬ t{Xkym I{Xo-\sb
t{ijvT-Øn-bmbpw Nmhd Du¿kp-em-Ωsb t_m¿UnwKv ankv{S-
kmbpw Nº-°p-f-tØbv°v 1913 HmKÃv 19\v ]nXmhv Ab-®p. 14
amkw aZ- d mbn tXm∏n¬ t{Xkym I{Xo- \ mΩbpw 7 amkw
t_m¿UnwKv ankv{S-kmbn Du¿kp-em-Ωbpw tkh\w A\p-jvTn-
®p. ]nXmhv CS-bv°n-Sbv°p h∂v c≠p-aq∂p Znhkw Hm¿t«w
147
]≈n°p kao-]-ap≈ Xs‚ apdn-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p-sIm≠v Ahsc

]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-Ibpw ss[cy-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-∂p. {]m¿∞-\-bnepw t{]jn-X-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw kaq-
l-Po-hn-X-Ønepw ]cn-io-e\w \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn Ah-[n-°m-eØv
Bcm-[-\-k-aq-lmw-K-ßsf H∂n-®p-Iqń ¢m p-Ifpw hm¿jn-I-[ym-
\-ßfpw ]nXmhv \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. IqSmsX D]-tZ-i-te-J-\-ßfpw
Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw hy‡n-]-chpw kaq-l-]-c-hp-amb \n¿t±-i-ßfpw
\¬In-bn-cp-∂p. C{]-Imcw 5 h¿jsØ ]cn-io-e-\-Øn-\p-tijw
1916 am¿®v 18\v Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn-ep≈ ]mtd-∏-≈n-bn¬h®v kaq-l-
Øns‚ BZy-Aw-K-ß-fmb _. ¢mc-Ω, _. ]m n-b-Ω, _. t{Xkym-
Ω, _. B©-emΩ F∂n-h¿ Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hns‚ k∂n-[n-
bn¬ \nXy{hXw A\p-jvTn-®p. 1917-˛¬ k`-bn¬ Im\≥ \nbaw
{]m_-ey-Øn¬ h∂-Xn-\p-ti-ja - mWv A\n-Xy-{hXw sNøp∂ ]Xnhv
k\ym-k-k-aq-l-ßfn-ep-≠m-b-Xv. Aa-tem-¤-h-am-Xm-hns\ A\p-kva-
cn®v Im∏-bpsS \ndw \oe-bm-°n.
Znhy-Im-cpWy Cutimbv°v kz¥-am-b-Xn-s‚bpw \nXy-amb DS-
º-Sn-bp-sSbpw ap{Z-bmbn ssIhn-c-en¬ sh≈n tamXn-chpw Igp-
Øn¬ \oe-®-c-Sn¬ tIm¿Ø saUepw Ah¿°v ]nXmhv \¬In.
Cu saU-ens‚ Hcp-h-iØv ]cn-ip≤ Ip¿_m-\sb c≠p amem-J-
am¿ Bcm-[n-°p∂ Nn{Xhpw t]m¿´p-Kokv `mj-bn¬ ""]cn-ip≤
]c-a-Iq-Zm-i-bnse Cutimbv°v Bcm-[\' (3 {]mh-iyw) F∂p
Bte-Jn-X-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. saU-ens‚ adp-h-iØv Aa-tem-¤-h-am-
Xm-hns‚ Nn{X-tØm-Sp-IqSn ""P∑-]m-]-an-√msX D¤-hn® adn-b-sa,
\ns‚ ]°¬ HmSn-h-cp∂ Rßƒ°p-th≠n {]m¿∞n-°-W-ta.''
F∂v t]m¿´p-Kokv `mj-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Cu Ime-L-´-Øn¬ _. j¥m-fΩ Nß-\m-t»cn ¢mc-a-T-Øn¬
Bbn-cp-∂p. 5 amk-ßƒ°p-tijw HmKÃv 21-˛mw XobXn Nß-\m-
ticn Ac-a-\-bn¬h®v hn. Ip¿_m\m at≤y _. j¥m-fΩ A`n-
hμy Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hns‚ k∂n-[n-bn¬ \nXy-{hXw A\p-
jvTn-®p.
148
k`-bpsS hf¿®
_. j¥m-f-Ω-bpsS {]tXyI ]cn-{i-a-^-e-ambn 1917˛¬ Xpcp-
Øn-bn-epw, 1918-˛¬ a√-∏-≈n, hmg-∏≈n F∂o ÿe-ß-fnepw A`n-
hμy ]nXm-hn-s‚bpw CS-h-I-°m-cp-sSbpw {]tXyI Xmev]-cy-{]-
Imcw AXn-c-ºp-g, aptØm-e-]p-cw (1919), FS-Xzm (1920), Im™n-c-
a-‰w (1923), IS-\mSv (1925) F∂nhn-S-ß-fnepw aTw ÿm]n-X-am-bn.
]nXmhv acn- ° p- t ºmƒ 9 Bcm- [ - \ m- a - T - ß fpw A¿∞n- \ n- I ƒ
Dƒs∏sS 169 AwK-ßfpw hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS Bcm-[\m k\ym-
kn\o kaq-l-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
kv{Xohn-Zym-`ym-k-Øn¬ kaqlw {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cp∂ A\mÿ
]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Bcm-[-\m-a-T-ß-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v s]¨]-≈n-
°q-S-ßƒ ÿm]n-®p. F√m kvIqfp-I-tfmSpw tN¿∂v s]¨-Ip-ń-
Iƒ°mbn t_m¿UnwKv kuI-cy-ßfpw Hcp-°n-bn-cp-∂p. Cu t_m¿-
Unw-Kp-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]Tn® [mcmfw s]Ïp-ń-Iƒ Bcm-[\m kaq-
l-Ønepw a‰p kaq-l-ß-fnepw tN¿∂v ka¿∏n-X-Po-hnXw \bn-®n-
´p-≠v.
Bcm-[-\m-k-aq-l-Øns‚ s]mXp-t{i-jvT-\mbn Nº-°pfw aT-
Øns‚ Itπm-\m-bn-cp∂ _. Im´-dØv Koh¿Kok®s\ 1922 s^{_p-
hcn 11˛\v Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXmhv \nb-an-®p. 1924-˛¬ kaq-lmw-K-ß-
fn¬ \n∂pw 4 Btem-N-\-°m-scbpw sXc-s™-SpØv s]mXp-t{ijvT
Btem-N-\m-kw-L-Øn\v cq]w \¬In. 1925 am¿®v 18-˛\v kaq-l-
Øns‚ kmº-Øn-II - m-cy-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p-hm≥ s{]m°p-td-‰d
- mbpw
hmg-∏≈n aT-Øns‚ Itπm-\mbpw I≠-Øn¬]-d-ºn¬ _lp.
Hutk-∏® - s\ \nb-an-®p. hμy-]n-Xm-hns‚ ImeØv Bcm-[\m k\ym-
kn\o kaq-l-Øn\v 9 `h-\-ßfpw A¿∞n-\n-Iƒ Dƒs∏sS 169
AwK-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
149
11
Iem-km-ln-Xy-t{]-anbpw
{]m¿∞-\m-c-N-bn-Xmhpw
Hcp kmln-Xy-Im-ct\m {KŸ-Im-ct\m F∂ \ne-bn¬ {]kn-

≤n-bm¿÷n® Hcp hy‡n-b√ A`n-hμy Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ ]nXm-hv.
F¶nepw At±lw Hcp kmln-Xym-kzm-Z-I\pw Iem-t{]-anbpw
hn⁄m-\-hn-Pn-Ko-jp-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p Nß-\m-t»cn AXn-cq-]-X-
bpsS sse{_dn ]cn-tim-[n-®m¬ a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ km[n-°p-∂-
Xm-Wv. Iem kmwkv°m-cn-I-cw-K-ß-fn¬ Imtem-Nn-X-amb ]cn-jv°m-
c-ßƒ hcp-Øn, am\-h-am-\-ksØ kwkv°-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v
At±lw ]cn-{i-an-®n-´p-≠v. B hgn-°p≈ Xs‚ BZy-]-cn-{iaw
""tdmΩm-bm{X-''bneqsS ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
1. tdmΩm-bm{X
s{]m∏-Km¥ hnZym¿∞n-bm-bn-cp∂ ImeØv tIc-f-ss{I-kvX-
h¿°v \nXy-\-K-c-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Hcp kmam-\y-⁄m\w sImSp-°p-
∂-Xn-\p-th≠n Fgp-Xnb Hcp IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv. bm{Xm-hn-h-c-W-{]-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ Cu IrXn A°m-esØ ae-bm-f-
`m-j-bpsS Hcp henb apX¬°q-´mbn IW-°m-°mw. bm{Xbpw
bm{Xm-hn-hc
- W
- ß
- fpw {]Np-c{- ]-Nm-ca
- m-bn-hc
- p∂ Cu Ime-L´- Ø
- n¬
CXn\p henb {]m[m\yw Inń-sb∂p hcn-I-bn-√. F¶nepw `mjm-
K-th-j-W-hn-Zym¿∞nbpsS Hc-aq-ey-\n-t£-]-ambn CXns\ ]cn-K-
Wn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
\mep-`m-K-ambn Xncn-®n-cn-°p∂ Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ H∂mw `mKw
150
Iem-km-ln-Xy-t{]-anbpw {]m¿∞-\m-c-N-bn-Xmhpw
tdmΩn-te-bv°p≈ Xs‚ bm{X Npcp-°-ambn hnh-cn-°p-∂p. tdmΩm

\K-c-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ kºq¿Æ-amb hnh-cWw c≠mw-`m-K-Øn-em-Wv.
tdmΩm-\KcØns‚ Bcw`w apX-ep≈ Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ BZy-
ta-Xs∂ hnh-cn-°p-∂p. F.-Un. 755-˛¬ am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS cmPy-am-bn-
Øo-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]d-™n´v AXns‚ {]tXy-I-X-I-fn-tebv°p IS-°p-
I-bm-Wv. Ahn-sS-bp≈ ssZhm-eb - ß
- ƒ, t£{X-ßƒ, sIm´m-cß - ƒ,
ImgvN-h-kvXp-°ƒ F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ Ncn-{Xm-[n-jvTn-X-amb hnh-
cWw Hmtcm ÿm]-\-sØ-°p-dn®pw Iqew-I-j-ambn \S-Ønb ]T-
\sØ hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂p. am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS sXc-s™-Sp-∏v, Xncp-k-
`-bpsS lb-cm¿°n-{I-aw, doØp-Iƒ, Xncp-kw-L-ßƒ F∂n-hsb
kw_-‘n-®p≈ Hcp Npcp-ßnb hnh-cWw CXn¬ ImWmw. hnip-
≤¿°mbn {]Xn-jvTn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ ssZhm-e-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈
hnh-cWw At±-l-Øns‚ `‡nsb {]tZym-Xn-∏n-°p∂ hn[-Øn-ep-
≈-Xm-Wv. am{X-a-√, Hmtcm ssZhm-e-b-tØmSpw Np‰n-∏-‰n-\n¬°p∂
sFXn-ly-ßƒ, Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ, {]tXy-I-X-Iƒ Chbpw hy‡-
am-°p-∂p. A∂sØ P\-ß-fpsS \ne-hmcw a\- n-em°n hmb-\-
°msc Xr]vX-cm-°-Ø-°-hn-[-Ønep≈ Hcp hnh-c-W-{]-{In-b-bmWv
At±lw kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
aq∂mw-`mKw ItØm-en-°m-Øn-cp- ` ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ hnizm-k-c-
l-ky-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-W-Øn-\mbn am‰n-h-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.
Xncp- -`-bpsS {][m-\-X-Xz-ßƒ F√mw ChnsS hy‡-am-°n-bn-cn-
°p-∂p. ⁄m\-h¿≤-\-hn-t\m-sSm∏w Xncp- ` ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ kXy-
ß-tfm-Sp≈ hnizm-khpw kvt\lhpw h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw IqSn
Xs‚ {KŸ-c-N\ D]-bp-‡-am-°-W-sa∂ Nn¥-bmWv Cu `mK-
Øns‚ cN-\bv°v At±-lsØ t{]cn-∏n-®-Xv. \memw `mKw, tdman¬
\n∂pw Xncn-®p-t]m-cp-tºmƒ I≠ ImgvNI
- f- psS Hcp kºq¿ÆNn{Xw
\¬Ip-∂p. bm{Xm-at[y ImWp-hm≥ km[n® ÿe-ßƒ, Ah-bpsS
Npcp-ßnb Ncn-{Xw, {][m-\-s∏´ A\p-`-h-ßƒ Ch-sb√mw hmb-\-
°m-cpsS Pn⁄m-ksb hf¿Øp-hm≥ ]cym-]vX-amb hn[-Øn¬
CXn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. k¿tΔ-iz-c≥ Xs‚ ta¬ h¿jn®
A\p-{K-l-ßƒ°p \μn ]d-™p-sIm≠pw hmb-\-°m-cpsS ê-{]m-
]vXnbpw Xs‚ A≤zm-\hpw ]cn-ip-≤-a-dn-b-Øns‚ Xncp-lr-Zbw hgn-
151
bmbn Cutim-bpsS am[p-cy-ap≈ lrZ-b-Øn\p ka¿∏n-®p-sIm≠pw

Xs‚ cN\ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wv.
1901-˛¬ am∂m\w {] n¬ A®-Sn® Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ 179 t]Pp-
I-fn-embn 200-˛¬ A[nIw hnh-c-W-ßƒ D≈-Xmbn ImWmw. Kth-
j-W-Ip-Xp-Inbpw Ncn-{Xm-t\z-jnbpw hn⁄m-\-X-ev]-c-\p-amb Hcp
teJn-Xm-hn-s\-bmWv Cu {KŸ-Øn¬ DS-\ofw ImWp-∂-Xv. tIc-f
P\-X-bpsS aX-km-aq-lnI kmwkv°m-cnI aWvU-e-ß-fn-se√mw
hnhn[ {]ÿm-\ß - ƒ°p \mμn-Ip-dn® Ct±lw kmln-Xy-th-Zn-bnepw
Xs‚ ap{Z ]Xn-∏n-®-Xn\v H∂mw-Xcw sXfn-hmWv Cu {KŸw.
""h¿Ø-am-\∏ - p-kvXI'--'Øn\ptijw Imcy-amb bm{Xm-hn-hc
- W
- {KŸ-
ßƒ D≠m-Im-Xn-cp∂ B Ime-L-´-Øn¬ Cu Zo¿L-ho-£-Is‚
ZrjvSn Cu Xe-Ønepw FØn-t®¿∂-Xn¬ A¤p-X-Øn\v Ah-Im-
i-an-√.
2. Xncp-lr-Z-b-h-W°w
Cutim-bpsS Xncp-lr-Z-b-`‡n F√m-h-cnepw Df-hm-°p∂Xn\pw
AXns\ IpSp-X¬ D÷z-e-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n-bmWv Xncp-lr-Z-
b-h-W°w F∂ IrXn cNn-®-sX∂v A`n-hμy Ipcym-f-t»-cn-∏n-Xmhp
Xs∂ hy‡-am-°p-∂p. Xncp-lr-Z-b-Øn\p {]tXy-I-hn[w {]Xn-jvTn-
°-s∏-ń-´p-≈ Pq¨ Cu amk-Øn¬ Hmtcm Znh-khpw hmbn-°p-∂-
Xn\v DNn-X-am-bXpw `‡n-{]-tNm-Z-I-hp-amb Imcy-ß-fmWv BZyta
\n¿t±-in-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw AXp ka¿∞n-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∂-
hÆw ]pXp-a-Iƒ AYhm \nZ¿i-\-ßƒ \ncØn hbv°p-I-bm-Wv.
Ah At±-l-Øns‚ kz¥-a-√. "Xncp-lr-Z-b-Zq-X\n'¬ \n∂v FSp-
Øn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. IY-Iƒ B_m-e-hr≤w P\-ßsf F{]-Imcw
kv]¿in-°p∂p F∂ Imcyw a\- n-em-°n-s°m-≠p-X-s∂-bmWv Cu
]pXp-aI
- ƒ sXc-s™-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂X - v. ]n∂o-Sp≈ P]w B kvt\l-
lr-Z-b-tØmSp \ap-°p≈ `‡nsb {]kv]-jvS-am-°p-∂Xpw \ΩpsS
bmN-\-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-h-bp-a-t{X. Xncp- -`m-kw-c-£-W-Øn\p
Xncp-lr-Z-b-`-‡n-°p≈ kzm[o\w a\- n-em-°n-s°m≠p Xs∂-
bmImw "I¿Øm-th, \ns‚ aW-hm-ń-bmb Xncp-k-`bv°p ]q¿Æ-
kzm-X{¥yw sImSp-°-W-ta...' F∂ {]m¿∞\ F√m Znh-khpw
152
sNm√p-∂-Xn\p \n¿t±-in-®-Xpw. ""Xncp-lr-Z-b-ep-Øn-\nb'' X¿÷-a-

bm-sW-¶nepw `‡-P-\-ß-fpsS lrZ-bsØ B Znhy-lr-Z-b-hp-ambn
XmZmflyw {]m]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v DNnXw Xs∂. Hmtcm Znh-khpw
sNm√p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kpIr-X-P-]hpw A\p-jvTn-t°≠ kXvIr-Xyhpw
{]tXyIw \n¿t±-in-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu `‡m-\p-jvTm\w \n¿h-ln-°p-
I-bm-sW-¶n¬ cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ B{Klw t]mse Xs∂ AXp kz¿§-
Øn-te-bv°p≈ hgn-Imń BIm-Xn-cn-°p-I-bn-s√-∂p-≈Xp \n›bw!
CXn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂ {]Xn-jvT-Iƒ, Xncp-lr-Z-b-P-]-am-e, kpIr-
X-P-]-ßƒ, k√m-]-KoXw Ch-sb√mw ]nXm-hn\p Xncp-lr-Z-b-tØm-
Sp≈ kvt\l-{]-I¿j-sØ-bmWv hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu {KŸw
kzbw cNn-®v, kz¥w sNe-hn¬ A®-Sn-∏n®v ]mh-s∏-´-h¿°pw a‰pw
Zm\-am-bn-s°m-SpØv Xncp-lr-Z-b-`‡n {]N-c-W-Øn-\mbn Ct±lw
]cn-{i-an-®n-cp∂p. C∂pw DØ-a-I-tØm-en°m IpSpw-_-ß-fn¬ \ne-
\n-∂p-t]m-cp∂ Cu `‡m-N-cWw kvt\l-]n-Xm-hns‚ imiz-X-kva-
c-Wsb \ne-\n-dp-Øp-∂-Xm-Wv.
3. hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS Bcm-[-\-k-JyX
A\p-Zn\w A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Ahn-izm-kw, A\o-
Xn, A{Iaw F∂n-hsb Zpco-I-cn®p kXy-hn-izmkw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-
°p-∂-Xn\pw am\-h-lr-Z-b-ß-fn¬ kam-[m\hpw kwXr-]vXnbpw Df-
hm-°p-∂-Xn\pw hn. Ip¿_m-\-tbm-Sp≈ `‡n-bmWv G‰hpw DNn-X-
am¿§-sa∂p a\- n-em°n B `‡n h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-th≠n
ÿm]n® Hcp kJy-amWv hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS Bcm-[\m-k-Jyw.
B≠p-h-´-Øn-ep≈ F√m-Zn-h-khpw Hmtcm aWn-°q¿ amdn-amdn 9
t]cp-hoXw (Ip-d-™Xv 3 t]¿) Bcm-[n-°pI F∂-XmWv B kJy-
Øns‚ {][m-\-\n-_-‘-\. Cu kwL-S-\-bpsS Dt±-iyw, \nb-a-ßƒ,
Bcm-[-\-k-a-b-Øp-sNm-t√≠ P]-ßƒ Ch-sb√mw tN¿Øv ""hn.
Ip¿_m-\-bpsS Bcm-[-\-k-JyX'' F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp sNdp-{KŸw
Ct±lw {]kn≤-s∏-Sp-Øn. Xm≥ XpSßnh® Hcp-a-Wn-°q¿ Bcm-
[\ IqSp-X¬ Xo£vW-X-tbmsS ê-{]-Z-ambn \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v Cu
{KŸw hf-sc-tbsd klm-bn-®n-´p-≠v. hn. Ip¿∫m-\-tbmSp a\p-jy¿
sNøp∂ \nμm-]-am-\-ßƒ°p ]cn-lm-c-am-bn-´p≈ 24 Bcm-[-\-{]-
153
I-cWw kz¿§o-b-Zq-X-tcm-sSmØv k{Im-cn-\m-Ys\ Bcm-[n-°p-∂-

Xn-\p≈ A`n-\n-th-isØ hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂p. I¿Øm-hns‚ 5 Xncp-
ap-dn-hp-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ P]w, kI-e-hn-ip-≤-cpsS epØn-\n-b, \∑-
cW {]m¿∞\ Ch-sb√mw Bcm-[-\-k-abw [ym\m-fl-I-ambn sNe-
h-gn-°p-∂-Xn\p klm-b-I-ßƒ Xs∂. Bcm-[-\-k-a-bØp sNm√p-
∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈hb-s√-¶nepw Cu sNdp-{K-Ÿ-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-
cn-°p∂ hnbm-km-{I, a‰p Nne P]-ßƒ Chbpw Ct±-l-Øns‚
kvt\tlm-÷z-e-lr-Z-b-Øns‚ _mly-{]-Im-i-\-ß-fmbn Icp-Xm-hp-
∂-Xm-Wv.
4. CS-b-te-J-\-ßƒ
13 h¿jhpw 6 amkhpw CS-b-t{i-jvT-s\∂ \ne-bn¬ tkh\w
A\p-jvTn® Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXmhv Xs‚ AP-K-W-ß-fpsS Pohn-X-
]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v ]cym-]vX-amb 113 CS-b-te-J-\-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-
´p-≠v. ]nXm-hns‚ sa{Xm-`n-tj-I-Øns‚ 75-˛mw hm¿jn-I-tØm-S-\p-
_-‘n®v ""am¿ tXmakv Ipcym-f-t»-cn-bpsS CS-b-te-J\ kwlnX''
F∂ t]cn¬ Ch {]kn≤w sNbvXp. 97-˛m-asØ CS-b-te-J\w
CXp-hsc I≠p-In-ń-bn-ń-√. 65-˛-Dw, 90-˛Dw \º¿ CS-b-te-J-\-ambn
sImSp-Øn-´p-s≠-¶nepw AXns‚ D≈-S°w ]cn-tim-[n-°p-tºmƒ
sshZn-I¿°p≈ k¿°p-e-dm-sW∂v a\- n-em°mw. 1914 G{]n¬
12\v Fgp-Xnb 6˛mw \º¿ ]nXmhv tdman\p t]mb-t∏mƒ AUvan-\n-
kvt{S-‰-dm-bn-cp∂ tam¨. Ipcym-t°mkv I≠-¶cn Fgp-Xnb Hcp
CS-b-te-J-\-am-Wv. Aßs\ t\m°p-tºmƒ ]nXmhv Fgp-Xnb CS-
b-te-J-\-ßƒ 109 FÆ-ta-bp-≈p. CXpIqSmsX sshZn-I¿°pw P\-
ßƒ°pw kntÃ-gvkn\pw hnIm-cn-am¿°pw {]tXy-I-ambn Fgp-Xnb
75 k¿°p-e-dp-Ifpw e`n-®n-´p-≠v.
AP-K-W-ß-fpsS hntam-N-\-Øn\pw c£bv°pw th≠n-bp≈
\√ CS-bs‚ A¥¿Zm-l-amWv Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hns‚ CS-b-te-
J-\-ßƒ°v `mhw ]I¿∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ss{IkvX-hm-≤ym-fln-I-X-
bpsS A¥x-k-Ø-bmb Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-Po-hnXw, Xncp-lr-Z-b-`-‡n,
Bcm-[-\-{I-a-h-’-cw, Aflm-b-t{]-jn-X-Xzw, thZ-{]-Nm-cw, t\mb-
ºm-N-c-Ww, {InkvXob `‡-ap-d-Iƒ, amXm-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS IS-a-
154
Iƒ, aX-t_m-[-\w, ss{IkvX-h-hn-Zym-`ym-kw, IpSpw-_-t£-aw, am\-

h-kw-kvIm-cw, ss{IkvX-h-Po-hn-XsØ XI¿°p∂ Xn∑-Iƒ F∂n-
ßs\ Pohn-X-kv]¿in-bmb bmYm¿∞y-ßƒ CS-b-te-J-\-ß-fn¬
]cm-a¿in-®n-´p-≠v. 1986-˛¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® ""CS-b-te-J-\-kw-lnX'-'-
bpsS Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ A`n-hμy ]Δ-Øn¬ ]nXmhv C{]-Imcw
]d-bp-∂p: ""Nß-\m-t»cn cq]-X-bnse kpdn-bm\n ItØm-en-°-cpsS
B≤ym-flnI Pohn-X-ta-J-esb {]_p-≤-am-°nb ]nXm-hns‚ Cu
{]t_m-[-\-ßƒ B Ime-L-´-Øn¬ apg-ßnb ssZh-kz-c-am-bn-cp-
∂p. hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS Pohn-X-km£n F∂ \ne-bn¬ Znhy-Im-cp-
Wy-Øns‚ A\-h-Zy-k-º-∂X hnfw-_cw sNøp∂ Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-
`-‡‚ kzc-amWv Cu CS-b-te-J-\-ß-fn¬ apg-ßn-t°ƒ°p-I. AP-
K-W-ß-fpsS Bcm-[-\-{I-a-]-c-amb Pohn-XsØ A∂sØ ]›m-
Ø-e-Øn¬ ssZh-ln-Xm-\p-kr-X-ambn hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ D]-
I-cn-°p∂ Adn-hn-s‚bpw A\p-im-k-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Hcp henb \n[n
Xs∂ Ch-bn¬ Dƒt®¿∂n-cn-°p-∂Xv \ap°p ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.''
Imen-Ihpw Imem-Xo-X-hp-amb Cu {]t_m-[-\-ti-J-c-Øn¬
kvt\l-k-a-\zn-X-amb D]-tZ-i-ß-fpw km¥z-\-Zm-b-I-ß-fmb \n¿t±-
i-ßfpw D≈n-f-°m≥t]m-cp∂ AXn-aq¿®-tb-dnb ssien-Ifpw NqtS-
dnb iIm-cß - fpw hnizm-kk- X
- y-ßf- psS kbp-‡n-Ia
- mb Bhn-jvIm-
c-hp-sa√mw sXfn-™p-{]-Im-in-°p-∂p. Xncp- -`-bpsS ]T-\-ßfpw
XXz-kw-ln-X-Ifpw hnizm-k-{]-am-W-ßfpw Pohn-X-Øns‚ D]-cn-X-
e-Øn¬ s]mßn-°n-S-°p∂ s]mßp-X-Sn-I-fm-ImsX AXns‚ A¥x-
-Øb - n-se√mw Nqgv∂n-dß
- p-∂X- n\pw Ah-bp-ambn XmZmflyw {]m]n-
®v Hcp DØa hnizm-kn-bmbn `hn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Cu CS-b-te-J-\-
ßƒ klm-bn-°pw. Hcp ]nXm-hns‚ kvt\l-hm-bvt]mSpw hm’-
ey-tØmSpw IqSn-bp≈ kvt\l-kw`m-jWw Bthmfw {ihn-°p-
∂-Xn\pw At±-l-Øns‚ \n¿t±-i-ßƒ kzoI-cn®v {]mtbm-Kn-I-am-
°p-∂-Xn\pw AXn-h{i≤m-ep-°-fm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ Bflo-
b-a-°ƒ.
5. ]≈n-I-fn¬ A\p-jvTn-t°≠ \a-kv°m-c-{Iaw
""ssZhm-e-b-sØbpw _en-]o-T-ß-sfbpw I¿Ωm-\p-jvTm-\-ß-
155
sfbpw kw_- ‘ n®v ssZhw Xs∂ ]g- b - \ n- b - a - Ø n¬ aqi

Zo¿LZ¿in-aqew G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb At\Iw \n_-‘-\-Iƒ \ap°p
ImWmw. A{]- I mcw Xs∂ \mw kXy- Ø nepw Acq- ] n- b nepw
Fßs\ ssZhsØ hWßn \a-kv°-cn-°-W-sa∂p a\p-jym-h-
Xmcw sNbvX ssZh-Ip-am-c≥, ""BIm-i-ß-fn-en-cn-°p∂'' P]w \sΩ
]Tn-∏n-®-t∏mƒ k¿Δ-tem-I-Øn\pw ]c-ky-s∏-Sp-Øn. ssZhm-cm-[-
\-{I-a-tØm-Sp-IqSn Ign-bp-∂Xpw \ΩpsS lrZ-b-ß-fn¬ ssZh-`‡n
D≠mbn hf-cp-∂-Xn\pw X∑qew ssZh-kvXpXn h¿≤n-°p-∂-Xn\pw
D]-I-cn-°p∂ Hcp {][m\ am¿§-am-bn-cn-°p-∂p. ""\ΩpsS hnIm-cn-
bm-Øn¬ Dƒs∏´ kIe ]≈n-I-fnepw s]mXp-I¿Ω-ßƒ sFI-
cq-]y-ambn A\p-jvTn-®p-h-c-W-sa∂p \mw B{K-ln-®p-sIm≠v Cu
"\a-kv°m-c-{Iaw' \nßƒ°p \mw bm{X-bm-°p-∂p. \msa-√m-hcpw
Hcp-Im-eØp \nXym-\-μ-ho-ń¬ Hcp-an®p ssZh-kvXp-Xn-Isf ]mSp-
hm≥ kwK-Xn-bm-I-Ø-°-hÆw Ct∏mƒ `qan-bn¬ Cu "\a-kv°m-c-
{Iaw' \nß-sf-√m-hcpw `‡n-]p-c- cw D]-tbm-Kn-°-W-sa∂p \mw
B{K-ln-°p-Ibpw B⁄m-]n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.'' F∂ Iev]-\-
tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Cu {KŸw {]km-[\w sNbvX-Xv. Hcp h¿j-
Øn¬ Ign-t°≠ s\mth-\-Iƒ, {XnZn-\-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw bYm-
{Iaw CXn¬ {IaoI-cn-®n-´p≠v. Cu ASp-ØI - m-ew-hsc \ΩpsS F√m
]≈n-I-fnepw Cu \a-kv°m-c-∏p-kvX-I-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-∂-Xv.
kv t \l- { ]- t Nm- Z - \ - Ø m¬ kzm\p- ` q- X n- b n¬ \n∂p- d - h m¿∂
Bflm¿∞ lrZ-b-hn-Im-c-ß-fpsS kzm`m-hnI {]hm-l-ß-fmWv Ch-
bnse ]e {]m¿∞-\-I-fpw.
6. hn. Ip¿_m\-bpsS Bcm-[-\-°m-cmb
I\ym-kv{Xo-I-fpsS \nb-a-ßƒ
""bqtdm∏p apX-emb hntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fn¬ \S-∏n-en-cn-°p∂ Bcm-
[-\m-k-`-I-tfmSv kwL-Sn-∏n-°msX kzX-{¥-ambpw kz¥-ambpw
ÿm]n® Cu k`bv°v th≠ \nb-aß - s- f√mw 1911-˛¬ _. tXmΩm®-
®≥ Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°n F∂v ""Bcm-[-\-k-\ym-kn\o k-aq-l-Øns‚
amXr-t{]m-hn≥kmb Nß-\m-t»cn sk‚ vtXmakns‚ \mfm-K-a-
Øn¬ (`mKw 1, t]Pv 32) ImWp-∂p. Cu \na-b-a-ß-tfm-sSm∏w hn.
156
Ip¿_m-\b - psS B≤ym-fln-IX - b

- p-ambn IqSp-X¬ _‘-ap-≈Xpw kaq-
l-Ønse Iq´m-bvabv°v {]m[m\yw sImSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xp-amb hn. BK-
kvXo-t\m-kns‚ N´w IqSn 1917 sk]v‰w-_¿ 14-˛mw XobXn ÿm]-
I-]n-Xmhv Bcm-[-\m-k-aq-lmw-K-ßƒ°v \¬In. 1911-˛¬ \¬Inb
\nb-a-kw-lnX _. bko¥v CMIbpsS klm-b-tØmsS ]cn-jv°-
cn®v aq∂v `mK-ß-fp≈ Hcp \ymb-{]-amWw ""hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS
Bcm-[-\-bpsS I\ym-kv{Xo-I-fpsS \nb-a-ßƒ'' F∂ t]cn¬ cq]-
s∏-Sp-Øn. AXns‚ H∂pw c≠pw `mK-ßfpw hn. AK-kvXo-t\m-
kns‚ k\ym-k-N-´hpw H∂n®ptN¿Øv A®-Sn-®-Xns‚ Hmtcm
tIm∏n 1921-˛¬ F√m kntÃ-gvkn\pw \¬In. aq∂mw `mKw (`-c-W-
{I-aw) 1923-˛¬ A®-Sn-∏n-®p. 1968 hsc Bcm-[-\m-k-aq-lmw-K-ßƒ
BN-cn-®p-t]m-∂Xv CXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. Hcp \nb-a-kw-lnX F∂-Xn-
t\-°mƒ Hcp kvt\l-]n-Xm-hns‚ hm’-ey-aq-dp∂ kw`m-jWw
F∂v CXns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ime-Øn-\-\p-k-cn-®p≈
am‰-ßƒ kzoI-cn-®p-sIm≠v \nb-am-hen \ho-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ]cn-jv°-
cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-s≠-¶nepw C∂pw kzoIm-cy-am-bXpw aß-te-
im-ØXpw lrZ-b-kv]¿in-bp-amb hne-s∏´ Imcy-ßƒ CXn¬
Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p-≠v.
7. Bcm-[-\-k-`°m-cpsS Imt\m≥ P]-]p-kvXIw
""Imt\m-\-\-a-kvImcw AXmXp doPn-bs‚ `mj-bn¬ sNm√n-h-
tc-≠-XmWv apd. F∂m¬ \nß-fpsS `mjm-]-cn-⁄m-\-°p-d-hp-
sIm≠pw a‰pw amXr-`m-j-bn¬ \nßƒ°v A®Sn-∏n-®p-X-cp-∂p. Cu
\a-kv°mcw `‡n-]q¿Δhpw G‰hpw hn\-b-tØm-Spw IqSn Xncp- -
`-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ \nß-f-\p-jvTn-°p-∂Xv ssZh-Øn\v G‰w {]km-
Zn-°p-∂Xpw Xncp- -`-bpsS kIe Bh-iy-ßfpw km[n-°p-∂-Xn\v
G‰w D]-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw \nß-fpsS ]pWy-kmw-tKm-]mw-K-Øn\v G‰w
Bh-iy-am-b-Xp-amb H∂m-Ip-∂p.
Bb- X n- \ m¬ kz¿§- h m- k n- I - t fm- S p- I qsS \nß- f psS kzcw
Db¿Øn \nß-fpsS Bfl-a-W-hm-f-\mb Cutim-bpsS Znhy-Im-
cpWy lrZ-b-{]-km-Z-Øn-\pw, temI-Xn-∑-I-fpsS ]cn-lm-c-Øn\pw
]m]n-I-fpsS am\-km-¥-c-Øn\pw, temI-k-am-[m-\-Øn\pw th≠n
\ntbm-Kn-®p-sIm≠v \nßƒ {]m¿∞n-°-W-sa∂v \mw \nßsf
157
Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p'' F∂ \n¿t±-i-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Bcm-[\ k`-

°m-cpsS Imt\m≥ P]-]p-kvXIw 1923-˛¬ At±lw A®-Sn®p \¬In-
b-Xv. ]cn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS kvXpXn-∏p-Ifpw {]m¿∞-\-Ifpw Dƒs∏-
Sp-Ønb kpdn-bm-\n-`m-j-bn¬ \n∂pw ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Ønb ]cn. I\y-
Im-a-dn-b-Øns‚ sNdnb H∏okv Bbncp∂p AXv. dwim, seen-bm,
k{] F∂n-ßs\ Znh-k-Øn¬ aq∂p-t\cw {]m¿∞n-°-Ø-°-hn-[-
amWv CXv {Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
Ah-X-cn® ssZh-kp-X≥ Cu temI-Øn¬h®v GXp-hn-[-Øn¬
{]m¿∞n-®pthm B hn[w {]m¿∞n-°p-hm≥ \n¿t±-in-®p-sIm≠v
Bcw-`-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-t®¿Øn-cn-°p∂ ""alm-i-‡nbpw al-Xzhpw
Ir]-bp-ap≈ k¿tΔ-iz-cm... '' F∂ {]m¿∞\ ]nXm-hns‚ Hcp
D¬IrjvS kΩm-\a - m-W.v F∂pw {]`m-XØ
- n¬ [ym\w Ign-™v sNm√-
W-sa∂v ]nXmhv \n¿t±-in®v Fgp-Xn-Ø∂ hmKvZm-\-P]w IqSn Cu
]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-KØp tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.
8. Bcm-[\
- k
- a
- q-lmw-Kß
- ƒ°p \¬Inb a‰p {]m¿∞-\I
- ƒ
ssZh-hp-ambn \S-Øp∂ lrZy-amb kw`m-j-W-amWv {]m¿∞\
F∂p-]-d-bmw. hm°p-I-fn-eq-sSbpw {]hr-Øn-I-fneqsSbpw hy‡n-
Isf a\- n-em-°p-∂X- p-t]m-se, Hmtcm-cp-Øc
- p-sSbpw {]m¿∞-\b- n¬
\n∂p ssZh-tØmSv Ah¿°p≈ ASp-∏-hpw, sFIyhpw a\- n-em-
°m≥ Ign-bpw. ]nXm-hns‚ {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ F√mw-Xs∂ Znhy-Im-cp-
Wy-k-{Im-cn-bnse kvt\l-cm-Ps\ tI{μo-I-cn-®p-≈-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
{]`m-X-Øn¬ BZy-ambn DcphnSp∂ {]m¿∞\ ""Fs‚ ssZh-ta....''.
lrZb-Øn¬ \nd™ kvt\l-tØm-SpIqSn-b-√msX AXnse Hmtcm
hm°pw Dcp-hn-Sp-hm≥ B¿°pw km[n-°p-I-bn-√. a\- p-sIm≠pw
lr-Z-bw-sIm≠pw Ft∏mgpw Aß-tbm-Sp-IqSn Bbn-cp-∂p-sIm-≈m-
sa-∂p≈ B {]m¿∞\ Dbn¿s°m≠ lrZbw Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-kvt\-
l-Øm¬ F{X-am{Xw Zo]vXn-a-Øm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p ImWmw. temI-
Øns‚ F√m-`m-KØpw k{Im-cn-If - n¬ ad-™n-cn-°p∂ Znhy-Im-cpWy
Cutimsb HmSn-\-S∂v Bcm-[n-°p-hm-\p≈ DXv°-S-amb Hc-`n-\n-
thiw Cu {]m¿∞-\-bn¬ Z¿in-°mw. Cutim-bpsS Xncp-lr-Z-b-
cq-]-Øn\p apºn¬ F√m-Zn-h-khpw sNm√n-h-∂n-cp∂ ""Rß-fpsS
158
c£bpw B{i-bhpw'' F∂ {]m¿∞\ Cutim-bpsS Xncp-lr-Z-b-

Øn\v Gsd {]km-Zn-°p∂ P]-hp-sa√mw ]nXm-hns‚ Xncp-lr-Z-b-
`-‡nsb shfn-hm-°p-∂p.
1922 HIvtSm-_¿ 2˛\v P]-am-e-Øn-cp-\mƒZn\w hn. Ip¿_m-\-
bpsS {]Z-£n-W-Øn-\p-tijw a°sf F√m-h-scbpw hnfn-®p-Iqń
hymgm-gvN-tXmdpw 11-˛12 hsc Xncp-a-Wn-°q¿ Bcm-[\ \S-Ø-W-
sa∂v D]-tZ-in-°p-Ibpw k`m-a-≤y-ÿ-∑m-cpsS epØn-\n-bmbpw
""kz¿§-hm-kn-Ifpw `qhm-kn-Ifpw'' F∂ \a-kv°m-chpw \¬Ip-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
k`m-kw-c-£-W-Øn-\mbn GXm\pw hnip-≤-∑msc sXc-s™-
SpØv F√m-Zn-h-khpw Ah-cpsS klmbw A`y¿∞n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-
th-≠n-bmWv k`m-a-≤y-ÿ-∑m-cpsS epØn-\nbm k`mw-K-ßƒ°p
\¬In-b-Xv.
kz¿§-hm-kn-I-fpsS kzc-tØm-sSm∏w \ΩptSbpw {]m¿∞-\m-
Km-\-ßƒ ssZh-Øns‚ ]°¬ FØn-°m-\p≈ B{K-la- mWv Bcm-
[-\a- T
- ß
- f- psS Nm∏-en¬ \n∂v F√m aWn-°q-dnepw Db¿∂p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°p∂ ""kz¿§-hm-kn-Ifpw `qhm-kn-Ifpw...'' F∂ \a-k° v m-cw. Bcm-[\
k`mw-Kß - f - psS lrZbw aWn-°q¿tXmdpw kz¿§-Øn-te°v Db¿Øp-
∂-Xn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv GXm\pw kpIr-XP - ] - ß- ƒ t¢m°-Sn-°p-tºmƒ
sNm√p-∂-Xn\p \n¿t±-in-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂-Xv.1 Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-k-∂n-[n-
bn¬ a‰p-≈-h¿ sNøp∂ A\m-Nm-c-ßƒ°pw `‡n-lo-\-Xbv°pw
]cn- l m- c - a m- b n- ´ v Znhy- I m- c p- W y- k - ∂ n- [ n- b n¬°qSn IS- ∂ p- t ]m-
Iptºmƒ c≠p-ap-´pw-IpØn, "Cutimsb ChnsS Atß kvt\l-
Øns‚ IqZm-ib - n¬ F-gp-∂≈ - n-bn-cn-°p∂ Atß Rßƒ Bcm-[n-°p∂p'
F∂ kpIr-XP - ]w sNm√-W-sa∂v At±lw \n¿t±-in-®p.
C{km-tb¬ P\-Øns‚ Pohn-X-\n-b-{¥-W-Øn-\mbn ssZhw
Ah¿°p sImSp-ØXpw G‰w ]cn-]q¿Æ-ambn ]pXnb \nb-a-Øn¬
ÿnc-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´-Xp-amb ]Øp-I-ev]-\-Iƒ°p kZr-i-ambn, Bcm-
[-\-k-`mw-K-ßƒ ]pWy-]q¿ÆX {]m]n-°p-∂-Xn-\pw A]q¿Æ-X-I-
fn¬\n-s∂m-gn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-ambn ]Øp hmKvZm-\-P]w 1922 sabv 7˛mw
1. ss]Xr-Iw, 2˛mw ]Xn-∏v
159
XobXn ]nXmhv FgpXn \¬In. {hX-{X-bsØ A\yq\w ]men-®p-

sIm≠v ssZh-kvt\-l-Ønepw ]c-kvt\-l-Ønepw ]q¿WX {]m]n-
®psIm≈msa∂v Hcp kvt\l-ap≈ aW-hmń Xs‚ Znhy-a-W-hm-
f\p hm°p-sIm-Sp-°p-I-bpw, AXn-\p-th≠ ssZhm-\p-{Klw A-hn-Sp-
tØmSpw Atß {]nb-am-Xm-hn-t\mSpw bmNn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂
cwKw F{Xbpw kPo-h-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ Hcp kvt\l-I-
em-Im-c-s\-bmWv Cu hmKvZm-\-P-]-Øn-eqsS \mw ImWp-I. G‰hpw
efn-Xhpw A¿∞-]q¿Æ-hp-amb hn[-Øn¬ Hcp k∂ym-kn-\nsb
Xs‚ IS-a-I-sf-∏‰n t_m[-h-Xn-bm-°n, Xs‚ _e-lo-\X a\- n-
em-°n, Znhy-\m-Ys‚ klm-b-Øn¬ i‡nbpw Dd∏pw Is≠-Øp-
hm≥ Cu {]m¿∞\ klm-bn-°p-∂p. Bh¿Ø-\h - n-ck
- X Fs∂m∂v
CXn-\n-√. C∂pw \hy-ambn tXm∂p∂ Hcp kpμ-c-hm-KvZm-\-am-Wn-
sX∂v Bcpw kΩ-Xn-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bn-√.
Aa-tem-¤-h-am-Xm-hn\v {]tXyIw {]Xn-jvTn-X-cmb Bcm-[\
k\ym-kn-\n-Iƒ ]. AΩ-bpsS kwc-£-Whpw a≤y-ÿ-Xbpw
F∂pw At]-£n-°p-hm≥ th≠n-bmWv ""ssZh-P-\-\n-bmb Aa-
tem-¤-h-I-\yIm adn-b-ta...'' F∂p XpS-ßp∂ P]w \¬In-b-Xv.
k`mw-K-ßsf hnip-≤n-bn¬ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-hm≥ ]cn. AΩ-bpsS
{]tXyI A\p-{Klw bmNn-®p-sIm≠v adn-bta \o ]cn-]q¿Æ kpμ-
cn- b m- I p∂p F∂ {]m¿∞\bpsS A\p- _ - ‘ - a mbn aq∂p
\∑\nd™ adn-b-ta....bpw Bio¿hm-Z-{]m¿∞-\-Ifpw IqSn Iqń-
t®¿Øp.
Hcp acn-b-Zm-ks‚ lrZ-b-Øp-Sn-∏p-Ifpw tXß-ep-I-fp-amWv
""I\ytI \o ImØn-tSWw'', ""Rßsf \o Hm amXmth'' F∂o
kvXpXn-∏p-I-fnepw {]I-S-am-Ip-∂-Xv.
tIcf ItØm-en-°m-k-`bv°p s]mXp-thbpw Bcm-[-\-k-
`bv°p {]tXy-I-ambpw \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ Cu {]m¿∞-\-I-fn¬
{]m¿∞-\-bpsS PohnXw \bn-°p-Ibpw a‰p-≈-h¿°p {]m¿∞-\-
bpsS ssNX\yw ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNbvX Hcp t{]jn-X-h-
cys\ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
160
A¥y-cw-K-ßƒ
12
A¥y-cw-K-ßƒ
hnip≤cpsS P\\w A]q¿Δ-amtb temI-Øn¬ kw`-hn-°m-dp-

≈q. B P\-\hpw Pohn-Xhpw temI-Øn-s\m-c-\p-{K-l-am-Wv. ]t£
Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Imew ]e-t∏mgpw {lkz-am-bn-cn-°m-\mWv km[y-
X. ""KpWn-I-fq-gn-bn¬ \o≠p-hmgm'' F∂m-Wt√m B]vX-hm-Iyw.
Xß-fpsS Pohn-XImeØp Xs∂ a‰p-≈-h¿°p amXr-Ibpw am¿§-
\n¿t±- i hpw \¬In P\- l r- Z - b - ß - f n¬ Ah¿ ÿnc- { ]- X njv T
t\Sp∂p. Cßs\ kzX-\-b¿°v Xmßpw XW-ep-ambn, kvt\l-
Øn-s‚bpw tkh-\-Øn-s‚bpw hnf-\n-e-am-bn, Np‰p-]mSpw kpIr-X-
°-Xn-cp-Iƒ hoin-s°m≠v ]cn-e-kn® Hcp ]pWy-]p-cp-j-\mWv
[\y≥ Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ tXmΩm sa{Xm≥.
""acWw \n›-bw, kabw \n›-b-an√'' F∂p≈ XXzw icn°pw
Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂n´pw Ipcym-f-t»cn -]n-Xmhv B¥-cn-I-t{]-c-W-bm¬
h’-e-a-°-tfmSp Xs‚ A¥y-sØ-°p-dn®v ]eXpw ]d-™n-´p-≠m-
bn-cp-∂p. Ah-sb√mw A£-cix \nd-th-dn-°≠ - t- ∏m-gmWv B ]pWy-
]p-cp-js‚ {]h-N-\-i‡n F{X-am-{X-sa∂p ]p{X-k-am-\¿t]mepw
a\- n-em-°n-b-Xv. th¿]m-Sns‚ thZ\ Bcp-am-cp-a-dn-bmsX At±-
lsØ \nc-¥cw Ae-´p-∂p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B thZ-\-bpsS _ln¿K-
a\w ]e-t∏mgpw \S-∂n-´p-ap≠v. Ah-km-\-\m-fp-I-fn¬ Xs‚ Bflo-
b- X-\-b-cn¬ Bsc-¶nepw Ac-a-\-bn¬ sN∂m¬ At±lw Nmcp-I-
tk-c-bn¬ IÆ-S-®p-In-S-∂p-sIm≠v ""Rm≥ acn-®p, Itº¬am-d≥
]mSpI'' F∂p ]d-bpw. Cßs\ ]e {]mhiyw Iev]n-°p-tºmƒ
Ah¿ Ic-™p-Xp-S-ßpw. At∏mƒ hn\m-hn-fw_w Rm≥ acn-®p-In-S-
°p-Ibpw B hm¿Ø \nßƒ Adn-bp-Ibpw sNøpw. At∏mƒ
161
Ic-™p-sIm-≈p-I. Rm≥ XS-bp-I-bn-√. C∂p Ic-tb≠'' F∂m-bn-

cn°pw adp-]-Sn.
Pq_n-en-h-’-c-Øn¬ (1925-˛¬) tdman¬ \S-°p∂ hn. sIm®p-
t{X-kym-bpsSbpw hnbm\n ]pWy-hm-s‚bpw \ma-I-c-W-®-S-ßn¬
kw_-‘n-°pI X\n-t°‰w {]nb-¶-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. tdmΩm-k-μ¿i-\m-
\-¥cw {]Xym-K-a\w D≠m-Ip-I-bn-s√∂v ]nXm-hn\v ]cn-]q¿Æ-t_m-
[y-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. bm{Xbv°p apºv C°mcyw ]e-t∏mgpw kqNn-∏n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ah-km-\-L-´-Øn¬ Xm≥ sNtø-≠-h-sb√mw
]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bXv ac-W-Øn-\p≈ Hcp-°-am-bn-cp-∂nt√? tdmΩm-
bm-{Xbv°p apºv aTw kμ¿i-\-th-f-bn¬ ""bm{X-]-d-bp-hm≥ h∂-
Xm-Wv. CsXs‚ Ah-km-\-k-μ¿i-\-amWv'' F∂m-bn-cp-∂p At±-
l-Øns‚ hm°p-Iƒ. hmg-∏-≈n-a-T-Øn¬h®v C°mcyw Bh¿Øn-
°bpw \nßƒ \√ Ip™p-ß-fmbn Pohn-°Ww F∂pw a‰pw ]d-
bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ""]nXm-th, Cu ]d-bp-∂s - X-¥m-sW∂v Rßƒ°v
a\- n- e m- I p- ∂ n√'' F∂p kntÃgv k v sXm≠- b n- S dn ]d- ™ p.
""Ct∏mƒ H∂pw a\- n-em-t°-≠, Ipsd-°-gn-bp-tºmƒ aWn-\mZw
tIƒ°pw, At∏mƒ kwKXn a\- n-em-Ipw.'' F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xp-
tI´v F√m-hcpw hmhn´p Ic-™p. ]nXmhv Ah-tcmSp km¥z-\-h-N-
p-Iƒ Acpfn Biz-kn-∏n-®-tijw Xncn-®p-t]m-bn.
1925 am¿®v 18˛mw XobXn IØo-{U¬ ]≈n-bnse Znhy-_-en-°p-
ti-j-ap≈ {]kw-K-k-a-bØpw Xs‚ A¥y-Øn\p hnfw-_-an-s√-
∂mWv At±lw kqNn-∏n-®-Xv. {]kw-Km-\-¥cw F√m-h-scbpw
tamXncw apØn-®p. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ Hcmƒ c≠p {]mhiyw apØp-
∂-Xn\p h∂-t∏mƒ IqsS-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ A®≥ ""\o H∂p apØn-b-
Xt√?'' F∂p ]d-™p-XS- ™ - p. Ah\v C\nbpw Fs‚ ssI apØm≥
km[n-°p-I-bn√; BI-bm¬ apØn-s°m-≈s´'' F∂p ]d-™p-
sIm≠v ho≠pw apØn-®p. Cu Bibw Xs∂ kqNn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v
B Znhkw Xs∂ _. NmeßmSn tXmΩm-®-s\bpw c≠p-{]m-hiyw
tamXncw apØn-®p. ]t£, CsX√mw Ime-Xm-akw IqSmsX hcm-
\n-cn-°p∂ Imcy-ß-fm-sW∂v Bcpw Icp-Xn-bn-√. {]nb-s∏-´-h-cpsS
th¿]mSv Bsc-¶nepw B{K-ln-°ptam? F√mw Pohn-Xm-¥y-Øns‚
162
A¥y-cw-K-ßƒ
{]h-N-\-ßƒ am{Xw!
tdmΩm-bm-{Xbpw ac-Whpw
Pq_n-en-h¿jw {]am-Wn®v tdman\p t]mIp-hm≥ Xocp-am-\n®
]nXmhv 1925 am¿®v 7˛mw XobXn Xs‚ tdmam-bm{X Adn-bn-®v
{]m¿∞\ A`y¿∞n-®p-sIm≠v Hcp CS-b-te-J\w F√m ]≈n-
Iƒ°pw Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. am¿®v 18-˛mw XobXn Nß\mt»cn-∏≈n-
bn¬ Zn- h y- _ en A¿∏n- ® - t ijw F√m- h - t cmSpw bm{X- ] - d ™
]nXmhv A∂p-®-I-gn™v Xs‚ sk{I-´dn _. Imfm-t»-cn¬ Pbnw-
k-®\pw Ip™-∏nbpw H∂n®v sIm√-tØ-°p ]pd-s∏-´p. Hcp Imdn-
emWv Ac-a-\-bn¬ \n∂p t]mb-Xv. Hcm-gvN-tbmfw sIm√Øp Xma-
kn-®p. Ahn-sS-h®v Hcp Znhkw Ip¿_m\ ]Ip-Xn-bm-b-t∏mƒ Hcp
tamlm-ekyw D≠m-sb-¶nepw s]s´∂v F√mw kpJ-am-bn. A∂p
sshIn´v _. Pbnw-k-®s‚ apdn-bn¬ h∂v, hmXn¬°¬ \n∂ `rXy-
t\m-Smbn ""\nßƒ Hmtcm-cpØ¿ Fs∂ Dt]-£n-®-t√m, tdma-bn¬
sN√p-tºmƒ _. Pbnw-k-®\pw Fs∂ hnSpw'' F∂v ]d-bp-I-bp-
≠m-bn. _. Pbnw-k-®\v AXns‚ A¿∞w GXm≠p a\- n-em-sb-
¶nepw shdpw Hcp t\cw-t]m-°mbn AXns\ IcpXn. sIm√-Øp-
\n∂pw h≠n-I-bdn sNt¶m´ `mK-am-b-t∏mƒ ""ChnsSbm-Wt√m
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns‚ AXn¿Øn'' F∂p ]d-™p-sIm≠v Fgp-t∂-‰p-
\n∂v 3 {]mhiyw Bio¿Δ-Zn-®p. ""B¿°-dnbmw C\n Rm≥ hcptam''
F∂p ]d-™p-sIm≠ncp-∂p. XqØp-°p-Sn-bn¬ \n∂p I∏¬ hn´-
t∏mƒ C≥Uysb apgp-h≥ Bio¿Δ-Zn-®p.
am¿®v 25-˛mw XobXn sImfw-t_mbn¬ \n∂p bm{X-Xn-cn-°p-sa-
∂m-bn-cp∂p t\csØ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂X
- v. F∂m¬ I∏¬ hs∂-Øm≥
Xma-kn-®-Xp-sIm≠v Hcm-gvN-tbmfw AhnsS Xma-kn-t°-≠-Xmbn
h∂p. G{]n¬ 6˛mw XobXnbmWp sImfw-t_mbn¬ \n∂p ]pd-
s∏-´-Xv. tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw Im≥Un-bn¬ ]Tn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂
sshZnI hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ D÷z-e-Ømb Hcp kzoI-cWw ]nXm-hn\p
sImSp-Øp. ¢mkn-√mØ kabw an°-hmdpw Ah¿ ]nXm-hns‚ ASp-
°¬ Xs∂ sNe-hg- n-®p. ]nXm-hns‚ kvt\l-hm-’e- y-ßƒ icn°pw
a\-knem-°nb B sshZnI hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ amdn amdn eosh-SpØp
163
]nXm-hn-t\m-Sp-IqSn Ign-®p-Iq-ń. F¶nepw Ft¥m Hcp ZpxJ-`mhw

At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂ hey-®-∑m¿
IqSn a\- n-em°n ]e-t∏mgpw tNmZn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-h®v
ap≥\n-c-bnse Iogv`m-K-Øp≈ \Sp-∏√v Cf-In. AXv I∏-en¬h®p
]dn-™p-t]m-bn. ""CsXmcp ip`-an-√m-bvIb - mWp Pbnw-k® - m. Ctßcp
Xs∂ Xncn-®p-t]m-tc-≠n-h-cpw, Rm≥ Xncn-®p-h-cn-I-bn√'' F∂p
]d-™p. Cu ên-tXm-‡n-bn¬ A¥¿`-hn-®n-cp-∂ {]h-N-\Xzw
Bcpw Imcy- a mbn Icp- X n- b n- s √- ∂ p- a m{Xw! sN¶- S - e n¬ h®v
hmXtcmKw hfsc tIm]n-s®-¶nepw ssZhm-\p-{K-l-Øm¬ Xm¬°m-
en-I-ambn sNbvX NnIn-’-sIm≠p kpJw {]m]n-®p. G{]n¬ 29˛\p
_p[-\mgvN cmhnse tdman¬ kkpJw FØn-t®¿s∂∂ hm¿Ø
Xs‚ AP-K-W-ßsf kwXr-]vX-cm-°n. bm{X-bv°n-S-bn¬ hni-Z-hn-
h-c-ßƒ ImWn-®p-sIm≠v _lp. Pbnw-k-®≥ \mep IØv Ac-a-\-
bn-te-bv°-b-®n-cp-∂p. B IØp-I-sf√mw Zo]n-I-bn¬ {]kn≤w
sNbvXp.
tdman¬ FØnb DSs\ Nß-\m-t»cn cq]-X-°m-cmb sshZn-I-
hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ ]nXm-hns\ kμ¿in®p Pq_n-en-aw-K-f-ßƒ Biw-
kn-®p. Ah-tcmSpw ""Rm≥ CØ-hW ac-W-Øn-s\m-cpßn F√m-h-
scbpw Ic-bn-®pw-sh-®mWv h∂n-cn-°p-∂-Xv'' F∂p-]-d™p. ""\nß-
tfmSv bm{X-]-d-bp-hm-\mWv ChnsS h∂n-cn-°p-∂Xv''. _lp-am-\y-
cmb amXyp hcn-°-bn¬, G{_lmw hS-t°¬, kndn-b°v Im∏≥
XpS-ßn-b-h-cm-bn-cp∂p Nß-\m-t»cn cq]-X-°m¿. ]nXr-k-a£w
hfsc kzmX{¥yhpw kzmX-{¥y-Øn\p X° hmKvhn-em-k-hp-ap-≠m-
bn-cp∂ _. G{_lmw hS-t°¬ ]p{X-\n¿Δn-ti-j-amb Hcp imk-
\-bpsS kzc-Øn¬ ""]nXm-hn-s\-t∏mgpw CtX ]d-bm-\pt≈m?''
F∂p tNmZn-®p. ""\nßƒ°p hnj-a-am-sW-¶n¬ Rm\Xp ]d-bp-
∂n√'' F∂ km¥z-\-tØmsS Ipi-e-{]-iv\-ß-fn-te°p IS-∂p.
tdman¬ Bbn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ BZysØ BgvN-bn¬ XWp-∏p-sIm≠v
Aev]w hnjaw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F¶nepw ]ns∂ c≠m-gvN-tØbv°v
]nXmhv Btcm-Ky-hm-\m-bn ImW-s∏´p. "F\n°v CXp-t]mse kpJw
A©mdp h¿j-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ D≠m-bn-ń√' F∂p _. Pbnw-k-®-
t\mSpw a‰p ]e-tcmSpw ]d-™p. Cu Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ]e ]≈n-Ifpw
164
A¥y-cw-K-ßƒ
\S∂p kμ¿in-®p. ]cn-N-b-°m-cmb ]e I¿±n-\m-f-∑m-cp-sS-b-SpØpw

t]mbn. ]gb kvt\ln-X-∑m-cpsS hk-Xn-I-fn¬s®∂v Ahsc I≠p
kwkm-cn-®p. A\-¥cw am¿∏m-∏m-tbbpw a‰pw kμ¿in®v cq]X
kw_-‘n® ]e Imcy-ßfpw A[n-Im-c-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬ [cn-∏n®p
th≠ A\p-hm-Z-ßƒ°pw B\p-Iq-ey-ßƒ°pw At]-£ Fgp-Xn-
s°m-Sp-Øp. tcmK-_m-[n-X-\m-Ip-∂-Xn\p Xte-Zn-hkw sa{Xm-∑msc
I√-d-bn¬ InSØn AS°w sNøp∂ coXn tam¨. l√m_nbsb
(A-t±-l-Øns‚ hk-Xn-bn-emWv tdmam-bn-se-Øn-b-tijw ]nXmhv
Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.) InS-°-bn¬ InS∂p ImWn-®p-sIm-Sp-ØXv Xs‚
acWw Bk-∂-ambn F∂ Adn-hns‚ Hcp {]I-S-\-am-bn-cp-∂p.
hnip-≤-cpsS \ma-I-cWw kw_-‘n®v sabv 25-˛mw XobXn hn.
]t{Xm-kns‚ ssZhm-e-b-Øn¬ h®p \S∂ NS-ßp-I-fn¬ ]nXmhv
]s¶-SpØp. A©mdv aWn-°q¿ Im∏ C´p \n∂-Xp-sIm≠v Ipsd
£oW-ap-≠m-bn. Cu I¿Ω-ß-fn¬ kw_-‘n-°p-∂-Xn\p _. Pbnw-
k-®≥ XS w ]d-s™-¶nepw ]nXmhv kΩ-Xn-®n-√. A∂v D®-I-
gn™v k‘y- h sc Dd- ß n. ]nt‰ Znhkw ]Xn- h p- t ]mse hn.
Ip¿∫m\ sNm√n. ]n∂oSv Hcp Ata-cn-°≥ sa{Xms\ kμ¿in-
°m≥ t]mI-W-sa∂p ]d-™p. _. Pbnw-k-®≥ kΩ-Xn-®n-√. ""{]nb
]nXm-th, C∂v Hcn-SØpw t]mtI-≠. £oWw h¿≤n-°pw'' F∂-
t±lw ]d-™-X-\p-k-cn®v Hcp hnip-≤s‚ Ncn{Xw hmbn-®p-sIm≠v
D®-hsc apdn-bn¬Øs∂ sNe-h-gn-®p. D®-I-gn-™-t∏mƒ s{]m∏-
Km-¥m-bnse Nß-\m-t»-cn-°m-cmb sshZn-I-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ awK-f-
]-{Xhpw kΩm-\-hp-ambn ]nXm-hns\ ImWp-hm≥ h∂p. ImcWw
]nt‰- Z n- h kw ]nXm- h ns‚ Ip¿_m- \ - ∏ - ´ - Ø ns‚ Ccp- ] - Ø mdmw
hm¿jn-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. A∂v Ah-cpsS tImfPv Nm∏-en¬ Ip¿∫m\
sNm√p-∂-Xn\v Ah¿ £Wn-®p. kt¥m-j-]q¿Δw £Ww kzoI-
cn®p Ipń-Iƒ°v kΩm-\hpw \¬In ]d-™-b®p.
]nXmhv ]utcm-lnXyw kzoI-cn-®n´v 26 h¿jw XnI™ 27-˛mw
XobXn cmhnse Fgp-t∂‰v {]`m-X{- ]m¿∞-\I
- ƒ°p-tijw _. Pbnw-
k-®s‚ ]°¬ Zo¿L-ambn Ipºkm-cn-®p. Xma-k-ÿ-e-Øp-\n∂pw
s{]m∏-Km-¥ tImf-Pn¬ Im¬\-S-bmbn sN∂v, [ym\m-\-¥-cw hn.
165
Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®p. 120 siΩm-»-∑m¿°v hn. Ip¿_m\ Fgp-∂-≈n-

®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. Xs‚ Alma mate Bb s{]m∏-Km¥m skan-\m-cn-bnse
Nm∏-en¬ Aßs\ Xs‚ Ah-km\ Znhy-_en A¿∏n-°p-hm-\p≈
`mKyw At±-l-Øn\p e`n-®p. Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ ap≥Iqń ]d-™n-
cp-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v _. Pbnw-k-®≥ ssIXm-ßn-bn-cp-∂p. CSbv°v
Aev]w hnjaw D≠m-sb-¶nepw A]-I-S-sam∂pw kw`-hn-®n-√. D]-
Im-c-kva-cW Ign™p _. sdIvS-d-®≥ Im∏n-Ip-Sn-°p-∂-Xn-\m-bn´v
Du´p-]p-c-bn-tebv°p sIm≠p-t]m-bn. _. Pbnw-k-®≥ Ip¿_m\
Ign™p Im∏n-Ip-Sn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ ]nXmhp O¿±n®p F∂
hnhcw Adn™v DS≥Xs∂ ASp-sØ-Øn. Nne {]mY-anI NnIn-
’-Iƒ sNbvX-t∏mƒ Aev]w Bizmkw I≠p. D®-I-gn-™-t∏mƒ
At¥mIym ]m{Xn-bm¿°o-kns‚ {]Xn-\n[n tam¨ l√m-_n-
bmbpsS hk-Xn-bn-tebv°p sIm≠p-t]m-∂p. h≠n-bn¬ Ib-dn-bXpw
apI-fn¬ \n∂n-dß - n-bXpw X\n-®m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw icn-°p≈ t_m[w
D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. h≠n-bn¬ Ib-dn-b-t∏mƒ ""thKw t]mI-s´, \ap°v
Ip¿_m\ sNm√-Ww. ]nt≈cp Ip¿_m\ ImWm≥ ImØn-cn-°p-I-
bm-W-t√m.'' Fs∂m-s°-bmWv ]d-™-Xv. D≠mb hnh-c-sa√mw
Pbnw-k-®≥ ]d-s™-¶nepw ""Ctßcp hrYm ]d-bp-I-bm-Wv. Fs∂-
s°m≠v Ip¿_m\ Fgp-∂-≈n-®p-sIm-Sp-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ D]mbw
{]tbm-Kn-°-bmWv'' F∂m-bn-cp∂p adp-]-Sn. Xma-k-ÿ-e-sØ-Ønb
DSs\ Hcp tUmIvSsd hcpØn ]cn-tim-[n-®-t∏mƒ c‡-hm-X-am-
sW∂p a\- n-em-bn. ap≥]p-≠m-bn-cp∂ tcmKw ]q¿Æ-ambn t`Z-
s∏-ń-s√∂pw A]-I-S-sam-∂p-an-s√-¶nepw hfsc kq£n-°-W-sa∂pw
Bbn-cp∂p tUmIvS-dpsS \n¿t±-iw. ]nt‰-Zn-hkw Ip¿_m\ sNm√p-
∂-Xn\p Xmev]cyw ImWn-s®-¶nepw t_m[-∏-I¿®-bp-≈-Xn-\m¬
kΩ-Xn-®n-√. hn. Ip¿_m\ Fgp-∂-≈n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. CXn-\n-Sbv°v
HutZym-Kn-I-ambn \n¿h-ln-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ sNøp-hm≥ ad-∂n-cp-
∂n-√. Xs‚ tcmK-hn-hcw hnZq-c-X-bn-en-cn-°p∂ Xs‚ h’-e-X-\-
bsc thZ-\n-∏n-°p-sa-∂p a\- n-em°nb ]nXm-h,v \mń-tebv°p Pbnw-
k-®≥ Fgp-Xnb Fgp-Øn¬ tcmK-hn-hcw ImWn-°c - p-sX∂p {]tXyIw
\n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂p.
166
A¥y-cw-K-ßƒ
ssZhØns‚ A\¥{Ia-h¬°-c-W-Øn¬ Kpcp-∏-´-Zn-hkw

sNm√nb Ip¿_m\ Ah-km-\sØ Ip¿_m\ Bbn-cn-°p-sa-∂pw,
hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS Hcp thZ-km-£n-bmbn acn-°-W-sa-∂m-bn-cn°mw
I¿Øm-hns‚ \n›bw F∂pw-a-‰p-ap≈ Nn¥ _. Pbnw-k-®s\
h√msX thZ-\n-∏n-®p. AXn-\m¬ DS-s\-Xs∂ as‰mcp tUmIvSsd
hcpØn ]cn-tim-[n-∏n®p. AXn-\p-tijw Nmcn‰n {_tZ-gvkns‚
tdmanse ssS_¿ \Zn-bnse Zzo]n-ep≈ ^mtØt_t\ {^Ø√n
(Fatebene fratelli) Bkv]{Xn-bn-te-°p-am-‰n. am¿]m-∏m-bpsS {]tXyI
kwc-£-W-bn¬ D≈ Hcp henb Bkv]-{Xn-bm-W-Xv. \mep {_tZ-
gvkns\ ]nXm-hns\ ip{iq-jn-°p-hm\pw \nb-an-®p.
_. Pbnw-k-®≥ ASp-Ø-ap-dn-bn¬ Xma-kn-®p. ho≠pw hØn-
°m≥ tUmIvSsd h-cpØn ]cn-tim-[n-∏n-®p. c‡-hm-X-amWv tcmK-
sa∂pw c≠p- Zn-hkw Dd-ßn-bm¬ kpJ-ap-≠m-Ip-sa∂pw tUmIvS¿
A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. `£Ww ]mep am{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]nt‰-Zn-hkw
Ip¿_m\ sNm√p-∂-Xn\v B{Klw ImWn-®p. ""]¥-°pkvXm At√
aIt\'' F∂v Pbnw-k-®-t\mSp ]d-™-t∏mƒ ""Fs‚ ]nXm-th,
B{Klw aXn ]pWy-Øn-\v. sshZys‚ Iev]\ ssZh-Øn-t‚-Xm-
bn´v hnNm-cn-°Ww'' F∂pw a‰pw ]d™p Ip¿_m\ sNm√n-®n-√.
AXn-\p-tijw 11 aWn hsc InS-∂p-d-ßn. DW¿∂-t∏mƒ henb
Xe-th-Z-\. c‡-tZm-j-am-sW-∂p ]d™v tUmIvS¿ k‘y-tbmsS
Iptd Zpjn® c‡w Imep-Xp-f®v FSp-Øp-I-f-™p. AXp-sIm≠v
Aev]w kpJw tXm∂n. cm{Xn Dd-ßn.
ASp-ØZ- n-hkw _. Pbnw-k® - ≥ Ip¿_m-\°
- W
- °
- n-s\-∏‰n tNmZn-
®- d n- ™ p. D®- I - g n- ™ p- ho≠pw tcmKw IqSp- X - e m- b n. \mep
tUmIvS¿am¿ amdn amdn ip{iq-jn-®p. Pq¨ c≠mw XobXn cmhnse
Aev]w Bizmkw D≈-Xmbn tXm∂n-sb-¶nepw \mUn-bn-Sn-∏n¬
]ni-Ip-s≠∂p tUmIvS¿am¿°p a\- n-em-bn. hnhcw tNmZn-®t- ∏mƒ
8 aWn Ign-bp-Ibn√ F∂m-bn-cp∂p DØ-cw. B hnhcw Adn™
DSs\ _. Pbnw-k-®\p Xe-I-d-°-ap-≠m-bn. F¶nepw ssZhm-\p-{K-
l-Øm¬ s]s´∂v F√mw amdn. DS≥Xs∂ A¥y-Iq-Zm-i-bv°p-
th≠ G¿∏mSp sNbvXp. Adn-bn-t°-≠-h-sc-sb√mw hnhcw Adn-
167
bn-®p. Hcp aWn-°q¿ sIm≠v Bip-]-{Xn-ap‰w apgp-h≥ tamt´m¿Im-

dp-Iƒ sIm≠v \nd-™p. 11˛mw ]obqkv Xncpta\n-bpsS {]tXy-Im-
io¿ΔmZw sIm≠p-h-∂Xv At±-l-Øns‚ sk{I-´-dn-bmb I¿±n-\mƒ
Xm®n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. kpdn-bm-\n-∏p-kvXIw C√m-Xn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ A¥y-
Iq-Zm-i-Iƒ sImSp-ØXp eØo≥ sa{Xm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. c≠p an\n-´p-
Ign-™n-cp-s∂-¶n¬ ip≤-Ip¿∫m\ Cd-°m≥ ]mSn-√msX ht∂t\
F∂p tUmIvS¿ ]d-™p. ]nXm-hn-t\m-sSmØp Zo¿L-\mƒ Pohn-
°p-∂-Xn\pw I_-dnSw hsc ]cn-N-cn-°p-∂-Xn\pw `mK-tYbw e`n®
_. Pbnw-k-®\p ac-W-i-ø-bn¬h®p aq∂p {]mhiyw A\p-{K-lm-
in- p-Iƒ \¬In F∂Xp {]tXyIw {]kvXm-hy-am-Wv. DS-t\-Xs∂
ssIøpw Imepw Xf¿∂p. Fd-Wm-Ipfw sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm, am¿
AK-Ãn≥ I≠-Øn¬ Xncp-ta\n apń-t∑¬ \n∂v "Cutim-a-dnbw'
sNm√ns°mSpØp-sIm≠ncp∂p. CXn-\n-Sbv°v _. Pbnw-k® - ≥ kpJ-
t°Sp IqSpXemsW∂p ImWn®v \mń-te°v Iºn ASn-®p. acWw
ASpØp F∂v F√m-h¿°pw Xo¿®-bm-bn. At\Iw t]¿ amdn--amdn
h∂p-I-≠p. A¥y-Im-e-{]m¿∞\ 8 {]mh-iy-tØmfw Hmtcm sa{Xm-
∑m¿ amdn-am-dn-s®m-√n. 3 aWn-°p-tijw henhp i‡n-bm-bn. AXp
h¿≤n®p XmSn FSpØp 3 {]mhiyw hen-®p. Zo\-ip-{iq-j-bn¬
ka¿∞\pw ]nXm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ kvt\lm-Z-c-ß-fn¬ anI® ]p{X-\p-
amb _. hS-°-bn¬ A{_lmw siΩm-»s‚ aSn-bn-em-bn-cp∂p inc-
v. Hcp ssI XpS-bv°p-ta¬ inckv Xmßp-∂-Xn\pw at‰-ss°bv
]nXm-hn\p i‡n-bm-bp≈ Xe-th-Z\ ian-°m≥ s\‰n Aa¿Øn-
∏n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\pw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ B h’-e-]p-{Xs‚
hm°p-Iƒ: ""Ipcn-ip-aWn ASn-®p. kz¿tem-I-cm⁄n B\-μn-®mepw
F∂p sNm√n-b-£-W-Øn¬ ]nXm-hns‚ apJØv Hcp sh´-ap-≠m-
bn. DSs\ ]nXmhv H∂p O¿±n-®p. aq°nepw hmbn-epw-IqsS IdpØp
I´-]n-Sn® c‡w ]pd-tØ-bv°p-h-∂p. _. Pbnw-k-®≥ Xqhm-e-sb-
SpØv c‡w XpS-®p-am-‰n. ASp-Ø-\n-anjw Hcp O¿±n IqSn, AX-¥y-
izm-k-am-bn-cp-∂p.'' F√m-hcpw "sZ s{]m¥nkv' sNm√n. _. Pbnw-
k®≥ Dds° \ne-hn-fn-®p-sIm≠v t_m[-c-ln-X-\m-bn. Hcp aWn-
°q¿ Ign-™-t∏mƒ t_m[w hoW Pbnw-k-®≥ ac-W-hn-hcw \mń-
te-bv°-dn-bn-®p.
168
A¥y-cw-K-ßƒ
I_-dS- °w
DS-s\-Xs∂ am¿∏m∏m, I¿±n-\m-f-∑m¿ apX-em-b-hsc t^m¨
aptJ\ hnhcw Adn-bn-®p. kwkvImc-Øn-\p-th≠ £W-∏-{X-ßƒ
cm{Xn-Xs∂ A®-Sn-∏n-®p. tdmΩm-bn¬ I¿±n-\m-f-∑m-sc-t∏mepw
"Imtºmshcmt\m' F∂ s]mXp skan-tØ-cn-bn-emWv AS-°p-∂-
Xv. F∂m¬ s{]m∏-Km¥m I¿±n-\m-f-∑m¿°pw siΩm-»-∑m¿°p-am-
bn-´p-am{Xw Hcp It∏-fbpw I√-dI
- fpw s]mXp-sk-an-tØ-cn-bn¬ ]Wn-
Xn-´p-≠v. AhnsS ]nXm-hns\ AS-°-W-sa∂v B{K-ln®v _. Pbnw-
k-®≥ s{]m∏-Km¥m sdIvS-dnt\mSv At]-£n-®p. I¿±n-\mƒ s{]m∏-
Km-¥-kwLw IqSn Btem-Nn-®p. Ah¿°v A{X kΩ-X-a-√m-bn-cp-
∂p. am¿∏m- ∏ m- h sc tIkp t]mbn. Ah- k m\w I¿±n- \ mƒ
hm≥tdmkv kz¥-thm-´mse "Imtºm-sh-cmt\m'bnse s{]m∏-Km¥
skan-\mcn hI knan-tØcn It∏-f-bn¬ kuP-\y-ambn AS-°p-∂-
Xn\v A\p-h-Zn-®p. 3˛mw XobXn _p[-\mgvN ImeØv Fd-Wm-Ipfw
sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØ am¿ AK-Ãn≥ I≠-Øn¬ ]nXmhv s]m¥n-^n-
°¬ Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®p. _lp. Pbnw-k-®-\pw ]™n-°m-c-\-®\pw
as‰mcp eØo≥ doØn¬s∏´ sshZn-I\pw kl-Im¿Ωn-I-cm-bn-cp-
∂p. s{]m∏-Km¥m Ipń-Iƒ ]mSn. ]uc-kvXy-Xn-cp-kw-L-Øns‚
Xe-h≥ I¿±n-\mƒ Xm®n, I¿±n-\mƒ kte-kvIn, tam¨. tdm®v
XpSßn ]e I¿±n-\m-f-∑mcpw sa{Xm∑mcpw H∏okv \S-Øn. CXn-\n-
Sbv°p ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ t^mt´m-Ifpw FSp-Øp. hymgmgvN cmhnse
9.30\v \K-cn-Im-Wn-®p. AXn¬ am¿∏m-∏m-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[n Dƒs∏sS
]e I¿±n-\mƒamcpw [mcmfw sa{Xm-∑mcpw s{]m∏-Km-¥m tImtf-
Pnse Ipń-Ifpw sshZn-Icpw A¬ambcpw kw_-‘n-®p. 11 aWn°p
XqØp-°pSn sa{Xm≥ tam¨. tdm®v s]m¥n-^n-°¬ Bcw-`n-®p.
tam¨. ]o‰¿ ]nkm\n Nc-a-{]-kw-Kw \S-Øn. A\-¥cw H∏okv
\S-Øn. sshIp-t∂cw 5 aWn°p arX-tZlw 3 ssa¬ Zqsc-bp≈
knan-tØ-cn-bn-tebv°p I≠-Øn¬ ]nXm-hns‚ {][m\ Im¿Ωn-I-
Xz-Øn¬ {]Z-£n-W-ambn sIm≠p-t]m-bn. 450 eocbv°p ]q°ƒ
hmßn h≠n Ae-¶-cn-®p.
arX-tZlw \mI-∏-eI s]mXn™ Hcp s]ń-bn-em-°n, Cubw-
169
sIm≠v ap{Z-sh-®v, ]pdØp ]n®-f-Ø-In-Sn¬ P\-\-a-c-W-Øo-b-Xn-

Ifpw t]cpw Hs° icn-bmbn Fgp-Xn-Ø-d®v F√mw `{Z-am-°n-bn-cp-
∂p. s{]m-∏-Km¥m hI It∏f kmam\yw hepXpw 3 X´m-bn-´p-≈-
Xp-am-Wv. AXn¬ Hmtcm Xńepw `nØn-bn¬ [mcmfw I√-d-I-fp-ap-
≠v. Hcp I√-d-bn¬ Hcp arX-i-cocw am{Xta hbv°-bp-≈q. AXp
s]ń-tbmsS h®n-´v, I√-d Ccp-ºp-XInSp sIm≠v AS-bv°p-I-bmWv
apd. AXp ]n∂oSv Xpd-°W - s
- a-¶n¬ C‰m-en-b≥ Kh-s◊‚ns‚ A\p-
hmZw thWw. 6.30 aWn°v am¿ AK-Ãn≥ I-≠-Øn¬ sa{Xm-t∏m-
eoØ apd-{]-Im-c-ap≈ {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ sNm√n kwkvIm-c-I¿Ωw \S-
Øn. I¿±n-\m-f-∑m-cpsS kwkvIm-cw-t]mse F√mw \S-s∂-∂v Ahn-
sS-bp-≈-h¿ F√m-hcpw kΩ-Xn® Hcp ]c-am¿∞w am{X-am-Wv.
""km£m¬ Ct±lw Hcp ]pWy-hm-\m-Wv, `mKy-hm-\m-Wv, Ip¿_m-
\-bpsS thZ-km-£n-bmWv'' F∂v tdmΩm apgp-h≥ ]c-∂p. AXn\v
DØ-aZ- r-jvSm-¥s
- a-∂h
- Æw ac-WZ- n-hkw \S∂ Hcp kw`hw NphsS
tN¿°p-∂p:
]nXm-hns‚ ac-W-Zn-hkw cm{Xn-bn¬ s{]m∏-Km¥m It∏-f-bn¬
siΩm-»-∑m-sc-√m-hcpw ]Xn-hp-t]mse {]m¿∞n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-
bm-bn-cp-∂p. ac-W-hn-hcw H∂pw Adn-™n-cp-∂n-√. At∏mƒ Ata-
cn-°-°m-c≥ Unkn¬hm F∂ `‡-\mb Hcp siΩm-»≥ It∏-f-
bnse {][m\ AƒØm-c-bn¬ \n∂v Hcp taL-]-Sew apI-fn-te-
bv°p-b-cp-∂-Xmbn I≠p. AXv AƒØm-c-bpsS apI-fn¬ h®n-cp∂
Xncp-lr-Z-b-Øns‚ t\sc FØn-b-t∏mƒ AXns‚ \Sp-hn¬ Ipcym-
f-t»cn -]n-Xmhp \n¬°p-∂-Xmbn I≠p. X¬£Ww ]n-Xmhp Imew
sNbvXn-cn-°Ww F∂p hnNm-cn®p kabw t\m°n-b-t∏mƒ F´p-a-
Wn°p c≠p an\n-´p-≈-Xmbn ImWp-Ibpw XZ-\-¥cw sNm√nb
{]m¿∞\ At±lw ]nXm-hn-\p-th≠n ImgvN-h-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
B hnhcw At±-l-Øns‚ Unhn-j-\n-ep-≈ siΩm-»-∑m-scbpw Adn-
bn-®p. ac-W-k-a-bhpw At±lw I≠ ka-bhpw H∂p-Xs∂ Bbn-
cp-∂p. ""Nß-\m-t»cn cq]-X-bpsS {]Y-a-sa-{Xm≥ tdman¬ kwkvI-
cn- ° - s ∏- ´ n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X p- s Im≠v Nß- \ m- t »cn cq]X Hcn- ° epw
tdmanse ]cn. knwlm-k-\-hp-am-bp≈ _‘-Øn¬\n∂pw th¿]n-
cn-bp-I-bn-√'' F∂pw ""kpdn-bm-\n-I-tØm-en-°¿°v ]cn. knwlm-k-
170
A¥y-cw-K-ßƒ
\-hp-am-bp≈ kvt\lm-Z-c-hn-izm-k-_‘-Øn‚ Hcp \nXy-kvam-c-I-

amWv Ah-cpsS sa{Xm-∑m-cn¬ {]mbw-Iq-Snb ]nXm-hns‚ tdman¬h-
®p≈ ac-Ww'' F∂pw tdman¬ B \mfp-I-fn¬ ]d-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.
tdman¬h®v acn®v hØn-°ms‚ XW-en¬ AS-°-s∏-S-W-sa∂
]nXm-hns‚ Xo£vWa- mb B{Klw Aßs\ ]q¿Øo-Ic - n-°s
- ∏-´p.
]qPym-hi
- n-jvSß
- ƒ Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn-tebv°v
Ipcym-f-t»cn ]n-Xmhp Znhw-K-X-\m-b-Xns‚ ]Ømw h¿jw (1935)
Xs‚ ]n≥Kman am¿ sPbnwkv Imfm-t»cn Xncp-ta\n sk{I-´-dn-
dh. ^m. amXyp ]pc-bv°epw H-∂n®v tdman-seØn ]Xn-s\m∂mw
]obqkv am¿∏m∏ Xncp-ta-\nsb kμ¿in®v Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-
hns‚ ùXn-Im-h-in-jvS-ßƒ kz¥w cq]-X-bn-tebv°p sIm≠p-t]m-
cp-∂-Xn\v A\p-hmZw At]-£n-®p. C‰m-en-b≥ Kh-s◊‚ns‚ A\p-
hmZw Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ tUm. ]o‰¿ ]nkm-\n-bpsS klm-
b-tØmsS At]£ ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw ùXn-Im-h-injvSw C¥y-bn-
tebv°p sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ ]cn-]q¿Æ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw
At±lw ssItø¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1935 Pq¨ Ccp-]Ø - n-sbm∂mw
XobXn tam¨. ]n m-\n, dh. ^m. F¬.-sP. Nn‰q¿, kn.‰n. sIm´m-
cw, tXmakv aqtØ-S≥, tXm-akv \ß-®n-ho-ń¬ XpS-ßnb s{]m∏-
Km¥m hnZym¿∞n-If - psS kl-Ic- W
- t- Øm-Sp-IqSn I√d Xpd∂p Xncp-
t∏-S-I-sa-SpØp tISp-Xo¿Øp {]tXyIw Ae-¶-cn® h≠n-bn¬ h®p
]´-W-{]-Z-£nWw \S-Øn. t^mt´m FSp-Ø-tijw ]qPym-h-injvSw
ho≠pw Hcp Ccp-ºp-s]-ń-bn-em°n ho™-∏-e-I-sIm≠p s]mXn-
™p. Xncp-s∏ń Hcp kvs]jy¬ s{Sbn-\n¬ Ccp-]-Øn-aq∂mw
XobXn t\∏nƒkn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂p. Ahn-sS-\n∂v Hcp Ata-cn-°≥
I∏-en¬ tIc-f-Øn-tebv°v Ab-® t]SIw tKmhm hgn Pqsse
]Xn-s\´mw XobXn hymgmgvN \mep-a-Wn°v sIm®n-bn¬ FØp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. tdman¬ \n∂v ChnSw hsc h∂n´p bmsXmcp
ÿeØpw ]cn-tim-[-\m¿∞w s]ń Xpd-∂n-ń-√. G‰hpw kw]q-
Py-amb hn[-Øn-epw, B Znhy-t]-SIw \new sXmSp-∂-Xn-\p-t]mepw
CS-bm-Im-sXbpw ChnSw hsc FØn F∂Xv ]nXm-hns‚ hnip-
≤n-bpsS {]Xy-£ e£-W-ambn Icp-Xmw.
171
Nß-\m-t»cn hnImcn P\-d¬ tam¨. tP°_v I√-d-bv°¬

sIm®n-bn-seØn henb Hcp P\m-h-en-bp-s-Sbpw, hcm-∏pg sa{Xm-
t∏m-eoØm am¿ Ań-t∏-‰n, sIm®n, Fd-Wm-Ipfw, hcm-∏pg F∂o
cq]Xm AXn-cq-]-X-I-fnse hnImcn P\-dm-f-∑m¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ I∏-
en¬ \n∂p t\cn´p {]tXyIw Xøm¿ sNbvXn-cp∂ Ip´-\m-S≥
t_mń¬ Ib-‰n cm{Xn-bn¬ ssI\-Icn ]≈n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂p.
AhnsS sh®v am¿ Pbnwkv Imfm-t»cn ]nXmhv ÿm\-h-kv{X-
ßƒ AWn™v Xncp-t∏-SIw kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw H∏okv apX-emb
I¿Ω-ßƒ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. sh≈nbmgvN cmhnse am¿
Pbnwkv sa{Xm≥ s]m¥n-^n-°¬ Ip¿_m-\, H∏okv apX-em-bh
\S-Øn. D®-I-gn™v Hcp-a-Wn-tbm-Sp-IqSn ]qPym-h-injvSw hln-®n-
cp∂ t]SIw Ia-\o-b-ambn Ae-¶-cn®v A`n-h-μy-]n-Xm-hns‚ t\Xr-
Xz-Øn¬ Nº-°pfw Hm¿t«w ]≈n-°-S-hn¬ FØn. Ahn-sS-\n∂p
Bcm-[-\m -k-aqlmw-K-ßƒ t]SIw kzoI-cn®v Hm¿t«w ssZhm-e-
b-Øn¬ {]tXyIw Xøm-dm-°nb ]oT-Øn¬ ÿm]n-®p. Ccp-]-Øn-
\memw XobXn hsc F√m-Zn-h-khpw dmkbpw H∏okpw A¿∏n°p-
Ibpw Atlm-cm{Xw At\-Iw-t]¿ k∂n-ln-X-cmbn {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ
\S-Øp-Ibpw ]nXm-hn-t\m-Sp≈ kvt\l-_-lp-am-\-ßƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-
°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
Ccp-]-Øn-\memw XobXn D®-I-gn™v Nº-°pfw I√q¿°mSv
]≈n-bn-te°p ]qPym-h-injvSw am‰-s∏-´p. Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hns‚
Pohn-X-ss\¿a-eyw, hnhn[ KpW-ßƒ BZn-bm-b-hsb ]cm-a¿in®v
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm am¿ Chm-\n-tbmkv ]nXmhv
{]kw-Kn-®p. A\-¥cw am¿ Pbnwkv Imfm-t»cn ]nXmhv ÿm\-h-
kv{X-ßƒ AWn™v A≥]-Xn-tesd sshZn-I-tcm-Sp-IqSn henb
H∏okv \S-Øn. cm{Xn-bn¬ P\-ßƒ CS-hn-SmsX tZhm-e-b-Øn¬
k∂n-ln-X-cmbn {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ \S-Øn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂p. Ccp-]-Øn-
b©mw XobXn H≥]Xp aWn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Adp-]-Xn¬∏cw Np≠≥h-
≈-ßfpw \qdn¬ IqSp-X¬ kvs]jy¬ t_m´p-Ifpw, Ifnh-≈-ß-
fpw, F√m-‰n\pw aIpSw NqSp-amdv ]nXm-hns‚ ]qPym-h-injvSw
Dƒs°m-≈p∂ t]SIw hln-®p-sIm≠v X\n-Ø-¶-amb Nn{X-th-e-
172
A¥y-cw-K-ßƒ
IƒsIm≠v {]Im-in-®n-cp∂ Ip´-\m-S≥ t_m´pw Nß-\m-t»-cn-

bv°p≈ hnem-]-bm-{Xbv°p Xøm-dm-bn-°-gn-™n-cp-∂p. \Zn-bpsS
Ccp-I-c-I-fnepw B_m-e-hr≤w P\-ßƒ Xnßn-°qSn \n∂ncp-∂p.
kvs]jy¬ t_m´p-I-fn¬ \n∂p timI-kq-N-I-amb _m≥Uv\m-Zhpw
Ifn-h-≈-°m-cpsS Bc-h-ßfpw aWn-\m-Zhpw IXn-\m-sh-Snbpw apg-
ßn- s °m- ≠ n- c n- ° - t h, ]qPym- h - i n- j v S - ß ƒ ÿm\Nn”- ß ƒ
klnXw Ip´-\m-S≥ t_mń¬ FSp-Øp-sh®p hnem-]-bm{X Bcw-
`n-®p. AtX t_mń¬Xs∂ am¿ Chm-\n-tbm-kv, tIm´bw sa{Xm≥
am¿ A-e-Ivkm-≠¿ Nqf-∏-d-ºn¬, am¿ Pbnwkv Imfm-t»cn XpS-
ßnb ]nXm-°-∑mcpw tam¨. tP°_v I√-d-bv°¬, tam¨. k°-
dn-bmkv hm®m-∏-d-ºn¬ XpS-ßnb sshZn-Icpw Ib-dn-bn-cp-∂p. Nß-
\m-t»-cn-bn¬ AXyp-÷z-e-amb Hcp kzoI-c-W-amWv e`n-®-Xv. 14
s]m∂n≥Ip-cn-ip-Iƒ, 70-˛¬ A[nIw sh≈n-°p-cn-ip-Iƒ, 500 apØp-
°p-S-Iƒ Ch t_m´p-sP-ń-bn¬ \n∂pw I-Øo-{U¬ ]≈n-bn-te-
°p≈ {]Z-£n-W-ho-Yn-bn¬ \nc-Øn-bn-cp∂p. ]e sa{Xm≥amcpw
[mcmfw sshZn-Ic - pw I\ym-kv{Xo-Ifpw Bbn-c° - W
- °
- n\p P\-ßfpw
CXn¬ kw_-‘n-®p. IØo-{U¬ ssZhm-e-b-Øn¬h®v tIm´bw
cq]-X-bpsS sa{Xm≥ am¿ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ Nqf-∏-d-ºn¬ Ipcym-f-t»cn
]nXm-hns‚ \nkvXpetkh-\-ß-sfbpw Pohn-X-hn-ip-≤n-sbbpw ]pc-
kvI-cn®v Ac-a-Wn-°q¿ t\c-tØbv°v Hcp {]kwKw \S-Øn. AXn-
\p-tijw am¿ Pbnwkv Imfm-t»-cn-bpsS {][m\Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-Øn¬
CX-c-sa-{Xm-∑m-cp-sSbpw sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø-bp-sSbpw kl-I-c-W-
tØmsS IØo-{U¬ aZp-_-lm-bn¬ henb AƒØm-c-bpsS heXp-
h- i Ømbn ]nXm- h ns‚ hnip- ≤ m- h - i n- j v S - ß ƒ kwkv I - c n- ® p.
Aßs\ Nß-\m-t»cn AXn-cq-]-X-bpsS BZysØ sa{Xm≥ At±-
l-Øns‚ im-iz-X-kva-c-Wsb \ne-\n-dp-Øn-s°m≠p Xs‚ AP-K-
W-ß-fpsS at≤y A¥y-hn-{iaw sIm≈p-I-bm-Wv.
173
13
Xqen-Im-Nn{Xw
hy‡namlmflyw Xpfp-ºn-\n¬°p-∂ B {lkz-Im-bs‚ BIm-

c-ku-jvThw BI¿j-Ih - pw, Znhy-ssN-X\
- y-Øns‚ ]cn-thjw AWn-
™-Xp-am-sW∂v H‰t\m-´-Øn¬ B¿°pw a\- n-em-°phm≥ km[n-
°pw. hncn™p hnim-e-amb s\‰n-Ø-Shpw Xnf-ßp∂ IÆp-Ifpw
kZm ]p©ncn hgn-bp∂ Np≠p-Ifpw sNa∂ sXm∏n°v Ae-¶m-c-
ambn tim`n°p∂ IdpØp Npcp≠ tIi-\n-cbpw hnS¿∂ \mkn-
Ibpw Aev]w Ccp≠p sNa-∂-\ndw HØn-W-ßnb B cmP-Iob
]ptcm-ln-X≥ a‰m-cp-am-bn-cp-∂n-√; A`n-hμy Ipcym-f-t»-cn¬ am¿
tXmΩm sa{Xm≥ Xs∂. IÆns‚ B ssNX-\y-hn-ti-jw ho£-
W-sØ lrZ-bm-h¿÷-I-am-°p-∂p. hn. Ip¿_m-\-sb-bpw, hn. k{Im-
cn-sbbpw ho£n-°p-tºmƒ ImgvN-°m-cn¬ ssNX\yw ]I-c-Ø-°-
hn[w hnizm-kh
- n-ek
- n-XhpamWv B ho£-Ww. Ft∏mgpw B t\{X-
ß-fn¬ im¥X Ifn-bm-Sn-bn-cp-∂p.
hncn-™p-hn-im-e-amb s\‰n-ØSw _p≤n-i-‡n-sbbpw kvac-Wm-
ssh-`-h-sØbpw {]tZym-Xn-∏n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Hcmsf Hcp {]mhiyw
I≠m¬aXn ""Ducpw t]cpw'' klnXw kvac-W-bn-en-cn-°pw. Cu
kvac-W-i-‡n, Xs‚ AP-]m-e-\-ip-{iq-jbn¬ hnP-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-
≈ Hcp henb A\p-{K-l-ambn At±-l-Øn\v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-´p.
Xmw_q-e-N¿Δ-W-Øm¬ sN©m-bw-]q-i-s∏´ A[-c-ß-fn¬ Kuchw
Ie¿∂ Hcp kvanXw Xßn-\n¬°pw. \mepw-Iqń \√ kpJ-ambn
apdp-°pw. apdp-°ns‚ ckw ]nSn-®p≈ Xp∏¬hn-t£-]Ww \S-°p-
tºmƒ sh◊-bm¿∂ Ip∏m-b-Øn¬ Aev]w sNa∂ s]bn‚nwKv
\S-°m-Xn-cn-°p-I-bn-√.
174
Xqen-Im-Nn{Xw
B sNdp-I-c-ßƒsIm-≠p≈ Bio¿Δm-Z-Øn-\pw, Xncp-°¿Ω-

ßƒ°n-S-bn-ep≈ Ic-hn-\ym-k-ßƒ°pw Hcp {]tXyI hiy-X-bp-
≠v. am\p-jn-I-{]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS at\m-lm-cnX F∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ,
Cuiz-c-km-∂n-≤y-Øns‚ t_m≤yhpw hn\-b-hp-amWv Ah-bn¬ \ng-
en-°p-∂-Xv. \S-∏nepw FSp-∏nepw _mly-amb F√m Ne-\-ß-fnepw
hn\-bhpw aln-abpw \ng-en-®n-cp-∂p.
Ahn-SpsØ kzcw Hcp \√ CS-bs‚ kzc-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-
°¿Ω-ßƒ°n-Sb - nepw {]kw-Kt- h-Zn-bnepw am{X-a√ - , t¢in-Xc - p-sSbpw
ZpxJn-X-cp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ am{X-a√ km[m-c-W-°m-¿°pw Bizmk-
hpw {]tNm-Z-\-hp-ta-In-s°m≠v Ahn-SpsØ kzcw Xßn-\n-∂n-cp-
∂p. AXv Hcp `c-W-X-{¥-⁄s‚ A[n-Im-c-i-_vZ-sa-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ,
]p√pw sh≈hpw ImWn-®p-sIm-SpØv A]-I-S-ß-fn¬s∏-SmsX
kq£n®v AP-K-W-ßsf \bn-°p∂ Znhy-\m-Ys‚ -A-\p-Km-an-bmb
bYm¿∞ CS-bs‚ i_vZ-am-bn-cp-∂p. AP-K-W-ßƒ°p icn-bmb
am¿§w ImWn- ® p- s Im- S p- ° p- h m\pw bYm¿∞ `£- W - a mb hn.
Ip¿_m\ \¬In-s°m≠v i‡-cm-°p-hm\pw ]m]-hn-tam-N\w \¬In
Bflo-b-tcm-K-Øn¬ \n∂pw ac-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw hnap-‡-cm-°p-
hm\pw D]- I - c n- ° p- ∂ D]- t Z- i - ß - f - S - ß nb CS- b - t e- J - \ - ß ƒ
At±lw {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.
{]kw-Kn-°p-tºmƒ B kzc-Øn¬ Aev]w Kmwòcyw Ie-cpw.
lrZ-bm-h¿÷-I-ß-fmWv Ahn-SpsØ {]kw-K-ßƒ; F{X-t\cw ]d-
™mepw Bi-b-Zu¿e`yw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n√; Hgp-In-sbm-gpIn Imcy-
ßƒ h∂p-sIm-≈pw. h¿Æ-\-Ifpw Ae-¶m-c-ßfpw Ie¿∂ {]kw-
K-sa-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ {]t_m-[-\-]-c-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ {]kw-K-
ßƒ. {]t_m-[-\-]-c-ambn Bcw-`n®p {]mtbm-Kn-I-h-i-ß-fn-te-°p
IS-°pw. ]≈n-{]-kw-K-ßƒ ]eXpw kam-]n-°p-∂Xv, ""AXn-\m¬
lrZ-b-Øn¬ A\p-X-]n®v ]m]-tam-N\w kzoI-cn®v hn. Ip¿_m\
ssIs°m≠v lrZ-b-k-am-[m\w ]men-°pI'' F∂ hmIy-tØm-sS-
bm-bn-cn-°pw. CS-b-te-J-\-ß-fpsS kam-]-\hpw an°-hmdpw Cß-
s\-X-s∂.
175
C-Sh- I
- k
- μ- ¿-i\
- ß- ƒ-°p t]m-Ip-tºmƒ kzo-Ic - W- ß- f - pw Hu-tZym-
Kn-II - m-cy-ßf - pw Xo¿-∂m-ep-Ss - \ Ip-ºk - m-c°
- q-ń-en-cp-∂p Ip-ºk - m-cn-
∏n-°pw. cm-hn-se F-√m-hc - p-sS-bpw Ip-ºk - m-cw Xo¿-∂n-t´ _-en-b¿-∏-
Ww B-cw-`n-°p-Ib - p-≈q. F-√m-h¿-°pw ]n-Xm-hp-Xs - ∂ hn. Ip¿-_m-\
F-gp-s∂-≈n-®p-sIm-Sp-°pw. hn-izm-kn-Iƒ-°p hn. Ip¿-_m-\ \¬-Ip-I
F-∂X - p ]n-Xm-hn-\v G-‰h - pw {]n-bs - ∏-´ Im-cy-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1925 sa-bv
27\v X-s‚ ]u-tcm-ln-Xy kzo-Ic - W- Ø- n-s‚ 26˛mw hm¿-jn-IZ- n-\Ø - n¬
s{]m-∏K - m-¥ tIm-tf-Pn¬ hn. Ip¿-_m-\ A¿-∏n-°p-∂X - n-\v £-Ww e-
`n-®t- ∏mƒ ]n-Xm-hn-s‚ im-co-cn-I£ - o-Ws - Ø-°p-dn-®v B-Ip-e\ - m-b _-
lp. P-bnw-k-®-t\m-Sv ""C-tß-sc-s‚ ssI Xm-ßn-s°m-≠m¬ a-Xn,
Ip¿-_m-\ F-gp-∂-≈n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-tºmƒ'' F-∂p-]-d-bp-I-bp-≠m-bn.
_-lp. P-bnw-k-®≥ Xm-ßn-b ssI sIm-≠v 120 si-Ωm-»-∑m¿-°v ]n-
Xm-hv X-s∂ hn. Ip¿-_m-\ F-gp-∂-≈n-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.
ImgvN-bnepw h¿Ø-\ßfnepw Hcp Kwò-c-a-\p-jy-\m-bn-cp-∂n√
]nXm-hv. B¿°pw ASp-Øp-sN-√m≥ Ign-bm-Ø-hn[w {]Xm-]-Øn-
s‚ D®n-bn¬ Ign-bp∂ Bfp-am-bn-cp-∂n√ At±-lw. BtcmSpw
Ipiew tNmZn-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\v Hcp {]bm-k-hp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-
√. Ac-a-\-bn¬ kμ¿i-\m¿∞w hcp-∂-h-tcmSv (ssh-Zn-I-\m-bmepw
DtZym-K-ÿ-\m-bmepw ]mh-s∏-´-h-\m-bm-epw) BZysØ tNmZyw
`£Ww h√Xpw Ignt®m F∂m-bn-cn-°pw. `£Ww Ign-®n-s√-¶n¬
AXp \¬In-bnt´ _m°n Imcy-ßƒ kwkm-cn-°-bp-≈q. Ahn-
SpsØ hm’-ey-{]-I-S-\-Øn\p ÿehpw kml-N-cy-hp-sam∂pw XS-
- a m- b n- c p- ∂ n- √ . Hcp kw`hw Hm¿Øp- t ]m- I p- ∂ p. AXn- c - º pg
s^mtdm-\m-∏≈ - n-bn¬ hnko-Øb - v°p-hc
- p∂ ]nXm-hn\v CS-hI
- ° - m¿
Kwò-c-amb hc-th¬∏p \¬Ip-I-bm-Wv. AXn-\n-S-bn¬ ]nXm-hv ]cn-
Nn-X\mb Hcp kvt\ln-Xs\ I≠p. ""FSm sIm®p-h¿°o, \o F¥m
£oWn-®n-cn-°p∂Xv?'' Ipi-em-t\z-j-W-am-bn. ]nXmhns‚ B
kvt\l-{]-I-S-\Øn¬ Abm-fpsS lrZ-bw \μnbpw kvt\lhpw
sIm≠v \nd-™p-I-hn-™p.
Ipń-Isf ]nXm-hn\p henb CjvS-am-Wv. ""inip-°ƒ Fs‚ ASp-
°¬ hcm≥ A\p-hZ- n-°p-hn≥'' F∂-cp-fn-s®bvX Cutim-bpsS imeo-
176
Xqen-Im-Nn{Xw
\-X, At±-l-Øn¬ {]tim-`n-®n-cp-∂p. \mep-a-Wn°p Im‰p-sIm-≠v

\S°m≥ t]mIp-tºmƒ Ipń-Iƒ HmSn-°q-Spw. ]nXmhpw Ip™p-a-
°fpw IqSn Hcp ktΩ-f-\w. ]nXmhp hnti-j-ß-sfms° tNmZn-
°pw. Ah¿ kvt\l-]q¿Δw DØcw \¬Ipw. CSbv°p thZ-]m-
Thpw tNmZn-°pw. Nn√d kΩm-\-ßfpw \¬Ipw. Aev]w thZ-]mTw
]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. Bcp-sS-sb-¶nepw apJw hmSn-bn-cp-∂m¬
ImcWw At\z-jn-°pw. Ahsc Biz-kn-∏n-°pw. Npcp-°n-∏d- ™
- m¬
""]nXm-hn\v Ft∂mSp henb CjvS-am-Wv'', F∂ Nn¥m-K-Xn-tbm-
sS-bmWv Ah¿ aS-ßp-I.
thZ-\n-°p-∂-h-scbpw Zcn-{Z-scbpw ImWp-tºmƒ Ahn-SpsØ
lrZbw Aen-™p-t]m-Ipw. t¢i-ß-fp-sSbpw hnj-a-X-I-fp-sSbpw
hnh-c-W-ßƒ tIƒ°p-tºmƒ ""aXn aXn, \ap-s°√mw a\- n-embn''
F∂p-]-d™v B t¢i-ß-fpsS hnh-cWw tIƒ°p-hm≥ i‡-\m-
ImsX Bizm-khpw klm-bhpw \¬In Ahsc ]d-™-b-°pw.
Ahn-SpsØ B¿{Z-X-bpsS B[n-Iy-Øn¬ \n∂p Iui-e-_p-≤n-
Iƒ°p apX-se-Sp-°p-hm≥ IqsSbpw Ign-™n-´p-≠v. Nne¿ h∂v kl-
Xm]w tXm∂Ø°-hn-[-Øn¬ ]d-bp-Ibpw hnh-cn-°p-Ibpsams°
sNøpw. Cßs\ Hcp \√ XpI hsc ]nXm-hns\ ]‰n-®p-sIm-≠p-
t]m-bn-´p-≠v. ""Ah≥ ]nXm-hn-s\-]-‰n-®p-'' F∂v Bsc-¶nepw ]d-
™m¬, ""kmc-an-√, Ah\v Ft¥m henb Bhiyw D≠m-bn-cn-
°pw'', F∂p-]-d-s™mcp ]p©ncn XqIp-∂-tXmsS kwKXn Ah-
km-\n-®p. bmsXmcp t£m`hpw AXn-s\-∏‰n Ahn-Sp-tØ-°n-√. Nne-
t∏mƒ ]dbpw ""Zm\w sNbvXX - n\p \ap°v ssZhw kΩm\w \¬Ipw.
Xo¿®.'' F∂m¬ Imcp-Wy-Øns‚ t]cn-e-√msX Ahn-SpsØ I_-
fn-∏n-°m≥ km[n-°-bp-an-√.
Xam-i-Iƒ ]nXm-hn-\n-jvS-am-Wv. \√-Xp-t]mse ckn-°m≥ Adn-
bp-Ibpw sNømw. s]s´∂v ckn-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. F∂m¬ henb
s]mń-®n-cntbm AXn-cp-I-S∂ BÀm-Z-{]-I-S-\-ßtfm lkvX-Xm-U-
\-ßtfm H∂pw ]nXm-hn-\n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. ZpxJ-Øns‚ hnIm-c-ßƒ
A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Xqhm-e-bpsS Xpºn¬ AXn-thKw ISn®v hnIm-
c-a-S-°m≥ {ian-°p-∂-Xp-Im-Wmw. ZpxJ-ap-≠m-Ip-tºmƒ a‰p-≈-h-cpsS
177
apºn¬ \n∂v Hgn-™p-amdn IS-∂p-I-f-bm≥ Hcp {]tXyI kma¿∞y-

amWv ]nXm-hn-\v.
{]nb-s∏-´-h-cpsS Ip‰-ßfpw Ipd-hp-Ifpw a‰p≈-h¿ ]d-bp-∂Xpw
]d-™m-t£-]n-°p-∂Xpw ]nXm-hn\p a¿Ω-t`-Z-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp
kln-°m≥ Ahn-Sp-tØbv°v Ign-™n-cp-∂n-√. Ahn-Sp∂p ÿm]n®
Bcm-[-\m-k\ym-kn\n kaq-l-Ønse AwK-ß-fpsS \yq\-X-Iƒ
a‰p-≈-h¿ ]d-™p-tIƒ°p-∂Xv At±-l-Øn\v henb k¶-S-am-bn-
cp-∂p. B k¶-S-\n-hm-c-W-Øn-\mbn Ahn-Sp∂v Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ teJ-
\-ß-fmWv Cu kaq-l-Øn\v Ab-®n-´p≈ D]-tZ-i-te-J-\-ß-fn¬
A[n-I-hpw.
At±-l-Øns‚ apdn-bn¬ BUw-_-c-h-kvXp-°ƒ H∂pw Xs∂
D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. Ac-a-\-bnse kzoI-c-W-apdn cq]-Xm-≤y-£s‚ aln-
abv°p X°-hn[w {Ia-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ At±-l-
Øns‚ kzIm-cy-ap-dn-Ifpw InS-°-Ifpw F√mw efn-Xhpw BUw-_-
c-cl
- n-Xh - p-am-bn-cp-∂p. hkv{X-[m-cW - Ø - n¬, HutZym-Kn-Ih
- k
- v{X-ßƒ
hne- ] n- S n- ∏ p- ≈ Xp [cn- t °- ≠ n- h - c ptºmƒ [cn°pw F∂- X n¬
Ihn™v Hcp {]tXy-I-Xbpw C√m-bn-cp-∂p. ]cn-Nm-c-I-\mb Ip™-
∏n-t®-´≥ km£y-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p: ""Rm≥ GXp tfmh FSpØphbv°p-
∂pthm AXp [cn-°pw. C∂se C´-Xp-Xs∂ FSp-Øp-h-®m¬ AXv,
Ae-°n- bXv FSp-Øp-h® - m¬ AXv, A√msX AXn-s\-∏‰n Hcp tNmZy-
hp-an-√.
kl-\-Øns‚ a\p-jy-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. Ahn-SpsØ Imk
\nd-™p-Ih- n-™n-cp-∂p. Ah-km-\w-hsc Ahn-Sp∂p kln-®p. hnizm-
k-Øn¬ ASn-]-X-dmsX \n∂p-sIm≠p {]m¿∞-\-bn¬ A`-bw-tX-
Sn. kl-\Ø
- n-s‚ Imk a´p-hsc IpSn-®p-Ig
- n-bp-tºmƒ hnP-bØ
- ns‚
IncoSw ssZhw \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw B{K-ln® Imcy-ß-
sfm∂pw km[n-°m-Xn-cp-∂n-ń-√. ]t£, Ah-km-\-\n-anjw hsc
kl-\w, at\m-hy-Y, AXm-bn-cp-∂p At±-l-Øn\p e`n-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
]W-an-√msX F∂pw t¢in-t°-≠n-h-∂n-´p-≠v. Bcm-[\m-k-`-bpsS
ÿm]-\w, Fkv.-_n. tImtf-Pns‚ Bcw-`w, cq]-X-bpsS A\p-Zn-\m-
h-iy-ßƒ, kmº-Øn-I-ti-jn-bn-√mØ cq]-X-˛-F-√mw-IqSn Hcp
178
Xqen-Im-Nn{Xw
henb lrZ-b-`m-cw. Hmtcm BgvN-bp-sSbpw Bcw`w apX¬ Ah-

km\w hsc ISw-hm-ßn-t°-≠n-hcpw Nne-t∏mƒ. Fßs\ ho´p-sa-
t∂m¿Øv {]m¿∞-\-bn¬ A`bw Kan-°pw. hot´-≠-k-a-bØp
ssZhw AXp \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøpw. CXmWv A¥y-\n-anjw hsc-
bp≈ {]bXv\Pohn-X-Øns‚ Npcp-°w. \ap°p {Kln-°m-\m-hm-Ø-
hn[w A{X-tbsd {]bm-k-ßfpw _p≤n-ap-´p-Ifpw t¢i-ßfpw
At±lw A-\p-`-hn-®n-´p-≠v. AXp kz¿§-Ønse kam-[m\ Pohn-X-
Øn-\p-]-I-cn-°p-hm≥ X°-hn[w hnip-≤o-I-cn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Ign™p
F∂-XmWv At±-l-Øns‚ t\´w. kz¥w t¢i-ßsf hnkva-cn-®p-
sIm≠p a‰p-≈-h-cpsS ZpxJ-ßsf hln-°m\pw klm-bn-°m\pw
Ft∏mgpw At±lw Pm{K-X-bp-≈-h-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂-XmWv ]nXm-
hns‚ Pohn-XsØ hnip-≤c - psS Pohn-Xt- ØmSpw Cutim-bpsS Pohn-
X-tØmSpw km[¿Ωy-ap-≈-Xm-°n-b-Xv. ]c-kvt\-l-Øns‚ {]am-W-
Øn¬ Ahn-Sp-∂p hnP-bn-®p.
]nXmhns‚ Xncp-°-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂p ap≥]n-esØ H{]-ipam
kzoI- c n- ° p- h m\pw L\- K w- ` o- c - a mbn \S- ∂ - c - P - X - P q- _ nen
BtLmjØn¬ CZw-{]-Y-a-ambn cq]-Xsbm-´p°v \S-Ønb thZ-
]m-T-]-co-£-bn¬ H∂mw-kΩm\w B ]mh-\-l-kvX-ß-fn¬ \n∂p
hmßn-°p-hm\pw `mKyw kn≤n® s{]m^. De-l-∂≥ am∏nf kzm\p-
`q-Xn-Iƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂Xp tIƒ°pI:
As∂- \ n°v Gtgm Ft´m hb- p- I m- W pw. sa{Xm- \ - ® s‚
hnkoØ! Rß-sf-sbms° ap≥]n-esØ H{]-ip-am-bvs°m-cp-°n-
bn-´p-≠v. Rm≥ CS-h-I-bnse \ zm-{K-Wn-I-fpsS aIp-S-a-Wn-™p-\-
S-°p-∂-Im-ew! F¶nepw Fs‚ hoSn-\-Sp-Øp≈ ]q∏-¥-en¬ Imf-c-
≠p-h-en® B Im©-\-tØ-cn¬ h∂n-d-ßnb Xncp-ta\n ÿm\-h-
kv{X-`q-jn-X-\mbn Itk-c-bn¬ FSp-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv ]≈n°p∂n≥
]pd-tØ-°v. Imcy-am-sbm∂pw Hm¿°p-∂n-√. Hcp hniz-cq]w Xs∂-
bt√ `{Zm-k-\-ÿ-ambn kwh-ln-°-s∏-´Xv F∂mWv C∂sØ
`mh\! Htcm¿Ω Xßn-\n¬°p-∂p. P\-\n-_n-U-amb B ]≈n-bn¬
Rm\pw sNdp-am\-hc - psS aWn-\n-cb
- n¬ ap´p-Ip-Øn-\n-ev]p-≠v. hSnbpw
apSn-bp-ambn \oßp∂ Xncp-ta\n ASp-Ø-SpØv hcp-∂p. Xodp-I-SIw
179
HcSn Fs‚ Ip™n-°-hn-fn¬! ]cn-ip-≤m-cq]n B ASn-tbmsS

F∂n¬ Ib-dn-sb-∂mWv hnizmkw; Npcp-ßn-b-]£w Aip-≤m-cq-
]n-Iƒ \njvIm-kn-X-cm-I-sb-¶nepw sNbvXp, \n›-bw. as‰mcp
hnkoØ IqSn Rmt\m¿Ωn-°p-∂p. A¥n-a- tdm-am-bm-{Xbv°p
ap≥]p≈ CS-h-I-k-μ¿i-\w. A∂p Rms\mcp t^m¿Øp-t^mdw
hnZym¿∞n-sb-∂mWv tXm∂p-∂Xv. CS-h-I-bnse A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-
cmb Ipń-I-fpsS ap≥]-¥n-bn-em-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v IqØm-´p-Ip-f-Øp-
t]mbn ImØp-\n-∂p. Ipd-hn-e-ßm´p \n∂p aWnbpw Inep°n
]m™p-h-cp∂ ]m≠n-°m-f-I-fpw, kmc-Yo-\o-X-cmb B hrj-`-{]u-
V-cpsS ]n∂n¬ kpμ-camw hÆw ]®-∏-´p-sIm-≠-e-¶-cn® s]ń-h-
≠nbpw AXn-en-cn-°p∂ Xncp-ta-\nbpw ASp-°mØ Xmakw ]pXn-
b-Xmbn ]Tn® Nntbgvkv hnfn-sIm≠v Cubp-≈-h≥ kzmK-X-a-cp-
fm≥. B\-μ-hm-bvt]msS c≠p-ssa¬ \o≠ FXn-tc-ev]n¬ Rm≥
`mK-`m-°m-bn. Xncp-ta-\n-sb-°m-Wm≥ A∂sØ ]≈n-{]-am-Wn-am-
cn-sem-cp-h-\mb amXp-es‚ XW-en¬ Rm≥ apdn-bn-se-Øn. Xmºq-
e-N¿Δ-Whpw k¬Im-c-kw-hn-[m-\-ß-fpsS kwXr-]vXnbpw {]k-cn-
°p∂ Kuc-h-{iobnemWv Xncp-ta-\n-bpsS \ne-]mSv. ""]oSn-I-bn¬''
F∂mWv ho´p-t]cv; ]oSn-tb-°¬ sIm®-∏-®-\mWv am∂m-\-Øp-hn´p
]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv F∂p Rm≥ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°s
- ∏-´p. ""]oSn-Ib
- n¬ F∂p
ho´p-t]-cm-b-Xp-sIm≠mtWm ]oSn-tb-bv°-e-®≥ ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv?''
Fs∂mcp tNmZyw. Rms\m∂pw ]d-™-Xmbn Hm¿Ωn-°p-∂n-√. ]d-
™p-ImWpw F∂m-Wn-∂sØ \nK-a\ - w. HuZm-cy-]p-c - cw Ft∂mSp
kwkm-cn-s®-t∂m, ss]Xr-I-amb kvt\l-Øns‚ {]I-S\w t]mcm-
sX-t]m-sbt∂m F\n°p tXm∂n-bn-√; C∂pw tXm∂p-∂p-an-√. Rß-
fpsS CS-h-I-bnse Hcp {]am-Wnbpw Ht´sd hmb-\-°m-c\pw
t\Xmhpw F\n°p _‘p- X m- _ - ‘ p- c - \ p- a mb {io. sF.- F w.
h¿°n°p t{]m´-Ã‚ v ss__nƒ hmbn-°m≥ A\p-hmZw sImSp-
°-W-sa∂p hnIm-cn-b-®≥hgn Hc-t]-£. {io. h¿°n-bp-ap-≠-hn-sS.
ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ItØm-en°m ss__n-fn-√mØ Imew! ItØm-en°
aX\njvTbp-≈-h-\t√? F∂ tNmZy-tØmsS A\p-hmZw sImSp-
Ø-tXm¿°p-∂p.
180
Xqen-Im-Nn{Xw
HSp-hn-esØ cwKw Pq_n-en-a-l-mal-am-Wv. _n.-G.-°m¿°pw

tNcm-hp∂ Xc-Øn¬ BZy-ambn cq]-X-sbm-´p°v ]e sk‚-dp-I-fn-
embn \S-Ønb thZ-]m-T-]-co-£-bn¬, Hcp Un{Kn ]co-£-bn¬
sNep-tØ≠ {i≤-tbmsS Rm≥ tN¿∂p. H∂m-a-\mbn Pbn-°bpw
sNbvXp. ]≈n-s®-e-hn¬ CubnsS Znhw-K-X-\mb ]td-S-Øn-e-®-
s‚bpw (hn-Im-cn) ssI°m-c-s‚bpw IqsS Imf-h-≠n-bn¬ Rm\pw
Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ hnip≤ Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS {]Z-£n-Whpw AXns‚
Hcp ssa¬ \o≠ ]¥epw a‰pw a‰pw! alm-k-tΩ-f\w: A≤y£≥
I≠-Øn¬ am¿ BK-kvXo-t\mkp sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Øm. ASp-Øn-cn-
°p∂p Pq_n-te-dn-b≥. AXn-\-SpØv Xriq¿ ]nXm-hmb {^m≥knkv
hmg-∏-≈n. A≤y-£s‚ CS-Øp-`m-KØv Nqf-∏-d-ºn¬ Xncp-ta-\n.
B a\p-jy-a-lm-k-ap-{Z-Øn¬ "Rms\mcp _me-\-⁄m\n' Ft∂-
bp-≈p. ko‰p Inńtbm, \nt∂m Fs∂m∂pw Hm¿Ω-bn-√. F¶nepw
kΩm-\m¿l-cpsS ap≥]-¥n-bn-se-hn-sStbm Fs∂ \nt£-]n-®p-Im-
Wpw. Rm≥ ]e-{]m-hiyw A≤y£thZn-bn-te°p t\m°n IÏp-
fn¿∏n-®-Xns‚ Hm¿Ω C∂pw ambmsX \n¬°p-∂p. Imbmºq \nd-
am¿∂ A≤y-£≥ Xncp-ta-\n, eLp-iym-a-fn-am-hnepw ]ucp-j{io
hncm-Pn-°p∂ Nqf-∏-d-ºn¬ Xncp-ta\n, Iri-XtbmsS sh◊bpw
Kuc-hhpw kv^pcn∏n-°p∂ hmg-∏-≈n-∏n-Xmhv! aq∂p-t]-scbpw cma-
Wo-bI {]uVn-bn¬ sXs√m-∂-a¿Øn shń-Øn-f-ßp∂ a\x-{]-`m-
h-tØmSpw Icnw-Iq-h-f-∏-In-ńs\ AXn-i-bn-°p∂ sN¥m-a-c-{]-`-
tbmSpw Ccp∂ Ipcym-f-t»cn∏nXm-hns\ I≠-t∏mƒ, ""]pcp-j-cq-
]amw tXPx-]p-RvP\w'' F∂p-Xs∂ tXm∂n-t∏mbn! B cq]w
t\m°n-t\m°n Fs‚ IÆpIƒ Ah-bpsS P∑-km-êyw t\Sn.
kΩm\w hmßm≥ Rm≥ hnfn-°-s∏-´p. 17.50 cq]-bpsS Hcp \n°¬
Ipcn-ip-cq-]w. BZyw A[y-£≥ Xncp-ta\n AXp kΩm-\n-®p.
ASpØv Pq_n-en-a-Wm-f≥ Ft∂m-S-Xp-hm-ßn®v F\n°p ho≠pw
\¬In. a‰p c≠p-t]cpw Cu {Iaw ]men-®p. sshIn-´p-t]m-cm≥ t\cØv
Rm≥ _. ]td-S-Øn-e-®s‚ Iq´-Øn¬ kΩm-\-hp-ambn Xncp-ta-\n-
sb-°≠ - p. \mS≥`m-jb- n¬ ]d-™m¬, Fs∂ I≠-bp-S≥ Hcp NpW-
°p-´s‚ Npdp-Np-dp-t°m-sS, C∂v ae-bmfw s{]m^-k¿ F∂ \ne-
bn¬ Rm≥ \njvI¿jn-°m-dp≈ D®m-c-W-kv^p-S-X-tbmsS ""A`n-\-
181
μn-°p∂p'' F∂p ]d-™p. ]ns∂ h√Xpw ]d-t™m, Rm≥ Fs¥-

¶nepw Xncp-ta-\n-tbmSp kwkm-cn-®p-Im-Wptam Fs∂m∂pw F\n-
t°m¿Ω-bn-√. Pq_n-en°p Xncp-ta\n F¥p {]kw-Kn®p F∂p ]d-
bm\pw Rm\m-f√ - . Imdp hmßm-\p≈ ]W-°ngn tam¨. I√-db
- v°¬
Xncp-ta-\n°p sImSp-Øp. tfmh-bpsS ap≥hiw sXs√m∂p s]m°n-
∏n-Sn®p apt∂m-´p-h∂v ""CXp thZ-{]-Nm-c-Øn-\p-th≠n \ΩpsS
hnImcn P\-dm-fns\ Gev]n-°p∂p'' F∂p ]d-™n´v kzÿm-\-
ÿ-\mb cwKw!
hn. Ip¿∫m-\-bpsS {]Z-£nWw Ign™v a‰p ]nXm-°-∑m¿ Ac-
a-\-bn-tebv°p t]mb-t∏mƒ ]nXmhv aZp-_-lm-bnse Agn-°m-en-\-
Sp-Øp-h∂v {]Z-£n-W-Øns‚ Ae-¶m-cm-Zn-Iƒ°p Nß-\m-t»-cn-°m-
tcmSp IrX-⁄X {]I-Sn-∏n-®Xp Rmt\m¿Ωn-°p-∂p. Ac-a-\-
bn¬h®p Rm≥ I≠ Hcp cwKw: Hcp CS-h-I-bn¬ \n∂p-h∂ H∂p-
c≠p ]≈n-{]-am-Wn-I-tfmSv Aev]w imk-\-mcq-]-Øn¬ kl-P-amb
hmIv]m-S-h-tØm-sSbpw D®m-c-W-kv^p-S-X-tbmSpw ]d™ hm°p-
Iƒ: ""F\n-°-dnbmw \nß-fn-∂n-hn-sS-\n-s∂s∂ Fgp-∂-≈n-®p-sIm-
≠p-t]m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂p'' F∂v. a‰p hm°p-I-fn¬ \n∂p Rm≥ a\- n-
em-°n-bXv GtXm hg-°p-aqew Ah-cn¬ Nnecn¬ \n∂v th≠
kl-I-cWw Xncp-ta-\n°v e`n-®n-s√-∂m-Wv. hmIv]m-cpjyw! A`n-
am-\n-bmb ]nXmhv h’-e\pw Xt‚-Sn-bp-amb ]p{X-t\mSp imk-
\m-fl-I-ambn ]d-bpw-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]mcpjyw Xncp-ap≥]n¬ \n∂-
h-tcm-tSm, B CS-h-I-°m-cn¬ AhnsS hcm-Xn-cp-∂-h-tcmtSm F∂p
hyh-t—-Zn-°m≥ F\n°p Ign-™n-√.
Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-\m-Ys‚ apºn¬ Fcn-™n-cp-∂ Hcp aWn-Zo-]w,
ssZhsØ kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw IrX-⁄-X-b¿∏n-°pbpw sNøp-∂-
Xn¬ B\μw Is≠-Øn. Aßs\ ssZh-al - Xzw apºn¬I≠v AXn-
\p-th≠n F√mw {Ia-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ shº¬sIm≠ ]nXm-hns‚
PohnXw ssZh-a-l-Xz-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ Hcp s\t´m-´-am-bn-cp-∂p.
182
\ma-I-cW \S-]-Sn-Iƒ
14
]c-a-]-cn-ip-≤-\mb ssZh-Øns‚ ]cn-ip-≤n-bn¬ ]¶p-tN-cp-hm-

\p≈ Xs‚ hnfn°v {]Xyp-Øcw \¬Inb Ipcym-f-t»-cn-]n-Xm-hv,
Xs‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS F√m Xe-ß-fnepw hnip-≤n-bpsS ]cn-
afw {]k-cn-∏n-®p. Im¬\q-‰m-≠p-Im-esØ Xs‚ AP-]m-e\ - i
- p-{iqj
Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-Øn-eqsS tIc-f-k-`-bpsS B[ym-fln-I, ùXnI \thm-
∞m\w ssIh-cn-°p-hm≥ th≠n ka¿∏n-°-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. ssZh-
P-\-Øns‚ kºq¿Æ hntam-N\w e£ywh®v kvt\l-Øn\pw Imcp-
Wy-Øn\pw {]m[m\yw Iev]n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ ]nXm-hns‚ Pohn-X-
km£yw AP-K-W-ß-fpsS lrZ-b-Øn¬ Nnc-{]-XnjvT t\Sp-hm≥
A-t±-lsØ {]m]vX-\m-°n. 1925 Pq¨ 2\v tdman¬h®p Znhw-K-X-
\mb ]nXm-hns\ AhnsS s{]m∏-Km¥m skan-tØ-cn-bn¬ I_-d-
S-°n. Cu ]pWym-flm-hns‚ th¿]mSv Nß-\m-t»cn cq]-Xbv°pw
Bcm-[\m k\ym-kn\n kaq-l-Øn\pw Xmßm-hp-∂-Xn-e-[n-I-am-bn-
cp-∂p.
ac-Wm-\¥
- c
- I
- ¿Ω-ßƒ
kvt\l-\n-[nbmb ]nXm-hn-t\mSv Xßƒ°p≈ kvt\lm-Z-c-hp-
Iƒ {]I-Sn-∏n-t°-≠Xv At±-l-Øn-\p-th≠n {]m¿∞n-°p-∂-Xn-eq-
sS-bm-sW∂v a\- n-em-°nb ssZh-P\w A\p-jvTn® B≤ym-fln-I-
kXvIrXy-ßƒ°p ]pd-sa, 30 Znh-ksØ {KntKmcn-b≥ dmk-bpw
H∏okpw IØo-{U¬ ]≈n-bn¬ \S-Øn. 30˛mw Nc-a-Zn-\-amb- 1925
Pqsse 1˛\v Nß-\m-t»cn IØo-{Z¬ ]≈n-bn¬ tIm´bw cq]-Xm-
≤y-£≥ am¿ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ Nqf-∏-d-ºn¬ sa{Xms‚ Im¿Ωn-I-Xz-
183
Øn¬ s]m¥n-^n-°¬ Ip¿_m-\bpw a‰p Xncp-°¿Ω-ßfpw \S-Ø-

s∏-´p. IqSmsX Hmtcm ]≈n-°mcpw Ah-c-h-cpsS ÿnXn-°-\p-k-
cWw [¿Ω-°™n sImSp-°-W-sa∂v Nß-\m-t»cn AXn-cq-]Xm
AUvan-\n-kvt{S-‰ohv tam¨. tP°_v I√-db
- v°¬ \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂p.
IØo-{U¬ ]≈n-bnepw a‰p ]≈n-I-fnepw k\ym-km-{i-a-ß-
fnepw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ Xncp-°¿Ω-ßƒ°p ]pdsa 9 Bcm-[-\m-a-T-
ß-fnepw -]n-Xm-hns‚ Bfl-im-¥n-°mbn 1925 HIvtSm-_¿ 10 apX¬
1928 sabv 12 hsc BgvN-bn¬ Hcp Ip¿_m\ hoXw (1000 Ip¿_m-
\) A¿∏n-®p. 1931 P\p-hcn 24 hsc F√mZnh-khpw cm{Xn 11 apX¬
12 hsc Hcp-a-Wn-°q¿ hn. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS Bcm-[-\bpw \S-Øn-bn-
cp-∂p. 1926 apX¬ F√m Bcm-[-\-a-T-ß-fnepw Pq¨ 2˛mw XobXn
]nXm-hn-\p-th≠n hn. Ip¿_m\ A¿∏n-®p-h-∂p. _. Pbnw-k-®≥
sa{Xm-\m-b-tijw ]n-Xm-hns‚ Nc-a-hm¿jn-I-Zn-\-Øn¬ IØo-{U¬
]≈n-bn¬ s]m¥n-^n-°¬ Ip¿_m-\bpw H∏okpw \S-ØpI ]Xn-
hm-bn. At±-l-Øns‚ ]n≥Km-an-I-fmb ]nXm-°-∑m¿ C∂pw Cu
]Xnhv XpS-cp∂p. -]n-Xm-hns‚ Nc-a-Zn-\-Øn¬ hmg-∏≈n aT-Øn¬
Hcp Nm°v Acn-h®p km[p-°ƒ°v [¿Ω-°™n sImSp-°p∂
]Xnhv 1989 hsc XpS¿∂p. 1990 apX¬ 1996 hsc IØoU¬ ]≈n°v
kao-]-{]-tZ-i-Øp≈ Bcm-[\ aT-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw t\¿®-s∏mXn
Xøm-dm°n PqWv 2˛\v D®-°p¿_m\ Ign™v ssZh-P-\-Øn\v
\¬In-bn-cp-∂p.
1996-˛-ap-X¬ ]mcnjv Iu¨kn-en¬ \n∂pw sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´
IΩn-‰n-bw-K-ßƒ kntÃ-gvkn-s\msSm∏w Nß\mt»-cn-bnse I®-
h-S-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ kμ¿in®v {im≤m-Sn-b-¥n-c-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb Acn,
tXß-, ]e-hy-RvP-\-ßƒ F∂nh tiJ-cn®p IØo-{Z¬ ]≈n-bn¬
hcp∂ `‡-P-\-ßƒ°p D®-`-£Ww D≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-°p∂ ]Xnhv
({im-≤w) XpS-ßn. XpS-°-Øn¬ c≠m-bn-c-tØmfw Bfp-Iƒ CXn¬
]s¶-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. Ct∏mƒ 6000-˛-Øn-e-[nIw Bfp-Iƒ t\¿®-`-£-
W-Øn\v hcp-∂p-≠v.
1937 apX¬ Bcm-[\ k\ym-kn-\n-Iƒ -]n-Xm-hns‚ I_-dn-S-Øn-
te°v hmg-∏-≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw Xo¿∞-bm{X \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. F√m-
184
h¿jhpw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ Cu Xo¿∞-bm{X 2008 apX¬ acn-b≥

Xo¿∞m-S-\-tI-{μ-amb ]mtd¬∏-≈n-bn¬ \n∂pw Bcw-`n-°m≥ XpS-
ßn. kntÃgvkpw A¬am-bcpw kvIqƒIp-ń-Ifpw CXn¬ ]s¶-SpØv
A\p-{Klw {]m]n-°p-∂p.
Xs‚ ]n≥Kman am¿ sPbnwkv Imfm-t»cn ]nXm-hns‚ {ia-^-
e-ambn 1935 Pqsse 25\v Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hns‚ ]qPym-h-injvSw
\mń¬ sIm≠p-h∂v Nß-\m-t»cn IØo-{Zen¬ I_dS-°n. A∂p
apX¬ Cu ÿew Hcp Xo¿∞m-S-\-tI-{μ-am-bn. am{X-a-√, ]nXm-
hns‚ \ma-I-c-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS kpK-a-amb \S-Øn-∏n\v CXv Gsd
klm-b-I-c-ambn `hn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
A\p-{K-lß
- ƒ
]nXm-hns‚ Pohn-X-hn-ip-≤n-sb-°p-dn®p Pohn-X-Im-eØp Xs∂
XnI™ Ah-t_m[w ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂ ssZh-P\w ac-Wm-\-¥-
chpw At±-l-Øn¬ B{ibw Is≠-Øn. Xß-fpsS Bh-iy-ß-
fn¬ am≤yÿyw bmNn-°p-hm\pw, A\p-{K-lß - ƒ t\Sp-hm\pw Ah¿
Gsd D’p-Ic - m-bn. \{kmWn Zo]n-I, I¿Ω-eI - p-kpaw XpSßn A∂p-
≠m-bn-cp∂ ItØm-en°m {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ A\p-{K-l-ßƒ
dnt∏m¿´p sNø-s∏-´p. A`n-hμy Imfm-t»-cn-∏n-Xm-hns‚ A\p-a-Xn-
tbmsS _. I≠-Øn-∏-d-ºn-e-®≥ FgpXn D≠m-°nb ""kvt\l-k-
ap-{Z-amb Cutim-sb...'' F∂, ]nXm-hn-eqsS A\p-{Klw bmNn-®p-
sIm-≠p≈ {]m¿∞\ \Ωp-sS kaq-l-ß-fn¬ sNm√n-h-∂p. XpS¿∂v
Nß-\m-t»-cn-bnse ]nXm-°∑ - m-cpsS imprimature-HmSpIqSn Hmtcm Ime-
L-´-Ønepw \ma-I-c-W-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ {]m¿∞\ A®-Sn-∏n®p
ssZh-P-\-Øn\p \¬In-bn-cp-∂p. ae-bm-fw, Cw•o-jv, Xangv, lnμn,
sXep-¶v, Hdn-b, C‰m-en-b≥, P¿Ω≥ F∂o `mj-I-fn¬ {]m¿∞\
A®-Sn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. 1989-˛¬ am¿ tPmk^v ]Δ-Øn¬ ]nXmhv imprimature
\¬Inb \h- \ mƒ {]m¿∞- \ bpw sNm√n A\p- { K- l - ß ƒ t\Sp-
∂p- ≠ v .
Ipcym-ft- »-cn-]n-Xmhv Hcp hnip-≤\
- m-sW∂v Icp-Xn-bn-cp∂ ssZh-
P\w At±lw AƒØm-c-bn¬ hW-ß-s∏-S-W-sa∂v Xo{h-ambn
185
B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ \ma-I-c-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-sf-°p-dn-®p≈

A⁄-X-aqew CXn-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®n-cp-∂n-√. ssZhn-I-
t{]-c-W-bm¬ {]tNm-Zn-X-cmbn A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ CXn-\p≈ ]›m-
Øew Hcp-°p-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. 1975-˛¬ tdman¬ Hcp aTw Bcw-`n-
°-W-sa-∂m-{K-ln® A∂sØ aZ¿ P\d¬ _. A¬t^m≥kv acn-
b-bpsS a\- n¬ ]nXm-hns‚ \ma-Ic
- W
- ]
- c
- n-]m-Sn-Iƒ XpS-ßp-tºmƒ
tdman¬ \ΩpsS km∂n≤yw Bh-iy-am-sW∂ t_m[yhpw D≠m-
bn-cp-∂p.
{]mcw-`{- ]-h¿Ø-\ß
- ƒ
Hmtcm k\ym-k-k-aq-lhpw Ah-c-h-cpsS ÿm]-I-s\-°p-dn®pw
ÿm]-I-kn-≤n-sb-°p-dn®pw Bg-amb ]T\w \S-Ø-W-sa-∂p≈
c≠mw hØn-°m≥ Iu¨kn-ens‚ Blzm\w {ihn® hn. Ip¿_m-
\-bpsS Bcm-[\mk\ym-kn-\n-k-aqlw Cu cwKØv {ia-I-c-amb
]T\w \S-Øn. Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hns‚ hn. Ip¿_m-\sb tI{μo-
Ir-X-amb Pohn-X-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ A\m-h-cWw sNøp∂
\nc-h[n {KŸ-ßfpw C°m-eØv hnc-Nn-X-am-bn. AXns‚ ê-ambn
]nXm-hns‚ Pohn-X-hn-ip-≤n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Bg-amb t_m[yw Bcm-
[-\m-k-\ym-kn-\n-I-fn¬ cqV-aq-e-am-bn. X∑qew Nß-\m-t»cn sk‚ v
tXm-akv s{]mhn≥kn¬ 1979 HIvtSm_dn¬ IqSnb s{]mhn≥jy¬
Nm]v‰¿ ÿm]-I-]n-Xm-hns‚ \ma-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈ {]mcw-`-\-S-]-Sn-
Iƒ Bcw-`n-°-W-sa∂ At]£ P\-d¬ Nm]v‰-dn¬ \¬I-W-sa∂
{]tabw ]m m°n, At]£ ka¿∏n-®p. 1979 Unkw-_-dn¬ IqSnb
P\-d¬ Nm]v‰¿ ÿm]-I-]n-Xm-hns‚ \ma-I-c-W ]cn]mSn-Iƒ Bcw-
`n-°-W-sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw {]mcw-`-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ°mbn kn.
s{Kbv k v (I¨ho- \ ¿), kn. enkv _ Øv Icp- t h- e n- Ø - d , kn.
tdmkven≥ F∂n-hsc Dƒs∏-SpØn Hcp IΩn‰n cq]o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. IΩn‰n ]T\w \SØn dnt∏m¿´v kp∏o-cn-b¬ P\-d¬ aZ¿
emw{_-ńs\ Gev]n-®p. AtXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv ]nXm-hns‚ Nc-a-Zn-\m-
N-cWw P\-d-te‰pw s{]mhn≥kp-Imcpw amdn amdn \S-Øm≥ XpS-
ßn-b-Xv. IqSmsX Pq¨ 2˛\p apºp≈ 9 Znh-k-ßƒ {]m¿∞-\m-Zn-
\-ß-fmbn BN-cn-°-W-sa∂pw Xocp-am-\-ap-≠m-bn.
186
AXn-cq-]Xm \S-]S- n-Iƒ

1983 Unkw-_¿ 12\v kp∏o-cn-b¿ P\-d¬ aZ¿ emw{_´v am¿
tXmakv Ipcym-f-t»-cn- ]nXm-hns‚ \ma-I-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ Bcw-
`n-°-W-sa∂v A`y¿∞n-®p-sIm≠v Nß-\m-t»cn sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm
am¿ B‚Wn ]Sn-b-dbv°v HutZym-Kn-I-amb At]£ ka¿∏n-®p.
1984 Pq¨ 2˛\v A`n-hμy ]Sn-bd ]nXm-hns‚ Adn-thmSpw kΩ-X-
tØmSpw IqSn dh. ^m. eqt°mkv hnØp-sh-ń-°¬ CMIsb t]mÃp-
te-‰-dmbn _. P\-dm-fΩ \nb-an-®p. dh. tUm. tXmakv ]≈n-∏p-d-
Øp-Ip-t∂¬, s{]m^. sI.-‰n. sk_m-Ãy≥ F∂n-h-tcm-sSm∏w
sshkv t]mÃp-te-‰-dmbn \nb-an-X-bmb _. aZ¿ Ckv]n-cnØv \ma-
I-c-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS {]h-¿Ø-\-ßƒ°p t\XrXzw hln-®p. aZ¿
Ckv ] n- c nØv apSn- b q¿°c Bim- ` - h - \ n¬ Bbn- c p- ∂ - X n- \ m¬
(1982˛1987) Cu `h-\-am-Wv, \ma-I-cW \S]-Sn-I-fpsS {]mcw`Hmô-
kmbn {]h¿Øn-®-Xv. th≠{X ]T-\-Øn-\p-tijw _. eq°m-®≥
\ma-I-c-W-\S]Sn XpS-ßp-∂-Xn-\p≈ HutZym-KnI At]£ (Supplex
libellus) am¿ B‚Wn ]Sn-bd ]nXm-hn\p \¬In. 1985 P\p-hcn 25
apX¬ Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXmhv ssZh-Zm-k-\mbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´p.
B h¿jw Pqsse 1, 2 Xob-Xn-I-fn¬ ktΩ-fn® tIcf _nj]vkv
tIm¨{^≥kv ]nXm-hns‚ \ma-I-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°p kΩXw
\¬In. A\-¥cw dh. ^m. aØn-bmkv ap≠m-S≥ CMI ({]-kn-U‚ v),
kn. s{Kbvkv SABS (sk-{I-´-dn), {io. tPmk^v Iq´p-tΩ¬ F∂n-h-
cpƒs∏´ lntÃm-dn-°¬ IΩn-js\ ]Sn-bd ]nXmhv \nb-an-®p.
AXn-hn-]p-e-amb Hcp ]T-\-amWv lntÃm-dn-°¬ IΩo-j\v \S-
Øm-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ssZh-Zm-k≥ Fgp-Xn-bXpw ssZh-Zm-k\v a‰p-
≈-h¿ Fgp-Xn-bXpw At±-l-tØmSp _‘-s∏´Xpamb tcJ-Iƒ
Fhn-sS-sb√mw D≠m-bn-cn-°m≥ km[y-X-bpt≠m Ahn-sS-sb√mw
At\z-jWw \SØn tcJ-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v Ah Iqew-Ip-ja - mbn ]Tn®v
dnt∏m¿´v \ma-I-cW tImS-Xn-bn¬ ka¿∏n-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. XnI®pw
{ia-I-c-amb Cu ]T-\-Øn¬ IΩo-j-\w-K-ß-tfm-sSmØv t]mÃp-
te- ‰ - d n\pw sshkv t]mÃp- t e- ‰ - d n\p ]pdta \ΩpsS hnhn[
t{]mhn≥kp-I-fn¬ \n∂v \nc-h[n kntÃgvkv Ggp h¿j-tØmfw
{]h¿Ø\w \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.
187
A`n-hμy ]Δ-Øn¬ ]nXmhv Nß-\m-t»cn sa{Xm-t∏m-eoØm

Bb-Xns\ XpS¿∂v \ma-I-cW ]cn-]mSn kw_-‘n® \n›nX tcJ-
Ifpw t\csØ \nb- a n- ° - s ∏´ Xntbm- f - P n- ° ¬ IΩo- j s‚
dnt∏m¿´pw tdman¬ ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw AhnsS \n∂pw Bh-iy-amb
Nihil obstet (no objection) e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. 1986 HmKÃv 15-˛mw XobXn
\ma-I-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°m-bp≈ ss{S_yq-W¬ AwK-ßsf \nb-
an-®p. dh. ^m. tXmakv {kmºn-°¬ (presiding judge), dh. ^m. {KnKdn
\Sp-hn-te-Sw, dh. ^m. tPmk^v Xqºp-¶¬ (Co-judge), dh. ^m. amXyp
aT-Øn-°p-t∂¬ (promoter of faith), dh. ^m tPmkv \ne-h-¥d, kn.
en≥kn tPmkv SABS F∂n-h¿ t\m´-dn-am-cmbpw kn. tagvkn SABS
Cursor Bbpw \nb-an-°-s∏-´p. tImS-Xn-bpsS BZy-k-tΩ-f\hpw kXy-
{]-Xn-⁄bpw 1986 BKÃv 29-˛mw XobXn Nß-\m-t»cn sa{Xm-t∏m-
eo-Ø≥ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v BVw-_-c-]q¿Δw \S-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. XZ-
h-k-c-Øn¬ C≥Uy-bpsS s{]m\p¨knb A`n-hμy Im®n-bm-hn-
e≥ Xncp-ta-\nbpw tIc-f-Ønse an°-hmdpw F√m ]nXm-°-∑mcpw
k∂n-ln-X-cmbncp∂p. _. \ne-h-¥-d-b-®≥ D]-cn-]-T-\m¿∞w
tdman\p t]mb-t∏mƒ ]Icw dh. ^m. tP°_v Aø-Ωm{X \nb-an-
°-s∏-´p. IqSmsX kn. tagvkn-‰msb t\m´-dn-bmbn \nb-an-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
1986 Unkw-_¿ 6˛mw XobXn hmg-∏≈n aT-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈
{]tXyI `h-\-Øn¬ ss{S_q-W¬ ktΩ-fn®v km£n-hn-kvXmcw
Bcw-`n-®p. ssZh-Zm-ks\ t\cn¬ ImWp-Itbm tIƒ°p-Itbm
hy‡n-]-c-ambn Adn-bp-Itbm sNbvXn-´p-≈-h-sc-bmWv km£n-I-
fmbn hnkvX-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 1988 Pqsse amk-Øn¬ am¿ tXmakv
Ipcym-f-t»cn hnImkv (\m-a-I-cW Hmô-kv) DZvLm-S\w sNøp-∂-
Xp-hsc km£n-hn-kvXmcw hmg-∏-≈n-bn-emWv \S-Øn-b-Xv. bm{X
sNøm≥ Btcm-Ky-an-√m-Xn-cp∂ km£n-Isf Ah-cpsS hk-Xn-I-
fn¬ t]mbn hnkvX-cn-®p. km[m-cWcoXn-bn¬ c≠p-aq∂p Znh-kw-
sIm≠v Hcp km£n-bpsS hnkvXmcw \S-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬
Bdpw Ggpw Znhkw Zo¿Ln® hnkvXm-c-ß-fp-ap-≠v. km£n-samgn
Cw•o-jn-te°pw X¿÷na sNbvX-tijw HØp-t\m-t°≠ Npa-X-
ebpw ss{S_q-W-en-t‚-Xm-Wv.
188
\qdn-e-[nIw Znh-k-ßƒ ss{S_q-W¬ ktΩ-fn-®n-´p-≠v. lntÃm-

dn-°¬ IΩo-j≥ ]e h¿j-ßƒsIm≠v tiJ-cn® tcJ-Ifpw Ah-
bpsS dnt∏m¿´pw 1990 sabv 10-˛mw XobXn ss{S_q-W-en¬ ka¿∏n-
®p. 99 ^b-ep-I-fn-embn 1300 Hmfw tcJ-I-fm-Wp-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Nne
tcJ-Iƒ ct≠m aqt∂m-t]-Pp-Iƒ am{X-ap-≈-t∏mƒ a‰p NneXp
Ccp-\qdpw ap∂qdpw t]Pp-Iƒ hcp-∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw
Cuc≠p t^mt´m-Ãm‰p tIm∏n-I-fmWv ss{S_q-W-en¬ ka¿∏n-®-
Xv. lntÃm-dn-°¬ IΩo-js‚ tPmen-I-fn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw klmb
kl-I-c-W-ßƒ \¬Inb _. tXmakv ]≈n-∏p-dØpIpt∂-e-®≥
sNbvX tkh-\-ßƒ {]tXyIw FSp-Øp-]-d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.
tImS-Xn-bnse km£n-hn-kvXm-c-Øn\p ]pdsa ]nXmhv Fgp-
Xnb ]pkvX-I-ßƒ, CS-b-te-J-\-ßƒ, k¿°p-e-dp-Iƒ, \ΩpsS
k-`mw-K-ßƒ°p-X∂ \nb-am-h-en, Iev]-\-Iƒ, kntÃ-gvkn\pw CX-
c-hy‡n-Iƒ°pw Fgp-Xnb IØp-Iƒ ]nXm-hns‚ BZy-Po-h-N-cn-
{Xw, F∂n-h-sb√mw X¿÷a sNbvXv, ss‰∏v sNbvXv, t^mt´m-
Ãm‰v tIm∏n-sb-SpØv tdman-tebv°v Ab-t°-≠n-bn-cp-∂p. XnI®pw
{ia-I-c-amb Cu tPmen-I-sf√mw \ΩpsS kntÃgvkv Xs∂-bmWv
sNbvX-Xv.
]nXm-hns‚ \ma-I-c-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fpsS `mK-ambn Nß-\m-t»cn
IØo-{U¬ aZv_-lm-bn-ep≈ hμy-]n-Xm-hns‚ I√d 1990 \hw-_¿
20˛\v Xpd∂p ]cn-tim-[n-°p-Ibpw ]qPym-h-in-jvS-ßƒ Hcp Ão¬
t]S-I-Øn-em°n ss^_¿ •mkv sIm≠v s]mXn™v Unkw-_¿
3˛mw XobXn B I√-d-bn¬ Xs∂ AS°w sNøp-Ibpw sNbvXp.
\ma-I-cWw kw_-‘n® AXn-cq-]Xm \S-]-Sn-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-
b-t∏mƒ AXn-cq-]Xm tImS-Xn-bpsS Ah-km-\-k-tΩ-f\w Nß-\m-
t»cn IØo-{U¬ ]≈n-bn¬ h®v 1991 G{]n¬ 27-˛mw XobXn \S-
Ø-s∏-´p. ssZh-Zm-ks\ kw_-‘n® tcJ-I-sf√mw t]mÃp-te-‰¿
_. eqt°mkv hnØp-sh-ń-°¬ A®s‚ Npa-X-e-bn¬ C¥y-bnse
s{]m\p¨jym hgn hØn-°m-\nse hnip-≤-cpsS \ma-I-cW \S-]-
Sn-Isf kw_-‘n-®p≈ Imcy-ßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p∂ Xncp-kw-L-Øn-
tebv°v Ab-®p.
189
tdma≥ \S-]S- n-Iƒ

_. eqt°m-®≥ Xs∂-bmWv \ma-I-c-W-\-S-]-Sn-bp-sS tdma≥
t]mÃp-te-‰-dmbn \nb-an-X-\m-b-Xv. Xncp-kw-L-Øns‚ Xe-h≥ I¿±n-
\mƒ B©-√kv sên®n Cu tcJ-Iƒ kzoI-cn®v ssZh-Zm-k-≥
tXmakv Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hns\-°p-dn-®p≈ "s]mkn- ntbm' (ssZ-
h-Zm-k≥ Pohn-®n-cp∂ ImeØv hotcm-Nn-X-amb coXn-bn¬ {InkvXo-
b]pWy-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂v ÿm]n-°p∂ {]_‘w)
Xøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn _. eqt°mkv hnØp-sh-ń-°-ens\ 1991
Unkw-_¿ 13˛mw XobXn Gev]n-®p. hØn-°m-\nse hnip-≤¿-°p-
th-≠n-bp≈ Imcym-e-b-Ønse Ggv AwK-ßƒ D≈ relator kwL-
Øns‚ Xe-h-\mb dh. ^m. At{_m-kntbm FIvk¿ OP BWv
Cu Causes‚ actor Bb Bcm-[\m k\ym-kn\n kaq-lsØ Xncp-
kw-L-hp-ambn _‘n-∏n® IÆn. External Collaborator Bbn \nb-an®
kn. A\‰v Nme-ßm-Sn-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS 3 hmey-ß-fmbn Xøm-
dm-°nb "s]mkn- ntbm' 1996 am¿®v amk-Øn¬ hnip-≤-cpsS \ma-
I-c-W-Øn-\m-bp≈ Xncp-kw-L-Øn¬ _. eq°m-®\pw kn. A\‰pw
tN¿∂v ka¿∏n-®p.
2004˛¬ _. eqt°mkv hnØp-sh-ń-°-e-®≥ Xs‚ A\m-tcmKyw
aqew t]mÃp-te-‰¿ ÿm\-Øp-\n∂pw hnc-an-®-t∏mƒ _. sPbnwkv
]mºmd kn.-Fw.-sF.sb t]mÃp-te-‰-dmbn \nb-an®p. At±lw
_mw•q¿ [¿Ωmcmw tImtf-Pn¬ A[ym-]-I-\mbn tdman¬ \n∂pw
t]m∂-Xn-\m¬ 2009 Pq¨ 20 apX¬ t]mÃp-te-‰-dmbn tkh\w
A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xv ]mem cq]-Xmw-Khpw hØn-°m≥ Xncp-kw-L-
Ønse DtZym-K-ÿ-\p-amb tam¨. t]mƒ ]≈-Ø-®-\m-Wv. 2004
apX¬ knÃ¿ s_©-an≥ tacn SABS sshkv t]mÃp-te-‰-dmbn
tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-∂p.
hØn°ms‚ \nb-aß - ƒ°-\p-kr-Xa - mb Hc-¤pXw CXp-hs - cbpw
ka¿∏n-°p-hm≥ km[n-®n-ń-s√-¶n¬t]mepw Ipcym-ft- »-cn-∏n-Xm-hns\
[\y-\mbn Db¿tØ-≠-Xns‚ {]k-‡nbpw {]m[m-\yhpw A[n-
Im-cn-Iƒ°v t_m[y-s∏-´Xns‚ ê-am-bn, 2009-˛¬ ssZh-im-kv{X-
⁄-∑mcpw I¿±n-\m-f-∑mcpw "s]mkn ntbm' ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈
\S-]-Sn-Iƒ°v XpS°w Ipdn-®p.
190
[\y-]Z- h
- n-bn-tebv°v
Ipcym-f-t»-cn-∏n-Xmhv hotcm-Nn-X-amb coXn-bn¬ ]pWy-ß-f-`y-
kn-®p-sh∂v ImWn-°p∂ Positio (s]m-kn- n-tbm) N´-{]-Imcw 8 ssZh-
imkv { X Btem- N - \ - k - a nXn AwK- ß ƒ°pw (Thoelogical Consultors)
hnip≤¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ Imcym-e-b-Ønse hnizm-k-kw-c-£-I\pw
(Promoter of Faith) hni-Z-amb ]T-\-Øn-\mbn \¬I-s∏-´p. Ah¿ 9 t]cpw
Bg-amb ]T-\-ßƒ°p-tijw Ipcym-f-t»-cn-∏n-Xmhv hnizm-kw, ic-
Ww, D]hn (ssZ-h-kvt\-lhpw ]c-kvt\-l-hpw) F∂o ssZhn-I-]p-
Wy-ß-fpw, hnth-Iw, ssÿcyw, Bfl-kw-b-a-\w, \oXn XpS-ßnb
km∑m¿§nI ]pWy-ßfpw hotcm-Nn-X-ambn A`y-kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂
Imcyw Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw Xøm-dm°n hnip-≤¿°p-th-≠n-bp≈ Imcym-
e-b-Øn¬ ka¿∏n® ]T-\-Ønepw AXn-\p-tijw 2010 am¿®p-amkw
26-˛mw XobXn \S∂ Ah-cpsS tbmK-Ønepw sFI-IW - vtTy\ AwKo-
I-cn-®p. Cu 9 ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´p-Iƒ hnizm-k-kw-c-£-Is‚ D]-kw-
lm-c-tØmSpw t]mÃp-te-‰-dns‚ (Postulator) hni-Zo-I-c-W-ß-tfmSpw
IqSnb hni-Z-amb dnt∏m¿´v tIm¨{Kn-tK-j≥ {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.
[\y-\mbn {]mJym-]n-°p-∂-Xns‚ ASpØ \S-]Sn tIm¨{Kn-
tK-js‚ AwK-ßf - mb I¿±n-\m-f∑
- m-cp-sSbpw sa{Xm-∑m-cp-sSbpw ]cn-
tim-[-\-bmWv (C-t∏mƒ 16 I¿±n-\m-f-∑mcpw 10 sa{Xm-∑m-cp-amWv
AwK-ßƒ). GI-tZiw H∂-c-amkw ap≥]v PositiobpsS (s]m-kn-kn-
tbm) tIm∏nbpw ap≥]-d™ ]T-\-dn-t∏m¿´p-I-fpsS tIm∏nbpw hne-
bncpØen\pw hni-I-e-Øn-\p-ambn Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xn-\p-tijw
2011 s^{_p-hcn amkw 15-˛mw XobXn tIm¨{Kn-tK-js‚ Xeh≥
I¿±n-\mƒ BRvPtem Aam-tØm-bpsS A≤y-£-X-bn¬ tN¿∂
tbmK-Øn¬ ap≥]-d™ AwK-ßfpw Ipcym-f-t»-cn-∏n-Xmhv hotcm-
Nn-X-amb coXn-bn¬ {InkvXob]pWy-ßƒ A`y-kn® hy‡n-bm-
sW∂ Imcyw sFI-I-WvtTy\ AwKo-I-cn-®p. CtXmsS [\y-\mbn
{]Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ tIm¨{Kn-tK-j-\nse \S-]Sn{Ia-ßƒ
]q¿Øn-bmbn. 2011 G{]n¬ amkw 2˛mw XobXn tIm¨{Kn-tK-js‚
Xe-h≥ BRvPtem Aam-tØmbv°v A\p-h-Zn® hy‡n-]-c-amb
(kz-Im-cy) IqSn-°m-gvN-bn¬ At±lw ka¿∏n® dnt∏m¿ńs‚ ASn-
191
ÿm-\-Øn¬ _\-UnIvSv ]Xn-\m-dm-a≥ am¿∏m∏ Ipcym-f-t»-cn

-∏n-Xmhv apI-fn¬ kqNn-∏n® {InkvXo-b-]p-Wy-ß-sf√mw hotcm-Nn-
X-amb coXn-bn¬ A`y-kn-®n-cp-∂p-sh∂ Imcyw AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw
CXp-kw-_-‘-amb Un{In ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-hm≥ hnip-≤-cpsS \ma-
I-c-W-\-S-]SnIƒ°m-bp≈ Imcym-e-bsØ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Cu \nanjw apX¬ Ipcym-f-t»-cn-∏n-Xmhv [\y-\m-bn-
Øo¿∂p.
Hcphy‡n [\y-cpsS ]Z-hn-bn-te°v Db¿Ø-s∏-Sp-I-sb-∂Xv
]c-a{- ]-[m-\hpw ASn-ÿm-\]
- c
- h
- p-amb Imcy-am-Wv. ImcWw At±lw
hnip-≤-Po-hnXw \bn-®n-cp∂ hy‡n-bm-sW∂ Imcyw Fs∂-t∂-
bv°p-ambn HutZym-Kn-I-ambn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv. C°mcyw
`mhn-bn¬ Hcn-°epw ]p\x-]-cn-tim-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-X-√.
k`-bpsS Xocp-am-\-Øn\v ssZh-Øns‚ `mK-Øp-\n-∂p≈ AwKo-
Im-c-am-bmWv A¤p-X-ßsf ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. [\y-\mb Hcp
hy‡nsb hmgvØs - ∏-´h
- \
- mbn {]Jym-]n-°p-∂X
- n\v Hcp A¤p-Xhpw
hnip-≤-]-Z-hn-bn-tebv°v Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\v as‰m-c-¤p-Xhpw thW-
sa-∂-XmWv Ct∏m-gsØ k`m-\n-›-bw. AXn-\m¬ C\n Ipcym-f-
t»-cn-∏n-Xm-hns‚ am≤yÿw hgn ssZhw {]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hc-¤pXw
tIm¨{Kn-tK-js‚ \n_-‘-\-Iƒ°-\p-kr-X-ambn kwi-bm-Xo-X-
ambn sXfn-bn-°-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ Ipcym-f-t»-cn-∏n-Xm-hns\ hmgvØ-s∏-
´-h-cpsS ]Z-hn-bn-tebv°pw as‰m-c-¤pXw IqSn kw`-hn-°p-tºmƒ
hnip-≤-cpsS ]Z-hn-bn-tebv°pw Db¿Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xm-Wv. {InkvXob
Pohn-XØ- n-s‚ amXr-Ibpw hnip-≤n-bpsS \nd-Ip-Shpw hnip≤ Ip¿_m-
\-bn¬ tI{μo-Ir-X-hp-amb B≤ym-fln-I-X-bpsS t{]jn-X\pa-mb
Ipcym-f-t»-cn-∏n-Xmhv hmgvØ-s∏-´-h-cpsS KW-Øn-te°v Db¿Ø-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\p≈ ssZh-\p-{K-l-Øn-\mbn \ap°v ImØn-cn-°mw.
\m-a-I-cW IΩ‰n
1979˛¬ IqSnb P\-d¬ Nm]v‰¿ kn. s{Kbvkv I¨ho-\-dmbn
\ma-I-cW ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°p-th≠n Hcp IΩn‰n cq]o-I-cn-®n-cp-∂p-.
]n∂oSv F√m t{]mhn≥kn¬ \n∂pw AwK-ßsf Dƒs∏-SpØn
192
IΩ‰n hn]p-eo-I-cn-®p. Hmtcm s{]mhn≥knepw \ma-I-c-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-

I-fpsS DØ-c-hm-ZnXzw hln-°p∂ Iu¨kn-edpw Ht∂m ct≠m
{]Xn- \ n- [ n- I fpw CXns‚ AwK- ß - f m- W v . km[m- c - W - K - X n- b n¬
B≠n¬ c≠p {]mh-iy-amWv IΩ‰n IqSp-∂-Xv. Hcp {]mhiyw F√m
taP¿ kp∏o-cn-tbgvkpw CXn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂p. \ma-I-cW ]cn-]m-
Sn-I-fpsS ]ptcm-KXn hne-bn-cp-Øp-I, hchp sNehp ]cn-tim-[n-
°p-I, `mhn \S-Øn-∏n-\m-h-iy-amb \n¿t±-i-ßƒ \¬IpI F∂n-h-
bmWv IΩ‰n sNøp-∂X - v. IΩ‰n hn]p-eo-Ic
- n®p Ign-™t- ∏mƒ apX¬
aZ¿ Ckv]n-cnØv I¨ho-\dpw kn. s{Kbvkv tIm˛-I¨ho-\dpw kn.
tPmkn sk{I-´-dnbpw kn. Pqen-bm\n A°u-≠‚p-ambn tkh\w
sNbvXp-h-∂p. Ah¿ A\m-tcmKyw aqew tPmen-bn¬ \n∂pw hnc-
an-®-t∏mƒ X¬ÿm-\-tØbv°v kn. _©-an≥ tacn (I¨ho-\¿),
kn. tdmkv Im™n-cw-Ime (sk-{I-´-dn), kn. tdmkv A¬t^m≥kv
(A-°u-≠‚ v) F∂n-h¿ \ntbm-Kn-X-cm-bn. P\-d¬ Iu¨kn-e¿
kn. enkn Nnd-bmØv Ct∏mƒ \ma-I-c-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ°v t\XrXzw
hln-°p-∂p.
[\y≥ Ipcym-f-t»cn ]nXm-hn-s\-°p-dn®v ssZh-P-\-Øn-\n-S-bn¬
IqSp-X¬ Adnhp ]I-cp-∂-Xn-\mbn 1991 apX¬ bq°-cn-Ãn°v
^vsfbnw F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp {]kn-≤o-I-cWw am¿ tXmakv Ipcym-
f-t»cn hnIm-kn¬ \n∂pw Bcw-`n-®p. ]nXm-hn-s\-°p-dn®pw At±-
l-Øns‚ ]T-\ß - s- f-°p-dn®pw Bg-amb Adnhp ]I-cp∂ Cu {]kn-
≤o-I-c-W-Øn-s‚ tIm∏n-Iƒ C¥y-bnse cq]-Xm-tI-{μ-ßfnepw
skan-\m-cn-If
- nepw k\ym-km-{i-aß- f
- nepw e`y-am-°p-∂p. 1994 apX¬
F√m-h¿jhpw Nß-\m-t»cn IØo-{Z¬ ]≈n-bn¬ \n∂v ]nXm-
hns\°pdn®v kvs]jy¬ ]mcn-jv_p-≈-‰n≥ (C-S-b≥) {]kn-≤o-I-
cn-°p-∂p-≠v. AXv Nß-\m-t»cn sa{Xm-t∏m-eo-Ø≥ CS-h-I-bnse
F√m IpSpw-_-ß-fnepw k\ym-k-`-h-\-ß-fnepw FØp-∂-Xn-\p≈
{Iao-I-c-Whpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
193
A\p-_‘w
1. Ub-dn-°p-dn-∏p-Iƒ
1. ItØm-en-°-cpsS CS-bn¬ D≠m-bn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ PmXn-

t`-Z-ßƒ am‰p-∂-Xn-\mbn sa{Xm-∑mcpw, ]´-°mcpw {][m-\-
P-\-ßfpw Hcp-an®v Hcp \m´p-kwLw IqSp-∂-Xv.
2. \mńs‚ KpW-Øn-\mbn ]≈n-°q-Sß - ƒ, Bip-]{- Xn-Iƒ apX-
embh ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v Hcp henb ]W-kwJy kºm-Zn-
°p-∂-Xv. C{]-Imcw F√m CS-h-I-I-fnepw thtZm-]-tZiw
]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn sNdnb ]≈n-°q-S-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-
Xv.
3. I\ym-kv{Xo-a-T-ßƒ, ]≈n-°q-S-ßƒ, CS-h-I-]-≈n-°q-S-ßƒ
apX-em-bh- bv°p Xe-h∑- m-tcbpw C≥kvs]-IvS¿am-tcbpw ]´-
°m-cn¬ \n∂p sXc-s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.
4. F√m-h-Ibpw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn A[n-Imcw hmßn-®p-
sIm-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv.
5. Hmtcm k`-bpsS Xe-h-∑m¿ Hcp Imcyw am{Xw sNøp-∂-
Xn\v G¬∏n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. BbXp ]e-Xm-Ip-tºmƒ
G¿s∏-Sp∂ Imcy-ß-fn-t∑¬ {i≤-h-bv°p-∂-Xn\p ]mSn-√m-
sX-h-cpw.
6. \mń¬ ae-bm-f-Øn\p am{Xw Hcp ]≈n-°qSw D≠m-°-Ww.
CXn¬ kwkvIrXw apJy-ambn ]Tn-∏n-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
7. ]´-kp-J-Øn\p ]Tn-°p-∂-h¿°p {]tXyIw ]≈n-°q-S-ßƒ
ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xv. sa{Sn-°p-te-j≥ Ign-™-tijw `‡nbpw
]T-\hpw I≠-tijw skan-\m-cn-bn¬ IqSp-∂-Xv.
8. an -Øn-\mbn Hcp henb ]pkvX-I-im-e-bp-≠m-°p-∂-Xv.
194
A\p-_‘w
9. siΩm-»-∑m¿ ]pØ≥Ip¿_m\ sNm√n-b-tijw DSs\ CS-

h- I - b n¬ t]mImsX Ch¿°v Bfl- I m- c y- ß - f n¬
kma¿∞yhpw IqZm-i-Iƒ sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\p ]cn-N-bhpw
{]kwKw ]d-bp-∂-Xn\v {]m]vXnbpw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xn\v Hcp
henb c≠mw skan-\mcn ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw ChnsS F√m
Znh-khpw Hmtcm-cp-Ø¿ {]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw, Bfl-Im-cy-
ßƒ°p-th≠ kwK-Xn-Isf DS-\p-S≥ sNø-Ø-°-hÆw ]cn-
N-bn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xv.
10. \mev]-Xp-a-Wn-bm-cm-[\ {][m-\-s∏´ ]≈n-I-fn¬ ÿm]n-
°p-I-bpw, CXn-\mbn CS-h-I-{]-Imcw Bfp-Isf Bcm-[-\-
bv°mbn \n›-bn-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xv.
11. ]´-°m¿°p [ym\w sImSp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn {]tXy-I-ÿ-e-
ßsf \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv.
12. P\-ßƒ°p [ym\w sImSp-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn `‡nbpw Fcn-
hpw, ]T-\-hp-ap≈ ]´-°msc Xnc-s™-SpØv Iq´-ambn Xma-
kn-∏n®v Ah-cpsS Adn-hn-\p-th-≠p∂ ]pkvX-I-ßfpw a‰pw
]pXp-hn-e-hgn sImSp-°p-∂-Xv.
13. P\-ßƒ°v F√m B≠nepw {]tXy-Iÿ - e
- ß
- f
- nepw [ym\w
sImSp-°p-∂-Xn\v \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xv.
14. Ipº-km-c-°msc \n›-bn-®p-sIm-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.
15. alm-{i-≤-tbmSpw Xmev]-cy-tØm-Spw-IqsS sIm®p-Ip-ń-Isf
Ip¿_m\ ssIs°m-≈p-∂-Xn-\v Hcp-°p-∂Xv. CXn-\mbn
F√m CS-h-I-I-fnepw B≠n¬ {]tXyI Xncp-\mƒ \n›-
bn-®p-d-∏n®v Hcp sNdnb [ym\w Ign-®-tijw ssIs°m-≈n-
∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
16. GsXmcp ]T-\-Øn-\v Ipń-Isf hnSp-∂-Xn\p ap≥]p thtZm-
]- t Z- i w hnIm- c n- b psS ap≥t]m thsd A[n- I m- c n- b psS
ap≥t]m ]co-£-sIm-Sp-Ø-tijw hnSp-∂-Xv. CXn\p X\n®v
F√m ]≈n-I-fnepw thtZm-]-tZ-i-ime ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xv.
195
17. s]¨ss]-X-ßƒ°mbn hep-Xmb -]-≈n-°q-S-ßƒ ÿm]n-

°p-Ibpw AhnsS ssX∏p apX-em-bh ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw
a‰pw {ian-°p-∂-Xv.
18. ip≤ {]wkn-kvtImkv ]pWy-hm-fs‚ aq∂mw-k` ÿm]n-
°p-∂-Xv. CXn-\mbn ]e hyh-ÿ-Iƒ D≠m-°p-∂-Xv.
19. Dt]-£n-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p∂ ss]X-ßƒ°p-th≠n hen-b-im-
e-Iƒ D≠m-°p-∂-Xv.
20. «olm-b° v mcw1 F√m-bn-SØpw ÿm]n-°p-∂X
v S- pØ \a-k° - .v
21. F√m ]≈n-I-fnepw Xncp-lr-Z-b-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn. amXm-hn-
s‚bpw am¿ butk-∏n-Xm-hn-s‚bpw Im¿°p∂ amem-J-bp-
sS-bpw, shkv]p¿°m-\m-°m-cp-sSbpw hW-°-amkw ÿm]n-
°p-∂-Xv.
22. Xncp-lr-Z-b-Øns‚ Xncp-\mƒ hfsc BtLm-j-tØmsS Ign-
∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
23. ]cn. aXm-hns‚ A©p Xncp-\m-fpw, am¿ butk-^v, hn. anJm-
tb¬, ]t{Xm-kv, ]utemkv, ip≤ tXmΩm, ip. iucym¿
]pWy-hm-∑m-cp-sSbpw Xncp-\mƒ s\mth-\-tbmsS Ign-°p-
∂-Xv.
24. F√m hoSp-If - nepw sIm¥-\a
- k
- v°m-chpw I¿Øm-hns‚ amem-
J-bpw FØn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
25. sIm¥-am-Xm-hns‚ Xncp-\mƒZn\w sIm¥-sb-Øn-®p-sIm≠v
{]Z-£nWw Ign-°p-∂-Xv.
26. F√m CS-h-I-I-fnepw Altare Privilegio2- s‚ A[n-Imcw D≠m-
°n-s°m-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.
27. F√m ss]X-ß-fpsS kwL-ß-fnepw Aa-tem-¤-h-am-Xm-
hns‚ kwL-ßƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xv.
28. F√m hoSp-I-fnepw Hmtcm ]pWy-hms\ a≤y-ÿ-\mbn F√m-
1. «olm-bv°-SpØ \a-kv°mcw = P] A∏-kvtXm-e-kwLw
2. Altare Privilegio = Privileged Altar
196
A\p-_‘w
bvt∏m-gt- Ø°pw Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-∂X - v. Cu ]pWy-hms‚ Xncp-

\m-fn¬ B hoń-ep-≈-h¿ F√m-hcpw Ip¿_m\ ssIs°m-
≈p-∂-Xv.
29. t\mºns‚ Znh-k-ß-fnse sh≈n-bmgvN IqSmsX F√m Znh-
k-ß-fnepw hobm-km{I {Ia-{]--Imcw sNøp-∂-Xv.
30. Hmtcm CS-h-I-°m¿ X\n-®p-X-\n®p ]Ww Nne-hn´v F√m
CS-h-I-I-fnepw thtZm-]-tZ-i-kvIqƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xv.
31. hn. {^m≥-kokv A. Portiuncula ]e ]≈n-I-fn¬ ÿm]n-°p-
∂-Xn\v A\p-hmZw hmßn-°p-∂-Xv.
32. A⁄m-\n-I-fpsS a\- p-Xn-cn-hn\p {ian-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn Hcp
{]tXyI k` IqSp-∂-Xv. Ch-cn¬ \n∂p hm≤ym-∑msc Xnc-
s™-SpØp ]Tn-∏-°p-∂-Xn\v Ab-bv°p-∂-Xv. Ch¿°mbn
thtZm-]-tZi ]≈n-°q-S-ßƒ IqSmsX {]tXyIw ÿm]n-
°p-∂-Xv.
33. bqtdm-∏n¬\n∂pw ]e I\ym-kv{Xo-Isf hcpØn \m´p-ss]-
X-ßsf ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
34. ImXp IpØm-Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v KpW-tZm-jn-°p-∂-Xv.
35. ]≈n-°q-S-ßƒ°pw aT-ßƒ°pw {]tXyIw ]Ww kºm-Zn-
°p-∂-Xv. CXp \√-hÆw \S-Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\mbn
F√m-bvt∏mgpw Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
36. ]≈n-°q-S-ß-fpsS Xe-h-∑m¿°v ]e sXmgn¬ sImSp-°m-
Xn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Bb-Xp-t]mse
37. ]≈n-°q-S-ßƒ°v X\n®v Hcp I√-¥m-cn-bp-≠m-°p-∂-Xv.
38. P\-ßf - psS D]-tbm-KØ
- n-\mbn ]pWy-hm-f∑- m-cpsS Xncp-\mƒ
FhnsS Ign-°p∂p F∂pw BcpsS s]cp-\mƒ F∂pw ImWn-
°p∂ Hcp I√-¥m-cn-bp-≠m-°p-∂-Xv.
39. thsd sIm®p-X-c-ß-fn¬ D≠m-°p-∂-Xv.
40. {][m-\-amb ]pkvX-I-ßƒ s]mcpƒXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
197
41-.]≈n-Iƒ ItØm-en-°-cp-sS-bSp-°¬ C√m-Øn-SØv ÿm]n-

°p-∂-Xv.
42. Xncp-lr-Z-b-Øns‚ ]≈n ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xv. CXn¬ Hmtcm
k`-bv°mbn Hmtcm It∏f ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xv.
43. ]≈n∏-W-ßƒ _m¶n¬ CSp-hn-°p-∂-Xv.
44. Acp-fn°m sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv.
45. B™qkv -sZbn1 hmßn-°p-∂-Xv.
46. Chn-sS-bp≈ Hmtcm ]≈n-I-fpsS ÿnXnbpw a‰pw Adn-bp-
∂-Xv. apX-se-Sp-°p-∂-h¿, I]ym-c-∑m¿ apX-em-b-h-cpsS i´-
ßƒ Xnc-°n-b-dn-bp-∂-Xv.
47. skan-\m-cn-bpsS {Ia-ßƒ Xnc-°n-b-dn-bp-∂-Xv.
48. tImtf-Pn-¬ \S-Øp∂ {Ia-ßƒ
49. F√m \mń¬ \n∂pw Hmtcm-cp-Ø-sc Adn-hp-Im-cmbn Xnc-
s™-Sp-°p-∂-Xv. Ah-cpsS t]cpw ta¬hn-em-khpw Xnc°n
Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv.
50. {]`p-°-∑m-cpsS ta¬hn-emkw Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv.
51. k`m-P-\-dm-f-∑m-cpsS ta¬hn-emkw
52. Hmtcm Zn°p-I-fpsS Ahÿ Xnc-°n-b-dn-bp-∂-Xv.
53. tdmΩm-bp-sSbpw a‰p hnti-j-s∏´ {Km^v hmßn-®p-sIm-≠p-
t]m-Ip-∂-Xv.
54. h¿Ø-am-\-°-S-em-kns‚ ta¬hn-emkßƒ Fgp-Xn-s°m-≠p-
t]m-Ip-∂-Xv.
55. ¢mcbv°m2 kºm-Zn-°p-∂-Xv.
56. CS-h-I-°m-cpsS t]cv AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ ]pkvX-I-ap-≠m-°p-
∂-Xv.
1. B™qkv sZbn = Xncpti-jn∏v
2. ¢mcbv° = P]-ame D≠m-°p-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ aWn-Iƒ
198
A\p-_‘w
57. amtam-Zokm ]pkvX-I-ap-≠m-°p-∂Xv.

58. apºn-esØ H{]o-ip-am-bpsS ]pkvX-I-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xv.
59. P\-ß-fpsS kz`m-hhpw a‰pw Xnc°n At\z-jn-°p-∂-Xv.
60. {]kt∏1 D≠m-°p∂ Imcyw.
61. F√m CS-h-I-∏≈nI-fnepw Hcp sNdn-b _nªn-tbmtX-°m2
D-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. Ch-Iƒ kq£n-°p-∂-Xn\v Bfp-Isf \n›-
bn-°p-∂-Xv.
62. {^m≥kn-kvI≥ 2˛mw k`-°m-cpsS ]e sImth¥ ÿm]n-
°p-∂-Xv. Ch-cpsS klm-b-Øm¬ ]e-tcbpw am¿§-Øn¬
Iq´p-∂-Xv.
63. ]pXp-{In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ°mbn F√m CS-h-I-I-fnepw Hmtcm
]≈n-°qSw ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xv. Ch¿°p-≈ Xo≥3 CS-h-I-]-
≈n-I-fn¬ \n∂pw CS-h-I-°m-cn¬ \n∂pw ]nSn-b-cn-sIm≠v
Xo≥sIm-SpØp am¿§w-Iqń klm-bn-°p-∂-Xv.
64. Hcp BI ]mT-im-e-bp-≠m-°p-∂Xpw CXn¬ _n.-F. hsc
]Tn-∏n-®-tijw ]´-Øn-\mbn ]Tn-°p-Ibpw c≠p-h¿jsØ
^ntem-k-^n-bpw, aq∂p-h¿jsØ Xntbm-f-Pnbpw ]Tn-®-
tijw tdmΩm-bn¬ aq∂p-h¿jw ]Tn-°p-Ibpw Hcp h¿jw
^ntem-k-^nbpw c≠p-h¿jw Xntbm-f-Pnbpw CXn-\n-S-bn¬
\mSp-Im-Wp-hm-\mbn Cf-hp-Zn-h-k-ß-fn¬ A\p-h-Zn-°p-
∂Xpw ISin \mń¬h∂v Hcp h¿jsØ Xg-°w, AXn-
\mbn \n›-bn-°-s∏´ ]co-£bpw Ign-™-tijw tPmen-
bn¬ {]th-in-°p-∂-Xv.
1. {]nkt∏ = ]p¬°qSv
2. _nªn-tbmtX-°m = sse{_dn
3. Xo≥ = `£Ww
199
2. A\p-kva-c-Wob Zn\-ßƒ
1873 P\p-hcn 14 ˛ P\\w ˛ Nº-°pfw
1873 P\p-hcn 21 ˛ amtΩm-Zok ˛ I√q¿°mSv ssZhm-ebw
1890 P\p-hcn 18 ˛ ssÿcy-te-]-\w, BkvX-∏mSv ]´w
1899 sabv 27 ˛ ]utcm-lnXy kzoI-cWw ˛sk‚vtPm¨ em‰-d¬
ssZhm-e-bw, tdmw
1900 P\p-hcn 1 ˛ 1901 BKÃv ˛ sk‚v _¿°p-am≥kv t_m¿UnwKv
sshkv sdIvS¿, Nß-\m-t»cn
1901 BKÃv ˛ 1902 HIvtSm-_¿ ˛ tN∂-¶cn hnImcn
1902 HIvtSm-_¿ ˛ 1906 sabv ˛ Imhmew hnImcn
1903 G{]n¬ 24 ˛ Hm¿t«w ssZhm-eb inem-ÿm-]\w
1906 sabv˛1910 sabv ˛ FSXzm hnImcn
1908 P\phcn 29 ˛ Fkv.-F.-_n.-Fkv kaq-l-Øns‚
ImensØmgpØnse XpS°w
1908 Unkw-_¿ 8 ˛ BZy-Aw-K-ß-fpsS intcm-hkv{X kzoI-cWw, FSXzm
1909 sk]v‰w-_¿ 29˛ Hm¿t«w ssZhm-eb Bio¿ΔmZw
1910 HIvtSm-_¿ 17 ˛ amXr-`-h-\Øns‚ (Nº-°pfw) Bio¿ΔmZw
1911 am¿®v 29 ˛ Nº-°pfw I√q¿°m´v hnImcn
1911 Unkw-_¿ 3 ˛ sa{Xm-`n-tjIw (Im≥Un)
1911 Unkw-_¿ 10 ˛ BZy-Aw-K-ß-fpsS k`m-hkv{X kzoI-c-Ww, Hm¿t«w
1925 Pq¨ 2 ˛ acWw ˛ tdmw
1935 Pqsse 25 ˛ ]qPym-h-in-jvS-ß-fpsS ]p\x-kw-kvImcw , Nß-\m-t»cn
1983 Unkw-_¿ 12 ˛ \ma-I-cW \S-]SnIfpsS XpS°w
1985 P\p-hcn 25 ˛ ssZh-Zmk≥
1991 G{]n¬ 27 ˛ cq]X \S-]-Sn-I-fpsS kam-]\w
2011 G{]n¬ 2 ˛ [\y≥
200
201
202

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Cherupushpa Mission League-Platinum Jub,le-e

Souvenir of the Episcopal Consecration of

Printed at : St. Thomas Offset

sk\-°nƒ kn. tdmkvtIbv‰v SABS

Ipcym-f-t»cn am¿ tXmΩm sa{Xms‚

kn. s‰d-kn‰m S.A.B.S RIP

Souvenir of the Birth Centenary of

No. R2/Misc. 1042/72 15th Nov. 1972

Rev. Mother Mary Espirith SABS

Dear Rev, Mother,

With best regards,

Yours sincerely in Our Lord

15th Nov. 1972

Very Rev. Sr. Superior,

EC: 499/72 17th Nov. 1972

Dear Rev. Mother,

With best regards,

Dear Rev. Mother,

Nß-\m-t»cn cq]-X-bpsS {]Y-a-sa-{Xm\pw Bcm-[\ k\ym-

sk\-°nƒ kn. tacn Ckv]n-cnØv SABS

Nß-\m-t»cn am¿ tPmk^v ]Δ-Øn¬

Nn-‰-∏-\-®-s‚ A-Sp-°¬ t]m-Ip-∂-Xpw A-t±-l-tØm-Sv kw-`m-jn-°p-

C°m-eØv F√m Znh-khpw Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®≥ Nß-\m-t»cn ]≈n-

lhpw ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂p. 1888 sabv amk-Øn¬ Ip™p-tXm-Ωm-®-

hnNm-cn®v At¥ym-]-tZiw F∂ \ne-bn¬ Xmsg-]-d-bp∂ \n¿t±-

buΔ-\-ÿ-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ H∂m-a-Xm-bn-cn-°p∂p'' F∂v Ip™p-

am-°p-∂p. "⁄m\-kv\m-\-Øn¬ e`y-amb ssZhn-I-Po-hs\ \jvS-

amXr-Ibpw {]tNm-Z-\hpw \¬In-s°m≠v Ip´n-I-fpsS B≤ym-ﬂnI

C∂sØ aT-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈ Hm¿t«w ssZhm-e-b-Øns‚

tXmΩm-®≥ sNdp∏w apX¬ B{K-ln-®p. tdmam-bnse Xs‚ sshZn-

Nß-\m-t»cn F∂v ]p\¿\n¿Æbw sNøp-Ibpw GX-t±-iob

Pmhv Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw `cWw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ Ime-L-´w. Ime-

s{]m∏-Km¥m hI It∏-f-bnse I√-d-bn¬ F√m-hn[ _lp-a-Xn-I-

]m]-Øns‚ \o¿°-bØ - n¬ B≠p-t]mb a\p-jy-h¿§sØ, Icp-

hpw, {InkvXo-b-X-Xz-ß-fpsSsb√mw cXv\-®p-cp-°hpw, F√m `‡n-

∂n-√. Cu kμ¿i-\hpw kl-hm-khpw kmao-]y-hp-sa√mw At±-

ambn Bcw-`n-®Xv At±-l-am-Wv. AXn\p apS°w hcp-ØmsX IrXy-

lØns‚ Xo£vW-amb {]m¿∞\bpsSbpw Xo{h-amb {]b-Xv\-

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`-h-ß-fp-tSbpw Hcp ]¶v \ap-°p-IqSn Xcp-∂-Xn\v Ahn-Sp∂v Xncp-a-

∏p-Ifn¬ ImWmw. Hmtcm Xncp-\m-fp-Iƒ°p apºpw s\mth-\-Iƒ

kvt\l-ap-≈-h-cpsS ]°¬ \n¬°p-hm\pw kwkm-cn-°p-hm\pw

hmX-tcmKw \nanØw NnIn-’-bv°mbn Nº-°p-fØv Hm¿t«w

b-sa-¶nepw Ign-bp-∂{X DNn-X-ambn Ae-¶-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Xo{hm-

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Im-e-ß-fn¬ F√m Znh-khpw cm{Xn 11-˛12 "Xncp-a-Wn-°q¿' Bcm-

cm{Xnbpw ]Iepw Znhy-Im-cp-Wy-\m-Ys\ Bcm-[n-°Ww F∂Xv

kqcy-Im¥n ]pjv]w Ft∏mgpw kqcy\v A`n-ap-J-ambn \n¬°p-∂-

Øn-bn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. "Xncp-lr-Z-b-h-W°w' F∂ ]pkvXIw ]nXmhv

{]nb-]p-{X-\mb Cutim-an-in-lm-bpsS kvt\l-Øn¬ A[n-I-a[n-