BIOCHEMISTRY a.

Mechanical trauma – injuries, bruises,

dislocations
 Deals with the study of the chemistry of living
b. Temperature extremes – extreme or too low
organisms
c. Radiation
 Application of the principles and methods of
d. Electric shock
chemistry to the field of biology and physiology
2. Chemical Agents
 Concerned with the physio-chemical processes
a. Toxic compounds
underlying
b. Drugs
i. Digestion
3. Biologic Agents
ii. Absorption
a. Viruses
iii. Circulation
b. Bacteria
iv. Respiration
c. Fungi
v. Metabolism
d. Parasites
vi. Growth
4. Genetic Disease – due to abnormality in the genes,
vii. Reproduction
chromosomes,
 Clinical Biochemistry
5. Oxygen Lacks
i. Physiological chemistry
a. Loss of blood
 Normal processes
b. Decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood
ii. Pathological chemistry
c. Mitochondrial poisoning
 Abnormal processes
6. Immunologic Reactions
 Is both a life science and a chemical science
a. Anaphylaxis
 It explores the chemistry of living organisms and
b. Autoimmune disorders
the molecular basis for the changes occurring in
7. Nutritional Imbalances
living cells
a. Deficiencies
 Has become the foundation for understanding all
b. Excesses
biological processes
8. Endocrine Imbalances
 It has provided explanations for the causes of
a. Hormonal deficiencies/excess
many diseases in humans, animals, and plants

MAJOR CAUSES of DISEASE

a. Condition – situation or existing situation of the human
body system

b. Disease – abnormal function of the cells or organ system

c. Signs – observable and measurable of a certain disease

d. Symptoms – Not observable and not measurable

1. Physical Agents – physical factors that can cause

abnormality to human physiology
BIOMOLECULES
 2 general Classification of Organic Compound a. Ionic Bonding
 Involves a transfer of one or more electrons
1. Hydrocarbons
from one atom to another, leading to the
a. Contains only carbon and hydrogen
formation of an ionic bond
b. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
b. Covalent Bonding
i. No benzene rings or derivative of the
 Involves a sharing pair of electrons between
benzene ring
atoms
ii. Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes
c. Hydrogen Bonding
iii. Saturated – contains single C-H bond
 Hydrogen atom is bonded to a small, highly
iv. Unsaturated – contains 2 or more C-H
electronegative atom
bond
1. Alkanes – contain only single bond
(ethane)
2. Alkenes – contain at least on double
bond (ethene)
3. Alkynes – contain at least one triple
bond (ethyne)
c. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
i. Contain a benzene ring or a derivative
of the benzene ring
2. Substituted Hydrocarbons
a. Which one or more hydrogen atoms is
replaced by another atom or group of atoms
b. Functional group
i. Is an atom or group of atoms arranged
in a particular way that is primarily
responsible for the chemical and
physical properties of the molecule in
which it is found
A. Hydrophobic
 Refers to the physical property of a molecule
that is repelled from a mass of water
 Alkanes, oils, and fats
B. Hydrophilic
 Refers to a physical property of a molecule
that can transiently bond with water through
hydrogen bonding

CHEMICAL BONDS