EXCRETION

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 Lesson 1
Learning Objective
1.Define excretion as the removal of toxic
materials and the waste products of metabolism
from organisms.
Outline

What is excretion?

Excretory products

Excretory organs
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 What Is Excretion?

Excretion is

the removal of

toxic materials and the waste products of
metabolism

from organisms.

METABOLISM = ANABOLISM + CATABOLISM

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 Metabolism

Produces waste products.

When presents in high concentration...

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 Excretion is NOT egestion


Excretion is the removal of toxic materials and
the waste products of metabolism from
organisms.

Egestion is the removal of undigested food
matter from the alimentary canal.

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Is defaecation excretion or
egestion?

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 Excretory Products

1.Carbon dioxide
– Produced as a waste product of respiration
– It is harmful because it is an acidic gas, that can slow
down enzyme reaction.
2.Excess water
– Excess water
– Comes from eating, drinking
– Produced as a waste product of respiration
– It is harmful because it can cause cells to swell and
burst. 7
3. Urea
– Produced from the breakdown of amino acids
(deamination)
– It is harmful because it is a toxic nitrogenous waste
and can prevent enzyme reaction from taking place.
4. Bile pigment (bilirubin)
– Produced from the breakdown of haemoglobin
– It is harmful because bile pigment is toxic.

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 Excretory Organs

Carbon dioxide
excreted mainly through

Excess water
excreted mainly through

also through

&
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Urea
excreted mainly through

Bile pigment
excreted mainly through

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Past Year Question

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Excretion in mammals

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 Exercise
1. What is excretion?
2. What is the gas produced during respiration?
3. Why is this gas harmful?
4. Name the process that produce urea in the liver.
5. Bile pigment is the breakdown of __________.
6. Another name for bile pigment is __________.
7. What is the main excretory organ for excess water?
8. What are the other excretory organs for excess water?
9. What is the excretory organ for carbon dioxide?
10. Defaecation is the removal of faeces. Is it excretion/egestion?
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 Lesson 2
Learning Objective
1.Describe the removal of carbon dioxide from the
lungs
2.Identify on diagrams and name the kidneys,
ureters, bladder, urethra and state the function of
each.
Outline
 Removal of CO2 from the lungs

Urinary system
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 Removal of CO2 from the lungs
Transport Alveoli
Cell
system (Lungs)

CO2 enters red Hydrogen carbonate

blood cells. CO2 ions diffuse back
into the red blood
reacts with water
cells where they
Cell respire to form carbonic
are converted into
aerobically acid. Carbonic acid
carbonic acid and
to produce CO2. breaks down into
then into water and
CO2 diffuses into hydrogen carbonate
CO2. CO2 diffuses
ions. Hydrogen
the blood. out of blood
carbonate ions
diffuse out into the capillaries into the
plasma. alveoli and out of
the lungs
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Urinary System

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 Urinary System


Renal artery brings oxygenated blood containing urea and excess water to the
kidneys.

Renal vein brings deoxygenated blood from the kidneys. 18

Urinary sphincter controls the discharge of urine into the urethra
Past Year Question

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Urinary system

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 Lesson 3
Learning Objective
1.Identify how a nephron works.

Outline

Structure of kidney

Structure of nephron

Urine formation

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Structure of Kidney

There are two

main regions:
 Cortex
 Medulla 22
Structure of Nephron

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 Urine Formation
2 Stages

Stage 1: Ultrafiltration

High blood pressure in the

glomerulus forces small
dissolved substances in the
blood such as water, urea,
glucose, amino acids,
mineral salts out of the
blood into the
Bowman's capsule.
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 Proximal convoluted tubule
Stage 2: Selective Reabsorption

Glucose, amino acids, useful

mineral salts and useful water
are reabsorbed back into the
blood capillary. Glucose and
amino acids are reabsorbed
by active transport whereas
water is reabsorbed by osmosis. Blood capillary

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Excess water, excess mineral salts and
nitrogenous wastes (e.g. urea) pass out of the
collecting duct as urine.

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 Constituents of urine...
can vary depending on diet.

High Salty Diet Higher Salt

Concentration in Urine

High Fluid Intake Dilute Urine

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Past Year Question

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 Discussion

On a hot day, a person consumed only meat

before a day of energetic work. Explain the likely
changes in the composition of the person's urine
during the day.

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 Essay Assignment

Describe what could happen to an amino acid

molecule from the time it enters the liver to the
time its component elements leave the body.

(7)

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 Lesson 4

Outline

Function of kidney

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 Function of Kidney

As an excretory organ As an osmoregulator

To remove
To control the
excess water
water potential
and urea
of the blood
from the blood

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 Discussion

• How does kidney control the water potential of

the blood?
• Why is it important to control the water
potential of the blood?

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Kidney as an Osmoregulator

Red blood cells

swell and burst

Red blood cells

shrink and crenate

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 Kidney as an Osmoregulator

Water potential of the blood is controlled by the
amount of water reabsorbed at the Henle's loop.
 When water potential of blood is high, less water is
reabsorbed at Henle's loop.
 When water potential of blood is low, more water is
reabsorbed at Henle's loop.

A hormone called anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) is
responsible for controlling the amount of water
reabsorbed at the Henle's loop.
 More ADH secreted More water reabsorbed.
 Less ADH secreted Less water reabsorbed.
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 Discussion

A person drinks a lot of water. State what happen

to urine volume and its concentration. Give
reasons for your answer.


Include secretion of ADH and water reabsorption
at Henle's loop in your answer.

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Discussion

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 Lesson 5
Learning Objective
1.Describe dialysis in kidney machines.

Outline

Kidney Failure

Kidney Dialysis

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 Kidney Failure

Kidney failure happens when one or both kidney stops functioning normally
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 Kidney Failure
Several causes:

Diabetes

Hypertension

Inherited kidney disease

Kidney stones

Infection

Abuse of painkilling drugs

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 Kidney Failure

Kidney failure causes wastes like urea to
remain in the blood system.

Accumulation of wastes is toxic to the human
system. If not treated, it could be fatal.

The treatments available are either dialysis or
kidney transplant.

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Kidney Dialysis

Dialysis machine
mimics the function of
kidney. It removes
excess salts and
nitrogenous waste
(e.g urea) from the
patient's blood.

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Kidney Dialysis (hemodialysis)

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• The patient’s blood is made to pass through the
partially permeable tube, immersed in dialysis
fluid (has the same concentration as ordinary
plasma)
• Small molecules such as urea and other waste
products in the blood diffuse out of the tube into
the dialysis fluid.
• Large molecules such as blood cells and
proteins remain in the tube.

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• The tube is narrow, long and coiled to increase
the surface area to volume ratio for faster
diffusion.
• The direction of the blood is opposite to the flow
of dialysis fluid. This is to maintain diffusion
gradient.
• The filtered blood is then returned to a vein in
the patient’s arm.

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Kidney Dialysis (Peritoneal)

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Past Year Question

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Past Year Question

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 Discussion

Kidney dialysis removes urea and excess

salts from the blood. To be able to carry this
function, the composition of the dialysis fluid
has to be regulated. Suggest the
concentration of urea and salts in the dialysis
fluid.

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 Exercise
1. What is the function of ureter?
2. What is the function of urethra?
3. Where is urea produced?
4. Name the main regions of kidney.
5. Name 2 stages in urine production.
6. Name 2 substances that formed filtrate.
7. Name 2 substances that are reabsorbed into the blood
capillary at the proximal convoluted tubule.
8. High intake of protein will increase the concentration of
___________ in the urine.
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9. What are 2 functions of kidney?
10. What happen to red blood cell if the water potential of blood
plasma is high?
11. Where does osmoregulation takes place in the nephron?
12. Name the hormone that controls water absorption in the
nephron.
13. Where is this hormone secreted?
14. If more ADH is secreted, __________ (more/less) water is
reabsorbed.
15. What happen to ADH secretion, if a person drinks a lot of
water? Explain.

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