Date 12 / 70 / 22

COMPUTER CASE

The computer case serves mainly as a way to physically mount and contain all the actual
components inside a computer, like the motherboard, hard drive, optical drive, floppy disk
drive, etc. They typically come bundled with a power supply.

The housing of a laptop, netbook, or tablet is also considered a case, but since they aren't
purchased separately or very replaceable, the computer case tends to refer to the one that's
part of a traditional desktop PC.

 Computer Case Facts

Motherboards, computer cases, and power supplies all come in different sizes called form
factors. All three must be compatible to work properly together.

Many computer cases, especially ones made of metal, contain very sharp edges. Be very
careful when working with an open case to avoid serious cuts.

When a computer repair person says "just bring the computer in," they are typically
referring to the case and what's inside it, excluding any external keyboard, mouse, monitor,
or other peripherals.
TYPES OF COMPUTER CASE

 The computer cases are a visible part of our computers called PC towers and
Computer towers. Its function is to serve as a protective structure for the rest of the
internal components where they will be assembled.
 There are many different types of cases. The main feature of each of them is its form
and size factor. This is due to the motherboard, whose form factor must be compatible
with that of the tower to fit perfectly.
 And yes, the cooling system is one of the main components of any PC case. There
should be enough space inside for air circulation and large radiators that a powerful
PC needs.
 It must be understood that a PC case is an essential component for protecting the
internal equipment from external influences.
 Along with characteristics, it is necessary to highlight their size and type of execution,
which can be either vertical or horizontal. The following are the computer case sizes
and models available in the market.

Full tower
 Firstly, Full Tower is used to accommodate an E-ATX or CEB motherboard. This is
very useful for high-performance servers that can use multiple components all sizes
of motherboard from high end expensive to cheap including RAM and ROM and
other storage units at once.
 The full tower ranges between 55- 75 cm tall and 22 – 32 cm in width. It can have
from 4 to 9 5.25-inch bays (for additional optical drive). Allows you to install up to
seven expansion cards, such as a sound card or a receiver.

 This type of computer case comes with proper size and weight, which usually has
better internal cooling. Of course, their prices are a little high.
 One big drawback to having a Full Tower is that it takes up a lot of space and is
difficult to hide. But if you have free space available, then it is not essential for you,
then Full Tower can be the best choice for your PC.
 Mid Tower
 Mid-tower or ATX format is the most popular and widely used computer case that
allows you to use many drives and almost all types of motherboards with acceptable
overall dimensions in it.
 The average full tower ranges between 35- 55 cm tall and 15 – 25 cm in width.
 Inside the mid-tower case, there is more enough space for installing full-size
components, such as most extensive video cards over 300 mm long, and this case is
capable of using 120, 140, or even 200 mm fans for a positive effect on cooling the
air.

 This type of format includes both those developed for the mini ITX standard and
those designed for the micro ATX standard
 Mini Tower
 These types of computer cases are designed to take up as little physical space and
without installing decent-sized graphics cards. The average mini-tower length ranges
between 30 – 45 cm tall and 15 – 25 cm in width (they can sometimes be smaller).
 Their thermal enclosures are not the best on the market, so it is more convenient for
you to install low-consumption components rather than high-consumption ones.

 The Mini Tower chassis is the smallest in size and not very popular among computer
assemblers due to the limited volume, which does not allow assembly of a more or
less productive computer and low airflow. A small body limits the choice of types of
accessories too.
 You can install only a microATX motherboard and a low power supply in these types
of computer cases. Typically, Mini Tower computers are shipped in the most basic
configuration for back-office machines or network terminals.
 HTPC and SFF 
 HTPC stands ‘Home theatre PC’ for and SFF stands for ‘Small Form Factor These
types of cases were considered very niche, but in recent years they have gained
popularity due to the miniaturization of powerful components that can fit in them.

 This type of case are made by the manufacture brand ( HP , Dell , Asus ) with it own
modified motherboard
 MOTHERBOARD

A motherboard is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer. The motherboard is a
computer’s central communications backbone connectivity point, through which all
components and external peripherals connect.

Motherboards can be found in virtually all computers, especially desktop and laptop PCs. The
components that connect through them include chipsets, central processing units (CPU) and
memory. The external peripherals include Wi-Fi, Ethernet and graphics cards with the
graphics processing unit, or GPU.

Motherboard manufacturers include Acer, ASRock, Asus, Gigabyte Technology, Intel and
Micro-Star International.

 TYPES OF MOTHERBOARD
 ATX is the de facto standard and offers the most space for plugs and slots.

 Micro-ATX is 2.4-inches shorter, which means less room for expansion slots.

 Mini-ITX can make for a tiny PC, but you’ll usually only have room for one add-in
card (like a graphics card), and fewer connectors for storage and RAM.

 A motherboard is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in a computer. The

motherboard is a computer’s central communications backbone connectivity point,
through which all components and external peripherals connect.
 Standar ATX
 ATX (Advanced Technology eXtended) is a motherboard and power supply
configuration specification developed by Intel in 1995 to improve on previous de
facto standards like the AT design.
 It was the first major change in desktop computer enclosure, motherboard and power
supply design in many years, improving standardization and interchangeability of
parts.
 The specification defines the dimensions; the mounting points; the I/O panel; and the
power and connector interfaces among a computer case, a motherboard, and a power
supply.
 Micro-ATX
 Micro ATX motherboards were introduce in 1997 , two years after the after the
invention of the ATX form factor , this motherboard took the ATX design and as
the name suggests, shrunk it. The Micro-ATX generally measures in at 9.6 inches
by 9.6 inches, while the ATX board measures 12 inches by 9.6 inches.

 The Micro-ATX typically has fewer SATA ports and M.2 slots than an ATX
variant, making it a worse choice for users who need a lot of storage.
Additionally, a Micro-ATX board will only ever have a maximum of four PCIe
expansion slots due to its smaller size. To compensate for these downgrades, the
Micro-ATX usually offers itself at a lower price than the ATX motherboard.

 As for pure advantages over the ATX, Micro-ATX takes up less space and can be
used in a smaller PC case as a result. The smaller form makes the average
cooling and airflow setup more efficient. Micro-ATX motherboards also fit in
smaller, cheaper cases, while the suitable PSUs can be more affordable due to a
lower power requirement. All of this to say that the Micro-ATX ultimately
makes a PC far more budget-friendly than an ATX board.
 SMPS
( SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLY )

The full form of SMPS is Switched Mode Power Supply also known as Switching Mode
Power Supply. SMPS is an electronic power supply system that makes use of a switching
regulator to transfer electrical power effectively. It is a PSU (power supply unit) and is
usually used in computers to change the voltage to the appropriate range for the computer.
An SMPS adjusts output voltage and current between different electrical configurations by
switching the basics of typically lossless storage such as capacitors and inductors. Ideal
switching concepts determined by transistors controlled outside of their active state that have
no resistance when ‘on’ and carry no current when ‘off.’ It is the idea why switches with an
ideal function will operate with 100 per cent output, that is, all input energy is provided to the
load; no power is wasted as dissipated heating. In fact, such ideal systems do not exist, which
is why a switching power source can not be 100 per cent proficient, but it is still a vital
improvement in effectiveness over a linear regulator.

 Working of SMPS
In the SMPS device, the switching regulators are used which switches on and off the load
current to maintain and regulate the voltage output. Suitable power generation for a system is
the mean voltage between off and on. Unlike the linear power supply, the SMPS carry
transistor switches among low dissipation, full-on and full-off phase, and spend much less
time in high dissipation cycles, which decreases depleted strength.
 RAM
(Random Access Memory)

RAM (Random Access Memory) is the hardware in a computing device where the operating
system (OS), application programs and data in current use are kept so they can be quickly
reached by the device’s processor. RAM is the main memory in a computer. It is much faster
to read from and write to than other kinds of storage, such as a hard disk drive (HDD), solid-
state drive (SSD) or optical drive.

Random Access Memory is volatile. That means data is retained in RAM as long as the
computer is on, but it is lost when the computer is turned off. When the computer is rebooted,
the OS and other files are reloaded into RAM, usually from an HDD or SSD.

 Function of RAM

Because of its volatility, RAM can’t store permanent data. RAM can be compared to a
person’s short-term memory, and a hard disk drive to a person’s long-term memory. Short-
term memory is focused on immediate work, but it can only keep a limited number of facts in
view at any one time. When a person’s short-term memory fills up, it can be refreshed with
facts stored in the brain’s long-term memory.

A compute’ also works this way. If RAM fills up, the computer’s processor must repeatedly
go to the hard disk to overlay the old data in RAM with new data. This process slows the
computer’s operation.
 WIRELESS CARD

The wireless network card is a wireless terminal device, which is used to connect to the
Internet through a wireless connection within the wireless coverage of a wireless local area
network. If you are interested in the content

After knowing the definition and types of the wireless card, let’s see how it work. A WiFi
hotspot, usually a wireless router or access point, is the old-fashioned method of first
receiving information from the Internet: via wires. Then, it converts the data from the binary
form (computer code 1s and 0s) to radio waves. it broadcasts those radio waves to the
surrounding area. Wireless signals usually travel between 75 and 150 feet (23 meters and 46
meters). Although WiFi radio signals have certain advantages over conventional radio
signals, they can still be interfered with by physical obstacles. Interference occurs when the
signal is blocked by distance or physical obstacles.

There are two types of wireless cards - one is PCI wireless network card or a USB wireless
network card

 Qualcomm Atheros QCNFA335

Qualcomm Atheros QCNFA335  Is a wifi & Bluetooth Card use for Wireless communication in
PC & laptop

1x1 802.11b/g/n + BT4.0 PCIe/USB M.2 Combo Module

Qualcomm Atheros QCNFA335 FCC ID: PPD-QCNFA335

802.11n WiFi/BT4.0 PCIe/USB M.2 Combo Module - QCA9565 QCA
Wi-Fi Certified : WFA54239 (as of 05/08/2014)
 CPU FAN
CPU fan are heat sinks which are specifically designed to remove waste heat generated by a
central processing unit (CPU). They may include integral fans for active cooling and often fit
standard CPU sockets.

Computers are carefully engineered to generate as little heat as possible, as high temperatures

damage semiconductor components and reduce processor speeds. Component reliability is
also reduced by the square of an increase in ambient temperature, so that a component
becomes 25% less reliable when ambient temperature doubles due to waste heat.
Integrated circuits such as the CPU and graphics processing unit (GPU) are the primary
generators of waste heat in a modern computer and represent known "hot spots" within a
computer chassis. Therefore, computer coolers are typically designed to mitigate heat from
these areas by leveraging airflow or using another cooling method.

Heat Sinks
Heat sinks are thermally conductive components or devices that absorb and dissipate heat
generated by electronic components. Heat sinks cool high-powered devices to prevent
overheating. The reliability of electronic components is generally reduced by the square of an
increase in temperature. For example, doubling the ambient temperature around a component
renders the component 25% less reliable than at the lower temperature. Heat sinks are
therefore essential in dissipating generated heat and improving component longevity.

Heat Sinks
 Data : 13 / 07 / 22

INPUT / OUTPUT PORTS IN MOTHERBOARD

An I/O port is a socket on a computer that a cable is plugged into. The port connects the CPU
to a peripheral device via a hardware interface or to the network via a network interface.
See port , standards – hardware interface , Display Port , HDMI and USB.
1. RJ-45 (Registered Jack 45) LAN port : This port allows connection to a Local Area
Network (LAN) through a network hub using a RJ-45 cable.
2. Analog Audio port : This port connects a tape, CD, DVD player or other audio
soures.
3. VGA Port(Video Graphics Array) :VGA cables carry an analog signal as opposed to a
digital signal (ones and zeroes). Using higher frequencies, it's possible to reach a
relatively high range of video resolutions. However, video quality directly responds to
cable quality, and doubly so on higher resolutions. Due to this, the quality of a VGA
image can variate notable across different makes of cables.
4. USB (Universal Serial Bus) 2.0 Ports :  There are usually a couple of these ports
located on each motherboard used for connecting pen drives and external hard drives,
like Ipods or Mp3 players.
5. PS/2 Keyboard Port (purple) : This port is for a PS/2 keyboard
6. PS/2 mouse port (green) : This port is for a PS/2 mouse.
7. eSATA port(External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) : It is an external
interface for SATA technologies. It competes with FireWire 400 and universal serial
bus (USB) 2.0 to provide fast data transfer speeds for external storage devices.
8. HDMI Connector(High-Definition Multimedia Interface) : HDMI is a digital interface
for transmitting audio and video data in a single cable. It is supported by most HDTVs
and related components, such as DVD and Blu-ray players, cable boxes, and video
game systems.