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Edited Hydraulics Lecture - Part 2 - Orifices

This document discusses orifices and the flow of fluids through them. It defines key terms like orifice, coefficient of velocity, coefficient of contraction, and coefficient of discharge. It explains how these coefficients are used to calculate the theoretical and actual velocities and discharge through an orifice. Methods for determining the three orifice coefficients are also presented.

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Vincent
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2K views36 pages

Edited Hydraulics Lecture - Part 2 - Orifices

This document discusses orifices and the flow of fluids through them. It defines key terms like orifice, coefficient of velocity, coefficient of contraction, and coefficient of discharge. It explains how these coefficients are used to calculate the theoretical and actual velocities and discharge through an orifice. Methods for determining the three orifice coefficients are also presented.

Uploaded by

Vincent
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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In fluid flow, the term orifice is used to denote an

opening with a closed perimeter, made in a wall or in a


partition. The primary purpose of an orifice is the
metering control of fluid flow.

Rounded Orifice Sharp-edged Orifice


P1

h Chamber B

P2
2
Chamber A
COEFFICIENT OF VELOCITY
It has been shown experimentally that the actual mean
velocity of the jet from a sharp-edged orifice is a little
less than the theoretical velocity. To correct for the
head losses initially neglected, a correction factor
known as the coefficient of velocity and defined
Cv = Va / Vt
is applied to get the actual velocity
Va = Cv Vt
COEFFICIENT OF CONTRACTION

n
COEFFICIENT OF CONTRACTION
The section m-n where the contraction of the jet
ceases is called as the vena contracta and its distance
from the inner wall of the orifice is approximately ½ of
the diameter of the orifice Do. Moreover, the
dimensionless ratio of the area of the vena contracta to
the area of the orifice is known as the coefficient of
contraction, or
Cc = a / Ao
is applied to get the area of the contracted section
a = Cc Ao
COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
The ideal or theoretical discharge is the product of the
area of the orifice and the theoretical velocity,
Qt = Ao Vt
On the other hand, the real or actual flow is obtained at
the issuing jet (vena contracta) and represented as the
product of the area of the contracted section and the
actual velocity,
Qa = a Va
COEFFICIENT OF DISCHARGE
As previously discussed, the coefficient of discharge is
given as
C = Qa / Qt
In summary, the coefficient of discharge is the product
of the coefficient of contraction and the coefficient of
velocity. That is
C = Cc Cv
LOST HEAD AT AN ORIFICE
To determine the loss of energy per unit weight of the
fluid mass passing any orifice, just apply the Bernoulli’s
Energy Equation between two points.
V12/2g + P1/g + z1 = V22/2g + P2/g + z2 + Ho

But for a large chamber A, where V12/2g = 0; and if


P1 = P2 = 0, the head loss that can be used is
 1  Va 2
HO =  2 − 1
Cv  2g
THE THREE ORIFICE COEFFICIENTS
One of the several methods of finding the three
coefficients of an orifice is hereunder:
a. Coefficient of Discharge, C:

By experimental considerations, maintain a constant


head over the orifice and measure the actual flow
by collection the flows out of the orifice for a
predetermined period of time t,
Qa = Volume Collected/Time (m3/s)
or Qa = W/gt
THE THREE ORIFICE COEFFICIENTS
One of the several methods of finding the three
coefficients of an orifice is hereunder:
b. Coefficient of Velocity, Cv:

This orifice coefficient is measured by making use


of the principle of the projectile in mechanics.

Cv = -x 2
(y<0)
4hy
THE THREE ORIFICE COEFFICIENTS
One of the several methods of finding the three
coefficients of an orifice is hereunder:
c. Coefficient of Contraction, Cc:

To measure directly the amount of contraction of


the jet issuing from an orifice, a caliper is ordinarily
used.
1. In the figure shown, solve for the theoretical velocity
of the jet, the actual velocity and the discharge through
the orifice considering the following condition:
P1 = P 2 = 0 Cc = 1.00
h = 5 m of oil Cv = 0.97
Do = 5 cm

P1
1
h
P2
2
P1
1
h
P2
2
2. In the figure shown, solve for the theoretical velocity
of the jet, the actual velocity and the discharge through
the orifice considering the following condition:
P1 = P 2 = 0 Cc = 0.62
h = 5 m of water Cv = 0.98
Do = 5 cm

P1
1
h
P2
2
P1
1
h
P2
2
3. In the figure shown, solve for the theoretical velocity
of the jet, the actual velocity and the discharge through
the orifice considering the following condition:
P1 = 70 kPa C = Cv = 0.95
P2 = 0 Do = 7.5 cm
h = 1.60 m (liquid with s = 3.00)

P1
1
h
P2
2
P1
1
h
P2
2
4. The horizontal orifice shown in the figure is 7.5 cm in
diameter with Cc = 0.63, Cv = 0.98. When h = 2.30 m,
compute the height to which the jet will rise above the
orifice. What is the diameter of the jet 1 m above the
orifice? Neglect air friction.
W.S.

Datum
W.S.

Datum
5. A calibration test of a 12.5 mm circular sharp-edged orifice in the vertical
side of a large tank showed a discharge of 590 N of water in 81 seconds at a
head of 4.70 m. Measurement of the jet showed that it traveled 2.35 m
horizontally while dropping 30 cm. Compute the three orifice coefficients.
If, in addition to the outflow Qo (at time, t = 0) through
the orifice in the tank shown, there is a constant inflow
Qi which supplies the tank, then the type of flow may
be classified as steady or unsteady depending upon
the relative value of Qi and Qo.
Qi

h1

Qo

(a) The flow is steady if Qi = Qo, that is, when h1 is


maintained constant.
Qi
L.S. (t = 0)

h1 L.S. (t = t)

h2

Qo

(b) The flow is unsteady if Qi ≠ Qo.


Qi
L.S. (t = 0)
Elem. Volume, d(Vol) dh

h1 L.S. (t = t)
h
h2

Qo
CASE 1: When Qi = 0, the surface drops and the
volume decreases or d(Vol)/dt < 0.
By definition, the rate of change in volume of the
contained liquid is the outflow Qo,
d(Vol)
= - Qo = -C Ao 2gh
dt
If the time in the interval h2 ≤ h ≤ h1 is required, the
above equation is integrated as
h2
1 d(Vol)
t=-
C Ao 2g h1 h 1/2
CASE 1: When Qi = 0, the surface drops and the
volume decreases or d(Vol)/dt < 0.
h1
1 A dh
t=
C Ao 2g h2 h1/2

Where A = f(h), the cross-sectional area of the


container at elevation h above the orifice.
CASE 1: When Qi = 0, the surface drops and the
volume decreases or d(Vol)/dt < 0.
Note that if the sides of the tank are vertical, the area
A at any elevation is constant and the equation may be
evaluated further as
2A
t= {h11/2 - h21/2}
C Ao 2g
CASE 2: When Qi ≠ Qo at time, t = 0. Under this
condition, there are two related subcases:
(a) Qi < Qo: the liquid surface drops as in the first
case. Here, the rate of change of the contained volume
d(Vol)
= - (Qo – Qi)
dt
and
h2
d(Vol)
t=-
C Ao 2gh - Qi
h1
CASE 2: When Qi ≠ Qo at time, t = 0. Under this
condition, there are two related subcases:
(a) Qi < Qo: the liquid surface drops as in the first
case. Here, the rate of change of the contained volume
h1
A dh
t=
C Ao 2gh - Qi
h2

Where A = f(h), the cross-sectional area of the


container at elevation h above the orifice.
CASE 2: When Qi ≠ Qo at time, t = 0. Under this
condition, there are two related subcases:
(b) Qi > Qo: the liquid surface rises and the volume
increases, or d(Vol)/dt > 0.
d(Vol)
= Qi – Qo
dt
and
h2
A dh
t=
Qi - C Ao 2gh
h1
1. A vertical cylindrical tank has an orifice in its vertical side at a point 0.60m above the bottom. If
the discharge reduces the depth of water in the tank from 6m to 4m in 78 seconds, what time is
required to reduce the depth from 3.60m to 1.60m?
2. A tank is in the shape of a frustum of a cone having its bases horizontal and the axis vertical.
The tank is 3m high and is filled with water. It has a diameter of 2.5m at the top and 1m at the
bottom. What is the time required to empty the tank through a sharp-edged orifice 7.5 cm square?
Use C = 0.60.
3. A hemispherical shell, with base horizontal and uppermost, is filled with water. If the radius is
2.5m, determine the time required to empty the container through a sharp-edged 15 cm diameter
orifice (C = 0.60) located at the lowest point.
4. A sharp-edged orifice 10 cm in diameter, in the side of a tank having a cross section 2 m
square, discharges water under a constant head. The rate of inflow by which the head is kept
constant is suddenly changed from 0.023 m3/s to 0.034 m3/s. How long will it take, after this
change occurs, for the head over the orifice to be 2m? Use C = 0.60.
5. A cylindrical vessel 1.20 m in diameter and 2 m high has a rounded circular orifice 5 cm in
diameter in the bottom with C = 0.95. If the vessel is full of water, how long will it take to lower the
surface by 1.50m?

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