International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 6 Issue 4, May-June 2022 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Research on Error Correction Signal in

Wireless Communication by AWGN
Surya Sharma (200490031053081)
Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Surya Sharma

This study focuses on three basic digital modulation techniques: "Research on Error Correction Signal in
ASK, FSK, and PSK. The conveyed signals of these modulation Wireless Communication by AWGN"
techniques are defined by a distinct system of values appearing at Published in
gradually separated times. The bandwidth efficiency and easy International Journal
of Trend in
implementation are important factors in deciding which digital Scientific Research
modulation method to use for a given application, but so are the bit and Development
error rate (BER) & signal to noise ratio. Binary modulation systems (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
employ two values, are simple to implement, give adequate error 6470, Volume-6 | IJTSRD50263
substantiation. The bit error rate (BER) is an important statistic for Issue-4, June 2022,
evaluating systems that transmit signal data from one location to pp.1173-1178, URL:
another. The SNR is a well-known metric for comparing signal and www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50263.pdf
noise power. It has a direct impact on a system's chance of bit error
rate. Authors used MATLAB to construct BPSK, QPSK, QAM in Copyright © 2022 by author(s) and
this paper. As a carrier wave, the cosine signal was used. The International Journal of Trend in
Scientific Research and Development
analysis is carried out with SNR over AWGN channel as the
Journal. This is an
reference factor in this work, which proposes a comprehensive Open Access article
examination of BER performance of QPSK, BPSK, QAM for distributed under the
channel usage. terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
KEYWORD: Digital Modulation, ASK, FSK, PSK, QAM, AWGN (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
Channel, Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Probability of Bit Error

I. INTRODUCTION
Information is the order of the day in today's world.
Wireless techniques have developed the most
important form of communication. The ability of
good transmitting & receiving devices to work well is
critical. Attenuation, distortion, and noise should be
minimized for as much as feasible in order to achieve
good efficiency. As a result, reliable measurements of
the transmitting and receiving signals are required.
The communication quality & accuracy of the
received signal could be affected by several digital Figure 1: A Modal of Communication System [2]
modulation techniques parameters, coding, and
Information Source: - It is an equipment / software
filtering. The modulation schemes used to modify a
entity that generates the information or symbols to be
carrier wave using discrete signals are known as
transmitted, such as human voice, television picture,
digital modulation. High carrier frequencies are
and text messages. Analog and discrete information
utilized in digital modulation so that signals could be
sources are the two types of information sources
transmitted across vast distances using existing long-
based on their output nature. Microphones, TV
distance multimedia like radio channels [1]. Noise in
cameras, and other analogue sources provide constant
the channel does not have the same negative impact.
amplitude signals. Discrete generators contain
discrete symbols, like computer numerical output,
teletype, and so on.
Source Encoder: - A hardware or software entity that
provides the data by assigning binary bits to source

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symbols. The source encoder transforms the source changed. The following is a definition of a BPSK
symbols into a binary bit series of 0s and 1s. signal:
Channel Encoder: - A channel encoder is a hardware
or software entity that controls mistakes by adding
additional parity bits (error control bits) to the source
encoder's output.
Communication Channel: - It's a path or medium
that electrical pulses travel across. A communication
channel is a channel that transmits data, like sound,
data, and video, from a source to a receiver within a
certain bandwidth. Noise is an unwanted signal that Figure 2: BPSK Modulator 8]
distorts the original signal's form. QPSK Modulation
Channel Decoder: - The error controlling bits are A modulation scheme is a set of basic functions for a
removed by the channel decoder; the remainder particular modulation technique that is chosen for
binary bits are assigned to the source decoder. communication as a carrier wave. Any vector in
signal space can be represented as a linear
Decoder: - A hardware or software entity that combination of basic functions after choosing the
converts coded data back into its original form. It A basic function. The acronym QPSK stands for
hardware or software entity that restores the original Quadrature Phase Shift Keying. For coding binary
form of initial codes. It reverses the source encoder's bits, keying uses four phases: 0, 90, 180, and 270
work by transforming the channel decoder's binary degrees. Sinusoids (sin and cos) are the most basic
output into a sequence of symbols. functions, modulation is performed by changing the
Receiver: - A signal-accepting hardware gadget. The phase of these functions. The cosine function is used
transmitter carries messages that pass over the for even numbers of bits, as well as the sin function is
communication channel and thus are received by the used for odd numbers of bits. By using a serial to
receiver at the other end [3]. parallel conversion, the odd bits in the quadrature arm
or the even bits in the phase arm are split and
The article is structured as obeyed: Section II explains
afterwards transformed to NRZ format. All NRZ
Digital Modulation Schemes. Section III & IV
encoders' outputs are multiplied by sine-cosine
AWGN and literature survey the proposed work.
components. The cosine element of the in-phase arm
Section V explains problem formulation & objectives.
signal is multiplied by the sine component of the
Finally, Section VI shows the results of proposed
quadrature arm signal, as well as the frequency
work and Section VII gives the conclusion.
modulation is formed by combining these signals.
II. DIGITAL MODULATION SCHEMES Quadrature is derived from quadrants, so it improves
The term "modulation" is seen a lot in this thesis to performance and throughput.
describe the act of putting an input signal onto a
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
carrier wave. This method of imposing signals on a
To improve spectrum utilization, QAM changes both
carrier wave is achieved by altering the carrier
magnitude and phase. The elements of in-phase and
signal's characteristics in response to the modulating
quadrature phase are orthogonal to one another. It is a
signal. Modulation is the process of changing the
technology that involves both analog or digital
structure of a carrier wave in order to contain the data
modulation [4]. It's used to send and receive high-
signal that will be transmitted. One or more periodic
speed data. More bits can be modulated each symbol
waveforms known as carrier signals can constitute
as the order of QAM increases. As a result, the data
one of the features.
rates will increase. In QAM, the constellation points
BPSK Modulation are laid out in a square grid with equal vertical and
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) is an acronym for horizontal spacing. The likelihood of inaccuracy rises
Binary Phase Shift Keying. In this stage, the keying is as the distance between constellation points reduces
modified, but the amplitude maintains the same. The as the order increases. From cellular phones to Wi-Fi,
sent signal is a sinusoid with a fixed amplitude that QAM is employed in a variety of applications. Wi-
varies in phase depending on the data level. Basic Fi, cable modems, digital video broadcast (DVB), Wi
functions such as sin(t) and cos(t) are employed to MAX are all examples of communications networks
achieve modulation according to message bits. When that utilize QAM. QAM is most commonly employed
the data is at one level, it has one set phase, and when in cable television since data loss is tolerable. The
the data is at another level, the phase is 180 degrees transmission is modified by QAM.

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noise supplied by the channel and to improve the
communication system's transmission. Turbo codes
III. AWGN CHANNEL can be used as a code because they allow you to get
Between the transmitter and the receiver, a radio close to Shannon's theoretical maximum of
channel is just an electromagnetic medium. The correction. As a result, most current communications
Gaussian channel, often known as the additive white methods incorporate turbo codes. Under conditions
Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, is the most consistent with a hardware realization of the encoder
extensively used channel model. The AWGN channel and decoder, the generated simulation results reveal
is relatively basic, so it is frequently used as a starting very close performances to the theoretical limits of
point for developing a rudimentary performance channel coding [8].
evaluation system [6]. The AWGN channel model is
Radder et al., (2019) outlines a framework for
commonly utilized in OFDM research. Only linear
making a QPSK system in FPGA, with the device
addition of white noise with a constant spectral
being designed in such a way that it performs better in
density and Gaussian amplitude distribution is used in
an AWGN environment. We chose an approach that
this design. The method ignores fading, frequency
resembles the Box-Muller technique, which creates
selectivity, noise, and other factors [5]. Despite the
two independent random variables with a normal
reality that it is not ideal for most terrestrial links, it is
distribution, to simulate the AWGN environment. The
still used to provide simple & controlled statistical
produced noise number sequences are then added to
formulas for studying the basic behavior of a device
the I-channel and the Q-channel individually. Signal
in the lack of the aforementioned elements.
smoothing is accomplished via Raised Cosine
IV. LITERATURE SURVEY Filtering. To demonstrate the potential for FEC codes
Diponkor Bala et al., (2021) aimed to offer relevant to increase performance, authors employ (2, 1, 7)
theoretical knowledge for several digital modulation convolutional encoding after pulse shaping, then
schemes, as well as highlight some important introduce noise, and rectify the faults with Viterbi
parameters that are commonly employed in digital decoding. Model Sim PE Student Edition 10.4a was
communication systems. This study discusses a used to simulate the entire system, which was then
comparison of alternative digital modulation schemes constructed using the Xilinx XC6SLX45 Spartan 6
based on their Probability of Bit Error performance FPGA and Chip Scope Pro software [9].
over an AWGN channel. This study also shows the
Balevi, et al., (2020) Proposed employing a
output modulated waveforms of several digital
concatenation of a turbo code and an auto-encoder as
modulations based on their digital input and carrier
an implicit regularization using turbo codes. Authors
signals. The analysis of Probability of Bit Error
show empirically that this architecture performs
results for various digital modulation schemes reveals
nearly as well as a supposedly perfectly trained auto-
that the BPSK, QPSK, and 4-QAM methods present
encoder, and we also present a theoretical justification
the lowest Probability of BER under low SNR
for this. Because the auto-encoder uses the excess
conditions, while the 32-FSK technique provides the
bandwidth from pulse shaping and packs signals more
lowest Probability of Bit Error value under both
wisely thanks to sparsity in neural networks, the
medium and high SNR conditions. Therefore, it
suggested coding method is as bandwidth efficient as
would be determined that BPSK, QPSK, 4-QAM, and
the integrated (outer) turbo code. Even with QPSK
32-FSK are more suitable for low, medium, and high
modulation, suggested results show that the proposed
SNR conditions, respectively, to improve
coding technique surpasses traditional turbo codes for
organizational performance [7].
finite block lengths. Furthermore, even for 16-QAM,
Menezla et al.,(2019) examine and analyze the the suggested coding scheme can make one-bit
coding and decoding functions of a transmission quantization possible [10].
channel using deferent coders in the most efficient
Ahmed et al. (2019) On varied constraint lengths, the
way possible (Turbo-Code, Convolution Code, Code
Viterbi method is investigated for BPSK modulated
en Bloc, Code LDPC). Disturbances and errors may
convolutional encoded data over AWGN channel. At
occur regardless of the quality of the communication
BER= 10-5, simulation findings indicate that code
channel and transmission systems employed. The
gain rises by a factor of about 0.5 dB As the BER
received binary sequence will not be identical to the
decreases, the code gain increases, but only to a
transmitted one in certain circumstances. Methods for
certain point; after that, there is no change in BER at
preventing transmission errors can be utilized to solve
the cost of increasing code gain, so truncating the
these issues. On the other hand, an Error Correcting
path memory at 6K will save memory & computation.
Encoder (ECC) must be added to this chain to remove

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The decoder's practical implementation is limited to The examination of Probability of BER of different
K 15[11]. modulation schemes will be performed with respect
to different SNR in wireless communication
Gobika Asaithambi et al. (2021) attain greater data
technology. As a consequence, in order to plot the
rate and to transmit the data in a secured manner
Probability of BER simulation outcomes of various
authors merged FEC and CFH technology, described
modulation schemes, we used the Probability of Bit
as Code & Chaotic Frequency Modulation (CCFM) .
Error (Pbe) and SNR) values on the y-axis and x-axis,
In particular, two rate adaptation methods named
accordingly, SNR values of - 4 to 30dB. Authors used
Static retransmission rate ARF (SARF) and Fast rate
a logarithmic function to calculate the cost of the
reduction ARF (FARF) are applied in CFH method to
Probability of Bit Error in decibel units in this
dynamically change the code cost depends on channel
investigation. The likelihood of BER performance
situation to reduce a packet retransmission. The
was modeled using the MATLAB framework, as well
system's Symbol Error Rate (SER) performance is
as the numerical simulations of the modulation
studied for various code rates with conventional
methods BPSK, QPSK, QAM are shown below:
OFDM in the presence of AWGN & Rayleigh
channel, the CFH method's reliability is evaluated Probability of Bit Error Performance for Different
under various jammers [12]. Modulation Techniques
V. PROBLEM FORMULATION &
OBJECTIVES
Problem formulation
Due to the demand at the present era of wireless
communication technology, it is highly required a
dependable communication system that can transmit
more data with the lower probability of bit error. The
digital modulation technique plays a vital role in
modern wireless communication technology. Digital
modulation technique provides the ability of more
data transmission rates with better communication
quality and higher data security using optimum
bandwidth. By estimating the Probability of Bit Error,
it will be possible to evaluate the quality of the
performance of different modulation techniques. In
traditional work discuss about the appropriate Figure 3: BER Analysis of BPSK Modulation
information of different digital modulation techniques
which are extensively used in digital wireless The numerical simulations of the BPSK & suggested
communication systems. Finally by analyzing the BPSK modulation schemes are shown in Figure 3.
Probability of Bit Error (BER) performance of The suggested BPSK modulation schemes are clearly
various digital modulation techniques, it could be demonstrated in the above figure to have the lowest
concluded that which modulation technique is Probability of Bit Error.
suitable for different Signal-to-Noise Ratio
conditions. The existing author was especially
focused on the comparison of the Probability of Bit
Error (BER) performance among ASK, FSK, PSK
and QAM modulation techniques. As per the analysis
of traditional work we need to focus on error-
correction technique and reduce impact on channel
noise.
Objectives
1. To implement convolution coding in wireless
communication for error-correcting.
2. To introduce Viterbi decoding to recover the
signal corrupted by AWGN.
3. To perform comparative analysis of proposed
system.
Figure 4: BER Analysis of QPSK Modulation

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The numerical simulations of the QPSK & Viterbi decoder, and the implementations of the core
recommended QPSK modulation approaches are functions are all examined in this report. This allows
shown in Figure 4. The proposed QPSK modulation for the detection of design flaws. Then, in attempt to
approaches are clearly demonstrated in the above optimize the decoder's efficiency, a variety of design
picture to have the lowest Probability of Bit Error. strategies are presented and applied to it. The new
concepts are put to the test using software and
hardware simulations. The findings demonstrate how
the adjustments have improved, and they enable the
development of a revolutionary generic method for
greatly decreasing the difficulty of decoding
convolutional codes.
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Figure 5: BER Analysis of QAM Modulation
[3] Albeitazzi, G. C., Ernst, H., Gappmair, W.,
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Error Correcting Codes in the Chain of Communications, Vol. 68, No. 6,pp. 3440–
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