Procedure no.

: RUP – RT – API 1104 - 12

Revision no. : 00
PT. RAGA UTAMA PERKASA Date : 05 January, 2018
Page : 2 of 26
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8

SUMMARY OF REVISION SHEET

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this procedure.

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00 05 January, 2018 All pages First Issue

 Procedure no. : RUP – RT – API 1104 - 12
Revision no. : 00
PT. RAGA UTAMA PERKASA Date : 05 January, 2018
Page : 3 of 26
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8

Par. Uraian Par. Description Page

1 Tujuan 1 Purpose 4
2 Umum 2 General 4
3 Persyaratan Keselamatan 3 Safety Requirements 6
4 Referensi 4 References 6
5 Definisi-definisi 5 Definitions 7
6 Kwalifikasi Personel dan Tanggung 6 Personnel Qualification and 7
Jawab Responsibility
7 Instruksi 7 Instructions 7
7.1 Persiapan Permukaan 7.1 Surface Preparation 7
7.2 Perlengkapan dan material 7.2 Equipments and materials 8
7.3 Exposure Geometry 7.3 Exposure Geometry 9
7.4 Jenis Image Quality Indicator (IQI) 7.4 Type of Image Quality Indicators (IQI) 11
7.5 Pemilihan Image Quality Indicator 7.5 Selection of Image Quality Indicators 11
(IQI) (IQI)
7.6 Penempatan Image Quality Indicator 7.6 Placement of Image Quality Indicators 12
(IQI) (IQI)
7.7 Identifikasi gambar 7.7 Identification of Images 13
7.8 Penyimpanan film 7.8 Storage of Film 13
7.9 Density film dan Sensitivity 7.9 Film Density and Sensitivity 14
7.10 Proses gambar 7.10 Image Processing 15
7.11 Area process gambar 7.11 Image Processing Area 15
7.12 Film identifikasi 7.12 Film identification 15
8 Standard Keberterimaan API 1104 8 Acceptance Standards API 1104 15
8.1 Inadequate penetration 8.1 Inadequate penetration 15
8.2 Incomplete Fusion. 8.2 Incomplete Fusion 15
8.3 Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap 8.3 Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap 15
8.4 Internal Concavity. 8.4 Internal Concavity 16
8.5 Burn-Through tidak diperbolehkan 8.5 Burn-Through is not allowed 16
8.6 Slag Inclusions 8.6 Slag Inclusions 16
8.7 Porosity 8.7 Porosity 17
8.8 Cracks 8.8 Cracks 18
8.9 Undercut 8.9 Undercutting 19
8.10 Accumulation of Imperfections 8.10 Accumulation of Imperfections 19
9 Acceptance Standards ASME / ANSI 9 Acceptance Standards ASME / ANSI 19
B31.8 B31.8
10 Memproses Image 10 Image Proccessing 20
Lampiran Attachments 21~26
 Procedure no. : RUP – RT – API 1104 - 12
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
1 Tujuan 1 Purpose
1.1 Untuk menyediakan petunjuk pelaksanaan 1.1 This procedure provides guidance during
pengujian radiografi pada lasan material the conduct of radiographic examination of
ferrous (carbon steel, low alloy steel and welds of ferrous material (carbon steel, low
stainless steel material) termasuk PQT alloy steel and stainless steel material)
dan WPQT, menggunakan X-rays atau include PQT and WPQT , using X-rays or
Gamma ray. Gamma rays.
Untuk PQT dan WPQT, radiographic For PQT and WPQT, radiographic testing
testing harus dilaksanakan paling sedikit shall be performed at least 24 hours after
24 jam setelah selesai pengelasan. finish welding.
1.2 Prosedur ini terdiri dari versi Inggris dan 1.2 This procedure consists of English and
Indonesia, jika ada konflik antara Indonesian versions, should there is conflict
keduanya maka versi Inggris yang dipakai between these versions the English version
shall govern.

2 Umum 2 General
2.1 Prosedur ini menyajikan persyaratan 2.1 This procedure presents the requirements
untuk menghasilkan gambar radiografi for producing radiographic images on film
pada film atau media lain melalui or other media through the use of X-rays or
penggunaan sinar-X atau sinar gamma rays. A detailed procedure for the
gamma. Suatu prosedur rinci untuk produksi production of images shall be established
gambar harus ditetapkan dan dicatat. Film and recorded. Radiographic film produced
radiografi yang dihasilkan dengan by the use of this procedure shall have the
menggunakan prosedur ini harus mempunyai density, clarity, and contrast required by
density, kejelasan, dan kontras standar. this standard. Images produced by other
Gambar yang dihasilkan oleh sistem lain harus
systems shall have the requisite sensitivity
memiliki sensitivity yang diperlukan untuk
menampakkan diameter kawat Image Quality
to define clearly the essential wire diameter
Indicator (IQI). Kriteria berikut harus of the proper Image Quality Indicator (IQI).
digunakan untuk e valuasi gambar: The following criteria shall be used to
evaluate images:
a. Sebuah kualitas yang dapat diterima a. An acceptable image quality that is free
gambar yang bebas dari kabut dan dari from fog and from processing irregularities
penyimpangan pemrosesan yang dapat that could mask the image of actual
menutupi gambar cacat aktual imperfections.
b. Menunjukkan Image Quality Indicator b. The prescribed Image Quality Indicator
(IQI) dan diameter kawat esensial (IQI) and the essential wire diameter.
c. Sebuah sistem identifikasi yang memuaskan c. A satisfactory identification system.
d. Suatu teknik yang dapat diterima dan setup d. An acceptable technique and setup.
e. Kesesuaian dengan standar keberterimaan. e. Compatibility with acceptance standards.
2.2 Kontraktor harus menyediakan semua 2.2 Contractor shall furnish all materials, labor,
materila, pekerja, peralatan, dan peralatan tools, and equipment necessary to
yang perlu untuk radiography inspeksi radiography inspection 100% of all girth
100% semua girth weld. Peralatan, welds. The equipment, film, radiographic
kwalifikasi radiography prosedur, procedure qualification, qualification of
penggunaan penetrameter, proses film, radiographer, use of penetrameters, film
film identifikasi, penyimpanan record processing, film identification, record
harus didkumentasikan keeping shall be documented.
2.3 Kontraktor harus menyediakan dan 2.3 Contractor shall furnish and maintain
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
menjaga peralatan dan spare part untuk equipment and spare parts for radiography
radiography dan komplet proses film, plus and for complete film processing, plus all
semua film, screen, mask, filter, film, screens, masks, filters, penetrameters,
penetrameter, cassett, lead number dan cassettes, lead numbers and letters, processing
letter, proses chemical, dsb. Perlu untuk chemicals, etc., necessary for the specified
spesifikasi radiography dan film proses. radiography and film processing.
2.4 Kecuali sumber radiasi alternative 2.4 Unless an alternative radiation source is
disetujui oleh Company / principal, semua agreed to by Company / principal, all 12
lasan 12 inch dan lebih besar diameter inch and larger diameter mainline pipe
mainline pipe, kecuali lasan tie-in, harus welds, except tie-in welds, shall be
di radiography dengan self propelled, radiographed using self propelled, crawler
crawler X-ray machine. X-ray machine X-ray machines. These X-ray machines
harus mampu di posisikan dan shall have capability of being accurately
dioperasikan dari jauh. Radiographic positioned and actuated remotely.
equipment harus ada collimator Radiographic equipment shall contain a
membatasi lebar beam ke lebar film plus collimator limiting beam width to film
51 mm ( 2 inches ) menghindari exposure width plus 51 mm ( 2 inches ) guarding
yang tidak center. Kontraktor harus against off-center exposures. Contractor
menjaga dua ( 2 ) crawler untuk setiap shall maintain two ( 2 ) crawlers for each
lokasi ( 100% standby ) siap dipakai dan spread ( 100% standby ) ready for use with
jaga spare part routine maintenance spare parts.
2.5 Jika diperlukan oleh Company / principal, 2.5 If required by Company / principal,
Kontraktor harus menyediakan dan Contractor also shall furnish and maintain
menyediakan peralatan external radiography external radiography equipment and spare
dan spare part. Kontraktor harus menyediakan parts. Contractor shall furnish and maintain
dan menyediakan semua peralatan dan all equipment and supplies required for the
mensuply yang diperlukan radiography tsb.
specified radiography. Tie-in welds may be
Tie-in weld bisa diinspeksi dengan X-ray atau
gamma ray, external radiography. inspected either X-ray or gamma ray,
external radiography.
2.6 Sebelum produksi radiography Kontraktor 2.6 Prior to any production radiography,
harus mencatat detail setiap maksud Contractor shall record the details of each
penggunaan prosedur, termasuk semua procedure the intends to use, including all
item yang disebut diatas. items listed above.
2.7 Setiap prosedur harus di kwalifikasi untuk 2.7 Each procedure shall be qualified to
demonstrasi kemampuan menghasilkan demonstrate the capability to produce
radiograp yang diterima. Kualifikasi acceptable radiographs. Qualification
radiograph harus dibuat dari minimum radiographs shall be made of both minimum
dan maximum wall thickness umtuk setiap and maximum wall thickness for each
prosedur. procedure.
Semua demonstrasi prosedur radiography All radiographic procedure demonstration
harus di saksikan oleh, dan harus dapat shall be witnessed by, and are subject to the
pengesahan Company / principal approval Company / principal
Representatives. Representatives.
2.8 Kontraktor harus mensuply prosedur 2.8 Contractor shall supply written safety
keselamatan ke Company / principal procedures to Company / principal
meliputi : covering :
a. Normal storage dan transportasi a. Normal storage and transportation of
sumber radiasi source
 Procedure no. : RUP – RT – API 1104 - 12
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
b. Personnel exposure monitoring, b. Personnel exposure monitoring, controls
control dan evakuasi and evacuation.
c. Mengembalikan sumber yang lepas ( c. Retrieval of a disconnected source (
system crank rusak ) crank out system )
d. Kegagalan jendela camera pipeline d. Failure of pipeline camera window to
untuk menutup close
e. Kerusakan badan camera e. Rupture of camera body
f. Kontaminasi dari Containment karena f. Containment of contamination due to a
kerusakan sumber ( isotop keluar dari ruptured source ( isotope is out of the
pelindungnya dan tidak bisa dikembalikan shield and cannot be put back )
) g. Contractor shall furnish all personnel,
g. Kontraktor harus menyediaakan semua handling tools and containment device
personnel, alat angkat dan alat continer di
at the job site necessary to execute the
job site perlu untuk melakukan
keselamatan diatas setiap waktu selama above described safety at all times
summber dipakai. during the source of the work.

3 Persyaratan Keselamatan 3 Safety Requirements

3.1 Peraturan keselamatan PT. RAGA 3.1 PT. RAGA UTAMA PERKASA’s safety
UTAMA PERKASA harus ditaati selama regulation shall be followed during
dalam pengujian. examination.
3.2 KESELAMATAN ( S.H.E INSTRUKSI ) 3.2 SAFETY ( S.H.E INSTRUCTION )
 Selalu menggunakan PPE such as sepatu  Always use PPE such as Safety shoes,
keselamatan, sarung tangan, kaca mata hand glove, safety glass, and helmet.
keselamatan, dan helm.
 Waspada tempat yang licin dan benda jatuh
 Watch out for slippery and falling object.
 Waspada benda berbahaya sekitar  Watch out for the hazard around the
tempat kerja areas.
 Berhenti kerja dan lapor ke supervisor  Stop the activities and report to client and
untuk tempat kerja yang tidak aman supervisor for unsafe working condition.
 Pasang barricade atau tali pengaman  Put barricade or safety line in the safe
pada jarak aman jika radiography distance during the radiographic
 Pakai alat pengaman ketinggian jika  Use fall protection equipment if working
kerja diatas 2 m above 2 m.
 Pungut sampah dan buang ditempat  Collect all waste and put it in agreed
yang tersedia place.
 Jangan membuang pelumas, oli atau cairan  Do not expose any lubricant, oil or test
bekas test ke lantai fluid to the ground.
 Pahami dan lakukan pekerjaan sesuai  Understanding and conducting the job in
dengan JSA (Job Safety Analysis) according to JSA (Job Safety Analysis)

4 Referensi 4 References
4.1 PT. RAGA UTAMA PERKASA Written 4.1 PT. RAGA UTAMA PERKASA’s Written
Practice Procedure Practice Procedure
4.2 API 1104, 2013 – 21st Edition, Welding of 4.2 API 1104, 2013 – 21st Edition, Welding of
Pipeline and Related Facilities. (SNI 13-3472- Pipeline and Related Facilities. (SNI 13-3472-
2002), ERATA-1, 2, 3 and Add. 02 May, 2002), ERATA-1, 2, 3 and Add. 02 May, 2016.
2016.
4.3 ASME BPV Section V, Article 2, 2015 4.3 ASME BPV Section V, Article 2, 2015
Edition Edition
 Procedure no. : RUP – RT – API 1104 - 12
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
4.4 ANSI B31.8, 2016; Gas Transmission 4.4 ANSI B31.8, 2016; Gas Transmission and
and Distribution Piping Systems Distribution Piping Systems

5 Definisi-definisi 5 Definitions
5.1 RT: Pengujian Radiografi. 5.1 RT: Radiographic Examination.
5.2 NDE: Pengujian tanpa merusak. 5.2 NDE: Non Destructive Examination.
5.3 IQI: Indikator qualitas gambar radiografi. 5.3 IQI: Image Quality Indicator.
5.4 Densitometer: sebuah alat untuk 5.4 Densitometer: a device for measuring the
mengukur density film radiografi. optical density of radiograph film.
5.5 Indication: respon atau tanda bukti dari 5.5 Indication: the respond or evidence from a
sebuah pengujian tanpa merusak yang nondestructive examination that requires
memerlukan interpretasi untuk relevansi. interpretation to determine relevance.
5.6 Nominal thickness : tebal nominal dari 5.6 Nominal thickness : The nominal thickness of
material induk saja. Toleransi dari pabrik the parent material only. Manufacturing
pembuat tidak diperhitungkan. tolerances do not have to be taken in account.
5.7 Object-to-film distance, t : Jarak antara 5.7 Object-to-film distance, t : The distance
permukaan objek sisi radiasi dan between the radiation side of the test object
permukaan film diukur sepanjang central and the film surface measured along the
dari beam radiasi. central axis of the radiation beam.
5.8 Source size, S : ukuran dari sumber 5.8 Source size, S : The size of the source
radiasi radiation.
5.9 Source-to-film distance, SFD : jarak 5.9 Source-to-film distance, SFD : The distance
antara sumber radiasi dan film diukur pada between the source of radiation and the film
arah dari beam radiasi. measured in the direction of the beam.
5.10 Source-to-object distance, D : Jarak 5.10 Source-to-object distance, D : The distance
antara sumber radiasi dan objek dari sisi between the source of radiation and the source
sumber radiasi diukur sepanjang central side of the test object measured along the
dari beam radiasi. central axis of the radiation beam.

6 Kwalifikasi Personel dan Tanggung 6 Personnel Qualification and

Jawab Responsibility
6.1 Personel yang melakukan pengujian harud 6.1 Personnel conducting the examination shall
dikualifikasi berdasarkan PT. RAGA be qualified in accordance with PT. RAGA
UTAMA PERKASA Written Practice UTAMA PERKASA’s Written Practice
Prosedur Procedure.
6.2 Personel yang menentukan keberterimaan 6.2 Personnel determining the acceptability to
sesuai syarat –syarat dari prosedur ini the requirements of this procedure shall be
harus mempunyai kwalifikasi Level II qualified to Level II or Level III
atau Level III radiographer.

7 Instruksi 7 Instructions
7.1 Persiapan Permukaan 7.1 Surface Preparation
7.1.1 Riak lasan atau penyimpangan permukaan 7.1.1 Weld ripples or weld surface irregularities on
lasan baik pada bagian dalam (di mana dapat both the inside (where accessible) and outside
diakses) dan luar harus dihilangkan sedemikian shall be removed to such a degree that the
rupa sehingga gambar radiografi yang dihasilkan resulting radiographic image due to surface
karena permukaan yang tidak rata tidak menutupi irregularities cannot mask or be confused with
atau menjadi bingung dengan gambar dari setiap the image of any discontinuities.
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
diskontinuitas.
7.1.2 Permukaan dari semua sambungan las butt 7.1.2 The finished surface of all butt welded
mungkin digerinda rata dengan bahan dasar joints may be flush with the base material
atau mempunyai cukup mahkota seragam, or may have reasonably uniform crowns,
dengan reinforcement, tidak melebihi yang with reinforcement, not to exceed that
ditentukan dalam referensi code. specified in the referencing Code.
7.2 Perlengkapan dan material 7.2 Equipments and materials
7.2.1 Sumber radiasi harus dari X-Ray atau 7.2.1 Radiation source shall be from X-Ray or
Gamma Ray ( Ir 192, Se 75). Energy radiasi Gamma Ray( Ir 192, Se 75). The radiation
yang dipakai untuk teknik radiografi harus energy employed for radiographic
bisa menghasilkan density dan gambar IQI technique shall achieve the density and IQI
yang dipersyaratkan. image requirements.
7.2.2 Ukuran source atau focal spot harus 7.2.2 The source size or focal spot shall be
terangkan dengan pernyataan tertulis. identified by written statements
7.2.3 Range penetrasi yang diizinkan untuk sumber 7.2.3 The permitted penetration ranges for
gamma ray harus seperti Table berikut. gamma ray source shall be as Table below.
Untuk aplikasi khusus tebal range boleh lebih For certain application wider wall thickness
lebar diperbolehkan, jika iamage quality yang range may be permitted, if sufficient image
cukup bisa dilaksanakan. quality can be achieved.
7.2.4 Table, Penetrated thk. Range gamma ray for steel, 7.2.4 Table, Penetrated thk. Range gamma ray for steel,
copper and nickel copper and nickel
Penetrated thickness, w mm Penetrated thickness, w mm
Radiation source Radiation source
Test class A Test class B Test class A Test class B
Se 75 1) 10 ≤ w ≤ 20 14 ≤ w ≤ 20 Se 75 1) 10 ≤ w ≤ 20 14 ≤ w ≤ 20
Ir 192 10 ≤ w ≤ 40 14≤ w ≤ 40 Ir 192 10 ≤ w ≤ 40 14≤ w ≤ 40

7.2.5 Film Radiografi 7.2.5 Radiographic Film

Radiografi harus dibuat dengan menggunakan Radiographs shall be made by using
film radiografi industri dengan butiran industrial films, shall be ultrafine grain finer
sangat halus sesuai dengan EN 584 – 1 : grain as per EN 584 – 1 : C3. Type of film
C3. Tipe film yang digunakan dan variable used and other constraints defined in this
lain yang dijelaskan dalam procedure ini harus procedure shall achieve the density and IQI
memenuhi persyaratan density dan IQI. Film image requirements. Film shall have
harus mempunyai panjang yang memadai dan sufficient length and shall be placed to
harus diletakkan setidaknya 25 mm porsi film provide at least 25 mm of film beyond the
diluar ujung daerah lasan yang terproyeksi. projected edge of the weld. Film width shall be
Lebar film harus mencukupi untuk sufficient to depict all portions of the weld joint,
menampung seluruh porsi dari lebar lasan dan including HAZs, and shall provide sufficient
HAZ nya dan memberikan tempat tambahan
additional space for the required wire IQI
untuk IQI yang dibutuhkan dan identifikasi
film tanpa menimpa daerah interest dari and film identification without infringing
radiograph. Merk dan tipe film yang upon the area of interest in the radiograph.
digunakan sebagai berikut : Film brands, types, should be as follow :
a. KODAK /CARESTREAM AA400 c. KODAK /CARESTREAM AA400

b. AGFA D7 d. AGFA D7

a. FUJI IX 100 e. FUJI IX 100

Catatan : merk dan klas film lainnya bisa Note : other film brands and class may be
digunakan asalkan mendapat persetujuan dari used provided receive approval from
Inspektor yang berwenang. Authorized Inspector.
7.2.6 Densitometer yang terkalibrasi harus 7.2.6 Calibrated Densitometer shall be used
 Procedure no. : RUP – RT – API 1104 - 12
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
digunakan untuk mengevaluasi film RT. during RT film evaluation.
7.2.7 National Standard Step Tablet Film 7.2.7 A National Standard Step Tablet Film
National standard step tablet film traceable ke A national standard step tablet film
national standard step tablet dan mempunyai traceable to a national standard step tablet
paling sedikit 5 steps dengan neutral densities and having at least 5 steps with neutral
paling sedikit dari 1.0 sampai 4.0 harus densities from at least 1.0 through 4.0 shall
digunakan. National standard step tablet be used. A national standard step tablet
film bisa digunakan tanpa verifikasi selama
satu tahun setelah dibuka, asalakan masih
film may be used without verification for
dalam waktu yang disebut pembuatnya.
one year upon opening, provided it is
within the manufacturers stated self-life.
7.2.8 Kalibrasi Densitometer. 7.2.8 Densitometer Calibration
a. Densitometers harus dikalibrasi paling sedikit a. Densitometers shall be calibrated at least
setiap 90 hari selama digunakan sebagai every 90 days during use as follow:
berikut :
b. Instruksi pabrik dalam pengoperasian b. The manufacturer’s instructions for the
densitometer harus diikuti. operation of densitometer shall be followed.
c. Step density yang dekat dengan 1, 2, 3 dan c. The density steps closest to 1, 2, 3 and 4
4 density unit pada step wedge film yang density unit on the calibrated step wedge
terkalibrasi harus dibaca. film shall be read.
d. Densitometer diterima jika pembacaan d. The densitometer is acceptable if the
density tidak bervariasi lebih dari 0.05 density readings do not vary more than
density unit. Dalam suatu hal ada perbedaan 0.05 density unit. In case of a difference
yang berdampak pada penerimaan film, affecting acceptability of the film, the
pembacaan densitometer yang dipakai.
densitometer reading shall govern.
e. Kalibrasi check harus dilaksanakan pada e. Calibration verification check shall be
setiap awal shift, setelah 8 jam digunakan performed at the beginning of each shift,
secara terus menerus atau setelah diganti after 8 hrs. continual use or after change
spare partnya, mana yang terjadi dahulu. of apertures, whichever comes first.
Periodic densitometer verification check Periodic densitometer verification checks
tidak perlu didokumentasikan, log do not have to be documented, the activity
aktivitas bisa dibuat untuk aktivitas ini. log may be provided.

7.3 Exposure Geometry 7.3 Exposure Geometry

7.3.1 Film Radiography 7.3.1 Film Radiography
7.3.1.1 Ketika sumber radiografi terpusat pada 7.3.1.1 When a radiographic source is centered in
pipa untuk penyinaran lasan lurus, salah the pipe for exposing a butt weld, one
satu paparan adalah cukup untuk inspeksi exposure is adequate for the radiographic
radiografi dari komplet semua lasan inspection of the complete weld
(SWE/SWV) (SWE/SWV).
7.3.1.2 Ketika sumber radiografi di luar tetapi 7.3.1.2 When the radiographic source is outside but
tidak lebih dari 1/2 in (13 mm) dari not more than 1/2 in.(13 mm) from the weld
permukaan lasan, setidaknya tiga paparan surface, at least three exposures separated
yang terpisah 120 derajat harus dibuat by 120° shall be made for the radiographic
untuk inspeksi radiografi seluruh lasan inspection of a complete weld
(DWE/SWV) (DWE/SWV).
7.3.1.3 Ketika sumber radiografi berada di luar 7.3.1.3 When the radiographic source is outside and
dan lebih dari 1/2 in (13 mm) dari more than 1/2 in. (13 mm) from the weld
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
permukaan lasan, setidaknya empat surface, at least four exposures separated by
paparan yang terpisah 90 ° harus dibuat 90° shall be made for the radiographic
untuk inspeksi radiografi seluruh lasan inspection of a complete weld (DWE/
(DWE/ SWV) SWV).
7.3.1.4 Ketika diameter pipa yang terdapat las 7.3.1.4 When the diameter of the piping containing
adalah 3.500 inci (88,9 mm) atau kurang, the weld is 3.500 in. (88.9 mm) or less, a
DWE/DWV prosedur dapat digunakan DWE/DWV procedure may be used.
7.3.1.5 Bila prosedur ini digunakan dan sinar 7.3.1.5 When this procedure is used and the
radiasi adalah offset sehingga bagian radiation beam is offset so that the source-
source-side dan film-side las tidak side and film-side portions of the weld do
tumpang tindih di bidang radiografi yang not overlap in the areas of the radiograph
sedang dievaluasi, setidaknya dua paparan being evaluated, at least two exposures
yang terpisah 90 ° harus dibuat separated by 90° shall be made for the
untukpemeriksaan radiografi lasan radiographic inspection of a complete weld.
7.3.1.6 Ketika bagian source-side dan film-side 7.3.1.6 When the source-side and film-side
lasan ditumpangkan, setidaknya tiga portions of the weld are superimposed, at
paparan yang dipisahkan oleh 60 ° harus least three exposures separated by 60° shall
dibuat untuk inspeksi radiografi seluruh be made for the radiographic inspection of
lasan a complete weld.
7.3.1.7 Ketika diameter yang lebih kecil, lebih 7.3.1.7 When smaller diameter, thicker wall pipe is
tebal dinding pipa adalah diradiografi, radiographed, additional exposures should be
eksposur tambahan harus dilakukan untuk made to minimize the distortion of imperfection
meminimalkan distorsi gambar images at the ends of the radiographs.
ketidaksempurnaan di ujung radiografi
7.3.1.8 Jarak minimum antara sumber atau focal 7.3.1.8 The minimum distance between the source
spot dan sisi sumber objek yang or focal spot and the source side of the
diradiografi harus ditentukan dengan object being radiographed shall be
rumus berikut (dengan menggunakan unit determined by the following formula (using
pengukuran konstan): constant units of measurement):
D = St/k D = St/k
dimana where
D = jarak minimum, dalam inci, antara D = minimum distance, in inches,
sumber atau focal spot dan sisi between the source or focal spot and
sumber dari obyek yang the source side of the object being
diradiografi radiographed,
S = ukuran, dalam inci, dari sumber yang S = size, in inches, of the effective
efektif atau focal spot source or focal spot,
t = ketebalan las, dalam inci, termasuk t = thickness of the weld, in inches,
penguatan, ditambah jarak antara sisi including reinforcement, plus the
film las dan film distance between the film side of the
k = factor geometric unsharpness weld and the film,
k = geometric unsharpness factor.
Jika radiography digunakan untuk lasan If radiography is used for inspection of reel
reel pipe, geometric un-sharpness harus pipe welds, geometric un-sharpness shall not
tidak boleh lebih 0.25 mm ( 0.01 inch ) exceed 0.25 mm ( 0.01 inch )
Ketika t ditentukan untuk prosedur When t is determined for SWE/SWV and
SWE/SWV dan DWE/SWV, ketebalan DWE/SWV procedures, the thickness of the
dinding tunggal dan penguatan las yang single wall and its weld reinforcement shall
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
harus digunakan. Ketika t ditentukan be used. When t is determined for
untuk prosedur DWE/DWV, diameter DWE/DWV procedures, the outside
luar las (yaitu, diameter luar pipa diameter of the weld (that is, the outside
ditambah dua kali tinggi rata-rata dari diameter of the pipe plus twice the average
mahkota las) harus digunakan. Biasanya, height of the weld crown) shall be used.
k adalah 0,02 inci (0,5 mm) untuk material Normally, k is 0.02 in. (0.5 mm) for
dengan ketebalan kurang dari atau sama material with a thickness of less than or
dengan 2.000 inci (50,8 mm). equal to 2.000 in.(50.8 mm).

7.4 Jenis Image Quality Indicator (IQI) 7.4 Type of Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
7.4.1 Image Quality Indicators (IQI) harus 7.4.1 Image Quality Indicators (IQI) shall
memenuhi persyaratan baik ASTM E 747 conform to the requirements of either
atau ISO 19232-1 IQI kawat. Perusahaan ASTM E 747 or ISO 19232-1 wire IQI. The
harus menentukan jenis IQI (ASTM atau company shall define which type IQI
ISO) yang akan digunakan. (ASTM or ISO) is to be used.
7.4.2 IQI harus dibuat dari bahan yang 7.4.2 The IQI shall be made of material that is
radiografi mirip dengan material yang radiographically similar to the material
dilas. being welded.

7.5 Pemilihan Image Quality Indicator 7.5 Selection of Image Quality Indicators
(IQI) (IQI)
7.5.1 IQI harus terdiri dari salah satu rangkaian 7.5.1 The IQI shall consist of either a series of six
enam (6) kawat untuk tipe kawat ASTM (6) wires for ASTM E747 wire type or a
E747 atau serangkaian tujuh (7) kawat series of seven (7) wires for ISO 19232-1
untuk tipe kawat ISO IQI 19232-1, wire type IQI, arranged in order of
disusun sesuai diameter secara bertahap. increasing diameter.
7.5.2 Diameter kawat esensial untuk digunakan, 7.5.2 The essential wire diameter to be used,
berdasarkan ketebalan las dilampirkan di based on the thickness of the weld is shown
Tabel 8 (Exhibit I) untuk IQI tipe kawat in Table 8 (Exhibit I) for ASTM E 747 wire
ASTM E 747 dan Tabel 9 (Exhibit I) type IQI and Table 9 (Exhibit I) for ISO
untuk tipe kawat ISO IQI. wire type IQI.
7.5.3 Sebagai pilihan kontraktor radiografi, 7.5.3 At the radiographic contractor's option,
diameter kawat lebih kecil IQI daripada smaller wire diameter IQI than those
yang ditentukan di atas dapat digunakan, specified above may be used, provided the
asalkan sensitivitas radiografi yang required radiographic sensitivity is
diperlukan dapat diperoleh. obtained.
7.5.4 Gambar radiografi dari IQI 7.5.4 The radiographic images of the IQI
mengidentifikasi gaya nomor dan set identifying style number and ASTM set
huruf ASTM atau gambar ISO harus letter or ISO designation shall appear
tampak jelas. Gambar dari diameter kawat clearly. The image of the essential wire
esensial harus tampak jelas di seluruh area diameter shall appear clearly across the
of interest. entire area of interest.
7.5.5 Sensitivity dari radiograp harus 1% atau 7.5.5 Radiographic sensitivity shall be 1% or
lebih bagus pada area lasan, yang better in weld area, which may require an
mungkin perlu tambahan 25% lama additional 25% longer exposure. This shall
exposure. Ini harus ditentukan sesuai be determined according to ASME Section
dengan ASME Section V. V.
Catatan: Untuk tujuan seleksi IQI, Note: For purposes of IQI selection, the
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
ketebalan las berarti tebal dinding thickness of the weld shall mean nominal
nominal ditambah reinforcement las wall thickness plus the weld reinforcement
(gabungan internal plus eksternal). (internal plus external combined).
Jika teknik “ elliptical “ DWE/DWV When the “ elliptical “ DWE/DWV
digunakan, tebal lasan adalah dua kali technique is used, the thickness of the weld
wall thickness yang dimaksud plus single means twice the specified wall thickness
weld reinforcement ( internal plus external plus the single weld reinforcement ( internal
kombinasi ). plus external combined ).
Jika teknik “ superimposed “ DWE/DWV When the “ superimposed “ DWE/ DWV
digunakan, tebal lasan adalah dua kali technique is used, the the thickness of the
wall thickness yang dimaksud plus dua weld means twice the specified wall thickness
kali weld reinforcement ( internal plus plus the twice weld reinforcement ( internal
external kombinasi ). plus external combined ).

7.6 Penempatan Image Quality Indicator 7.6 Placement of Image Quality Indicators
(IQI) (IQI)
7.6.1 IQI harus ditempatkan sebagai berikut: 7.6.1 The IQI shall be placed as follows:
a. Ketika lasan diradiografi dengan eksposur a. When a complete weld is radiographed in a
tunggal menggunakan sumber dari dalam single exposure using a source inside the
pipa, setidaknya empat IQI ditempatkan piping, at least four IQI placed across the
melintang di las dan berjarak kira-kira sama weld and spaced approximately equally
dalam lingkaran harus digunakan. around the circumference shall be used.
b. Untuk prosedur DWE/DWV, satu IQI b. For the DWE/DWV procedure, one IQI
harus ditempatkan pada sisi sumber pada shall be placed on the source side of the pipe
pipa dan melintang di lasan sehingga and across the weld so that the essential
gambar kawat esensial menumpuk ke wire image is superimposed onto the weld
gambar las. images.
c Untuk prosedur DWE/SWV atau SWE/ c For the DWE/SWV or SWE/ SWV
SWV yang membutuhkan beberapa paparan procedures requiring multiple exposures for
untuk pemeriksaan lengkap lasan, dan di complete inspection of the weld, and where
mana panjang film yang akan diinterpret the length of film to be interpreted is greater
lebih besar dari 5 inci (130 mm), dua IQI than 5 in. (130 mm), two IQI placed across
ditempatkan melintang di lasan dan terletak the weld and located on the film side shall
pada film harus digunakan. Satu harus be used. One shall be within 1 in. (25 mm)
berada dalam jarak 1 in (25 mm) dari akhir of the end of the film length to be
film panjang diinterpretasikan dan yang interpreted and the other shall be at the
lainnya harus di tengah-tengah film. center of the film.
d. Ketika panjang film diinterpret adalah 5 d. When the film length to be interpreted is 5
inci (130 mm) atau kurang, satu IQI harus in. (130 mm) or less, one IQI shall be placed
ditempatkan pada sisi film, melintang di on the film side, across the weld and located
lasan dan terletak di pusat panjang yang at the center of the length to be interpreted.
akan diinterpret.
e. Ketika las diperbaiki diradiografi, sebuah e. When a repaired weld is radiographed, an
IQI tambahan harus ditempatkan di setiap additional IQI shall be placed across each
daerah yang diperbaiki. repaired area.
f. Bila tidak praktis untuk m enempatkan f. When it is not practical to place an IQI on the
IQI pada lasan karena las konfigurasi atau weld due to weld configuration or size, the IQI
ukuran, IQI dapat ditempatkan pada blok may be placed on a separate block. Separate
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
terpisah. blok terpisah harus dibuat dari blocks shall be made of the same or
material yang sama atau mirip dan dapat radiographically similar material and may be
digunakan untuk memfasilitasi posisi used to facilitate IQI positioning. The thickness
IQI. Ketebalan bahan blok terpisah harus of the separate block material should be the
sama dengan ketebalan dari lasan. same as the thickness of the weld.
g. Heat shields: IQI dapat ditempatkan pada g. Heat shields: IQI may be placed on a heat
perisai panas selain kontak dengan pipa, shield rather than in contact with the pipe,
dengan ketentuan bahwa penerimaan provided that the acceptability of such IQI
penempatan IQI didemonstrasikan pada placement is demonstrated during
saat kualifikasi prosedur. procedure qualification
h. Untuk kwalifikasi, keduanya source dan film h. For qualification , both source and film side
side penetrameter harus digunakan pada penetrameters shall be used at each location
setiap lokasi dimana penetrameter diperlukan where penetrameters are required in
dalam produksi radiography. Keduanya production radiography. Both source and
source dan film side penetrameter harus film side penetrameters shall be used at
digunakan pada setiap produksi radiography
each production radiography penetrameter
lokasi penetrameter
location.

7.7 Identifikasi gambar 7.7 Identification of Images

7.7.1 Gambar harus jelas diidentifikasi dengan 7.7.1 Images shall be clearly identified by the use
menggunakan lead numbers, lead letters, of lead numbers, lead letters, markers, or
marker, atau identifikasi lain sehingga other identification so that the proper weld
lasan dan setiap cacat dapat dengan cepat and any imperfections in it can be quickly
dan akurat diketahui lokasinya. and accurately located. The company may
Perusahaan bisa menentukan prosedur specify the identification procedure to be
identifikasi yang akan digunakan. used.
7.7.2 Bila lebih dari satu gambar digunakan untuk 7.7.2 Whenever more than one image is used to
memeriksa mengelas, marker identifikasi inspect a weld, identification markers shall
harus muncul pada setiap gambar, dan gambar appear on each image, and adjacent images
yang berdekatan harus tumpang tindih. shall overlap.
7.7.3 Marker referensi terakhir pada setiap akhir gambar 7.7.3 The last reference marker on each end of the
harus muncul pada gambar berdekatan yang image shall appear on the appropriate
sesuai dengan cara menetapkan bahwa tidak ada adjacent images in a way that establishes
bagian las telah dihilangkan.
that no part of the weld has been omitted.

7.8 Penyimpanan film 7.8 Storage of Film

7.8.1 Film 7.8.1 Film
Semua film tidak terpapar harus disimpan All unexposed films shall be stored in a
di tempat yang bersih dan kering dimana clean, dry place where the conditions will
kondisi tidak akan berdampak buruk not detrimentally affect the emulsion. If any
terhadap emulsi. Jika pertanyaan timbul question arises about the condition of the
tentang kondisi film tidak terpapar, unexposed film, sheets from the front and back
lembaran dari depan dan belakang setiap of each package or a length of film equal to the
paket atau panjang film sama dengan circumference of each original roll shall be
keliling setiap roll asli harus diproses processed in the normal manner without
dengan cara yang normal tanpa terkena exposure to light or radiation.
cahaya atau radiasi.
7.8.2 Jika film diproses menunjukkan kabut, 7.8.2 If the processed film shows fog, the entire
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
seluruh kotak atau roll dari mana film uji box or roll from which the test film was
telah dihapus harus dibuang, kecuali tes removed shall be discarded, unless
tambahan membuktikan bahwa film yang additional tests prove that the remaining
tersisa dalam kotak atau roll bebas dari film in the box or roll is free from pre-
pra-paparan kabut melebihi 0,30 H&D exposure fog exceeding 0.30 H&D
menular density transparent-based film transmitted density for transparent-based
atau 0,05 H & D tercermin density untuk film or 0.05 H&D reflected density for
opaque-based film. opaque-based film.
Catatan: H & D mengacu pada metode Note: H&D refers to the Hurter-Driffield
Hurter-Driffield untuk mendefinisikan method of defining quantitative blackening
kuantitatif kehitaman dari film. of the film.

7.9 Density film dan Sensitivity 7.9 Film Density and Sensitivity
7.9.1 Semua final interpretasi dari film harus 7.9.1 The final interpretation of all films shall be
dilakukan oleh Company / principal made by Company / principal
representative. representative. Radiographs shall be
Radiograph harus diinterpret sesuai interpreted in accordance with acceptance
dengan acceptance standard standard
7.9.2 Semua cacat lasan dan bagian lasan 7.9.2 All welds or portions of welds disclosed by
ditemukan oleh inspeksi radiography harus radiographic inspection to be defective shall
direpair atau dipotong dan di las ulang dengan be repaired or cut out and re-welded at no
tidak ada yang dibebankan ke Company / cost to Company / principal.
principal.
7.9.3 Density film 7.9.3 Film Density
Kecuali untuk area kecil yang disebabkan Except for small localized areas caused by
oleh konfigurasi lasan tidak teratur, irregular weld configurations, the
density H&D ditransmisikan di area of transmitted H&D density in the area of
interest transparent-based film tidak boleh interest of transparent-based film shall not
kurang dari 2.5. Maximum density adalah be less than 2.5. The maximum density
3.5 dimana interpretasi bisa dilaksanakan shall be 3.5. where adequate interpretation
dengan viewer. can be achieved with the view screen.

7.9.4 Peralatan film viewing 7.9.4 Film Viewing Equipment

a. Peralatan viewing (illuminator) harus dari a. The viewing equipment (illuminator) shall
jenis variabel intensitas tinggi dan harus be of the variable high-intensity type and
mampu melihat densitas film dalam shall be capable of viewing film densities
rentang yang ditentukan. Ini harus within the range specified. It shall be equipped
dilengkapi untuk mencegah cahaya, yang to prevent light, coming from around the outer
datang dari sekitar tepi luar radiografi atau edge of the radiograph or through low density
melalui bagian kepadatan rendah portions of the radiograph, from interfering with
radiografi, dari mengganggu interpretasi. interpretations.
b. Fasilitas Film viewing b. Film Viewing Facilities
Fasilitas viewing harus tersedia pencahayaan Viewing facilities shall provide subdued
remang - yang tidak akan menyebabkan background lighting of an intensity that will not
refleksi yang mengganggu, bayangan, atau cause troublesome reflections, shadows, or
silau pada radiograf. glare on the radiograph.
c. Ruangan interpretasi harus bisa digunakan c. The room interpretation shall accommodate a
minimum 3 orang, terpisah dari dark room. minimum of 3 persons, separated from dark
room
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
7.10 Proses gambar 7.10 Image Processing
Bila diminta oleh perusahaan, film atau When requested by the company, film or
media gambar lain harus diproses, other imaging media shall be processed,
ditangani, dan disimpan sehingga gambar handled, and stored so that the images are
bisa diinterpret lagi minimal 10 tahun interpretable for at least 10 years after they
setelah dibuat. are produced.

7.11 Area proses gambar 7.11 Image Processing Area

Area proses film dan semua aksesoris a. The image processing area and all
harus di jaga kebersihannya setiap saat. accessories shall be kept clean at all times.

7.12 Identifikasi film, arah penomoran pada 7.12 Film identification, the direction of
meteran harus searah jarum jam jika numbering on tape shall be clock wise when
melihat di arah aliran. looking in direction of flow.

8 Standard Penerimaan untuk for API 1104 8 Acceptance Standards for API 1104
General : General :
a. Semua densitas dimaksud paragraph a. All densities referred to following
didasarkan pada gambar negatif. paragraph are based on negative images.
b. Minimum standard acceptability untuk b. Minimum acceptability standards for
penetration, fusion, burned through areas, penetration, fusion, burned through areas,
slag inclusion, gas pockets, slag inclusion, gas pockets, discontinuities,
discontinuities, and undercutting harus and undercutting shall also comply with
sesuai dengan B31.8 Code ASME B31.8 Code.
8.1 Inadequate penetration tidak 8.1 Inadequate penetration is not allowed
diperbolehkan
8.2 Incomplete Fusion. 8.2 Incomplete Fusion
Incomplete Fusion (IF) didefinisikan Incomplete fusion (IF) is defined as a
sebagai ketidaksempurnaan permukaan surface imperfection between the weld
antara logam las dan bahan dasar yang metal and the base material that is open to
terbuka ke permukaan. Kondisi ini secara the surface. This condition is shown
skematis diperlihatkan pada Gambar 16. IF schematically in Figure 16. IF shall be
harus dianggap sebagai defect bila salah considered a defect should any of the
satu kondisi berikut ada: following conditions exist:
a. Panjang indikasi individual IF a. The length of an individual indication
melebihi 1 in (25 mm)
of IF exceeds 1 in. (25 mm).
b. Panjang agregat dari indikasi IF dalam b. The aggregate length of indications of
setiap 12 in. (300 mm) kontinyu
IF in any continuous 12-in. (300 mm)
panjang lasan melebihi 1 in (25 mm)
length of weld exceeds 1 in. (25 mm).
c. Panjang agregat dari indikasi IF c. The aggregate length of indications of IF
melebihi 8% dari panjang lasan di exceeds 8% of the weld length in any weld
lasan apapun kurang dari 12 inci (300 less than 12 in. (300 mm) in length.
mm) panjang
8.3 Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap 8.3 Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap
Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap (IFD) Incomplete fusion due to cold lap (IFD) is
didefinisikan sebagai suatu defined as an imperfection between two
ketidaksempurnaan antara dua manik- adjacent weld beads or between the weld
manik las yang berdekatan atau antara metal and the base metal that is not open to
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
logam las dan logam dasar yang tidak the surface. This condition is shown
terbuka ke permukaan.Kondisi ini secara schematically in Figure 17. IFD shall be
skematis diperlihatkan pada Gambar considered a defect should any of the
17. IFD harus dianggap sebagai defect following conditions exist:
bila salah satu kondisi berikut ada: a. The length of an individual indication
a. Panjang indikasi individual IFD of IFD exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
melebihi 2 in (50 mm) b. The aggregate length of indications of
b. Panjang agregat dari indikasi IFD dalam IFD in any continuous 12-in. (300
setiap 12 in. (300 mm) kontinyu panjang mm) length of weld exceeds 2 in. (50
lasan melebihi 2 in (50 mm) mm).
c. Panjang agregat dari indikasi IFD c. The aggregate length of indications of
melebihi 8% dari panjang lasan. IFD exceeds 8% of the weld length.
8.4 Internal Concavity. 8.4 Internal Concavity
Internal Concavity (IC) didefinisikan Internal concavity (IC) is defined in 3.2.7
dalam 3.2.7 (API Standard 1104) dan (API Standard 1104) and is shown
skematis diperlihatkan pada Gambar schematically in Figure 18. Any length of
18. Setiap panjang Internal Concavity internal concavity is acceptable, provided
dapat diterima, asalkan density radiografi the density of the radiographic image of the
dari Internal Concavity tidak melebihi internal concavity does not exceed that of
base material tertipis berdekatan. the thinnest adjacent parent material.
Untuk area yang densitasnya melebihi For areas that exceed density of the
base material tertipis berdekatan maka thinnest adjacent parent material is not
tidak diperbolehkan. allowed.
8.5 Burn-Through tidak diperbolehkan 8.5 Burn-Through is not allowed
8.6 Slag Inclusions 8.6 Slag Inclusions
8.6.1 Slag Inclusions didefinisikan sebagai non- 8.6.1 A slag inclusion is defined as a nonmetallic
logam padat yang terperangkap dalam logam solid entrapped in the weld metal or between
las atau diantaranya dan bahan and the parent material. Elongated slag
induk. Elongated slag inclusions (ESIs)- inclusions (ESIs)-e.g continuous or broken slag
misalnya garis slag kontinu atau terpotong lines or wagon tracks are usually found at the
atau trek gerobak biasanya ditemukan di zona fusion zone. Isolated slag inclusions (ISIs) are
fusion. Isolated slag inclusions (ISIS) adalah irregularly shaped and may be located
berbentuk tidak beraturan dan dapat terletak di anywhere in the weld.
mana saja di las. For evaluation purposes, when the size of a
Untuk tujuan evaluasi, ketika ukuran indikasi radiographic indication of slag is measured,
radiografi terak diukur, dimensi maksimum the indications maximum dimension shall
indikasi harus dipertimbangkan adalah
be considered is length.
panjang.
8.6.2 Untuk pipa dengan diameter luar lebih 8.6.2 For pipe with an outside diameter greater
besar atau sama dengan 2,375 inci (60,3 than or equal to 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), slag
mm), slag inclusions harus dianggap inclusions shall be considered a defect
sebagai defect bila salah satu kondisi should any of the following conditions
berikut ada: exist:
a. Panjang sebuah indikasi ESI a. The length of an ESI indications
melebihi 2 in (50 mm). exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
Catatan: Paralel ESI indikasi Note: Parallel ESI indications
dipisahkan oleh sekitar lebar root separated by approximately the width
bead (trek wagon) harus dianggap of the root bead (wagon tracks) shall
sebagai indikasi tunggal kecuali jika be considered a single indication
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
lebar dari salah mereka melebihi 1 / unless the width of either them exceeds
32 inci (0,8 mm). Dalam hal itu, 1/32 in. (0.8 mm). In that event, they
mereka harus dianggap indikasi shall be considered separate
terpisah. indications.
b. Panjang agregat dari ESI dalam b. The aggregate length of ESI indications in
setiap 12 in (300 mm) kontinu any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of
panjang lasan melebihi 2 in (50 mm) weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
c. Lebar indikasi ESI melebihi 1/16 in. c. The width of an ESI indication exceeds
(1.6 mm). 1/16 in. (1.6 mm).
d. Panjang agregat indikasi ISI setiap 12 d. The aggregate length of ISI indications in
in. (300 mm) kontinu panjang lasan any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of
weld exceeds ½ in. (13 mm)
melebihi ½ in. (13 mm)
e. The width of an ISI indication exceeds
e. Lebar indikasi ISI melebihi 1/8 in. ( 3
1/8 in. ( 3 mm )
mm )
f. More than four ISI indications with the
f. Lebih dari empat indikasi ISI dengan
maximum width of 1/8 (3 mm) are
lebar maksimum 1/8 (3 mm) ada
present in any continuous 12 in. ( 300
setiap 12 in. ( 300 mm ) kontinu
mm ) length of weld.
panjang lasan.
g. The aggregate length of ESI and ISI
g. Panjang agregat indikasi ESI and ISI indications exceeds 8% of the weld length.
melebihi 8% panjang lasan.
8.6.3 Untuk pipa dengan diameter luar kurang 8.6.3 For pipe with an outside diameter less than
dari 2,375 inci (60,3 mm), slag inclusions 2.375 in. (60.3 mm), slag inclusions shall be
harus dianggap sebagai defect bila salah considered a defect should any of the
satu kondisi berikut ada: following conditions exist:
a. Panjang sebuah indikasi ESI a. The length of an ESI indications
melebihi tiga kali lebih tipis dari exceeds three times the thinner of the
ketebalan dinding nominal nominal wall thickness joined.
sambungan Note: Parallel ESI indications
Catatan: indikasi paralel ESI separated by approximately the width
dipisahkan oleh sekitar lebar dari of the root bead (wagon tracks) shall
bead root (trek wagon) harus be consider separate indications.
mempertimbangkan indikasi terpisah b. The width of an ESI indications
b. Lebar indikasi ESI melebihi 1/16 in exceeds 1/16 in (1.6 mm).
(1.6 mm) c. The aggregate length of ISI indications
c. Panjang agregat dari indikasi ISI exceeds two times the thinner of the
melebihi dua kali dari ketebalan nominal wall-thickness joined and the
tertipis dinding nominal sambungan width exceeds one-half the thinner of
dan lebar melebihi satu setengah dari the nominal wall thicknesses joined.
ketebalan tertipis dinding nominal d. The aggregate length of ESI and ISI
sambungan indications exceeds 8% of the weld
d. Panjang indikasi ESI and ISI length.
melebihi 8% panjang lasan

8.7 Porosity 8.7 Porosity

8.7.1 Porosity didefinisikan sebagai gas yang 8.7.1 Porosity is defined as gas trapped by
terperangkap oleh pembekuan logam lasan solidifying weld metal before the gas has a
sebelum gas memiliki kesempatan untuk naik chance to rise to the surface of the molten
ke permukaan cair dan melarikan paddle and escape. Porosity is generally
diri. Porosity umumnya berbentuk bulat tetapi
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
mungkin memanjang atau tidak teratur spherical but may be elongated or irregular
bentuknya, seperti porosity pipa (lubang in shape, such as piping (wormhole)
cacing). Bila ukuran dari indikasi radiografi porosity. When the size of the radiographic
dihasilkan oleh tuangan diukur, dimensi indication produce by a pour is measured,
maksimum indikasi akan berlaku dengan the maximum dimension of the indication
kriteria yang diberikan dalam 8.7.2 melalui
shall apply to the criteria given in 8.7.2
8.7.4
through 8.7.4
8.7.2 Individu atau scattered porosity (P) 8.7.2 Individual or scattered porosity (P) shall
harus dianggap sebagai defect bila salah be considered a defect should any of the
satu kondisi berikut ada: following conditions exist:
a. Ukuran pori individual melebihi 1/8 a. The size of an individual pore exceeds
inci (3 mm) 1/8 in (3 mm).
b. Ukuran pori individual, melebihi b. The size of an individual pore exceeds
25% dari ketebalan tertipis dinding 25% of the thinner of the nominal wall
nominal sambungan thicknesses joined
c. Distribusi scattered porosity melebihi c. The distribution of scattered porosity
diizinkan oleh figure 19 atau 20 exceeds the concentration permitted
(exhibit IV atau V). by figures 19 or 20 (Exhibit IV or V).
8.7.3 Cluster porosity (CP) yang terjadi dalam 8.7.3 Cluster porosity (CP) that occurs in any
setiap pass kecuali pass akhir harus pass except the finish pass shall comply
memenuhi kriteria 8.9.2. CP yang terjadi with the criteria of 8.9.2. CP that occurs in
di pass akhir harus dianggap sebagai the finish pass shall be considered a defect
defect bila salah satu kondisi berikut ada, should any of the following conditions
lihat lampiran Figure 19 dan 20. exist, see attached Figure 19 dan 20.
a. Diameter cluster melebihi ½ inci (13 a. The diameter of the cluster exceeds ½
mm) in. (13 mm).
b. Panjang agregat CP dalam setiap 12 b. The aggregate length of CP in any
in (300 mm) kontinu panjang lasan continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of
ada di ½ in(13 mm). weld exist ½ in (13 mm).
8.7.4 Hollow bead porosity (HB) didefinisikan 8.7.4 Hollow bead porosity (HB) is defined as
sebagai memanjang; porositas linier yang elongated; linear porosity that occurs in the
terjadi pada root pass. HB harus dianggap root pass. HB shall be considered a defect
sebagai defect bila salah satu kondisi should any of the following conditions
berikut ada: exist:
a. Panjang indikasi individual HB a. The length of an individual indication
melebihi ½ (13 mm) of HB exceeds ½ in (13 mm)
b. Panjang agregat dari indikasi HB b. The aggregate length of indications of
dalam setiap 12 in (300 mm) kontinu HB in any continuous 12 in. (300 mm)
panjang las melebihi 2 in (50 mm) length of the weld exceeds 2 in. (50
c. Indikasi HB individual, masing-masing mm).
lebih besar dari ¼ inci (6 mm) panjang, c. Individual indications of HB, each
dipisahkan oleh kurang dari 2 inci (50 greater than ¼ in (6 mm) in length, are
mm) separated by less than 2 in. (50 mm).
d. Panjang agregat dari semua indikasi d. The aggregate length of all indications
HB melebihi 8% dari panjang lasan of HB exceeds 8% of the weld length.
8.8 Cracks 8.8 Cracks
Cracks (C) dari semua type tidak Cracks (C) of any type is not allowed.
diperbolehkan.
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
8.9 Undercut 8.9 Undercutting
Undercutting didefinisikan sebagai alur Undercutting is defined as a groove melted
meleleh ke dalam bahan induk yang into the parent material adjacent to the toe
berdekatan dengan kaki atau akar dari las or root of the weld and left unfilled by weld
dan tertinggal tak terisi oleh logam metal. Undercutting adjacent to the cover
las.Undercutting berdekatan pada cover pass (EU) or root pass (IU) shall be
pass (EU) atau root pass (IU) harus considered a defect should any of the
dianggap sebagai defect bila salah satu following conditions exists:
kondisi berikut ada: a. The aggregate length of indications of
a. Panjang agregat indikasi EU dan IU, EU and IU, in any combination, in any
dalam kombinasi apapun, dalam continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length of
setiap 12 in (300 mm) kontinu weld exceeds 2 in. (50 mm).
panjang lasan melebihi 2 in (50 mm) b. The aggregate length of indications of
b. Panjang agregat indikasi EU dan IU, EU and IU, in any combination,
dalam kombinasi apapun, melebihi exceeds one sixth of the weld length.
seperenam panjang lasan Note: See 9.7 (API Standard 1104) for
Catatan: Lihat 9.7 (API Standard 1104) untuk acceptance standards for undercutting when
standar penerimaan untuk undercutting bila visual and mechanical measurements are
pengukuran visual dan mekanis dilaksanakan employed.
8.10 Accumulation of Imperfections 8.10 Accumulation of Imperfections
Tidak termasuk incomplete penetration Excluding incomplete penetration due to
due to high-low dan undercutting setiap high-low and undercutting any
Accumulation of Imperfections (AI) harus accumulation of imperfections (AI) shall be
dianggap sebagai defect bila salah satu considered a defect should any of the
kondisi berikut ada following conditions exist:
a. Indikasi Panjang agregat dalam a. The aggregate length indications in
setiap 12 in (300 mm) kontinu any continuous 12 in. (300 mm) length
panjang lasan melebihi 2 in (50 mm) of weld exceeds 2 in. ( 50 mm)
b. Panjang agregat dari indikasi b. The aggregate length of indications
melebihi 8% dari panjang lasan exceeds 8% of the weld length.

9 Standar Penerimaan ASME / ANSI B31.8 9 Acceptance Standards ASME / ANSI

diambil dari ASME BPV Code Sect. VIII B31.8 taken from ASME BPV Code Sect.
Div.1 Para UW-51 VIII Div.1 Para UW-51
Umum. Keberterimaan final dari radiograph General. Final acceptance of radiographs
harus didasarkan pada kemampuan untuk shall be based on the ability to see the
kelihatannya gambar lubang (IQI) dan lubang prescribed hole (IQI) image and the
yang disyaratkan atau kawat yang disyaratkan specified hole or the designated wire of a
IQI kawat. wire IQI.
9.1 Semua karakteristik indikasi tipe crack 9.1 Any indication characterized as a crack or
atau zona fusi tidak komplet atau penetrasi zone of incomplete fusion or penetration are
tidak komplet tidak dapat di terima. not acceptable.
9.2 Semua indikasi slag yang memanjang 9.2 Any other elongated indication which has a
dengan panjang lebih dari berikut ini tidak length greater than the following are not
dapat diterima: acceptable
a 1/4” (6 mm) for T up to 3/4” (19 mm). a 1/4” (6 mm) for T up to 3/4” (19 mm).
b 1/3T for T over 3/4” (19 mm) to 2-1/4”(57 b 1/3T for T over 3/4” (19 mm) to 2-1/4”(57
mm). mm).
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8
c 3/4” (19 mm) for T over 2-1/4” (57 mm), c 3/4” (19 mm) for T over 2-1/4” (57 mm),
Dimana T adalah ketebalan pengelasan Where T is the thickness of the weld
tidak termasuk reinforcement yang di excluding any allowable reinforcement. For
ijinkan. Untuk pengelasan sambungan a butt weld joining two members having
Butt join antara dua bagian yang memiliki different thicknesses at the weld, T is the
perbedaan ketebalan pada pengelasan, T thinner of the two thicknesses. If a full
adalah ketebalan yang tipis. Jika pengelasan penetration weld includes a fillet weld, the
penetrasi penuh termasuk pengelasan fillet, thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be
tebal dari throat fillet harus di masukan dalam included in T.
T
9.3 Suatu grup dari cacat dalam satu garis 9.3 Any group of aligned indications that have
lurus yang memiliki jumlah panjang lebih an aggregate length greater than T in a length of
dari T dari 12T, kecuali bila jarak antara 12T, except when the distance between the
cacat melebihi 6L dimana L adalah successive imperfections exceeds 6L where L is
panjang dari cacat terpanjang dalam grup the length of the longest imperfection in a
itu tidak dapat di terima group are not acceptable.
9.4 Indikasi bulat yang melebihi dari 9.4 Rounded indications in excess of that
spesifikasi standar yang diterima di specified by the acceptance standards given
tentukan dalam Mandatory Appendix 4 in the Mandatory Appendix 4 of ASME
dari ASME BPV Code Sect. VIII Div.1 BPV Code Sect. VIII Div.1 are not
adalah tidak dapat di terima. acceptable.

10 Memproses Image 10 Image Proccessing

a Complete record harus di simpan untuk semua a Complete records shall be kept of all welds and
lasan dan repair, termasuk lasan yang all repairs, incuding the disposition of all welds
disposisinya tidak memenuhi standard not meeting the standards of acceptability. Film
acceptability. Format fim identifikasi dan identification format and details of record
detail dari record harus di ajukan ke Company keeping shall be submitted to Company /
/ principal untuk approve sebelum memulai principal for approval prior to start of
produksi lasan. production welding.
b. Semua radiograph harus diproses untuk b. All radiographs shall be proccessed to allow
bisa disimpan tanpa berubah warna storage of film without discoloration for at
sekurangnya 10 ( sepuluh ) tahun. Film least 10 ( ten ) years. Film shall be storage
harus disimpan kedalam “ dokumen box “ in “ document box “ at the same pace as
dengan lasan yang sama, secara berurutan welding, in an orderly manner by
oleh Kontraktor. Contractor.
c. Pencucian yang tepat diperlukan untuk c. Proper washing is necessary to remove
menghilangkan sisa dari fixer film. Jika residual fixer from the film. If not removed
tidak dihapus dari film, bahan kimia ini from the film, these chemicals will cause
akan menyebabkan kerusakan berikutnya subsequent damage (staining) and
(pewarnaan) dan kerusakan dari gambar deterioration of the radiographic image,
radiografi, terutama di daerah lowdensity. especially in lowdensity areas.
d. Efektivitas pencucian dapat diperiksa d. The effectiveness of washing may be
menggunakan tiosulfat uji sisa bahan checked using the residual thiosulphate
kimia yang dijelaskan di Panduan E 94 chemicals test described in Guide E 94 or
atau ANSI PH4.8. ANSI PH4.8.
e. 1 ( satu ) film contoh harus diambil dari e. 1 ( one ) film sampling shall be taken from
setiap 200 film yang di proses. every 200 films processed.
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8

RADIOGRAPHIC TEST REPORT

Page……..of……
Project No :……………………………… Drawing No . :………………………Rev………. Report No :……..…- RT-………
Customer :……………………………… Procedure No. :………………………Rev……….
Unit no. :.……………………………… Applicable CODE :…………………………………… NCR Ref No :……………………
PART RADIATION SOURCE EXPOSURE TECHNIQUE SKETCH
Panoramic / SWSV SWSV
Name :……………………………… Isotope : Ir-192 X-Ray Other

ID/OD :……………………………… Activity :………… Ci Volt : ........ Amp. : .......

Source /
Mat’l Type :……………………………… :………...… mm
spot Size
Mat’l.Thk. :………… In mm TECHNIQUE SWSV DWSV

Reinforc. Thk. :………… In mm Exposure : Single Wall Double Wall

Weld Thk. :………… In mm Viewing : Single Wall Double Wall

DWSV DWDV
Backing Ring : Yes No Exposure Time :……………………. Mnt

FILM Min. SOD* :……… Mm Min. DSSOF** :……..mm

Manufacture’s : No.of Film in Holder : Single Multiple

Type of Film : IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR ( IQI ) DWDV Other

Wire No. :……………...1 2 3 4 5 6

Dimension : ………….…X………...…In
Hole No. :…………… 1T 2T 4T
:
Num. of Film : Sheets Source Side Film Side
Sheets
SCREEN Block Thickness :………… Mm
Notes for Sketch :
Lead : Front Back MARKER PLACEMENT 1).SWSV = Single Wall Single Viewing
2).DWSV = Double Wall Single Viewing
Source Side Film Side
3).DWDV = Double Wall Double Viewing
Thickness :…………. In mm 4).Other = Other than listed ( Please Sketch )
Use back scatter Yes No
Remark
Sensitivity

Date Welder &

of RT Stamp Identification Result Density Discontinuities Type Comment

Joint No Location ACC REJ IQI Min Max IF IP RC RUC P Incl Crk ND

Examined by : Reviewed by : Reviewed by : Reviewed by :

Nde Level : Nde Level :

Date : Date : Date : Date :
Note : *) SOD = Source to Object Distance, **) DSSOF = Distance from Source Side of Object to the Film at the minimum Source to Object Distance
IF = Incomplete Fusion, IP = Incomplete Penetration, RC = Root Concavity, RUC = Root Undercut, P = Porosity, Incl = Inclusion, Crk = Crack, ND = no indication
 Procedure no. : RUP – RT – API 1104 - 12
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8

Table 8—Weld Thickness Versus Diameter of ASTM E 747 Wire Type IQI
Weld Thickness Essential Wire Diameter
Inches Millimeters Inches Millimeters ASTM Set Letter
0 – 0.250 0 – 6.4 0.008 0.20 A
> 0.250 – 0.375 > 6.4 – 9.5 0.010 0.25 A or B
> 0.375 – 0.500 > 9.5 – 12.7 0.013 0.33 B
> 0.500 – 0.750 > 12.7 – 19.1 0.016 0.41 B
> 0.750 – 1.000 > 19.1 – 25.4 0.020 0.51 B
> 1.000 – 2.000 > 25.4 – 50.8 0.025 0.64 B

Table 9—Weld Thickness Versus Diameter of ISO Wire Type IQI

Weld Thickness Essential Wire Diameter
Inches Millimeters Inches Millimeters Wire Identity
0 – 0.250 0 – 6.4 0.008 0.20 13
> 0.250 – 0.375 > 6.4 – 9.5 0.010 0.25 12
> 0.375 – 0.500 > 9.5 – 12.7 0.013 0.33 11
> 0.500 – 0.750 > 12.7 – 19.1 0.016 0.41 10
> 0.750 – 1.000 > 19.1 – 25.4 0.020 0.51 9
> 1.000 – 2.000 >25.4 – 50.8 0.025 0.64 8

Note: One or both root faces may be inadequately filled at the inside surface.

Figure 13—Inadequate Penetration without High-low (IP)

Figure 14—Inadequate Penetration Due to High-low (IP)

Figure 15—Inadequate Cross Penetration (ICP)

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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8

Figure 16—Incomplete Fusion at Root of Bead or Top of Joint (IF)

Note: The cold lap shown is not surface-connected.

Figure 17—Incomplete Fusion Due to Cold Lap (IFD)

Figure 18—Internal Concavity (IC)

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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8

Figure 19—Maximum Distribution of Gas Pockets: Wall Thicknesses Less Than or Equal to 0.500 in. (12.7 mm)
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8

Figure 20—Maximum Distribution of Gas Pockets: Wall Thicknesses Greater Than 0.500 in. (12.7 mm)
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RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION API 1104 / ANSI B31.8

DENSITO METER CALIBRATION RECORD

Instrument type

Instrument Range

Serial No.

Calibration Date

Calibration Interval

Calibration Due

Acceptable Tolerance

Calibration Standard

Standard Serial No.

Procedure No. , Rev. No.

Step no. Standard Reading Actual Reading Deviation

Result : Signature :
Calibrated by :
NDE – Level :
Calibration Date :