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The Dunning-Kruger Effect

By Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 14, 2019

The Dunning-Kruger effect is a type of cognitive bias in which people believe that they are
smarter and more capable than they really are. Essentially, low ability people do not possess
the skills needed to recognize their own incompetence. The combination of poor self-
awareness and low cognitive ability leads them to overestimate their own capabilities.

The term lends a scientific name and explanation to a problem that many people immediately
recognize—that fools are blind to their own foolishness. As Charles Darwin wrote in his book
The Descent of Man, "Ignorance more frequently begets confidence than does knowledge."

An Overview of the Dunning-Kruger Effect

This phenomenon is something you have likely experienced in real life, perhaps around the
dinner table at a holiday family gathering. Throughout the course of the meal, a member of
your extended family begins spouting off on a topic at length, boldly proclaiming that he is
correct and that everyone else's opinion is stupid, uninformed, and just plain wrong. It may be
plainly evident to everyone in the room that this person has no idea what he is talking about,
yet he prattles on, blithely oblivious to his own ignorance.

The effect is named after researchers David Dunning and Justin Kruger, the two social
psychologists who first described it. In their original study on this psychological phenomenon,
they performed a series of four investigations.

People who scored in the lowest percentiles on tests of grammar, humor, and logic also
tended to dramatically overestimate how well they had performed (their actual test scores
placed them in the 12th percentile, but they estimated that their performance placed them i
the 62nd percentile).

The Research

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In one experiment, for example, Dunning and Kruger asked their 65 participants to rate how
funny different jokes were. Some of the participants were exceptionally poor at determining
what other people would find funny—yet these same subjects described themselves as
excellent judges of humor.

Incompetent people, the researchers found, are not only poor performers, they are also
unable to accurately assess and recognize the quality of their own work. This is the reason
why students who earn failing scores on exams sometimes feel that they deserved a much
higher score. They overestimate their own knowledge and ability and are incapable of seeing
the poorness of their performance.

Low performers are unable to recognize the skill and competence levels of other people,
which is part of the reason why they consistently view themselves as better, more capable,
and more knowledgeable than others.

"In many cases, incompetence does not leave people disoriented, perplexed, or cautious,"
wrote David Dunning in an article for Pacific Standard. "Instead, the incompetent are often
blessed with an inappropriate confidence, buoyed by something that feels to them like
knowledge."

This effect can have a profound impact on what people believe, the decisions they make, and
the actions they take. In one study, Dunning and Ehrlinger found that women performed
equally to men on a science quiz, and yet women underestimated their performance because
they believed they had less scientific reasoning ability than men. The researchers also found
that as a result of this belief, these women were more likely to refuse to enter a science
competition.

Dunning and his colleagues have also performed experiments in which they ask respondents
if they are familiar with a variety of terms related to subjects including politics, biology,
physics, and geography. Along with genuine subject-relevant concepts, they interjected
completely made-up terms.

In one such study, approximately 90 percent of respondents claimed that they had at least
some knowledge of the made-up terms. Consistent with other findings related to the
Dunning-Kruger effect, the more familiar participants claimed that they were with a topic, the
more likely they were to also claim they were familiar with the meaningless terms. As
Dunning has suggested, the very trouble with ignorance is that it can feel just like expertise.

Causes of the Dunning-Kruger Effect

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So what explains this psychological effect? Are some people simply too dense, to be blunt, to
know how dim-witted they are? Dunning and Kruger suggest that this phenomenon stems
from what they refer to as a "dual burden." People are not only incompetent; their
incompetence robs them of the mental ability to realize just how inept they are.

Incompetent people tend to:

Overestimate their own skill levels

Fail to recognize the genuine skill and expertise of other people
Fail to recognize their own mistakes and lack of skill

Dunning has pointed out that the very knowledge and skills necessary to be good at a task
are the exact same qualities that a person needs to recognize that they are not good at that
task. So if a person lacks those abilities, they remain not only bad at that task but ignorant to
their own inability.

An Inability to Recognize Lack of Skill and Mistakes

Dunning suggests that deficits in skill and expertise create a two-pronged problem. First,
these deficits cause people to perform poorly in the domain in which they are incompetent.
Secondly, their erroneous and deficient knowledge makes them unable to recognize their
mistakes.

A Lack of Metacognition
The Dunning-Kruger effect is also related to difficulties with metacognition, or the ability to
step back and look at one's own behavior and abilities from outside of oneself. People are
often only able to evaluate themselves from their own limited and highly subjective point of
view. From this limited perspective, they seem highly skilled, knowledgeable, and superior to
others. Because of this, people sometimes struggle to have a more realistic view of their own
abilities.

A Little Knowledge Can Lead to Overconfidence

Another contributing factor is that sometimes a tiny bit of knowledge on a subject can lead
people to mistakenly believe that they know all there is to know about it. As the old saying
goes, a little bit of knowledge can be a dangerous thing. A person might have the slimmest
bit of awareness about a subject, yet thanks to the Dunning-Kruger effect, believe that he or
she is an expert.

Other factors that can contribute to the effect include our use of heuristics, or mental
shortcuts that allow us to make decisions quickly, and our tendency to seek out patterns even
where none exist. Our minds are primed to try to make sense of the disparate array of
information we deal with on a daily basis. As we try to cut through the confusion and interpret

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our own abilities and performance within our individual worlds, it is perhaps not surprising
that we sometimes fail so completely to accurately judge how well we do.

Who Is Affected by the Dunning-Kruger Effect?

So who is affected by the Dunning-Kruger effect? Unfortunately, we all are. This is because
no matter how informed or experienced we are, everyone has areas in which they are
uninformed and incompetent. You might be smart and skilled in many areas, but no one is an
expert at everything.

The reality is that everyone is susceptible to this phenomenon, and in fact, most of us
probably experience it with surprising regularity. People who are genuine experts in one area
may mistakenly believe that their intelligence and knowledge carry over into other areas in
which they are less familiar. A brilliant scientist, for example, might be a very poor writer. In
order for the scientist to recognize their own lack of skill, they need to possess a good
working knowledge of things such as grammar and composition. Because those are lacking,
the scientist in this example also lacks the ability to recognize their own poor performance.

The Dunning-Kruger effect is not synonymous with low IQ. As awareness of the term has
increased, its misapplication as a synonym for "stupid" has also grown. It is, after all, easy t
judge others and believe that such things simply do not apply to you.

So if the incompetent tend to think they are experts, what do genuine experts think of their
own abilities? Dunning and Kruger found that those at the high end of the competence
spectrum did hold more realistic views of their own knowledge and capabilities. However,
these experts actually tended to underestimate their own abilities relative to how others did.

Essentially, these top-scoring individuals know that they are better than the average, but they
are not convinced of just how superior their performance is compared to others. The problem,
in this case, is not that experts don't know how well-informed they are; it's that they tend to
believe that everyone else is knowledgeable as well.

Is There Any Way to Overcome the Dunning-

Kruger Effect?
So is there anything that can minimize this phenomenon? Is there a point at which the
incompetent actually recognize their own ineptitude? "We are all engines of misbelief,"
Dunning has suggested. While we are all prone to experiencing the Dunning-Kruger effect,

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learning more about how the mind works and the mistakes we are all susceptible to might be
one step toward correcting such patterns.

Dunning and Kruger suggest that as experience with a subject increases, confidence typically
declines to more realistic levels. As people learn more about the topic of interest, they begin
to recognize their own lack of knowledge and ability. Then as people gain more information
and actually become experts on a topic, their confidence levels begin to improve once again.

So what can you do to gain a more realistic assessment of your own abilities in a particular
area if you are not sure you can trust your own self-assessment?

Keep learning and practicing. Instead of assuming you know all there is to know
about a subject, keep digging deeper. Once you gain greater knowledge of a topic, the
more likely you are to recognize how much there is still to learn. This can combat the
tendency to assume you’re an expert, even if you're not.
Ask other people how you're doing. Another effective strategy involves asking others
for constructive criticism. While it can sometimes be difficult to hear, such feedback can
provide valuable insights into how others perceive your abilities.

Question what you know. Even as you learn more and get feedback, it can be easy to
only pay attention to things that confirm what you think you already know. This is an
example of another type of psychological bias known as the confirmation bias. In order
to minimize this tendency, keep challenging your beliefs and expectations. Seek out
information that challenges your ideas.

A Word From Verywell

The Dunning-Kruger effect is one of many cognitive biases that can affect your behaviors and
decisions, from the mundane to the life-changing. While it may be easier to recognize the
phenomenon in others, it is important to remember that it is something that impacts
everyone. By understanding the underlying causes that contribute to this psychological bias,
you might be better able to spot these tendencies in yourself and find ways to overcome
them.

Article Sources

Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts
within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our
content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.

Dunning, D. We are all confident idiots. Pacific Standard; 2014.

Dunning, D. Chapter five: The Dunning-Kruger effect: On being ignorant of one's own ignorance.
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Ehrliner, J, Johnson, K, Banner, M, Dunning, D, & Kruger, J. Why the unskilled are unaware: Further
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