The Chloropidae (Diptera) of the Galápagos Islands,

Ecuador
TERRY A. WHEELER and JESSICA FORREST

Insect Syst.Evol. Wheeler, T. A. & Forrest, J.: The Chloropidae (Diptera) of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador.
Insect Syst. Evol. 34: 265-280. Copenhagen, September 2003. ISSN 1399-560X.

Thirteen species of Chloropidae are recorded from the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Seven new
species are described: Diplotoxa loma sp. n. (subfamily Chloropinae); Conioscinella emphe-
ria sp. n.; Gaurax gethosyne sp. n.; Hippelates alyscus sp. n.; Liohippelates baptipalpis sp. n.;
Olcella anaclasta sp. n.; Olcella lupina sp. n. (subfamily Oscinellinae). Another species in the
genus Apallates is apparently undescribed, but there is insufficient information to justify a for-
mal description. Monochaetoscinella anonyma is recorded for the first time from the archi-
pelago. Four species previously recorded from the archipelago were also identified: Cadrema
pallida; Conioscinella galapagensis; Elachiptera cultrata; Liohippelates galapagensis.
Previously published Galápagos records of Liohippelates pusio apparently refer to L. galapa-
gensis. A key to the Galápagos species of Chloropidae is given. Geographic affinities of the
Galápagos chloropid fauna are similar to those of other Diptera from the archipelago, with few
pantropical species, some species also found in the northern Neotropical and southern
Nearctic regions, and endemic species apparently with Neotropical sister groups.

T. A. Wheeler & J. Forrest. Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University,

Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada. (wheeler@nrs.
mcgill.ca)

Introduction revised, including the description of seven new

Like many families of Diptera, the Chloropidae of species.
the Galápagos Islands are incompletely known.
Only four species of Chloropidae have been previ-
ously recorded from the archipelago: the endemic
Material and methods
species Conioscinella galapagensis (Curran, Specimens examined are housed in the following
1932), Liohippelates galapagensis (Curran, 1932) institutions (acronyms used in the text are in
and Elachiptera cultrata Wheeler & Forrest, 2002; parentheses): Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Hono-
and the widespread species Cadrema pallida lulu, HI, USA (BPBM); California Academy of
(Loew, 1866) (Curran 1932, 1934, Wheeler & Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA (CAS); Cana-
Forrest 2002). Coquillett’s (1901) and Johnson’s dian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa, ON,
(1924) records of Liohippelates pusio (Loew, Canada (CNC); Lyman Entomological Museum,
1872) from the islands actually refer to L. galapa- McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC,
gensis. Additional surveys of Galápagos insects in Canada (LEM); National Museum of Natural
the 1960s, especially by the California Academy History, Washington DC, USA (USNM); Zool-
of Sciences, and an ongoing inventory of Galáp- ogical Museum, Oslo University, Oslo, Norway
agos arthropods since the 1980s by S. B. Peck and (ZMO).
colleagues (Peck 1996, Peck et al. 1998) have Most specimens collected were preserved in
resulted in the collection of more than 1200 spec- 70% ethanol and subsequently critical point dried
imens of Chloropidae, representing 13 species. In using liquid CO2 or hexamethyldisilazane. Prepar-
this paper, the chloropid fauna of the Galápagos is ations of genitalia were made by removing the

© Insect Systematics & Evolution (Group 6)

266 Wheeler, T. A. & Forrest, J. INSECT SYST. EVOL. 34:3 (2003)

epd

2
1

phap
cer

proj

sur
hyp

Figures 1-2. Diplotoxa loma: (1) Male genitalia, lateral. (2) Male genitalia, posterior. Abbreviations: cer - remnant of
cerci; epd - epandrium; hyp - hypandrium; phap - phallapodeme; proj - posteroventral projection; sur - surstylus.
Scale bar = 0.1mm.

abdomens of mounted specimens (older air-dried in length to tibial diameter .................. Apallates sp.
specimens were first relaxed in high humidity) and - Scutum shining; eyes bare; hind tibial spur
longer than tibial diameter ..................................... 7
clearing them in 85% lactic acid heated in a 7. Legs yellow; frontal triangle with sides straight
microwave oven for 1-2 30-second intervals sepa- or nearly so, extending slightly past middle of
rated by a cooling period. Cleared abdomens were frons; palp black basally, yellow distally .........
then placed in glycerin for further dissection and ......................................... Liohippelates baptipalpis
- Legs partly brown, hind femur and tibia dark-
examination. Dissected abdomens were stored in est; frontal triangle with sides concave, extend-
glycerin in plastic microvials pinned beneath the ing almost to anterior margin of frons; palp
source specimen. entirely yellow.............. Liohippelates galapagensis
8. Vibrissal angle strongly produced; proboscis
greatly elongate, sclerotized, geniculate (as in
Key to species of Chloropidae of the Fig. 17) ................................................................... 9
Galápagos Islands - Vibrissal angle rounded or only slightly pro-
jecting; proboscis not greatly elongate ................ 10
1. Wing with costa extending to R 4+5; crossvein 9. Scutum with deeply incised longitudinal lines
dm-cu absent ................................... Diplotoxa loma of punctures; thoracic pleurites entirely pru-
- Wing with costa extending to M1+2; crossvein inose except for area between mid and hind
dm-cu present ......................................................... 2 coxa. Postgena very broad, posteroventral
2. Arista broad, sword shaped; scutellum trape- angle less then 90° (Fig. 17); palp as long as
zoidal; body mostly yellow.......Elachiptera cultrata head; many setae on frons and gena arising
- Arista narrow, rarely enlarged at base; scutel- from distinct punctures ................ Olcella anaclasta
lum rounded posteriorly; body colour variable...... 3 - Scutum without deeply incised lines of punc-
3. Hind tibia with apical or pre-apical ventral spur tures; thoracic pleurites with broad shining
at least as long as tibial diameter ........................... 4 stripe. Postgena not as broad, posteroventral
- Hind tibial spur absent or much shorter than angle greater than 90° (Fig. 20); palp at most
tibial diameter ........................................................ 8 0.7 times as long as head, setae on head not
4. Thorax yellow in ground colour ............................ 5 arising from distinct punctures ......... Olcella lupina
- Thorax black in ground colour............................... 6 10. Frontal triangle shining; notopleuron with 1
5. Hind tibial spur as long as basitarsus; frontal anterior and 1 strong posterior bristle.................. 11
triangle shining; scutum dorsally with pale - Frontal triangle dull; notopleuron with 1 ante-
reddish stripes ............................... Cadrema pallida rior and 2 strong posterior bristles....................... 12
- Hind tibial spur less than half as long as basi- 11. Frons with 1 outstanding fronto-orbital bristle;
tarsus; frontal triangle dull; scutum dorsally scutellum black ........ Monochaetoscinella anonyma
with black stripes ....................... Hippelates alyscus - Frons with several long fronto-orbital setae;
6. Scutum dull; eyes hairy; hind tibial spur equal scutellum yellow ......................... Gaurax gethosyne
INSECT SYST. EVOL. 34:3 (2003) Chloropidae of the Galápagos Is. 267

12. Male cercus short, blunt, not projecting (Fig. setulae. Legs dark yellow. Wing length 1.3-1.5
3-4); surstylus parallel-sided in lateral view mm, second costal sector 1.0-1.1 times as long as
(Fig. 3) ............................... Conioscinella empheria
- Male cercus projecting as triangular lobe (Fig. third costal sector; cross-vein dm-cu absent. Halter
5-6); surstylus broadest basally in lateral view white. Abdominal tergites pale brown, setulose
(Fig. 5) ......................... Conioscinella galapagensis and shining.
Male postabdomen (Fig. 1-2): Terminalia most-
ly pale yellow, subshining; surstylus fused with
Subfamily Chloropinae epandrium; surstylus short, triangular in lateral
Diplotoxa loma Wheeler & Forrest, sp. n. view, with several setae and setulae on posterior
half; posteroventral margin of epandrium with
(Figs 1-2)
short, dark projection (see Remarks); fused cerci
Description. – Total length 1.4-2.0 mm. Frons pale (mesolobus) desclerotized, present only as 3-4
yellow, roughly as long as broad, slightly nar- short, stout setae.
rowed anteriorly; frontal triangle pale yellow Type material. – Holotype =: ECUADOR:
except for black ocellar tubercle, subshining, not GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS: SANTA CRUZ: 4km N
clearly differentiated from rest of frons; antenna Bellavista, MediaLuna 620m, 14.v-13.vii.1985, S. & J.
mostly yellow; first flagellomere orbicular, with Peck, Miconia zone, FIT (CNC). Paratypes: 28=, 73R,
same data as holotype (CNC, LEM).
dorsobasal black spot; arista black, pubescent,
thickened basally, tapering apically; occiput Etymology. – The species name is from the Spanish loma
(hill), referring to the high elevation of the type locality.
brown medially; face pale yellow; eye with short,
sparse ommatrichia, long axis diagonal; gena pale Remarks. – This species would key to Elliponeura
yellow, 0.25 times height of eye, higher posterior- Loew, 1869 in existing keys to chloropid genera,
ly; vibrissal angle not projecting; palp and pro- based on the lack of crossvein dm-cu. The pres-
boscis short, pale yellow. Cephalic chaetotaxy: 4 ence or absence of this crossvein, however, is
reclinate to slightly lateroclinate fronto-orbital weak justification for recognition of a separate
setae, the posterior two longer and stronger; sever- genus and the distinction between Elliponeura,
al moderately long medioclinate to proclinate Pseudopachychaeta Strobl, 1902 and Diplotoxa
interfrontal setulae (some of these forming the Loew, 1863 is so tenuous that Spencer (1986)
margin of the frontal triangle); ocellar bristles combined all three under Diplotoxa. A compre-
strong, proclinate, divergent; postocellar bristles hensive systematic revision of this group of
short, convergent; inner and outer vertical bristles “genera” is badly needed, but for the present we
well-developed, the outer longer; fine dark setulae follow Spencer and recognize only the genus
present along occipital margin; pale setulae pres- Diplotoxa. Sabrosky & Paganelli’s (1984) record
ent on lower margin of gena; vibrissa long, pale. of an undescribed species of Elliponeura from the
Scutum pale yellow, sparsely pruinose, with five Galápagos Islands probably refers to this species.
brown stripes; median stripe on anterior The male cerci of Chloropinae are usually fused
two-thirds, lateral stripes extending from post- into a single median structure (mesolobus).
pronotum to level of dorsocentral bristles, Spencer (1977) divided the New Zealand species
supraalar stripes extending from notopleuron to of Diplotoxa s.l. into three groups based on varia-
level of postalar bristle; scutum approximately as tion in the male cerci: Group I with a typical
long as broad; postpronotum yellow with brown chloropine mesolobus; Group II with the cerci sep-
spot; scutellum pale yellow, rounded, broader than arate (as in most Oscinellinae) and conspicuously
long; thoracic pleurites pale yellow except for long and dark; and Group III with the cerci absent.
brown spot around anterior spiracle, brown lower Diplotoxa loma would belong to Spencer’s Group
half of katepisternum, black spot on meron, and II, based on the separate dark projections (Fig. 2).
dark stripes on anterior margins of anepisternum However, we suggest that the dark projections of
and anepimeron. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 post- Spencer’s Group II species are not the true cerci
pronotal, 1 weak anterior and 2 strong posterior but, instead, are novel structures derived from the
notopleural, 1 dorsocentral, 1 postalar, 1 pair of posteroventral epandrial margin and/or the
widely separated apical scutellar and 1 shorter pair subepandrial sclerite. In D. loma, three or four
of lateral scutellar bristles; postpronotum, scutum, short setae arising from sockets are visible at high
and katepisternum setulose; scutellum without magnification in the same location as the
268 Wheeler, T. A. & Forrest, J. INSECT SYST. EVOL. 34:3 (2003)

mesolobus in most Chloropinae. These setae South America, Australia, Africa and islands in the
apparently mark the location of a secondarily Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. The 11 July
desclerotized mesolobus in D. loma and possibly 1932 record from Baltra is most likely an error on
the New Zealand species of Groups II and III the specimen label; the correct date is probably 11
(although we have not examined those species). June 1932 (as for other specimens from the same
Given what is known of the biology of other locality). Nartshuk (2002) illustrated the male gen-
species of Diplotoxa s.l. in the New World, D. italia of C. pallida.
loma is probably phytophagous in the flower
heads of sedges (Cyperaceae).
Conioscinella empheria
Wheeler & Forrest, sp. n.
Subfamily Oscinellinae
(Figs 3-4)
Apallates sp.
Description (male only). – Total length 1.6-2.1
Material examined. – ECUADOR: GALÁPAGOS mm. Frons mainly yellow, sometimes darker
ISLANDS: SANTA CRUZ: 1=, 1km E Charles Darwin
Research Station, lagoon, littoral, 30.iii-7.iv.1989, (grey-brown) posteriorly; frontal triangle grey,
malaise, Peck & Sinclair (CNC); 2=, 1R, Academy Bay, 0.4-0.5 times length of frons; frons including
Darwin Research Station, sweeping coastal plants, frontal triangle dull; antenna mainly yellow; first
25.i.1964, D. Q. Cavagnaro & R. O. Schuster (CAS).
flagellomere reniform, darkened on dorsal half or
Remarks. – This is the first record of the genus more; arista short, black; occiput grey-brown; face
Apallates Sabrosky, 1980 from the Galápagos. yellow to pale brown, with carina; eye with short,
Although it is apparently undescribed, this species dense ommatrichia; gena yellow on anterior
is similar to a number of described but poorly dif- two-thirds or more, grey-brown posteriorly, 0.3
ferentiated Neotropical species and we cannot be times height of eye; vibrissal angle projecting
sure of its status without consideration of several slightly in most specimens; palp yellow; proboscis
additional species. Accordingly, we prefer to leave brown, sclerotized, geniculate. Cephalic chaeto-
this species undescribed pending a complete revi- taxy: 7-8 short, reclinate fronto-orbital setae; sev-
sion of the Neotropical Apallates. eral proclinate to medioclinate interfrontal setulae;
ocellar and postocellar bristles short, cruciate;
inner and outer vertical bristles slightly longer
Cadrema pallida (Loew, 1866) than surrounding setulae; setulae along occipital
Hippelates pallida Loew 1866: 184 margin and on ventral one-third to one-half of
Prohippelates pallidus: Curran, 1934: 159 gena; vibrissa slightly longer than subvibrissal
setulae. Scutum and scutellum heavily pruinose,
Material examined. – ECUADOR: GALÁPAGOS
ISLANDS: BALTRA [as S. Seymour I.]: 1=, 6R, dark grey-brown; scutum longer than broad; post-
11.vi.1932, M. Willows, Jr., Templeton Crocker Exped., pronotum and notopleuron dull, usually paler than
1932 (CAS); 1=, 2R, same data except 11.vii.1932 scutum; scutellum rounded apically, broader than
(CAS); ISABELA: 1R, Pto. Villamil, 7.iii.1989, inter- long; thoracic pleurites variable in colour, ranging
tidal rocks, B. J. Sinclair (CNC); SANTA CRUZ: 1=,
3R, Tortuga Bay, littoral, 29.i.1989, B. J. Sinclair, MV from yellow to dark brown; posterodorsal half of
lights (CNC); 1=, 4R, Darwin Research Station, 0m, lit- anepisternum, anterodorsal half of anepimeron,
toral zone, 28.iv.1991, J. Heraty (CNC); 1R, Charles and ventral corner of katepisternum at least sparse-
Darwin Research Station, arid zone, 16.i.1989, MV ly pruinose. Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 (occasionally
lights, B. J. Sinclair (CNC); 1R, Academy Bay, Darwin
Research Station, sweeping coastal plants, 25.i.1964, D. 2) postpronotal, 1 anterior and 2 posterior noto-
Q. Cavagnaro & R. O. Schuster (CAS); 1R, Academy pleural, 1 dorsocentral, 1 postalar, and 1 intrapos-
Bay, Darwin Research Station, 26.i.1964, R. O. Schuster talar bristles; scutellum with 1 pair of convergent
(CAS); 1=, Academy Bay, at light, 17.ii.1964, P. D. apical and 1 or 2 pairs of subapical bristles; post-
Ashlock (BPBM).
pronotum, scutum and scutellum densely and uni-
Remarks. – Although Curran (1934) recorded C. formly setulose; katepisternum with a few fine
pallida from the Galápagos, Sabrosky & Paganelli setulae. Legs yellow or variably darkened with
(1984) did not list the species from the islands, nor brown (see Remarks). Wing length 1.3-1.8 mm;
did they cite Curran (1934). This species is second costal sector 1.5-1.75 times length of
pantropical, with records from North, Central and third costal sector; dm-cu oblique, not parallel
INSECT SYST. EVOL. 34:3 (2003) Chloropidae of the Galápagos Is. 269

3 4

basph

distph

5 6

Figures 3-4. Conioscinella empheria: (3) Male genitalia, lateral. (4) Male genitalia, posterior. Figures 5-6.
Conioscinella galapagensis: (5) Male genitalia, lateral. (6) Male genitalia, posterior. Abbreviations: basph - basiphal-
lus; distph - distiphallus. Scale bars = 0.1mm.

with r-m. Halter white. Abdominal tergites brown, view; cercus short, blunt, with a single long seta
setulose, subshining; sternites paler brown, setu- situated far from median cleft.
lose. Type material. – Holotype =: ECUADOR:
Male postabdomen (Fig. 3-4): Terminalia yel- GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS: ESPAÑOLA: Bahía
low to pale brown, with short, dense pubescence; Manzanilla, 5-10.vi.85, S.& J. Peck, littoral cryptocar-
pus & Prosopis, FIT, malaise (CNC). Paratypes:
ventral margin of epandrium almost straight BARTOLOMÉ: 1=, lava bed in contact with mangrove
between surstylus and cercus in lateral view; swamp, N. end of island, 5’ alt., 3.ii.1967, I. L. Wiggins
surstylus parallel-sided, evenly curved in lateral (CAS); ESPAÑOLA: 14=, Bahía Manzanilla, 5-
270 Wheeler, T. A. & Forrest, J. INSECT SYST. EVOL. 34:3 (2003)

10.vi.1985, S. &. J. Peck, littoral cryptocarpus & except as follows: total length 1.4-1.8 mm; anepis-
Prosopis, FIT, malaise (CNC, LEM); 8=, same data ternum, anepimeron, katepisternum and meron
except Prosopis grove behind beach, carrion traps
(CNC); 1=, Punta Juarez, 10-12.ii.1967, I. L. Wiggins, always brown; legs usually entirely yellow (see
trap among Lycium minimum, Prosopis doleis and Remarks under C. empheria).
Cryptocarpus pyriformus (Gubarsbia) (CAS); FLORE- Male postabdomen (Figs 5-6): ventral margin of
ANA: 2=, littoral zone, 23.iii.1989, sweeping white- epandrium tuberculate between surstylus and cer-
sand beach, B. J. Sinclair (CNC); 1=, Black Beach, 21-
28.iii.1989, 10m, littoral-arid FIT, Peck & Sinclair cus in lateral view; surstylus broadest in basal half,
(CNC); GENOVESA: 3=, S. side of island 200 yds. not curving in lateral view; cercus projecting as
from beach, 4-6.ii.1967, I. L. Wiggins, in flight trap triangular lobe, with long seta at distal end.
among Bursera graveolens (CAS); ISABELA: 3=,
Villamil, 1km W, 2-15.iii.1989, FIT, littoral scrub on Type material examined. – Holotype R: ECUADOR:
sand, 1m, Peck & Sinclair (CNC); SAN CRISTÓBAL: GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS: FLOREANA: Post Office
43=, Puerto Baquerizo, south beach, 21.ii.1989, marine Bay, Seaside, 12-14.xi.1925, A. Wollebaek (ZMO).
iguana nesting sites, littoral, B. J. Sinclair (CNC, LEM); Paratypes: 4R, same data as holotype (ZMO).
SANTA CRUZ: 1=, 1km E Charles Darwin Research
Station (lagoon), littoral, 30.iii-7.iv.1989, malaise, Peck Other material examined. – ECUADOR: GALÁPAGOS
& Sinclair (CNC); SANTA FE: 5=, 4.iv.1989. B. J. ISLANDS: DARWIN: 1=, 29.i.1964, D. Q. Cavagnaro
Sinclair, sweeping sea lion beach (CNC); 1=, littoral (CAS); ESPAÑOLA: 2=, Punta Juarez, 10-12.ii.1967, I.
zone, yellow pan trap, 4-6.ii.1989, B. J. Sinclair (CNC); L. Wiggins, trap among Lycium minimum, Prosopis
2=, 3-6.vi.1989, B. J. Sinclair, sea lion dung trap in lit- doleis and Cryptocarpus pyriformus (Gubarsbia) (CAS);
toral zone (CNC); 1=, littoral beach malaise, 4- FLOREANA: 11=, several hundred R, Post Office Bay,
6.iv.1989, Peck & Sinclair (CNC). 8.xii.1925, A. Wollebaek (ZMO); ISABELA: 19=,
Puerto Villamil, coastal pools, 7.iii.1989, brackish, B. J.
Etymology. – The species name is from the Greek Sinclair (CNC, LEM); 4=, Puerto Villamil, arid zone,
empheres (resembling, like), referring to the great simi- 5.iii.1989, 5m, MV-lights, B. J. Sinclair (LEM); PINTA:
larity between this species and the sympatric C. galapa- 6=, littoral zone, 2m, carrion traps, 14-20.iii.1992, S.
gensis. Peck (LEM); SAN CRISTÓBAL: 10=, Puerto
Baquerizo, south beach, 21.ii.1989, marine iguana nest-
Remarks. – More than 280 female specimens of ing sites, littoral, B. J. Sinclair (CNC); 1=, Puerto
Conioscinella Duda, 1929 from 14 islands (Baltra, Baquerizo, arid zone, 20.ii.1989, sweeping, B. J.
Bartolomé, Española, Floreana, Genovesa, Isa- Sinclair (CNC); SANTA FE: 1=, 4.iv.1989, B. J.
Sinclair, sweeping sea lion beach (CNC); WOLF: 4=,
bela, Marchena, Pinta, Rábida, San Cristóbal, 1.ii.1964, D. Q. Cavagnaro (CAS); 1=, 31.i-01.ii.1964,
Santa Cruz, Santa Fe, Seymour, Wolf) were not P. D. Ashlock (BPBM).
included in the list of paratypes or specimens exa-
Remarks. – Although the holotype and paratypes
mined because the two species of Conioscinella
are all females, there is a long series of specimens
recorded from the Galápagos can only be distin-
in the ZMO collected at the same time and locali-
guished on the basis of male genitalic characters.
ty. All male specimens in that series are conspecif-
There is considerable variation in leg colour with-
ic and our definition of this species is based on
in C. empheria, in which the legs vary from yellow
those specimens. See Remarks under C. empheria
to mostly dark brown. The darkest specimens of C.
for notes on the difficulty in identifying female
empheria were taken from a mixed series of both
specimens.
species on San Cristóbal, where they were clearly
distinguishable from the yellow-legged C. galapa-
gensis. In series from other islands, comprising Elachiptera cultrata Wheeler & Forrest, 2002
only C. empheria, most specimens had bright yel- Elachiptera cultrata Wheeler & Forrest, 2002: 2.
low legs similar to those of C. galapagensis. The
possible occurrence of character displacement in Remarks. – This species can easily be distin-
sympatric populations of these two species would guished from all other recorded Galápagos
be worthy of further study. chloropids on the basis of the broad, flattened
arista, the mainly yellow body, and the trapezoidal
Conioscinella galapagensis (Curran, 1932) scutellum. Wheeler & Forrest (2002) provided
characters for distinguishing E. cultrata from
(Figs 5-6) other species of Elachiptera Macquart, 1835.
Oscinella galapagensis Curran, 1932: 357. This species apparently belongs to a New World
Conioscinella galapagensis: Sabrosky & Paganelli, group of yellow or reddish species of Elachiptera.
1984: 10.
Many published records of species in this group
Redescription (male only). – As for C. empheria are from low-lying habitats, often coastal or other-
INSECT SYST. EVOL. 34:3 (2003) Chloropidae of the Galápagos Is. 271

7 8

Figures 7-8. Gaurax gethosyne: (7) Male postabdominal segments 6-8 and genitalia, lateral. (8) Male genitalia, pos-
terior. Scale bar = 0.1mm.

wise arid. The habitats from which E. cultrata was Gaurax gethosyne Wheeler & Forrest, sp. n.
collected were more diverse, although primarily (Figs 7-8)
humid, ranging from the Arid Zone near the coast,
through the Transition, Scalesia, Miconia and Description. – Total length 1.7-2.3 mm. Frons
Pampa Zones up to elevations of 1000m. Spe- shining, yellowish brown anteriorly, darker brown
cimens were collected in native habitats as well as posteriorly; frontal triangle including ocellar
disturbed agricultural areas and guava forest. tubercle polished brown, not clearly delimited
Complete label data were provided by Wheeler & anteriorly; first flagellomere reniform, entirely
Forrest (2002) and we have since examined two yellow in male, black at apex in female; arista with
additional specimens (SANTA CRUZ: 1=, Bella basal segments yellow, terminal segment dark;
Vista, 10km N Academy Bay, 21.ii.1964, P. D. occiput dark brown, pruinose; face yellow, without
Ashlock (BPBM); 1R, 8km N Academy Bay, aban- carina; eye apparently bare, with only scattered
doned garden, 24.i.1964, P. D. Ashlock (BPBM)). short setulae, iridescent, long axis diagonal; gena
Despite its apparently broad habitat preference, mostly shining brown, with black margin, 0.08
E. cultrata was primarily collected (117 of 121 times height of eye; vibrissal angle and parafacial
specimens) on two large islands (Santa Cruz, shining yellow; vibrissal angle not projecting; palp
Isabela) with long-term permanent human habita- black; proboscis short, with brown sclerotization.
tion and extensive habitat disturbance. Only four Cephalic chaetotaxy: 5 reclinate fronto-orbital
specimens were collected from other islands setae, increasing in length posteriorly; single row
(Floreana, Seymour) in the course of a large scale, of setulae on border of frontal triangle; 1 pair of
multi-year survey of Galápagos insects. This longer cruciate interfrontal setulae near anterior
apparent association with human-altered islands margin of frons; ocellar and postocellar bristles
and absence from undisturbed islands may indi- quite long, erect, cruciate; inner and outer vertical
cate that the species has been introduced from bristles long, the outer stronger; short setulae
elsewhere, probably western South America or along occipital margin; longer setulae along genal
Central America, by human activity. Finding E. margin, the posterior 2 hairs notably longer; vib-
cultrata in Central or South America would lend rissa slightly longer than subvibrissal setulae.
support to that possibility. Thorax entirely polished brown except for pale
272 Wheeler, T. A. & Forrest, J. INSECT SYST. EVOL. 34:3 (2003)

9 10

Figures 9-10. Hippelates alyscus: (9) Male genitalia, lateral. (10) Male genitalia, posterior. Scale bar = 0.1mm.

yellow scutellum and slight pruinosity around ventral processes anterior to epandrium.
wing base; scutum approximately as long as Epandrium not greatly enlarged relative to
broad, with faint pattern of lighter brown postsu- abdomen; epandrium dark brown with dense long
tural dorsocentral and narrower supraalar stripes, hairs. Surstylus roughly rectangular in posterior
merged posteriorly; scutellum rounded apically, view, pointed at ventral medial corner, with addi-
broader than long; thoracic pleurites lighter brown tional tooth-like projection on posterior surface.
than postpronotum and scutum. Thoracic chaeto- Phallus long, cylindrical, membranous. Cercus
taxy: 1 postpronotal, 1 anterior and 1 posterior long, black, well-sclerotized.
notopleural, 1 dorsocentral, 1 postalar, 1 pair of
Type material. – Holotype =: ECUADOR:
apical and 1 pair of shorter subapical scutellar GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS: ISABELA: Sto. Tomas, 4-
bristles; 1 weak katepisternal bristle; postprono- 15.iii.1989, 300m, humid forest Malaise, Peck &
tum, scutum, and katepisternum with long setulae; Sinclair (CNC). Paratypes: SANTA CRUZ: 3=, 1R,
scutellum microsetulose along margin and lateral- Academy Bay, Darwin Research Station, sweeping
coastal plants, 25.i.1964, D. Q. Cavagnaro & R. O.
ly at base. Fore leg (including coxa) yellow, tarsus Schuster (CAS).
darker; mid and hind leg with coxa and basal third
to half of femur yellow, rest of leg brown to black. Etymology. – The species name is a noun in apposition
Wing length 1.5-2.0 mm; second costal sector 1.2- derived from the Greek gethosyne (delight, joy), refer-
ring to the attractive appearance of this fly and the excel-
1.4 times length of third costal sector; cell r1 lent condition of the holotype.
broad, but less so than in most Nearctic species of
Gaurax. Halter white. Abdominal tergites pale Remarks. – Although most Nearctic species of
brown, syntergite 1+2 very pale medially; tergites Gaurax Loew, 1863 are distinguished by the pos-
evenly microsetulose and with scattered longer session of an enlarged epandrium, the male geni-
setulae; sternites very pale, with long setulae. talia of this species are not greatly enlarged. There
Male postabdomen (Fig. 7-8): Sternite 6 appar- is a range of development in the size of the epan-
ently present, forming a complete ventral band drium among other undescribed Neotropical
fused laterally with synsternite 7+8; ventral medi- species of Gaurax. Other than the size of the epan-
al region of sternite 6 projecting ventrally as a pale drium, the genitalia are typical of New World
INSECT SYST. EVOL. 34:3 (2003) Chloropidae of the Galápagos Is. 273

species of Gaurax. Cell r1 is also narrower than in Male postabdomen (Fig. 9-10): Epandrium
most Nearctic species of Gaurax, but similar to the brown, with long hairs on posterior surface; sur-
Neotropical species. stylus broad, black, with anterior fringe of long se-
tae; cercus bilobed, with 1 long seta and several
Hippelates alyscus Wheeler & Forrest, sp. n. short setae.
(Figs 9-10) Type material. – Holotype =: ECUADOR: GALÁ-
PAGOS ISLANDS: FERNANDINA: Cabo Hammond,
Description. – Total length 1.6 mm. Frons yellow, 0m, 3.v.1991, J. Heraty, beach grasses (CNC). Para-
dull, slightly longer than broad; frontal triangle types: ISABELA: 1=, 1R, arid zone, 5.iii.1989, B. J.
Sinclair, sweeping (CNC).
including ocellar tubercle black, sparsely pruin-
ose, about 0.5 times length of frons; antenna yel- Etymology. – The species name is from the Greek alysko
low at least ventrally, variably darkened dorsally; (wander uneasily), referring to the combination of char-
acters that left this species suspended between at least
first flagellomere suborbicular; arista dark, slen- three poorly defined genera for much of this study.
der; occiput yellow, variably infuscated; face yel-
low, without carina; eye densely short-haired; gena Remarks. – This species belongs to a group of
yellow, 0.2 times height of eye; vibrissal angle not species that have been assigned by some authors to
projecting; palp and proboscis yellow; proboscis the genus Olcanabates Enderlein, 1911. Although
short, mostly unsclerotized. Cephalic chaetotaxy: Paganelli & Sabrosky (1993) treated the two gen-
5-7 short, reclinate fronto-orbital setae; numerous era as synonyms, this was not based on phyloge-
short interfrontal setulae on anterior of frons and netic analysis and further study of the generic lim-
forming single row along border of frontal trian- its is required. For the present, we prefer to recog-
gle; ocellar bristles short, erect, convergent; posto- nize a broader concept of Hippelates Loew, 1863.
cellar bristles longer, convergent to cruciate; inner
and outer vertical bristles equal in length to posto- Liohippelates baptipalpis
cellars; setulae along occipital margin and ventral Wheeler & Forrest, sp. n.
half of gena; vibrissa not differentiated from sub- (Figs 11-12)
vibrissal setulae. Scutum yellow, pruinose, with
five black stripes; broad median stripe on anterior Description. – Total length 1.8-2.3 mm. Frons
two-thirds to three-fourths, lateral stripes extend- dark yellow anteriorly, grading to dark brown or
ing from postpronotum to level just beyond end of black posteriorly, subshining, usually with some
median stripe, narrow paler supraalar stripes ex- pruinosity bordering frontal triangle; frontal trian-
tending from notopleuron to level of postalar bris- gle including ocellar tubercle polished, dark
tle; scutum as long as broad; postpronotum and brown to black, with sides straight or slightly con-
scutellum yellow, pruinose; scutellum rounded api- cave, 0.6-0.7 times length of frons; antenna yel-
cally, broader than long; thoracic pleurites pruin- low; first flagellomere suborbicular, usually slight-
ose on dorsal half, shining below, yellow except ly infuscated dorsally; arista pale basally, dark-
for large ventral black spot on katepisternum, dark ened distally; occiput black, pruinose; face dark
anterior margins of anepisternum and anepimeron, yellow, with weak carina; eye bare; gena 0.2 times
and black posterior margin of meron. Thoracic height of eye, yellow to black, shining, microscop-
chaetotaxy: 1-2 postpronotal, 1 anterior and 2 ically striate, with darker, polished margin; vib-
posterior notopleural, 1 dorsocentral, 1 postalar, 1 rissal angle not projecting; palp black basally, yel-
intrapostalar, 1 pair of long and strong apical and low distally; proboscis sclerotized, brown to black,
2 pairs of shorter, weaker subapical scutellar bris- geniculate but not elongate. Cephalic chaetotaxy:
tles; postpronotum, scutum, scutellum and katepist- 1-2 short, weak, anterior and 4-5 longer, stronger,
ernum setulose. Legs mostly yellow; tarsi and dis- posterior reclinate fronto-orbital setae; several
tal portions of tibiae variably darkened; hind tibia proclinate to medioclinate interfrontal setulae on
with curved pre-apical ventral spur, approximately anterior of frons and forming single row of setulae
equal in length to diameter of tibia. Wing length along border of frontal triangle; ocellar and posto-
1.3-1.5 mm; second costal sector 1.5-1.8 times cellar bristles erect, cruciate; inner vertical bristles
length of third costal sector. Halter white. Abdo- approximately equal in length to postocellars;
minal tergites brown, moderately long-haired; ster- outer vertical bristles slightly longer and stronger;
nites paler, setulose. setulae along occipital and genal margins; vibrissa
274 Wheeler, T. A. & Forrest, J. INSECT SYST. EVOL. 34:3 (2003)

11 12

13 14

Figures 11-12. Liohippelates baptipalpis: (11) Male genitalia, lateral. (12) Male genitalia, posterior. Figures 13-14.
Liohippelates galapagensis: (13) Male genitalia, lateral. (14) Male genitalia, posterior. Scale bars = 0.1mm.

approximately twice as long as subvibrissal setu- weak intrapostalar bristles (the latter may be indis-
lae. Thorax entirely shining black except for pru- tinguishable from surrounding setulae); scutellum
inosity around wing base and base of scutellum; with 1 pair of cruciate apical and 2 or more pairs
scutum slightly longer than broad; scutellum of much shorter subapical bristles, all borne on
rugose, slightly broader than long, subconical. short tubercles; postpronotum, scutum, scutellum,
Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1-3 weak postpronotal, 1 and katepisternum setulose; setulae in median and
weak, erect intrahumeral, 1 anterior and 2 posteri- dorsocentral rows of scutum slightly divergent,
or notopleural, 1 dorsocentral, 1 postalar, and 1 3-4 rows of setulae between median and dorsocen-
INSECT SYST. EVOL. 34:3 (2003) Chloropidae of the Galápagos Is. 275

tral rows. Legs pale yellow; hind tibia with strong- Liohipellates galapagensis: Sabrosky & Paganelli,
ly curved preapical ventral spur, longer than diam- 1984: 21.
Liohippelates pusio of Coquillett, 1901
eter of tibia. Wing length 1.6-2.1 mm; second
costal sector 1.7-1.9 times length of third costal Redescription. – Total length 1.2-2.4 mm. Frons
sector. Halter white. Abdominal tergites sparsely subshining, mainly dark yellow, grading to brown
pruinose, setulose; syntergite 1+2 mostly pale yel- at vertex; frontal triangle including ocellar tuber-
low, remaining tergites and sometimes posterolat- cle polished, dark brown to black, with sides dis-
eral corners of syntergite 1+2 brown; sternites tinctly concave, extending in narrow point almost
very pale, setulose. to anterior margin of frons; antenna mostly yel-
Male postabdomen (Figs 11-12): Epandrium low; first flagellomere suborbicular, infuscated on
long-haired; surstylus curved posteromedially, dorsal half; arista brown, palest basally; occiput
tapering distally, with several long setae on anteri- black, pruinose; face yellow, with weak carina; eye
or half; cercus elongate, projecting posteroventral- bare; gena 0.14-0.19 times height of eye, yellow,
ly, cerci convergent in posterior view, each with shining, microscopically striate, with polished
one long seta and several short setae; phallus short, brown margin; vibrissal angle not projecting; palp
membranous. yellow; proboscis sclerotized, brown, geniculate
Type material. – Holotype =: ECUADOR: GALÁ- but not elongate. Cephalic chaetotaxy: 1 to several
PAGOS ISLANDS: SANTA CRUZ: 1km E Charles short, weak, anterior and 4-5 longer, stronger, pos-
Darwin Research Station, lagoon, littoral, 30.iii- terior reclinate fronto-orbital setae; several procli-
7.iv.1989, malaise, Peck & Sinclair (CNC). Paratypes: nate to medioclinate interfrontal setulae on anteri-
BARTOLOMÉ: 1R, lava bed in contact with mangrove
swamp, N. end of island, 5’ alt., 3.ii.1967, I. L. Wiggins or of frons and forming single row of setulae along
(CAS); ISABELA: 1=, 10R, Puerto Villamil, 7.iii.1989, border of frontal triangle; ocellar bristles short,
intertidal rocks, B. J. Sinclair (CNC, USNM); SANTA reclinate, convergent; postocellar bristles short,
CRUZ: 2=, 9R, 1km E Charles Darwin Research Station, erect, convergent to cruciate; inner vertical bristles
lagoon, littoral, 30.iii-7.iv.1989, malaise, Peck & Sin-
clair (CNC, LEM, USNM); 1=, 1R, Academy Bay, only slightly stronger than surrounding setulae;
ECCD, 30m, arid zone, thornscrub, malaise-FIT, 10.v- outer vertical bristles approximately equal in
14.vii.1985, S. & J. Peck (CNC); 2R, Charles Darwin length to postocellars; setulae along occipital and
Research Station, littoral zone, 4-9.ii.1989, dung trap, B. genal margins; vibrissa approximately 3 times as
J. Sinclair (CNC); 1R, Academy Bay, Darwin Research
Station, sweeping coastal plants, 25.i.1964, D. Q. Ca- long as subvibrissal setulae. Thorax entirely shin-
vagnaro & R. O. Schuster (CAS); 1R, Academy Bay, ing black except around wing base and posterior
Darwin Research Station, 7.ii.1964, R. O. Schuster margin of scutum; scutum slightly longer than
(CAS). broad; scutellum somewhat rugose, rounded api-
Etymology. – The species name is derived from the cally, slightly broader than long. Thoracic chaeto-
Greek bapto (dip, dye) and palpis, referring to the yel- taxy: 1 weak postpronotal, 1 anterior and 2 poste-
low distal portion of the palps.
rior notopleural, 1 dorsocentral, 1 postalar, and 1
Remarks. –This species may be distinguished from weak intrapostalar bristles (the latter may be indis-
the externally similar Liohippelates collusor tinguishable from surrounding setulae); scutellum
(Townsend, 1895) by the bicoloured palps (all yel- with 1 pair of cruciate apical bristles borne on
low in L. collusor), presence of six small but dis- short tubercles and 2 pairs of short subapical bris-
tinct tubercles on the scutellum (only very small tles; postpronotum, scutum, scutellum, and kate-
apical tubercles in L. collusor), and usually more pisternum setulose; setulae in median and dorso-
extensive yellow on the frons (only anterior mar- central rows of scutum slightly divergent, 3-4 rows
gin yellow in L. collusor). Because of the similar- of setulae between median and dorsocentral rows.
ity between the two species, recent records of L. Fore leg and all tarsi mostly yellow; fore femur
collusor from other Pacific islands, such as Hawaii and distal tarsomeres sometimes with some
(Beardsley & al. 1999) should be treated with cau- brown; remainder of legs various shades of yellow
tion. through brown, hind leg darkest; hind tibia with
strongly curved preapical ventral spur, longer than
Liohippelates galapagensis (Curran, 1932) diameter of tibia. Wing length 1.2-2.1 mm; second
costal sector 1.8-2.0 times length of third costal
(Figs 13-14) sector. Halter white. Abdominal tergites shining,
Hippelates galapagensis Curran, 1932: 356. setulose; syntergite 1+2 mostly pale yellow, with
276 Wheeler, T. A. & Forrest, J. INSECT SYST. EVOL. 34:3 (2003)

15 16

Figures 15-16. Monochaetoscinella anonyma: (15) Male genitalia, lateral. (16) Male genitalia, posterior. Scale bar =
0.1mm.

brown lateral margins and a faint brown median galapagensis as currently recognized, pending
spot; tergites 3-5 mostly brown, medially with yel- examination of male specimens of L. incompletus
low anterior and posterior margins; sternites very from the type locality. Coquillett’s (1901) record
pale, setulose. of L. pusio from the Galápagos refers to L. gala-
Male postabdomen (Figs 13-14): Epandrium pagensis (C. W. Sabrosky, in litt.); specimens
long-haired; surstylus curved posteromedially, identified by Johnson (1924) as L. pusio may also
parallel-sided distally, with several short setae; be this species, but they were not examined.
cercus elongate, projecting posteroventrally, cerci Specimens examined in this study were collect-
parallel in posterior view, each with one long seta ed primarily in the Littoral Zone, including large
and several short setae; phallus membranous. series from marine iguana nesting sites and sea
lion beaches. Specimens were also collected in the
Type material examined. – Holotype R: ECUADOR:
GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS: FLOREANA: Post Office Arid Zone and Transition Zone, and agricultural
Bay, 20-30.ix.1925, A. Wollebaek (ZMO). Paratypes: areas on several islands.
2R, FLOREANA: Post Office Bay, Seaside, Ranvik, 10-
20.xi.1925 (ZMO).
Monochaetoscinella anonyma
Other material examined. – 114=, 315R from the fol- (Williston, 1896)
lowing islands and localities: Bartolomé, Española
(Bahía Manzanilla, Punta Juarez), Floreana (Black (Figs 15-16)
Beach, island record only), Genovesa (south side of
island), Isabela (Puerto Villamil, near Punta Tortuga), Oscinis anonyma Williston, 1896: 423.
Marchena (SW Playa), Pinta, San Cristóbal (Puerto Monochaetoscinella anonyma: Duda, 1930: 107.
Baquerizo), Santa Cruz (Academy Bay, Charles Darwin Material examined. – ECUADOR: GALÁPAGOS
Research Station, Bella Vista Trail), Santa Fe (all ISLANDS: ISABELA: 1=, 1R, Guava-pampa zone,
months from January to June) (CAS, CNC, LEM). 600m, 4.iii.1989, B. J. Sinclair (CNC); SAN
Remarks. – C. W. Sabrosky (in litt.) considered L. CRISTÓBAL: 1=, 1km E Sierra San Janquin, agricul-
ture-pasture, 13.ii.1989, B. J. Sinclair (CNC).
galapagensis a possible synonym of Liohippelates
incompletus (Becker, 1912) from Peru. Although Remarks. – This species is widespread in the
the two species are externally similar there are southern Nearctic (Arizona, Texas, Florida,
minor differences; unfortunately, the lectotype of Mexico), Central America, the West Indies and
L. incompletus is a female so male genitalic char- South America as far south as northern Argentina.
acters cannot be compared. We prefer to treat L. This is the first record from the Galápagos and
INSECT SYST. EVOL. 34:3 (2003) Chloropidae of the Galápagos Is. 277

almost certainly represents a recent introduction to Wing length 1.2-1.6 mm; second costal sector 1.8
agricultural areas of the archipelago from the times length of third costal sector; dm-cu oblique,
Neotropical region. not parallel with r-m. Halter white. Abdominal ter-
gites 1-5 brown (at least on anterior half), setulose,
Olcella anaclasta Wheeler & Forrest, sp. n. subshining; sternites pale yellow, setulose.
Male postabdomen (Figs 18-19): Epandrium
(Figs 17-19)
subshining, mainly yellow, pale brown anterodor-
Description. – Total length 1.5-1.9 mm. Frons sally, short-haired; cercus and surstylus mainly
punctate, pruinose, grey-brown posteriorly, yel- yellow, subshining; surstylus long, curved, nar-
lower anteriorly, longer than broad, projecting rowed distally, with a few long setae medially; cer-
anteriorly; frontal triangle including ocellar tuber- cus triangular in posterior view, pointed apically;
cle grey-brown, slightly darker than or indistin- phallus long, membranous.
guishable from rest of frons, pruinose, about 0.5 Type material. – Holotype =: ECUADOR:
times length of frons; antenna yellowish ventro- GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS: PINTA: 220m, sticky traps,
medially, grey-brown dorsally and laterally; first 08.ii.1982, Y. Lubin (CNC). Paratypes: GENOVESA:
flagellomere reniform; arista short, grey-brown, 2R, S. side of island 200 yards from beach, 4-6.ii.1967,
I. L. Wiggins, in flight trap among Bursera graveolens
appearing bare except at very high magnification; (CAS); PINTA: 29=, 220m, sticky traps, 08.ii.1982, Y.
occiput dark grey-brown; face short, with pro- Lubin (CNC, LEM).
nounced carina; lunule forming triangular plate Etymology. – The species name is from the Greek
between antennae; eye with very short omma- anaklastos (bent back), referring to the greatly elongate,
trichia, long axis diagonal; gena pale yellow ante- geniculate mouthparts.
riorly, grey-brown posteriorly and often along
genal margin, 0.2 times height of eye, higher pos- Remarks. – Although the elongation of the head
teriorly; vibrissal angle less than 90 degrees, pro- and mouthparts in O. anaclasta is more extreme
jecting to same extent as frons; palp and proboscis than in other described species of Olcella
remarkably slender and elongate; palp pale yellow, Enderlein, 1911, there are undescribed species
as long as head; proboscis brown, well-sclerotized, from Central America with intermediate degrees
geniculate; labellum 1.5-1.6 times length of head. of development of the vibrissal angle, proboscis
Cephalic chaetotaxy: 5 short, reclinate and palps.
fronto-orbital setae; several proclinate interfrontal
setulae on anterior of frons; single row of setulae Olcella lupina Wheeler & Forrest, sp. n.
forming border of frontal triangle; ocellar and pos-
(Figs 20-22)
tocellar bristles pale, erect or slightly reclinate,
convergent; inner vertical bristles not easily distin- Description. – Total length 1.8-2.1 mm. Frons pale
guished from surrounding setulae; outer verticals brown to dark grey-brown, entirely pruinose,
longer, pale; setulae present on occipital and genal 1.3-1.4 times as long as broad; frontal triangle
margins; vibrissa short, pale. Scutum grey, dense- grey, not clearly differentiated from rest of frons;
ly pruinose and punctate, with three deeply incised antenna mostly grey-brown; first flagellomere
brown lines of punctures, the median one narrow- reniform, usually with some yellow ventromedial-
est and not always apparent; scutum approximate- ly; arista short, dark, appearing bare except at very
ly as long as broad; postpronotum and scutellum high magnification; occiput dark grey, pruinose;
densely pruinose, concolorous with scutum; face black on ventral margin, paler dorsally, with
scutellum flattened dorsally and blunt apically; strong carina visible in lateral view; eye roughly
thoracic pleurites grey to brown, mostly pruinose round, with extremely short ommatrichia; gena
except for area between mid and hind coxa. dark grey posteriorly, pale brown anteriorly;
Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1-3 postpronotal bristles, 0.2-0.3 times height of eye, higher posteriorly;
usually 1 longer than others, 1 anterior and 2 pos- vibrissal angle strongly projecting; palp yellow,
terior notopleural, 1 dorsocentral, 1 postalar, 1 0.7 times length of genal margin; proboscis dark,
intrapostalar, 1 pair of short apical and 2 pairs of shining, geniculate, each segment 1.2 times length
shorter subapical scutellar bristles; postpronotum, of genal margin. Cephalic chaetotaxy: 5-6 recli-
scutum and scutellum setulose; katepisternum nate fronto-orbital setae; several proclinate inter-
with a few short setulae. Legs yellow to brown. frontal setulae and a row of setulae forming the
278 Wheeler, T. A. & Forrest, J. INSECT SYST. EVOL. 34:3 (2003)

17 20

18 21

19 22

Figures 17-19. Olcella anaclasta: (17) Head, lateral. (18) Male genitalia, lateral. (19) Male genitalia, posterior.
Figures 20-22. Olcella lupina: (20) Head, lateral. (21) Male genitalia, lateral. (22) Male genitalia, posterior. Scale
bars = 0.1mm.
INSECT SYST. EVOL. 34:3 (2003) Chloropidae of the Galápagos Is. 279

margin of the frontal triangle; ocellar and posto- scutum), there are species that are intermediate in
cellar bristles convergent to cruciate, the postocel- all these characters. Furthermore, there are some-
lars slightly longer; outer vertical bristle approxi- times greater genitalic similarities between species
mately equal in length and strength to postocellars; currently assigned to different genera (as seen
inner vertical slightly shorter; genal margin with here) than between species within the same genus.
short, pale hairs; vibrissa pale, weak, but distinct- The current limits of chloropid genera based on
ly longer than subvibrissal setulae; palp with an combinations of external characters will continue
outstanding seta at tip. Thorax entirely dark, pru- to break down as new species are described and
inose except for shining metanotum and broad will almost certainly not stand up to rigorous,
shining stripe on pleura (consisting of anteroven- comprehensive phylogenetic analyses at the
tral margin of anepisternum, dorsal half of katepis- species level.
ternum, ventral spot on anepimeron, and anterior
spot on meron); scutum slightly longer than broad,
without incised lines of punctures; scutellum Discussion
broader than long, rounded, not flattened dorsally. This study has more than tripled the number of
Thoracic chaetotaxy: 1 postpronotal, 1 anterior known species of Chloropidae in the Galápagos
and 2 posterior notopleural, 1 long dorsocentral, 1 Islands. The number of widespread chloropid
long postalar, 1 intrapostalar, 1 pair of long apical species was lower than expected; however, given
and 2 pairs of shorter subapical scutellar bristles the increasing human traffic between the
(anterior pair shortest); postpronotum, scutum and Galápagos and the mainland of South America, it
scutellum setulose; katepisternum with a few short is probable that additional synanthropic species of
setulae. Legs mostly dark; coxae and femora Chloropidae will be introduced to the islands,
brown or grey-brown, knees paler; tibiae and tarsi especially to disturbed agricultural areas.
yellow to pale brown, fore tibia and tarsus palest. The geographic affinities of the Galápagos
Wing with 2 fairly long, strong setae basally on C; chloropid fauna are similar to those of most other
wing length 1.8-2.0 mm; second costal sector 1.6- Diptera families in the region. Cadrema pallida is
1.9 times length of third costal sector; dm-cu a pantropical species found in low-lying and
oblique, not parallel with r-m. Halter white. coastal habitats on a number of oceanic islands
Abdominal tergites and sternites dark grey-brown, and continental land masses. Monochaetoscinella
pruinose. anonyma is widespread in the New World tropics
Male postabdomen (Figs 21-22): Epandrium and subtropics. Both of these species were proba-
brown, with short hairs; surstylus parallel-sided, bly introduced by human activity. All other
evenly curved posteriorly in lateral view, with chloropid species are so far known only from the
short setulae; cercus short, only slightly convex, archipelago, but all show affinities to New World
with a single long seta; phallus long, membranous. lineages, especially to those in the northern
Type material. – Holotype =: ECUADOR:
Neotropical region. Elachiptera cultrata is related
GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS: WOLF: 31.i-1.ii.1964, P. D. to a group of species found from the southern
Ashlock (BPBM). Paratypes: DARWIN: 9R, 29.i.1964, United States to temperate South America
D. Q.Cavagnaro (CAS); WOLF: 3=, 1R, 1?, 31.i- (Wheeler & Forrest 2002). Apallates sp., Lioh-
1.ii.1964, P. D. Ashlock (BPBM); 5R, 1.ii.1964, D. Q.
Cavagnaro (CAS, LEM). ippelates baptipalpis, L. galapagensis and Hippel-
ates alyscus all belong to New World taxa that are
Etymology. – The species name is from the Latin lupinus especially diverse in the southern Nearctic and
(of wolves), referring to the type locality and to the large northern Neotropics. Olcella is primarily a New
and menacing mouthparts of these flies.
World genus, with species similar to O. anaclasta
Remarks. – The great similarity between the male and O. lupina in Central America. Although
genitalia of O. lupina and those of C. empheria Conioscinella, as currently recognized, is cosmo-
(Figs 3-4) is indicative of a widespread problem in politan, C. empheria and C. galapagensis appar-
the generic classification of the Chloropidae. ently belong to the northern Neotropical C. soluta
Although many species of Olcella and group. The relationships of Diplotoxa loma and
Conioscinella may be distinguished on the basis of Gaurax gethosyne are more obscure; both genera
external characters (e.g., long geniculate mouth- are widespread, diverse and poorly defined. They
parts, projecting vibrissal angle, incised lines on are almost certainly not monophyletic as currently
280 Wheeler, T. A. & Forrest, J. INSECT SYST. EVOL. 34:3 (2003)

defined and there is no information on phyloge- Duda, O. (1930) Die neotropischen Chloropiden (Dipt.).
netic relationships within either genus. Folia Zoologica et Hydrobiologica 2: 46-128.
Forrest, J. & Wheeler, T. A. (2002) Asteiidae (Diptera)
With additional collecting effort, at least some of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Studia
of the currently “endemic” chloropid species may Dipterologica 9: 307-317.
also be found on the west coast of Central America Johnson, C. W. (1924) Diptera of the Williams
or northern South America. This has been the case Galapagos Expedition. Zoologica (New York
Zoological Society) 5: 85-92.
with the chyromyid fly Aphaniosoma rabida Loew, H. (1866) Diptera Americae septentrionalis indi-
Wheeler, 1994 which was originally described gena. Centuria sexta. Berliner Entomologische
from Isla Rábida (Wheeler & Sinclair 1994) but Zeitschrift 9: 127-186.
has also been collected at Playa Tamarindo, Nartshuk, E. P. (2002) A revision of species of the genus
Cadrema Walker (Diptera, Chloropidae) from islands
Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica (specimens in in the Indian Ocean. Entomologicheskoi Obozrenie
USNM). 81: 235-256 [In Russian].
Species of Chloropidae were not as restricted to Paganelli, C. H. & Sabrosky, C. W. (1993) Hippelates
the Littoral and Arid Zones as many other acalyp- flies (Diptera: Chloropidae) possibly associated with
Brazilian Purpuric Fever. Proceedings of the
trate families recorded from the islands (e.g., Entomological Society of Washington 95: 165-174.
Asteiidae (Forrest & Wheeler 2002), Canacidae Peck, S. B. (1996) Origin and development of an insect
(Wirth 1969), Carnidae (Wheeler 2000), fauna on a remote archipelago: the Galápagos Islands,
Chyromyidae (Wheeler & Sinclair 1994)). The Ecuador. Pp. 91-122 in Keast & Miller: The origin
and evolution of Pacific island biotas, New Guinea to
Galápagos chloropids, like those in other regions, eastern Polynesia: patterns and processes. 531 pp.
have a wide range of habitat preferences and were Amsterdam.
collected in almost all habitat types in the archi- Peck, S. B., Heraty, J., Landry, B. & Sinclair, B. J.
(1998) Introduced insect fauna of an oceanic archipel-
pelago, often in high numbers. ago: the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. American
Entomologist 44: 219-237.
Acknowledgements Sabrosky, C. W. & Paganelli, C. H. (1984) Family
Chloropidae. A Catalogue of the Diptera of the
Our late colleague Curtis W. Sabrosky provided valuable Americas south of the United States. Fascicle 81: 1-
advice on the identity of these species in the early stages 63. São Paulo.
of the study; this paper is dedicated to his memory. We Spencer, K. A. (1977) A revision of the New Zealand
thank Dr. B. J. Sinclair (Bonn, Germany) for his invita- Chloropidae. Journal of the Royal Society of New
tion to participate in the study of the Galápagos acalyp- Zealand 7: 433-472.
trate Diptera. J. M. Cumming (CNC), A. L. Norrbom Spencer, K. A. (1986) The Australian Chloropinae
(USNM), K. Ribardo (CAS) and G. Soli (ZMO) (Diptera: Chloropidae). Journal of Natural History
arranged loans of specimens. Fieldwork in the 20: 503-615.
Galápagos by S. B. Peck and B. J. Sinclair was facilitat- Wheeler, T. A. (2000) Carnidae of the Galapagos
ed by the Galápagos National Park Service, Department Islands, Ecuador: description and phylogenetic rela-
of Forestry, Ministry of Agriculture, Ecuador and the tionships of a new species of Neotropical Meoneura
Charles Darwin Research Station, Isla Santa Cruz. Rondani, 1856 (Diptera: Carnidae). Studia
Funding was provided by the Natural Sciences and Dipterologica 7: 115-120.
Engineering Research Council of Canada. Wheeler, T. A. & Forrest, J. (2002) A new species of
Elachiptera Macquart from the Galápagos Islands,
Ecuador, and the taxonomic status of Ceratobarys
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