MÉTODOS DE ANÁLISE ESTRUTURAL

Concrete Structures 2

Chapter 2 - Analysis and design of

frame structures:
- Types of structural analysis
J. A. Figueiras
Sandra Nunes
Rui Faria
Mário Pimentel

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Chapter 2 – Analysis and design of frame
structures

- Types of structural analysis

• Nonlinear analysis

• Linear elastic analysis

• Linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution

• Plastic analysis

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 Types of structural analysis
• Nonlinear analysis
o The real nonlinear behaviour of materials and the 2nd order effects are taken
into account. Can be used in the ULS and SLS. Too complex for current practice.

• Linear elastic analysis

o Linear elastic behaviour, uncracked sectional properties. Can be used in the
ULS and SLS.
• Linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution
o The moments at ULS calculated using a linear elastic analysis are redistributed,
provided that the resulting distribution of moments remains in equilibrium with
the applied loads.

• Plastic analysis
o Rigid-plastic behaviour is assumed. The plastic analysis is based on the two
basic theorems of plastic analysis. Compatibility of deformations may not be
ensured. Ductility requirements must be met.
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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Experimental tests on two fixed beams

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Experimental tests on two fixed beams

Reinforcements

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Experimental tests on two fixed beams

Reinforcement steel

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Experimental tests on two fixed beams

Concrete

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Experimental tests on two fixed beams

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Experimental tests on two fixed beams

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Experimental tests on two fixed beams

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Experimental tests on two fixed beams

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Experimental tests on two fixed beams

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Experimental tests on two fixed beams

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Experimental tests on two fixed beams

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Experimental tests on two fixed beams

Comparison of Beams A and B

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Behaviour of a beam until failure

1) Elastic, uncracked stage

2) Elastic, cracked stage
Moment - Rotation
3) Plastic stage

Rotation at ½ span (rad)

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Linear elastic analysis [EC2 5.4]

• Can be used at the SLS and ULS

• The following assumptions are assumed:

– uncracked cross-sections (non homogenised)

– linear - relationships

– mean value of the modulus of elasticity (Ecm)

• For thermal deformation, settlement and shrinkage effects at the

ultimate limit state (ULS), a reduced stiffness corresponding to the
cracked sections, neglecting tension stiffening but including the
effects of creep, may be assumed.

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Linear elastic analysis (LEA)

DISADVANTAGES:
• Artificial separation between the determination of the inner forces
(determined using linear elastic behaviour) and the design of the
cross-sections (performed using plastic or nonlinear behaviour)
• Congesting of reinforcement at the critical sections.
ADVANTAGES:
• It is not necessary to know the reinforcements before the analysis
• The principle of superposition of effects is valid.
• With the exception of nonlinear analysis, the other methods can only
be applied for the ULS. Therefore a LEA is always reuqired at least for
SLS.
• It is safe.

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Plastic analysis
Plastic hinge and failure mechanism

Failure mechanism

In statically determinate
structures only one plastic hinge
is required for the formation of
the failure mechanism

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Plastic analysis

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32

In statically indeterminate structures of order “n” there is redistribution of forces

and “n+1” plastic hinges are required to achieve the failure mechanism

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Plastic analysis (PA)

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32

Symmetrically reinforced beam with Mn = Mpl = MRd

PALE = 5.33 MRd/L PAP = 6 MRd/L

12.5% increase!

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Plastic analysis

(Beam 2 is symmetrically reinforced)

Elastic diagrams of beams 1 and 2 Plastic stage of

beam 2

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Plastic analysis

Moment at the
support Moment
at the
span

Plastic
reserve

A calculation method that takes into account the formation of plastic

hinges allows a more efficient use of the resistance of the cross-sections

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Plastic analysis
• The redistribution of forces leading to the final failure mechanim is
directly related with the rotation capacity of the plastic hinges.
• In reinforced concrete elements, the rotation capacity depends on the
depth of the neutral axis x

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Linear elastic analysis with limited redistribution [EC2 5.5]

• Can be used for the ULS.

• The moments calculated using a linear elastic analysis may be

redistributed provided that the resulting distribution of moments
remains in equilibrium with the applied loads

• It is applicable to beams or slabs that:

– are predominantly subject to flexure
– have the ratio of the lengths of adjacent spans in the range: 0.5  l1/l2  2.0
• The redistribution of bending moments may be carried out without
explicit check on the rotation capacity, provided that:

M Ed ,r  M Ed ,el  

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

EC2 requirements for LEA with limited redistribution

δ  0.54  1.25 β x / d ( β  0.6  0.0014 / εcu 2 )

δ  0.7
δ  0.44  1.25 x / d

δ  0.8

Attention:
x/d corresponding to MEd,r !

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

EC2 requirements for plastic analysis

• Can be used for the ULS.

• The plastic bending moments must be in equilibrium with the applied loads.
• The ductility must be enough to allow the formation of the considered failure
mechanism.
• The analysis should be based on the lower bound theorem (static) or in the
upper bound theorem (kinematic).
• Plastic analysis may be used without explicit check on the rotation capacity, if
all the following conditions are fulfilled:
• x/d  0.25 for concrete  C50/60
• [ x/d  0.15 for concrete  C55/67 ]
• Steel class B or C
• 0.5  Msupport/ Mspan  2.0

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 TYPES OF STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Exemplos de aplicação

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