cial - operational Amplifier * Passe devices: cannot work bivthout anything (upply) | 4 Active devices - conduct vittioot any ‘put avboly: £9 -BIT,ICL PM junction’ w $ ePassive devices are not veed in LTC tabs due to: heat. < Power. | dissipation hence ‘active’ devices are, used on ciiiiley sf He output chown’ iS chime /as input iscalled Linear. aif the output chown is different fram the input is called. non-linear, als[eoze negated circuits (Ic): ame BY “qrufiatune Low COE electronic civetit fabricated on; ¢ guigle crystal ctip of silicgn, PANT us Ae ome teat ae es they ate used it the CGnipior trdistty, cateinobile: nidustry; homme appliances, commmurtcatign’ 4 central Sustains’. 1) ® Classification - According to the made of operation, Tc’s-ale 5 classified “Wo” Ne tYPesS Teenie! antes yy V digital Ic ¥ Analey 1c ‘Scanned with CamScanneranigital Tes 4 Tollal To's ave cammplete 1" in here acluorts dal ae sie hansintor logic gate: enuinatert, Qf tS t circuits 0S Gales, courters My, Arey ate wed to Jot sult Te-tur, shit regiaters. rote an Four HIP MIPSE « culpgt lwo levels. of votlegeto g Al tequites cothing + waput 4 outqut of Digital c's ale Kkge UO, BOS YH bit 4s tira Ics are equivalent’ of ‘disciele, dansister retyrts oueh as amplifier fiters Fequency Hux smadilelors, comparators tay ota requires additional external components, , * Ey. external: esistos are fecessaly 1. control the oli 9 gain, frequency tespotse of an Op-Amp, A Inpot! A oulpat Gv tinear c's. ave, analog signals, A EQ -ICHAL (Op- Amp) ,TC555 (Timer) ,TC565 (Pur, Te566 i) x Basel Ot yee ‘technology, 2¢°s - are a iio twa dyes JY Hoolithic Ic ¥ Hybrid Tc %* Horolitic Te are clossifial inig itday Tc 4 wigalor ac. i Binley 7C is Sutterly classified ‘tly tickeie tsltion 474i Asation, Scanned with CamScannerHonalittic 2c Hybrid xc | Birolar IC unipolar TC i a au iuicfin Telettric — gFET wtipolar _ NoSrET unipalar isolation ‘nation Ie “Ie ox_levd.of_integraton : #IC chip size OF development of IC ( + small scale ‘integration (sat\- 3 to 3a gales ter ci £9: Logie gue oF flepflops mg oe ad & Medium scale integration (HST) - 20 to 200 gales Fer chip On 10,0 1000 transistors Pet chip. & courts, Hux , saders * Lorge scale inegration ust) eo) age gles Be clip (an 10 cb acoee transistrs fet chip. i: -ebit vP, C1888) RAH, Ron . & very lage scale intepration (vist) - 000 & more thaw oO, gates | pe chip (or) 20000 fo 1 crete Lawsistess Per rc 5 “ Bt v 8 bit qd-9e) 4 ve % UleTG large scale integration (ust) - 19% to 167 transistrs per chip. 6 sinart seneots , special processors ¥ Giant ecale integration (952) - Hore thon 1" {ransists Fer chip. Eg. Nonodays Tc ‘Scanned with CamScannerAdvardages of 1: * Low cost x Gall size + Low Power consumption * Improved Sunctional performace a High reliability ¥ HHachad device + incrensid ‘operating speed % Less weight tinitalons of 30: . * low ‘emperat luie cxesiiet is Ait o ‘he p ckewd x Veicutt to “porate an Ie, vv tow rae * coils 4 inductors cant be brid x tigided Por ‘ating . . Operational Amplifier (oP-Amp : Nee, . iweiig et EDN PCE Bf wis Symbol GF oxinverting inp 7 7 ce ceone Op--AMP fiset null pooh 3M corned =a A cenelina el doe to Fin diagram rovwwtig wat fy svn of 1744 tu a sh offset null ‘Scanned with CamScannerxc An op-Amp %% a divect coupled bigh aaitr ampliier.usually cms sists. of ane or more differential amplifies € folloned by Level tanslater ¢ an output stage. x the cutput Stage s cpenelny a wo wal aa iit. p 1 wad to amply AC 08 well 68 DC Jagat signal. The. Op-Am wos -origitally , designed perforin mathematical operations such as addition, eubtraction, multiplication, dt division, sifereatin, inet, oy 7 antilag. Tri moder dal Op-Amp. code, used os AC4DC signals “camplification, acttve, Silt avollage requiters. X Op-Amp ayimbol is a. tangle that poitts in te secon 4 ain er variety of eplicatios such ais vxtpordrs , oot i Sod, HALL the Op- Amp hove allerst following five terminals, V Positive supply vattage terme ¥ Negative supply voltage temtnal VY ontpot terminal VY inverting taput Aermnal V fon- inverting ‘vipat terminal ‘Scanned with CamScannerarthere are Popular packages available v Metal can paclage (transis tr outline) ¥ Coal Tale packye ‘orp ic) oy” Flat ence AS x The Op-Amp rackaoss may ein ira, Lad OF Kur Ob2kns, Packages hove 8 “eecmircls (IP) 10 demins Hat & meal can) % ‘evens | (DrP, ofa : # Popular, tyre is, as is, a sige ‘opamp 45. available as an-- 3 pin metal can, 8 pul DIP, 10 pie Hat up pine DEP: Dual ‘nline_pockage (ore): | ve 0 ; ; offset moll etn ction sacle IC cviawet fecal inverting ieput 2 aa Tite gt inverting input 3 opamp : i i foto “wert Sh offset ‘Scanned with CamScanner*}~ offeet! nulls: x Fair child - BAHAR & Notional semiconductor- LH, LH LATBA ».,; %& Motorola - HC MFC # RCA - CA\CD * Texas instruments - sn & sigmitics - NS .NE,SE x BurrBronn "88" 7 # Fair child - PAST! & National semiconductor LH) Motorgla - HCIFAL ' RCAlradia corporation of Americal Jeastainy pe olfoinbs sree estrone eA! SE it ats fs % Sigtitics - NSTA1 ow cde: 2 BuT- Brout- BB | 2 sos Saohs Tan Soqiy Scanned with CamScanner: . AN Dierent class af ap. AMP : fi in deferent classes such . A ap-Amp Linear IC's are available it ff an hl Amp (operating temp. range -85¢ 10 tego) V zie ~ commerctal grade op-Amp (orerating temp. Fange 7 to *8ey J 74vA ~ ienproved version of inilitary grade ( petler electrical Fey wed version Of commercial gate high dew rate ith higher slew:tale, V ti- Military gradle OP- S TUNe - prove Vv mkis-vilitary grade OP Amp wid op-Amp WU Y tarse commercial rode _chrevit_o of _Op-Amp : amp atig circuit Sa thevetia enpivalent circuit of op- Amp Here SRi- input resistance Y Ro- outpuf resistance v Aor - open Wop gaint V Nae diference between tO Lput vatages Tdedl_ctavoctaistics of an .Op-AMP: 4 Op- Amp iS said i be ‘deal if it has, folloviing dace : VY Gret leop voltage gain, Aa. = 09 : Y input impedance, Zi- vo Y outwt impedance, Zo = 4 ‘Scanned with CamScanner —VY Pandwidth , B=? V comm more rejection ratio, cHRR = 0 Vclen rate , sk o (Output vatlge changes simuttaneously vith input voltage charges) V Teo offset-tezera output voltage when input Voltage 8 ze Proctcal_chaacestes_of af Op-AND A practical op-Amp 1 net an “ideal e..Op- AMP is -a-voltage cantralled volloge source & Aawva i an equtvalent heverie's voltage cquice & Bo iS the thevenia's equitoent resistance therefore s outrat sallege Yo > Awd No= Aau- Vd Voz An Wi-Vel # Va is voltage betneen non-inverting input & inverting input terainal.,, A ; a Tdeal voltage: transfer: cue: * An ideal op-Amp generates the oP Proportional to the difference between tho t/p voltages; the graphical representation of this statement’ gives, He vallage taser curve, | Tim CF OO EIN a0, are aL is the are e ap ti w ved ‘ogdinst the’ difference. vollage va assuming gain ¥5' constant’ © ‘Scanned with CamScannerX Saturation voltages ore slightly less Ban the Supply: Vt Vos re dive” eatiiation Nallage Atte De amy volages applied 10. OP- ANP ae + Yee ee ores linearly only ietneen ‘the & “Vee. athe gain & very lage in cpen (op condition he sutput valoge ie ether at its festive caturali voliye”or negative sat uration I volline OS) of) ob dorian tp ah etwas qun-go W7Ve —» + Vogt (eM SNe > Vea oy x when operated oper op. OP-Amps output iS generally ithe poste oF negative: of suche, between the postive 4,nepatve ation kes. ths aciin untestrable in, Great caphcotions. 7 why open foxp. OP- Amp is mt wed in linear applications 2 a Scanned with CamScannergp wence Oper WoP OA EQUE ON ONTS ONS: FORE NY USED AU applications f y oper oP condition i ey in some cbse crossing detecto, oamnte vave © ron : tient artlications ke voltage covaporal, 010 ¥6 gereeraler, astable aullvibratdr. vigttations open (oP confi tins In oe Ianp cangiguation, clipeing OF the cutpat ‘waveform occurs ‘coeds the saturation levels, + 19 nat: constant 4: varies with when the output voltage ex x “the open loop ‘gain of te ‘Op. Amp changing temperature 4 pore" sre: a Bandvidit ig om, A closed tmp operation iS possible vith the help of feedback. arte Feedback allows 4 feed some part of the evtput back to the inpat tertiml Wt the linens applications, 4 the Op-Amp iS alidys used with fegative feedback. * veanie _Secback helps “in” controling te gain sof; OP “AMP. ate gedtaek: is oa is be fete! il fs connects "the! wt en ern al Scanned with CamScanmerQulput terminal to inverting’ input ternal. y A the gnin. resulting vith Jeedback iS called cbsed tap Oi Of ie Op-AMp. ante closed loap goin & much less Renlistic_oimplyfuiog_ossumptions x In order 40. undersinnd. He Operation. of circuits, with Setback, Us make to realistic Simpliiyiny. assumptions ¥: 2260 input ‘current -he current drann, by either of the inpye than Oper logp ii, ‘ terminal Cinverting 4 ron- invertig).ts, Zea V virtual ground ~ the differential. input lige Na. on fey me. inverting & invertirg terminal is essentially zerg.. VdeNeVe WVe=0 Block diagram of Op-Amp : inverting —| UMPUE stage ip ; | baal dipper} Dual af rowel _loerata ip aL A Trnat_stage’— 1 requifes. high: input impede, ts anid ‘ni wk, Sauces. It reqtes 4¥0. fp -tvtioals 4 alse requites on ob coped. il such requirements are achieved by usta dual Up. dual ofp diffetil ‘Scanned with CamScanner“ani Chalarced UP, balanced O/p or atyerential vp, differential ofp) as the ‘nput toe. The function of differential anptifier 1S 40 amplify He difciene bebieen ‘wo Up Sgrols the differential. Amplifier tas high Up \medance, ais stage provides most of the rollage gain of tHe Amplifier. (aps stige cuit Fulfil the Falluirg requttemerts V High yp ‘impedance (10.2). -.. v tou i[p bias current (<0-5KA) V gmt i/p offset vollaye (iomv) V small ‘jp offset curent (70d8) - a intermediate singe- The ofp af Up stage derives the next stage which ig an intermediate stage. ttis iS another differential Amplifier vith: dial i/p, gle. ended ofp rhe. min, furctn of jnlermediate Sfoge te 10 Poride an additional solloge gain. Proctivaly the infermetile slope é & mba single amplifier but the cioin of cuseaded omplifier. x ifr d tovel_ shifting 1 skye - voully the aid stage is an emitter flloner with constant current source. All the stages are diectly coiPled t6 each: otter ks the op-Anp amplifies Dc signals ales ste ‘coup ing ‘capacitors. are dt used to cnstade ce sages .Hence the TC -volige! levels! of, Periots tye gets applied as He ‘Jp 10 tte next ietoge. Hence stag, by ste, DC letel increases wel above gtound potential. ouch a. high; Me, votiage tees oy dere the transisht ilo saturation. thie Surther may cause distortion in , are OP dve © clipping, rence before the ofp stage, t & necessary 0 bring such a high De vatioge level to zag texel with respect 40 ground ‘Scanned with CamScanneroy chee tty. pah-pul lane ofp wine sit ope VY Lame ofp caver "Fla ofp tmpebaete «AS Ghost drei pros -¥Ta addition Hegiency expense cirtels, enol Amplifier: : : «athe difeatal omer amples He aGete Eben 0 i <5. “rake it & edd os deel ore, (2 TS Guutt cpentes inthe maps. | tint me eeaton ‘'Y conten muse tperation ~~ ‘Scanned with CamScanner* ln “the difference mode, the two ifp-signals are diferent from eack Sher. Consider the v0 yp signals uich aie samme ia ampbide but 1° aut of phase. Fa Pose of Q, is positive gate sine tnve while on the base of @ & regafive goin site wave, With the t¥e ging signal ot the base of @ 084 an amplified ve going signal developed on the collector of Qi. x Due to -We going signal. , current -thraigh Re alen increases 4 hence te quivg signal 4 wave is developed ccs Re. 4 Tue 'b Ne pig signal | ss base of'Gs (an ompifiel +e° going sigm developed on “the collector of Ge. ' mG \ x bda-re going sigtol deve ass Re bees us eater follover action of a, °F ESO To ston Jue as signal vatlages actdas ‘Re due 0 the fiche Las are equal. M, - amplitude < 160° out of phase “rie to ‘mblchéd fair of transistors, tiese 440 sors cancel ‘each atfer'if there ts mo ‘signal -ccrass the enter Yeslonee, Here tere S10 a sara current’ sing toyh Re, Scanned with camscammer -xHleace Re in ths cage doesn’t talrodice -¥e feedback." isthe” lp thew arrass colkeler of @ & collecer of d.the th0 Of callectar 1-2 are equal in magnitele but opposite (@ Polarity 4 Vo is the difference belieet these Wo signals. EQ. Vo=Vi-Vo = to- (0) =aVv Comm_mece.cperation: Nee a tk Se Vsi=V52 in Big: mele, He, Sons arpled +0 He base o ae fom the came source. Te ta Sigtds aie eal in ante, 05 vl in ploses ' ain phase signal hee bee a dae sis ouses Wit ; inphase’ sigml ttages; 19. appear across Re wich add, tyetter, hence "Re! carries a signal cugrent provides a- -W feetback artis feaback rediies the -common. «mode grin of digerential al. + the tani U/p signals ‘causes, inphase signal volages of eM amplitude to appear across the 4NO collectais of @.4 do. Now te ‘Scanned with CamScanner| ale yattage 1S difference beter the tH Collector voltages uhiclr are equal < Same in phase. qilus the difference ofp, 6 almast zero, 4: Vo=Vi-Ve =N0 - (“10 =0 srour digaent corgiguiations depending upon number of YP sigtal used 4 the wy oP s ‘taken these oe nV Diffeenlial ip alfrential ofp tory talanced ifp balanced ofp co) dual yp dual ofp + a / pigerential ip simgle ended ofp. tor dual Up single ended oh (or): balonced: fp -untalenced ofp... ; av aie ended ilp difertin. ofp (ar) balanced ip balanced : Op ne . . Av igle ered + aye ork 9 ofp tat nile if imbalanced Up Wee Scanned with CamScannert f Re =F) [ ‘ OY ff ge t _ : (4) 4M Ue ofp is, taker between lwo collectors, tt @ called balanced ofp cy dual ofp rr difleettial Op. Tif the ofp ig When Jom ane cdlecter vith tesrect to gies, it ‘called single etded ofp tan utbalateed Op : ; x if Be signal is given fo balk He fermival, it © called dual if oF balared up, oo Be Ny babu 4 If the sigml is giver {0 otly one ife terminal ¢ otter derminal. ¢3 grow itis called site ended ifp (1 unbalanced tfp. ve alysis of dfertiaL amplifier ¥ Pe analysis means to obtdin the cperoting point values £4-paitt »eé'e) 4Nee To grottd Scanned with CamScanner4 The transistors % 4G ale Matched tamgixters <¢ hrefice for Suck a matched pair, He cat assume Jbl the Llansista fave the same characteristics, V Ree Bee, Wetter Ree Re Rie J Raz Ree Hence dendled 05 Re 7 Weel= \Weel 4 Apa KVL to base. ener aap OF tte tansistos 4. Tes t Vac teLeRe- Ver “0 TeRst Vee t oT eRe = lke >) vTe-Ble 2 k= TyRot Va tepTeRe = Vee Te (Rot 2B Re) 4 Ver = Vee > (a +: het . cob in eqn (0, Pp ES Rot Vee 1 ale Re = Vee Te( $4 ene) Vee —+(6) | a Vee in practice, $B cae. So, pe Te- Nectee BRE % collector vollage of 4, , ty we 78 oe Ve = Nee -TeRe Ve = Vee Vee = Vee ‘Scanned with CamScannerVoce ee Te Re = Vat) ythe De amlysis & expescion for Te digerential amplifier circuit cont igurations , é tee femin some for all the \ Cl Disferentiql mate gala (ADH: Vor Ad (Wir Ne) Yoo Add : ; , Comarn_mete_ gain (Ae) 7 Noe Aan (Wot) ' athe total ofp 1S equl to, ' ‘Total ontput = common made + differential mite Yo = Aiur hile i comen_mede rejection clio (creed: cHRR is the ratio of differential mode gains the commande gain Ant owe | CARE 1d = eo og AP inde a Scanned with CamScannerse characteristics: a An ideal op-Amp draws 10 cert Siem the Source & its tespure is aly independent of temperature. scment i ‘tke flan tle snuce ints the Cp-Amp ip ales differently to curent drotage due to mismatch in tiasisior aA eal Op-Amp lsd shi tis cpecation with tempeatute. aethese mon-ideal De’ characteristics at odd evtar camper qe Tl up bits cunent Jilp offet current Y Up offset. voltage J Termal. drift © tho Up resp Jmput_bios current: athe average salve of. two bies cents flwig ithe ATP pene 's called Up bios current < denoted os te. Te- Tet 44 at ideal op-Amp, ve assume fal > cure & dann ft he tras. bevel practically ip terminals do conduct emall value ef DP cureat bios. tle tp trarsister._ Aethe dies current enteriey_ io the inrtiggr- inverting termirals aie Te-<2e. & Bath the transistys idertical thal currents i. Tay ee rot equ! THIS i due to Intetal imbalances, created during fabrication poess, ‘Scanned with CamScannerSey t i ae the average value of bias euent entering tnto the erménals of an cpt, 1s Tp- Tet? Ta- 2 Tp Jevt Tee 2 + For TORI, 0 bipolar Op-Amp; the. bias current & AOA oF legs, For FET, Op Amp vill have bias current o toy. a8, OPA, - x consider the basic inverting amplifier, if the Up voltage, set te em voll .rhe output voltage % shed] algo be Ov. : # 30 the ofp voltage ,Vo=Ta-Ry : Fora ty sBtt Op-Amp with sHL0, fedback resistor the ofp vollap Vo= 500ndx 12 = SoomV. a # the, ofp voltage is diver at scumv vith 0 ifp,Becwse of bias covert: #itis effect con be axmperstial y te, & 9 a eo lr. (Reamp). A where -corperaatan sexist (Rew tos been aoe Beinn te en" inverting, ifp cranial, & ground. eae ‘te in e tor aes voblage.. Ve, 000098 i : , ‘ x Apply wt, ‘Scanned with CamScannerNyt ieVor We Vo-%o x by selecting proper value of ¢P-AMP, Ye catt be cancelled with V, 4 the ofp Yo will be Zero wre sntud off ot seid 65 % Vale of Reowp 1S derived a3 Vue Tet Roop igre oo (1) Reon Tie Ms Tas Bee eit R RE x After ceunpengation, Vo should be 210 for Vio Vg= Ve : ‘ a-te-h Mee Ter CTT ngs 4 AL ode Al op) KEL 4 sn g--TitTe eway Me Te ae woh Te-=\ (ete (8 5 shear BRE Assume Ty - - Tat ao ce ‘Scanned with CamScanner4 -Sy always an enor wallage ceed. Reon bs only ted to wlulitize N Was eurient. 4 To compensate bias cunentl , Revitp shold be equal lo parallel combi of teaistors Aicd to Wwerling ip termiinl, inal Ufset current: ee Romp Ved x Bhs current compensation will work YY bath bias currents Typ &15~ ate equal. sine the Uptrasistars cammot. be, mas (dentionl there will alts te seme mil diftrence bette Ter < Ig. Te difference ty called put offer cura ¢ Hritlen aS To © Tos =| Tet - Te-| (07) Tog \Te-~Tae | x tnpot offset curent is defined as difference belveen two UP bias cutiett Tey L Tae. Geet coment for BIT OP-AMP ’ oMA € FET op Amp £5, MPA, N.= Jet Reomp eM, Tor Room ROR Apply KCL at mde A, oe /. iu ; Vo = TaRy -W : ' Vor Ts Ry Tot Reonp Scanned with CamScannerR No = (1- “lerRow es —Tosteame TR Yoo Te - enh ~Tea Reamp Yo=TorRy ~T*Reanp (£441) Va= tary Tot (EEE) (Bai) Vo = Jerky -Tet Rp ; Vo=R (Te™- Ie") xf Rpt. , 1c74) BIT op- Amp ofp ts No =Ry Tos Yor (14.2) (2090) A To compensile this erfor lege, T or T neti S used in Jeedback. Tavetting Amp with 7 nethark, Ree REV RRS Rs oa Rew Be @ Lite og fete) ‘Scanned with CamScannerB.mnpot_dffset e £ acu No “ = ‘ L. F viea ae the vollage divider rule - YoR N. RRS Noo Ath yg Vo <4 & Ye Wiasl = Ii-Vel NiO, Viog = {Vel Vo= (1 Yios 4,qolal_ounut offset vwlnge acthe total output offset wllage could be either more or lees than offset volloge Geerted of te mt dein ip bias arent i/o effet current. dion Pata Ney = (Ht RE) ies + RFT Nor = (480) viogt Riis 5. offset voltage compensabtor: ‘Scanned with CamScannerythe bo methods of ochievilg offset voltage compensation are 7 op-amp with offset cll terminal (interma of tiruing) VY providing on externally quinected sffzet vollage cempensaticn getworh (exterml offset nulling) ynterna offset rolling ig wullifying procedure - ft comect the circuit by including the compensatieg resisiot 4 voltage cfset ull ciseuit . v4 ge Jo 4 WH Yoke all the source signals os aan £ Comeck a De vwiteteler’ fo metsire Yh” & Voy the ofset voltage adjustment potentiometer ail My hecaimes rer, external offset _nulling _ offset vottage compensation of an inverting, Amplifier Nes-av( 5) effcet tale conpensat ite! ot ar mone inver tie} ANP Sa 4 deed Scanned with CamScannerthecmal_dift y The change in -effset curtent< offset rolige dee to temperature cr descity by the “term drift, Bias current, offset curent, offet volieges clnnges With temperalere,supply voltages < time. " Gx urity_grin_bardvcth (o_o tandvith proc sete gaia BY products ahe BH of He Sp-Amp when the volloge gain is For TCH, Op-AMp it iG Mt listed under electrical characteristics Sm th ope LOOP wage. Srequency graph. tk com be fod to be approximately Hitz, other taMes ~~ closed: loop BH . V sinall. signal BH Y willy goin crass over Frequency aldol vate & infinite, the 8H. 5, colevlated fromthe, ise time. 7 35” +3 5 . Ree time Be kg where, A—> Oren (cop gaia § > Frequency tiiy Rise time” ‘ Fit iS defined a5 the time required Hr tte ofp signal 40 the re fro" wh of amplitude to 7+ oF Ampiituce, gthe rise tine of TCUt is 0-35 ps-therefore BH is calauited ©, pn = 23% tte 05505 4 Scanned with CamScanneri) Power 39 san tector alo AHS defined a3 the charge of UP dffset vatlage' dhe to change in one oj she xo spply. welages When other voltage & maintained constant. ie x ldeal Value -0 x Practical. value - 3oPv/v AVias PRR | Yee - constant Bone Avios, ale ! : AN Yee ossiant gam a eject ral a cHRR is deftred os the ratio of disferenttal® gain fo the common mete curr - Ant eu ideal valve.- 0 . Practical vale dB. feourr con lea be expressed 05 the wa of the cage i in i fet voltage 40 the ‘otal. change in, common ode wolige. cre - a oH AD Anew Re - CHR egy” ae = Aner TORRE take att ae A CHRR Valueis very large 20, Specified im ciel (48), CHRR (dB) = ealog Ae Acne CHRR (8) = aol Vos. Ver Scanned with CamScanner© 0 slew tate (58 7 “tthe sk is eles a5 the -moximnm, sate. of. chawge. of ofp log Re ‘tine. bet’ fonige in fesy £9R indicates ton rapidly te ofp of kn a é geil ( cee “ ctlonge in YP frequency % Ideal value = 10 4 Practical vale is oav/ys to enoW/PS ” se the slew role improves with high close! top gail. HS alsa «function g to tertperature generally decteages with inerease = Louses of slew. rate Usniting :. . the sley rate is determined y a number et “hots suchas aumpligier gain, compensatieg copacitar ¢ the charge i rolarily of ale woe. Kt & abe a function of temperature : actere & wually @ capacitor wikia er Outside ot Op-Amp 46 Prevent oscillations, this, capacitor, witich Prevenls the e ae welige fn ane immediately, 6 a fast changin oe / athe vale at which the voltage across te coer a incenses is giver y dve x ad Cc Where, X-> Maximum current fultishd by op- Amp of caactior De 4 For TCMIc , Ale maximo internal “capacitor tsnpé!) hag np citer limited to SPA. ‘ . the slew tale of Ice is Scanned with CamScannerSR- oe jax . ik. 205 VAS slew rate tumiting of: sine: wave: a ice limits the response Steed of all late signal wave shapes arora sine wove Up vthe effect of Slew tate can he calculate by * Consider Up 0s 5 lage amplitude wk Srequency sifie wave fara fr valtoge al lower cir, “| MY ® Voz vas Ot Vo = Versi Ot + (de. + he tale of change gf aulput és giver by the maxiimum rate of charge of oP eccuts Wien a5 At-l. sro | fn «ala vee a Where, fF Up flequency Vn ofp peak amplitude Te Artus the Maximum Up frequency Fax at which We can obiain undesired output vollsge of Peak valve in is given by ‘Scanned with CamScannerfe srxio’ 6:23 Vey # Snax 13 also calle Sul power bandwidth oF full Power fesponse. It is the maximum frequency of a large-amplitude sine wave wilh Mrich op-Amp ‘enn have witout: distortion, + Higher Value of: Slew tale beter 5 the Performance of Op-Anp., 4Sew male value move tan top v/es.are called os tig speed op ‘ap, FOr Most general purpose OP-Amp, Sull Faler BH Yaryes from SkHe to Seki, Bfeck of slew rate: tate: ‘Scanned with CamScannerAny unlonted signals at ofp of an op-Amp is referred to as noise, xThe mise souice can be classifial inte two Yres. J internal ot self induced J external or man mide A Noises bn ap-AMP circuit J thermal mise J sort raise vVflicker mise or Ys faise J popcorn Noise o burst noise Rawency response t tthe Plot shoving the variations in magnitude €plnse asple of te gain of Op-AMp due to the changes in tte yp Frequency i called frequency Tesponse of Op-Amp. aid : ¥ tdely, a Op- Amp should fave infinite kandwidth tis meats tal if & FEM lop gain is 9" with De signals tis gain ghould remain the site tad8 throwgh audio Lote high srequencies,, ‘Scanned with CamScanner4 The practical op-Amp gain forever decreases a high Frequencies. ape decrease in gait of he ap -Amp dee to capacitive camponent includey in the equivalent circuit of the op-Amp. madel of an CP-Anp igh ft Ky With simle corner frequency Vor Me ayy, eH Aouad ' atte Zienfe Vo= od detfe Ng = Aad I gamfeRo Az Me Vd Ae te engeRs Ae Ade 444) ' f Where, $= aE his the caver ete or ‘break Freeney or ve man fee # the agri of open top galn is, ee Scanned with CamScanneratte open loop gaift A bs approximately constant from otle to Fr brenk yi, grequency) the Op-Amp for Which there only once change ivi -the slope of the 1 ; mogaitude Plt is alled as: simle brenk frequency. . athe solloge transfer function in s-domain can be writlen as, + A= Au Hin) je A 4) (Yar) pe Avtar Jaya, jw Aust St Toys no ty 4 Practical op-Amp has @ number af stages 4 each, stage having a capacitive component the transfer function of at Op-Amp vit 3, bieak frequencies, can be Willen a5 , egg Cai o3 ic Gus (8) (5 Heed) eo oe ok ey Where, O ofen lorp gain as&Ssesaegek = g a WW tok HA IgM EetooHt. > ‘Scanned with CamScanner+ open loop frequency is tat eo de> from for. frequency 40 ecgkte the —Y First beak Frequency 4, ms 4 From BOOkitz to eHtle «the gaia drops: from qodg to Ode which & at ~o0de /decade ( all off rate) + AE flequency atte to eortiz, the rll off ce 5 -@db/denk. Erequentcy_comper athe method of modifying aren loop guin drequency response of OP- Amps Hol tt behoves Uke siigle break frequency fesponse Which Provides sufficient qe Phase magia ig called Seventy) compensation techitiques A THO types, of Frequency eampensation ase Y exteinal costpensation VY interml conpensation derral_ compensation ; Some Wypes of Op-Amp are made to be used with externally amecta compersatin comparetts the tho types are Nisante Z dontinart pole compensation J Pole zero compensation or lag compensation A Dorinart. pole compensaiion. x consider an Op-Amp vith % break frequencies 4 its (aap gaia is a> Oidadds Gian (Stwe\tot03) here, OcUi< O2< Ws Ao x Ae __ (i ANAM Hs) Scanned with CamScannerwhete ochi beak frequency of compensating netvork Ao i tte (14i( IAa)(4i Ya) ( isithe)( tei Ys) hee fd- SE vin ReeR, Scanned with CamScannerVor -Via Chat) qhis Circuit is called phase imerter. ' scale changer- in an tdant inverting amplifior, iF Ret R then the gain is Aae-k Ve= - fe Via Ree Re Vo=-kVin £9 Rp -WOkKN R-ikA Wo=-Si Vin == WK vq tk Vo = -t0Vin Non- inverting amplifier wan irrnnwy Fa signal iS applied + the non-inverting i/p-terminal « feedback is given . An amplifier which amplifies the (Jp xlthqut: any: Phase sift belwecr Vp Zo/p ts called nor-inverting anplifier. ‘Scanned with CamScanneranni, As the differential vollage 4 at the iyp termina L of op-Amp % zor Rea R Forms a Fotentfal divider therefore | ; ‘ Vine SR Re RE No. Rite vin RX Nos yy FE via ® ‘Act = 14 BE the wllage gain % alieys greater thn 4. The desired vollage gain aan be obiained by selecting proper valve of Ri Re. Ving input Not, Adder (on sumirg amplifier: VEG ¢ t op-Amp may be used 16 design a citcuit whose ofp is ‘the sum of several UP signals. such circuit (© called summing amplifier /summer/ adder. Deperdieg FO dhe. sgt of “te op ‘the summer circuit ae clessifia a Viswerting Summers ps6. iy “7 pon imerting- simmers ynverting summer, J Scanned with CamScannerSummtig amplifier with 3 Up votlages vi.Ve.vs three Up esistars Ri Rook, 4 a feedback fesistor R;. Op-Amp &S ant idenl one ‘thal. s,) Ao. = Rizw Since the Yp bins curent & assumad to be zero there & mms Vollage diep eras Roum 4 herce the non-inverting Yp termiml is at ground potential. Analysis, the votiage at fre Af Zer0 4S the non~ ‘averting pp terminal ig growled. the todal @quation by Kt at tode A, : WV, Wa 4 Ys Re Re Na=0 Weave. ¥, Neyo Me RR fs ’ Ee = sa ltpertan Re RE RS 5 Select Ry ~ R.eRe Rs Va =m (YAW ANE Scanned with CamScannerNegative sign indicates Bo Phase shift belWeen updolp a Averaging circuits | RieRe=Rs = BRy Nee (Bvt ver By.) (35 BR eto i Vo Vs) 3, Now inverting summet:*” Va Analysis, _ ste nedal equation at wode a ‘ MWe Ne-Va ; Yo a R Re S°. ’ Moy Neg s w (te i Re TR (5 +ErR) Acre 14 RE c Mo R an Vin=a Me BE a a - vio R , Vo=¥e (188) : Scanned with CamScannerWIR a Vel Rat V3 Rs, w (Bree : Rit VRot Vs eglect R= Re-Rs=R & Rprae (4 ap.) (Tit tele Mle Wirt Yale ofr Yet rt Ve © (3B) Mtletvs we { wee Subtractor Diference, amplifier tt all tesistors are equal then the ofp vallaje cam ke derived by using Superposition principle. Let Voy be the ofp with Ip w is actin, fesorirg Yo 46 be zet0.And Ve be the ofp with UP ve is acting, asguiting y, b be zero, With Ye 08 era ,Ahe circuit act os a roa~ inverting amplifier. At node a, R= WAR Vee = SS =\ mie eR 7? oe We inte ‘Scanned with CamScannerWon ¥ aS 7ef0 Ve & acting Then the cicuil: wil Act a5 inverting ania Ne=- Evin Yeon By the tolal output volte, Ye Vort Yoo Vo= Vet (-Ve) HS the lp whys is peqactonal 19 the difference betvicen tus ip Ys, Hace it act as @ diferente amplifier wit wily gain Typ R ht fee fi ! the circuit which Provides the differertiation of the ip voltae at iis of is alled difetentialor. he deal differentiator may be constructed 4 basic imertsg arlifer,i¢ the ifp ‘sistance fi ts replaced by C, Analysis, v/a. \ the nede WN, is at virtul ground , Wea Scanned with CamScanner+ Was O% a, oom ge REC Vo? Res (- BE tbe REC avi “a scan fs Halse ofp tC, times the dlrentiation of the ip. And product RC (S called time constant offer differentiation. -ve sign ‘nlicales ted phase shift of olp waveform with respect 1 input vaveferm. Fequency (esporse : Hot Mens consider the ofp equation of an ideal differentiator. Take Laplace transform . =- RC, Mia Volt) =- RFC, Sis Now taking the laplace +taneforn, \ ‘Scanned with CamScannerNo(2l= ~SRFCi Vintsh Seju. Vo (jade — JdRACVin (Hed Gain, Yoli : Se = ane Vin( fd) Yo Ua) Vin (a) O-atf lale | =taReCr Vateand 8 Cy tale Fy, Ak Sofa Whettnk 1s ade. And the gain increases at a tate of t2ods/ decade ts at high Frequency a diferentiator may become: unstable 4 brenk yt sone high Seavey, tke dfetiabr may teeome unstable break i cate ip. impedarce decreases as the frequency increases. This ‘Makes he sircuit, very much geritive ts high Jrequeticy foise, ye x 00r our” belo Practical differentiator a ae 4 Scanned with CamScannerpractical differentiator eliminates the problem of instability < high frequemy Wise. fn thig ciicuit, ust R. in seties With ci & cll with Rp. Therefore the transfer function ofthe circuit, Vols __ zg Yo % ZR tte. Rel = Re et Ze Rel] Yocy - RMSE _ RE Ret Yocy '#8GR ey wh a Nétsy OF EREASRIG EE ee, . Z Wsy ” Vere /50 Yo(s) Re 8c MOY TRG eRe: $ 2% No. SRG Wey (SRE G)USR,C Select Rr-R. pecs) Ricre RECE Yols1___SRyCv EE 2 301) Hon - us) arsR ‘Scanned with CamScannerVols) SRC Ys) “C HipaR.GY Vols) SReCL_ WO — (njengecy M6) _ -sRp C1 YO Te ‘s cs /ay “BTR, eo de/decade znda /deonde ! 2; ~ gain in ds — sa 8 Fevers +> the gin ineeases at +20 de/decale fy frequency. Ftp € decrees ob ~ade/demde spr reqengy $545. the gait at high Frepey is reduced. So the problem of insinbility 4 Moise at high Srequency 8 aided. ae far a gad diferentator the tine pete t of-ifp signal és laxer than or equal to RAK RIC _ steps fo design padtical diferottins x chose fa equal to fighest frequency of Up signal, Assume a ., practical value of Cr ¢ then caleulate Res , ¢ choose fy equal to ro-times of fa | *akutae “the value of RG. ‘Scanned with CamScanner50 tial RA REG. x Reamp can be selected a5 RITRe. Applications : Inuave shaping circuit to detect the high Frequéney in the ile signal. ¥ SG wale of change celector nthe Fr demodulator. Integrator a A circuit in which ‘he ofp voltage waveform isthe integral of yp voltage wavegorm © called ‘the integrator’ Fiskeguatio, aut fier. Such a ciait is cblained by using bas inverting axplbier cnyiquatitn. the deedtack resistor & 8 replaced by a capacitor . lategrators are used in the design of signal generator signal processit9 direvits, wis, thestode B's ove te fete? a 6 also at beg! pail gion the concept of virtual gourd. heme Scanned with CamScannerVar Ye atid Psat tectifier bu? vi 2 R x ket as vwltge Jollaner hen jornard bias 3 applied wecan obtain +2. ce! + Dar ap’ hey Hof 1 WEG \o=Vin ¥ het 05 open toop “ihe verse bias is applied to diod lo,we con sbtain -ve cycle. Va -0 ‘Precision half rave Negative rectifier, ‘Scanned with CamScannerLiat v Case (WV! AN Vine ve Palf eycle Vin ave half cycle _ p-fonnrd biased (an) Vado De te hase) (Off) ° Didde ,D - Feveree Ka ap-Amp - voltage fallover Amp © cpett circuit ' ap-Amp = cnet Nine Vo ‘-0 ‘ : Inverting_ectfie hes : — a , . “sede Vin 29 (ve cule) = Vin <0. (-ve half Qycle) Di-ON, De - OFF ' ‘Di-OFF, De-ON Circuit act as open Clrevit act as isverting amplifier Vo<0 Vor -Vin Two output, precision half wave rectifier : ; Wh Vw iin Rea £ case (i+ wan Vin > (ave Init cycle) due Forward bit ,De - fevetse bias Scanned with CamScanner ”_ Vee - Ka Cneptve half cycte) Via <0 (-ve half cycle) Dicteverse bias, De-fornard bias Wye BV Vin (Positive haly cycle) pave ncn ecife n abate abe ce case VARA Vin 0 (He half cycle) B . . AF cycl eo" Ar Ofp>-¥e .S0 Di-ON\De-OFF ye LN | in Av ack a3 inverting amplifier. oe a As act 03 inverting amplifier, = = dp Vo- Vin cee (iin: SEE Vins “ ek ‘Di- OFF, De-ON R ; aE eee Ac act ag inverting amplifier +5 he ack as mon-isver tl amplifier a ® the -Via Scanned with CamScanner4 re to De converters cligesr con amplitede Uiiter Circuit uhich ts used bo clip of above or below certain levels eo a to prod called limited Cuetite. As Same part of the these circuits are commony called clipped ciruils. the urtamted portion of the ifp ‘lag ce te limited required OP ae ip gets clipped off 0 Produce oy, classification, a tositive clipper circutt 4 negplive clipper clscuit postive_clippers Me ase th; / use (ily. Vin< Veg Wo Vin? Veg D-on i ory oct ae ine flor Circuit-cpen circuit wet _ ‘Scanned with CamScannerMee, se L Be VO oe. ee cose tiv: Vin Meg D-0N ap-Amp act aS vetlage fallonter Yo = Via clamper : — ¥ dc imverter of testorer ae.t; ana reg - active 3 Vin=0 D-a Op Amp act as voltage jlloner Ver Wer Wes case (il): Aaa Vans Veep D-OrF Op-Amp act a3 opett circutt Yo -Vief. Case (ii wa Vin -active, Weep <0 D-ON for we Falf cule ¢ chage upto Vm D-oFF for -¥e half cycle c maintain ‘te value Vor Vin + Yin Scanned with CamScannerratat_cutrut voltage, Yo.» YH NS = Mest Mat Wer Nepptve _chrpe: case ii): Saw Vref -active, Vine 6 Vir - active, Vref <8 D-aN p-orr for Wve Mnlf cycle into me valu op-Amp oct a5 velloge plover cc maintain the £0 le D-oN for +ve half cycle cc starts to charge Vos = Vint Vert Ver = Vin t2¥er Voix Veep Total utput wllage~ Vors Wee Vo ‘Scanned with CamScannerot ' a vex converters | Vt transducers/ transconductance amplifi \n a ver converter the oP laad current 8 properties up wltage . According to the comection of Wad, there are tuo types, of VT converters, VV-T converter with floating ‘ood V Ver converter vith grounded toad aly 2a R, [ > eI a 3 akg how y His ales called a5 voltage controlled ewrent source, Scanned with CamScanner‘Scanned with CamScanner- ppplicasal » a wad for OH voltage ACA Dc vatimeter ud zener diade tester ev converter tranSresistance amp! oO ————— AN Re 1 Ya-Vo so --j0 tye is ale called as curent cantralled vattage source. Applications, + Photocell - % Used Wl DAC. Instrumentation amplifier Fisica ip intermediate ——a dlp ity ——>| ae stoge 4| Sue Transdicer insteumentaton indicator, amplifier, = > autoaiit process, . contral, Data Amplifier Scanned with CamScanneront Features are SS V High gdin accuracy ¥ tHigh CHRR J High gain stabitty vith lu temperature coefficient V low De offset J low ofp ‘utpedance Requitement_of gnd_wistrumentation ampli x Finite accurate inte gain * Easier gat adjustment, 4 High Up impedance + Low ofp Impecnce High CHRR * High Slew rate ¥ lou porter consumption x ot thermal £ time drift three ap- Amp instrumentation amplifier: 4 Anke - rin iaverting amplifier x Ag- normal disserenttal anelifier # WeM AVN MAY: (evil tMeM) ‘Scanned with CamScannerte circuit fas difjefemtat gain a& CHAR | 4 A . 5 voltage at non-inverting Up retminal at Ae is * : Rew Rite volt superposition theorem, W/=0 € Ve! 18 active yy Wo &% 6 active,” Yoo = [ t4.Re\f REY oa ( 14 82 (Ek Pet Vor Mort Med uf fowls ’ tat ia " Min Be Wie (te Be RMN yy a RR AR Vo = tReet *( RR RY Ry Re Rit Ry Ry /R . Vox -Seve'e (S2\w Vo (wv * the curtent T flowing in R is, PANE And posses ‘through resistor R, Gwe RTH, oR (weve) eh R Vee RT Te F ~ = “R'(Wi-Ve)t Ve R Vo= Be ( £ (iow (vee\-w) ‘Scanned with CamScannerin (Seow + (e-VeY) a (a = Be tvera H) —— \ Wve Rt Log amplifier ; e Pe %® site drounded knee tromsistor is placed i the fealback fath Since the callector tp held at virtual ground & the base i alan grounded. athe Lrarcistors Yoliage current {elolionships becomes that Of 0 disde is given ty, a le etme(e™*) Teele : Te- 13 (24 whee Ts > emitler enturation current (Approx - 1074} K— Bottzmants constant (Approx - 1-38 Xia" IR) 7 Abeolite damperature one Te. pteltt_, Ts We [ke e = Ae yy To eve lk Te Is sokirg Matsel ls on bath sides, ‘Scanned with CamScanner ~ow ™ -w(¥) ee ‘ . - kn (Je "a w(#) , \ a. 1 rom diageam, [ ne eK HV Ter § Ye lo AT Me (Fs whoe R15 = Wes 4_of- Amp _ tog ampli ale ' o L A, >! at ala Bre Yes = st che ip is opted to ane ty amplifier while a reference i applied to another lop amplifi@. Let us assume, Ty-Ts2-Is kT ve Wengen (eas) aa ¢ (te ts) Vo=Ve-V Nore aac: ui) Yo KE (py He te HL ‘Scanned with CamScanner —Vos KL pq (N/R VRS ) ' ‘ 4 Ves [Ries we Ata (4) } Na Nenp: (1+) H(i) i mi MA Scanned with CamScannershe yp YE for antilog GMPLier Fea WNW UIE eM perature CoMPeENSAUNg VOUAge e Red Rre & then +5 the base of Ge. OP Vo of the antilay ts Sedback to He divider invert Yr of Ay Ahtoush resistor Ri. the tase to emitter volt of tansister a, gc ag-am be writen as ‘ ki % Yaise = 7" (#2) . o Vases = ia E zee in( (4 @ ts tied. to ground, Va=-Vage Vee Ag (M0 Hae) ENA In a n(% te) 7 Base Volt Ve of A. is vereltia ~ (Re ‘ Ye= (Ss) vi YOoes = Vo + Vast: (Bm) * BH) Emitier volt of O2 is, Va =Yoowe tml) = Gao Aa (fa a i (mak se Ww a {e) a ta (5) To cowert In to logy multiply With 0.4343 ot kath sides, ‘Scanned with CamScanner% Ys . HRV = bas (&) “Men ig kM KY; WeeVeeg 10) conan (2) BEN) Vecee - SE tn (MeL) Nesse= Fir ne) iontions, / signal compressin Y¥ Rts deduction citevit ¥ Process cmntrol v spectrum analyzer Y¥ anlog omputers | V Logarithmic. voltmeter Maas TC#55: Hultip Lier = ' “ae A mutliplier produces an o/p vo which & proportional to the product of tno ipp signals vx 4 Vy. nv 15V Scanned with CamScannerof Multiplier with log ¢ ta Antiley wultiplier TC (AD 535, AD 534,AD633) Applications, V Frequency doubling Y Spare cireuit /vatiage squarer V Plase angle deduction v Duider ait-2 as L_ generators « vatlage Comparator : vonster dnttacteristics ; a ideo characteristics Proctical characteristics vi Scanned with CamScannertte nen lap op-Amo am be used 03 Q COMPATAEsr COMPAL ool cirult which compares the signal wate aveliad ab oe of the i/> terminy a opamp with reference vatiage aprliad at ather Up teminal Produces 4. w enturagn votinge, Otherby load depending ot each ye 1S high athete are thy bie OF comparaisr. 7 Non-invertirg comparatsr V ertity comparator Wer ting comparator Anvertig comparator A vi Miefav Aplications + * 2e0 cess dlector + window detector * “Ge marker generator « Plase detector 2 - - ‘Scanned with CamScannerR -—\_____y4 _n—|> vi | “ | ofp ct Br t “Natt viedo detector eg ve Va tz Oto Ys Lc-oN,uc-orF, Yellon -of : y -( OFF, gleen-on uc an V3 40 2/5 UC-ON, LC-OFF,9 wae Le Above %3 —UC-ON, LC-ow, fed-of 5 we Cts wt vp tc ofp | wc ofp | ted se E+ R ZA velon | O (Vent + p¥sqe) eT! RC FMeat (Bot) = Voce (rep) ent Va Ve ant (ape ME ston? Toutwsp att ~ BL ewe We 2) beams oF pyce waa, ItB 7. j hey Taking in on both sides, . 3 stots (a eG) - ‘Scanned with CamScannerds 7 = rent 1p Ric Re y then B=0'5 (G p= re akele (“2) te aecla(s) T= ORC applications = kised 0S Square Wave generar used in Yollage conteclled occilledar Auged ag Fok (Frequency hist keying) Tigger yp" __eipacitor valtoge we 4 stone stale -vsat | quasi slate Scanned with CamScannerin monostale muttlvibrator, triggering © applied in -ton- inverting teiming® of op-bnp.tf the ‘tigger voltage 6 zero, the non-inverting terminal 4 open citeuit die 16 the effect of Seedbacke te inverting tenm inal Produces, the’ Clp ~Vsat-Hkea We opply -Ye Ariggering te feedback oe a wil te epahap in ron invertng cnfiguatian oo tte tiager @ Used to change state of smuttivibration. Expression for time period caleulation, the voltage across ‘the capacitor is given by, Nex Vinal (Vinal Vinitit) 27! AL time teT, Vfinat = -Yeat Vox -BVsat Vinitiat «Vp, “BYsat = “Vent ~ (Vt Vsat} eT AC PW - Neat * Vsat = - (Vo+ Vent) € fee TIRE Veal (1-8) = + (Vo Vat) e™ -B)= Noy , -tee Yeat (1-8) Nant (1+ 5) +B evlre ‘Scanned with CamScannerog Re SE rereln (£5) Te Rc In(e) Astable Vamp ~ 82_ (ve amp = Fe (Vsaey Noe = Vamp ~ (-Viaunp) Veo-n- & Re +) Bot +e et Ne(nay~ 2 P Vegg Rs Frequency of ascitlation Scanned with CamScanner —Re Jat WRG. BO 2 Neat Veat ‘ Neat CRe ‘ Te 2G ¢ ARC Re € scillator ¢sine_wave generatar) : RE E oo Barkhavsen criteria Rg | ZAR 0 OF Be —-, laplet Rear f re phase shift ne oscillater diagram —HK PRR Types, Based on frequencies, A tir Audia frequency osclator iy Radio frequatey oscillator classifieation, (i uider damped, VABI(2) -TeRtIy (ox) =0—>(3) 8 Using Hesh analysis, Ax-B Re -R oo 1 ‘6 eR ook -R Tal og 5 A3- Se 375 5 -R Rte |r, ° ‘Scanned with CamScannerlate rete ((oeetJ-) +e ( (-2(2e+22)) 2 ’ wre de (anh & 7 oe . x 2 Sky ; Rtg (n° & tie (ere (ee) : Re © 3 RR aR pt <2 Se See os See SP se SCF MSE Ts. a . : REL ROY bs= . 1 = WR Vok"s?c> PRs GR Seo SRC 41 the feedback voliage B, vy -T5R 2 3.03, eTR- VoR?57c? FR GR SCH RECT the feedback acter, pe JE \ Vo 157 pew. % SR? ? Risict SRsc_y SRC” BSSkCe Smet Sans ‘Scanned with CamScanner’ p2-————__-———_ 6 S. : w+ 31, SRO SR’? SPR’? Be an (1-54*)- Jed +4 )et3 1 -_-— (Baha leey — (IH5i) +4 (46), (a? 6) eg i weit Gack ; 86 i ave Hy : de are + «ve ORC “We Ree 5(6) n 4 ' Scanned with CamScanner© the gain of the inverting op-Amp should be atleast 24, . AQ Bt A a a Rp aR, Advantages, * Circuit ig simple to design PI generates ofp toner audio frequency fare: A Flxed or constant Stequency of oscillation “sisadvontages, + by changim the valve of RiL.c the frequency stability is poor, Weln bridge oscillator? @ the feedback iS canmected in ron inverting terminal of te op-Amp. series Re metiork © conmectal to One orm < parallel ac retit 45 another asm of ofp. ‘Scanned with CamScanner“prequercy of oscillation, the gain of the mon-invertirg Op-Amp. is given by, anit SE Rs Be vor the feadtack fact is, pelt aes Ve Zits zetllds eo! Ec =/ReSCott _Re__ Re Re RaStat 1. RSG Behr se Sc = Re /itsere rein nt WRG _Ae 1 1 ReSCoBe Re /rtScaRe — CR SCA(TER SABRES SC (14RESC2) ReStr CER SOACI#RE SCe\t RES ReSCi TE ReSCot RISC +RIRES CiCe FRSC ReSr 1 5 (Ricit REC} tS (RIRECICS) ERC R2SC, 14 SCRiCi# RCo RAC) 9°( Ri Re CiCe) So, ‘Scanned with CamScannerBe Rejtdc, TEJA RrCs #ReCe HRC) R REC Real pat, WR RCC GterCRickeeR £ We fl 7 a we z Qeonf . . . . ate J Hultiky ssily both numerator denominator, emaginary Put Re eid a : TEPID R Re Cie 4a CRicyARecet REG) = ei ' RCA Rae REY faa _ RC efe\e ROHRCHRE . = BRC ‘ cat ’ aol 3 Wer | og we ike, i Axel R 3 | we MAL Gg 1 GS 3) | Advantages, , pie can he a stable sie Wave, ie useful generale audio frequency, tm Scanned with CamScanner- iomS: problems rat pesign OFC phase shift oscillator of f= ecntz, o psue CO PF nthe SS aR F amRT amfc JE = amxcooxorxiox JE 1 -_— : bey ott Bor-esBxi0® ‘! Re 5-2505x10°% R = 3-2503 x10" @se5kn) Re sesks RzHOR) Ri=1OR- IOXB-2HKL- 52-5kN Pee AAR - WE-5KL * Design oven bridge oscillalyr foe a6sHe thet find “Ress he ‘ 1 *—— > R- = ——_ > Basa ke ame AMF GaK.aaxiers Pe tk, mn MUG lok can be used. : Scanned with CamScannerWee Ps e 2xIk A echey Voge regulator: is a chieuit tot ewpplies a constant vollage reqadless g¢ changes in toad currents. the village regulaisrs ase classified a5 v Fixed voltage requletr V Kijustable voltage tegulatr Y Snitching regulator {Hts (Lineor mate power supply —= kite j——tectfer| — + Sepher sills filter Feed sntige tepilotr: “Tyres, Vie volige tegubhr Y seties - chunt vitae rqqulater TC wollte _tegulatr, RRO tS 20 40 x, FCTEXK (05,06,03, c e < 5,8, 4) He % THOUS Bed yp, ICTaxx¢ 71515°2,6,8,19, Seale e705 = +5v TMS —-5y Ic1a6 — +6V : IcTels > HSv xC7e25 —> oY Scanned with CamScanner7Axx — ney Lire [| “Yoo Wes (12) Lar Re | Yees szies-churt_wlloge replator athe control element (tronsistar /op-Amp) is contected in series sdtiteen “pi &. ofp terminals. the 3 terminal teyulators’ ‘having! He? limitations,: Wy ak psf Y Not short circuit prodtection Scanned with CamScannera Yolp vollage (ave ar -veWo fixed) ‘These limitations have been avercome bt 72% general purpose Ye, Which can be adjusted ever a wide range of both Ve 6r~ve regulated voltage. ce ne} a ccomert tit ntert Soren anvettieg input ronievertitg iqut 15 ste -| \dz constant Ne cumrert pein ‘sturce And tH i alsy called 05 monolithic Ufear ve. First sectior ( & forctioml Fart consists the constont current source used to moifloin a fixed Sfp voltage from zener diode De. the reference Amplifier gives the constant reference voltage ta the otfter section, secod past of gurctional cectinn the transistor a, is in series with yp 4 /p. it acts as a series Fass FOHer {ansistor, the transistor G2 will oct «3 a current mit transistor. the error canplifier, comipares the ip lige applied at eavertitigns non-inverting Re: the error oir ‘oP. i isistor 4.0: 8 cantrolled by oe cote “transistor derives Lanse \- tr ‘Scanned with CamScannerpovides requlated jixed Jp wee ee javortages, alt BO low current device 410 723 & able to handle the bw current of 1A oF = me de aah gf external trarsistors. tote of operation, e723, works ine modes V Lot voltage regulator v Hoh wolage Tegulator lo oi volione “egulaor, Actew! # ofp voltage is low (2% 7) + menting tp yotiage gues down a, Emo amplifier gp iS moe we ¥Q ig more conduction & connected fo R01 Fw ome + RL compensates ofp voltage (regulated value) Yur = -Vres one Bere ‘Scanned with CamScanner* inerting terminal camected to R&R .It act .03 potential divider. Non-invertifg termiaal connected t Rs. Therefore Ry < RillRe athe esror amplifier will Wark ln non-iaverticy made of operation . tereftre = eR gain, Ae IF 75 Vo= (1+ Bog * Lage capacitor value are used to remove ripples, + the efficiency is above 507. * Poner dissipation is high # The ip vollae ts always must be reat ‘tan vin ‘iid #citcults axe bulky & expensive. NN ‘Scanned with CamScannergqitched mode poner surly TONS? CS itched Wee Made + + Buck made x Bost mol: eo ‘Scanned with CamScanner—— Jd vaseline at a “« eer primary ey Ah oft ae wl LLAMA switching poner gupply Waveforms, —i Unit-5 tt fs @ cleuit fo design pass a specigy bared of frequency while attenuating the signal outside tle band. Active En eS a frequncy selective that allows a specified band of frequency 4 allenuated the other frequency autsde the bard. Scanned with CamScanner“le are classified 05 analog/aigital fitters ,active or fasstve fillers.) . uequerty [radio frequenicy fitters, Kk we anlage of active fillers, ie & frequency adjustment facility /slexibility +N loading problem 1 tod cost y desig procedure + simple than the passive filler, zhctive filters with fixed or variable frequency can be designe easily voy gating the frequency resporse. scadvantages of active Fillers ; é nt 4 Reputation oF active filler. high frequency fespanae is cetitled by a. | gin BH product 4 slew tale of an Op- “Aap. + High Jrequency active fitters are more expensive thon passive fillers + Commonly used Filters are V Lon pass filter VY High poss filter Scanned with CamScannerLon piss fitter - Vis) © the wittage Vas) = —— Ree Wats) ch ati? Wes), WSR . 5 ceed jap Gl orig Ay= MOS) 244 BF cay Vis) Ro & oe overall Aransfer’ function,-~ Saint oe : a Nols). Nels) Vals) _ Ao MG) AGS) Vis) His) vos) __ At We T ne h He 2 Aa ) } 3) aids (3) This is the standard form of transfer function of a first order lon oss filter. Frequemy response; s- jo 1 ho Mol = are (4) #i(44,) 4 ‘Scanned with CamScanner