Design of concrete structure

Syllabus :
1. Concrete and reinforcing steel-Introduction
2. Mechanical properties and behavior of reinforced
concrete beams
3. Beams
a. Design for flexural (ultimate and working stress
method)
b. Design for shear and diagonal tension

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 c. Bond, Anchorage, development length, bar cut off and
bent point and bar splice in flexure members.
d. Control of cracking and deflection at service loads
(Serviceability requirement).
e. Torsion and torsion plus shear.
f.ACI code moment and shear coefficients method for
continues beam.
4. Slabs
a. One way solid slab
b. One way ribbed slab
c. Two way solid slab
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 d. Two way ribbed slab
5. Compression member and columns
a. Compression plus bending.
b. Rectangular columns, circular columns(with spiral
reinforcement)
c. Safety provisions
d. Rectangular columns in biaxial bending.
6. Stairways.
a. Type of concrete stair ways
b. Building code requirements.

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 Stirrups

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References

1. Design of concrete structure by (Winter and Nilson)

2. Reinforced concrete fundamentals by Ferguson.
3. Design of concrete structure by Wang and Solomon.
4. Reinforced concrete Structure by Park and Pouly.
5. Building code requirement for structural concrete (ACI 318
M-02)

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SI unit System International

Length: meter (m)

Area: meter square (m2)

Force: Newton N

Stress, Pressure and Modulus of Elasticity: Pascal

Moment: N.m

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 Introduction

Concrete: mixture of Portland cement or any other hydraulic

cement, fine aggregate (sand), coarse aggregate and water with
or without admixture.

Concrete as a building material:

1. High compressive strength
2. High degree of formability
3. Availability of indigenous materials
4. Fire resistance weather endurance
5. Low tensile strength
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Constituent material of concrete

1-Cement 2-Aggregate 3-Water

a. Portland cement type I a. Fine aggregate
b. Portland cement type III (sand)
c. Portland cement type V b. Coarse aggregate
(gravel)

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Max size of gravel in reinforced concrete:-

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Density of concrete:-

a. Natural concrete
′
ACI 1.1.1

& 5.1.1
b. Light weight concrete.

1. used for insulation.

2.

(fc' =7-17 MPa)

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 3.

c. Heavy weight concrete.

Used for shielding against gamma and

x-radiation in nuclear reactors

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Mechanical properties of concrete:
1. Specified compressive strength of concrete fc':

Typical compressive stress-strain curves for normal density concrete

with γc=23kN/m 3

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 fc'=20 MPa for normal
density cast in place
concrete Normal
fc'=55 MPa for precast concrete
pre-stressed concrete
For light weight concrete strength are somewhat below these
values generally.
fc'>103MPa for high strength concrete used with increasing
frequency Particularly for heavily loaded columns in high
rise buildings and for long span bridges (mostly pre-stressed)
where a significant reduction in dead load may be realized by
minimizing member cross section dimensions.
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2. Modulus of elasticity of concrete Ec:
Ratio of normal stress to corresponding strain for tensile or
compressive stress below proportianal limit of material.
Ec=Slop of diagram
Ec Constance up to (fc=0.5fc')

initial modulus of elasticity (empirical eq.)

For
If and fc' in MPa

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Creep: is the slow deformation of a material of considerable
length of time at a constant stress or load

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H.W

stress –strain equation for normal concrete

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Required
a. Plot diagram
b. Plot diagram
c. Discuss these diagram

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 fc

0.0005 9.12 1
- -
- -
- -
0.0019 fc' 0 0
- -
- -
- -
0.004 -
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 3. Poissonons ratio
Ratio of transverse to longitudinal strain

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 4. Tensile strength
′
a. Direct tensile strength
' P
ft =
A

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 b. Split Cylinder test fsp '
' 2P
fsp =
πDL

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 c. Modulus of rupture test (fr)
h
Mc pa. 6pa
2
fr= = take b=h =
I bh3 h3
12

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 '
fr>fsp >Ft'

ft' = 0.5-0.625 f'sp

fr= 1.33-1.5 f'sp

fr=0.62 fc' (fc' in MPa) for normal concrete ACI 9.5.2.3

fr=0.62 fc' *0.85=0.53 fc' for sand light weight
fr=0.62 fc' *0.7=0.46 fc' For all light weight concrete

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 ACI 1.1.1 , 5.1.1 and Table 4.2.2
fc' 17 MPa for structural concrete
fc' 28 MPa concrete intended to have low permeability
when exposed to water
fc' 31 MPa concrete exposed to freezing or in a moist
condition or to deicing chemicals
fc' 35 MPa for corrosion protection of reinforcement in
concrete exposed to chlorides salt water sea water
No max limit for fc'

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Mechanical properties of reinforcement bars:

fy: yield strength of steel Grade (300,400)MPa have high

ductility.

a. According to fy
fy=300 MPa low carbon steel
fy=400 MPa high carbon steel

*ACI 9.4 fy≤550 MPa ,except for prestressing steel and for
spiral transverse reinforcement

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*Higher-strength carbon steels e.g., those with 400 MPa yield
stress or higher, either have a yield plateau or much shorter
length or enter strain-hardening immediately without any
continued yielding at constant stress. In the latter case, the
ACI code(3.5.3.2) specifies that yield stress fy be the stress
corresponding to a strain of 0.0035

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 b. According to shape
· Plain bars
· Deformed bars
ACI 3.5.1: Reinforcement shall be deformed reinforcement
except that plain reinforcement shall be permitted for spirals
or pre-stressing steel.
c. According to diameter (6-55)mm

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Basic assumptions of Design for Strength Method:-

1. External forces must be in a state of equilibrium with

internal stresses.
axial forces, Shear Forces
bending moment(Flexure)

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 2. Plane section before loading remain plane under loading
[strain in beam above and below the N.A are proportional to
distance from that axis (N.A)].

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 3. Strain in steel is the same as that in concrete at the level of
steel (strong bond between steel and concrete)

As

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 4. Concrete in tension is assumed in capable of carrying that
tension (Ignore tension stresses carried by concrete).
5. Allowable stress in steel
6. Allowable compression in concrete ′

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Behavior of Reinforced concrete Beam under Bending
stresses:-
P P

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Increasing load P:
P P

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 1. Un cracked elastic section
2. Cracked elastic section
3. Cracked unelastic section
4. Failure stage
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Types of Failure
1. Balanced failure condition
Balance steel area → sudden failure
2. Primary compression failure
εc =εcu εS <εy fs <fy , As>Asb Over reinforced section→
(sudden failure)
3. Tensile failure followed by secondary compression failure
εS =εy fs =fy increasing P εS >εy fs =fy
εc <εcu εc =εcu
Under reinforced section →(gradual failure a
desirable type).
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Ex: Concrete grade fc'=30 MPa ,steel grade fy=400 MPa, check
stress if:
1. P=17 kN
2. P=34kN
3. P=90kN

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Ec =4700 fc' =25743 MPaES =200000MPa

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 Mc 34* 0.5-0.27 -3
fct = = *10
I 3.058*10-3
=2.56 MPa<fr=0.62 fc' =3.83 MPa

'
34*0.27 -3 fc
= *10 =3 MPa< =15 MPa
3.058*10-3 2

34* 0.435-0.27
fs= *10-3 *8=14.67 MPa
3.058*10-3
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 '
180*0.184 fc
fccomp = *10-3 =21 MPa>
1.587*10-3 2

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General Analysis of ultimate strength

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Equivalent rectangular stress block or (Whitney stress block)

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a=β1

β1 =0.85 for fc' 28 MPa ACI 10.2.7.3

fc' -28
β1 =0.85- *0.05 0.65 for fc' 28 MPa
7

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 1. Balance failure

As
εc =εcu =0.003, εS =εy →fs=fy ρ=
bd

As fy=0.85 fc' b.a ]÷bd

Asb a fy
fy=0.85fc '
→a=ρ d………..…. 1
bd d 0.85fc'
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 ρ =
bd
From strain diagram:

600
c= *d
600+fy
600β1
a=β1 c= d………………………. 2
600+fy
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 fc' 600
ρb =0.85 β1 * * for rectangular section,
fy 600+fy

dimensions not appeared at the equation

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 2. over reinforced section ,→ compression failure
εc =εcu =0.003, εS <εy →fs <fy

′
]÷bd
a ρ*fs*d
ρfs=0.85 fc * →a= '
'
……… (1)
d 0.85*fc
From strain diagram

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 600 600
c= *d , a=β1 *d…… 2
600+fs 600+fs

ρ.fs.d 600
=β1 *d
0.85fc' 600+fs
order equation Solve for
fs→ sub. fs in eq 1 or 2 to calculate (a)
a
→M =As fs d-
2

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 3. If (under reinforced section , tensile failure followed
by compression failure)

Asfy=0.85 fc' b.a ]÷bd

′

ρ.fy.d
a=
0.85 fc'
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 a
M =Asfy d-
2
fyd 2 fy
M =ρ .b .d fy d-ρ '
=ρ b d fy 1-0.59ρ '
1.7 fc fc
The most important equation in analysis and design
according to ACI code strength method

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Ex: The same previous example calculate

1. Max moment capacity of the beam

2. The corresponding
1. Estimate type of failure
fc' 600
ρb =0.85β1 .
fy 600+fy

'
30-28
fc =30 MPa 28MPa→β1 =0.85- *0.05=0.83 0.65
7
30 600
ρb =0.85*0.83* *
400 600+400

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 (Under reinforced section tensile

failure followed by compression failure)

Asfy=0.85 fc' b.a→a= =0.133 m

a
M =As fy d- =
2
0.133
0.435- =0.312 MN.m
2

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 2 fy
M =ρ.bd fy 1-0.59ρ ' = *0.25*0.4352 *400
fc
400
1-0.59* =0.312MN.m=312kN.m
30
2. External moment=Internal moment

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 N.A
Stage of P M fc fs
location
loading (kN) (kN.m) (MPa) (MPa)
(mm)
Un cracked
elastic 17 34 270 3 14.67
section
Cracked
elastic 34 68 184 7.88 86
section
Ultimate
(failure)stage
156 312 160 - 30 400
cracked
unelastic

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Methods of Design
1. Service Load Design method (SLD) (working stress
method)
ACI code 1955 , 1963. and British
Standard (B.S) CP114 Based on cracked
elastic section.

fc α1 fc' , α1 =0.45

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 fs α2 fy , α2 =0.5 fs 170Mpa for fy=400 MPa
fs 140Mpa for fy=300 , 350 MPa

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2. Ultimate Strength Method (USD) or strength method
ACI code 1971, British code (B.S) CP110 Based on failure
stage.(fs=fy, fc=fc')

Factor of safety

a. Load factors (ACI 9.2)

For dead load

For live load

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 b. Capacity reduction factor (ACI 9.3)

Ø=0.9 for tension control

Ø= for transition
Ø=0.65 for εy=0.002 compression control

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 : net tensile strain in the extreme tension steel

for one layer

of reinforcement
for two layers
of reinforcement and
more.

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H.W Show that

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From strain diagram:

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