EE414 Embedded Systems

Ch 4. Standard Single Purpose

Processors: Peripherals
Part E: Display & Keyboard Interface

Byung Kook Kim

Dept of EECS
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
 Overview

Part E: Display & Keyboard Interface

„ 4.41 Keyboard Interface
„ 4 42 Touchscreen
4.42
„ 4.43 Display
p y Interface
„ 4.44 LCD Display
„ 4.45 Bit Manipulation

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 4.41 Keyboard Interface
„ A. Switch
„ Two-position switch
„ Common device: Alone,, in groups,
g p , and keyboards
y
„ Interfacing with pull-up resistor
„ Switch open: Out = Vcc
„ S i h closed:
Switch l d Out
O = GND

„ Three-position switch
„ Common, Normally open, Normally closed.

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 Switch Debouncing
„ Switch bounce
„ Just after the contact position is changed, there is a
brief period during which the position of the switch is
indefinite.
„ If the contacts are coming together,
together they may contact
and then separate several times.
„ A switch must be debounced to multiple contacts
caused by mechanical bouncing:

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 Switch Debouncing (II)
„ Debouncing solution (I)
„ Delay
„ Test the switch both before and after the delay
delay.
„ If they disagree, the switch is moving.
„ If they agree, the switch is probably in a stable position.
„ This delay is generally from 1 to about 20 ms.
„ Depending on the switch structure.
„ D l routine:
Delay ti

delay: sub #1,

#1 R7 ; Enter with delay count in R7
bne delay ; Keep counting until 0
rts ; Return from subroutine

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 Switch Debouncing (III)
„ Debouncing solution (II)
„ Hardware debouncing ->
„ Set-reset flip-flop
p p with two NOR gates
g
„ Three-position switch
„ Assume that the bounces are not so terrible that the switch
recontacts the side it already has left.
left

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 B. Telephone Keyboard
„ Standard telephone pushbutton keyboard ->
>
„ 12 buttons: 0 – 9, *, #
„ 12 parallel
ll l input
i t bits
bit are required.
i d

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 C. Telephone Keyboard Grid
„ Reduce wires: m*n switches using only m+n wires
„ 12 switches with 4+3=7 wires
„ 80 switches with 10+8=18
10 8 18 or 9+9=18
9 9 18 wires!

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 Program for Keyboard Grid
„ Notes
„ Read one column at a time
„ Force vertical line to be low & read horizontal lines.
„ Al ith
Algorithm
„ Make PA2-0 = 011
„ Read horizontal lines. If there is a zero, a key is down in this column.
„ If not, PA2-0 = 101. If there is a zero, a key is down in this column.
„ If not, PA2-0 = 110. If there is a zero, a key is down in this column.
„ D b
Debouncing
i : If a kkey iis found
f dddown, save the
th code,
d delay,
d l and
d
repeat the reading process.
„ False Key: If the newly-read code does not match the old code,
save the
h new coded as the h old
ld code
d andd go back
b k to Step 1 for
f
another try.
„ If the newly-read code does match the old code, go on to
search table for the value of the key.
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 Program for Keyboard Grid (II)
„ Codes for the keyboard grid (Search table)
Key PA6 - 0 Hex
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 3D
1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 76
2 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 75
3 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 73
4 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 6E
5 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 6D
6 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 6B
7 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 5E
8 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 5D
9 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 5B
* 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 3E
# 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 3B
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 Bidirectional Keyboard Grid
Algorithm
„ Advantages
„ Only two read operations without
column scanning

„ Algorithm
„ Make
M k PA2-0
PA2 0 output andd PA6-3
PA6 3 as input
i
„ Force PA2-0 low and read to x.
„ Make PA6
PA6-33 output and PA2
PA2-0
0 input
„ Force PA6-3 low and read to y.
„ Combine x and y into one byte. The
result is the same code as the table in
slide 9.

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 Keypad Controller
„ An array of switches is read by an encoder
encoder.
„ N-key rollover remembers multiple key depressions.

N1
N2
N3 k_pressed
N4

M1
M2
M3
M4 4
key_code key_code

keypad controller

N=4, M=4
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 4.42 Touchscreen
„ Includes input and output device.
„ Input device is a two-dimensional voltmeter:

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 Touchscreen Position Sensing

ADC

voltage
l

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 4.43 Display Interface
„ A Display of digits
A.
„ Seven-segment display ->
„ 16-segment
16 segment display
„ Array of dots

„ Types
„ Common anode ->
„ Common cathode

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 Display Interface (II)
„ Multiple digit seven-segment
Multiple-digit seven segment display
„ Ex: 8 digits ->
„ 7 x 8 = 56 wires
„ 7 + 8 = 15 wires
„ 4 + 3 = 7 wires

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 Display Interface (III)
„ Algorithm
Given c[i], i=0, 1, …, 7
For digit d=0,
d=0 1,
1 …, 7
Output digit selection d
Output 7-segment display c[d]
Delay
Turn off 7-segment
7 segment display
End of d

„ Ghost elimination
„ Place turn-on and turn-off side by side after the move
„ (Include red lines as above).

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 Display Interface (IV)
„ Driver ICs - ULN2803
„ 8-bit 50V 500mA TTL-input NPN darlington drivers.
„ The drivers need no power supply; the VDD pin is the common
cathode of the eight integrated protection diodes.
„ The eight NPN Darlington connected transistors in this family of
arrays are ideally suited for interfacing between low logic level
digital circuitry (such as TTL, CMOS or PMOS/NMOS) and the higher
current/voltage requirements of lamps, relays, printer hammers or
other similar loads for a broad range of computer,
computer industrial,
industrial and
consumer applications.
„ All devices feature open
open–
collector outputs and
free wheeling clamp diodes
for transient suppression
suppression.

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 Display Interface (V)
„ Driver ICs – uDN2981
„ 8-CHANNEL SOURCE DRIVERS
„ Recommended for high-side
high side switching applications that benefit
from separate logic and load grounds, these devices encompass
load supply voltages to 80 V and output currents to -500 mA.
„ These 8-channel source
drivers are useful for
interfacing
g between low-
level logic and high-current
loads.
„ Typical loads include relays,
relays
solenoids, lamps, stepper
and/or servo motors, print
hammers and LEDs.
hammers, LEDs
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 Display Interface (VI)
„ B. Dot matrix display
„ English 1 x 20 characters
„ 7 x 100 dot matrix display
„ Korean 1 x 20 characters
„ 16 x 320 dot matrix display

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 Display Interface (VII)
„ C Color display
C.
„ Red & Green LED: red, green,
yellow
„ Color LED: red, green, blue
LEDs

„ 1024 x 768 True color

„ 1024 x 768 x 3 bytes for RGB

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 4.44 LCD Display
„ LCD (liquid crystal display)
„ Advantages
„ Thinner and lighter
„ Draw much less power than cathode ray tubes (CRTs)
„ LCD History
„ Liquid crystals were first discovered in 1888, by Austrian
botanist Friedrich Reinitzer.
„ Reinitzer observed that when he melted a curious cholesterol-
like substance (cholesteryl benzoate), it first became a
cloudy liquid and then cleared up as its temperature rose.
„ Upon cooling, the liquid turned blue before finally crystallizing.
„ Eighty years passed before RCA made the first experimental
LCD in 1968.
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 LCD Display (II)
„ Principles on LCD
„ Liquid crystals are closer to a liquid state than a solid.
„ It takes a fair amount of heat to change a suitable substance
f
from a solid
lid into
i t a liquid
li id crystal,
t l and
d it only
l takes
t k a little
littl more
heat to turn that same liquid crystal into a real liquid.
„ Very sensitive to temperature: used to make thermometers
and mood rings
rings.

„ Depending on the temperature and particular nature

off a substance,
b t liliquid
id crystals
t l can be
b in
i one off severall
distinct phases.
„ Nematic phase: Affected by electric current.
„ A particular sort of nematic liquid crystal, called twisted
nematics (TN), is naturally twisted.
„ Applying an electric current to these liquid crystals will untwist
them
h to varying
i degrees,
d depending
d di on the h current's
' voltage.
l
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 LCD Display (III)
„ LCD Systems
„ Common-plane-based LCDs
„ Good for simple displays that need to show the same information over
and over again.
again
„ Watches and microwave timers
„ Passive-matrix LCDs (TN, STN LCDs)
„ Use a simple
U i l gridid to
t supply
l the
th charge
h to
t a particular
ti l pixel
i l on the
th
display.
„ The liquid crystal material is sandwiched between the two glass
substrates and a polarizing film is added to the outer side of each
substrates,
substrate.
„ The rows or columns are connected to integrated circuits that control
when a charge is sent down a particular column or row.
„ The row and column intersect at the designated pixel, and that
delivers the voltage to untwist the liquid crystals at that pixel.
„ Drawbacks of the passive-matrix
passive matrix system
„ Slow response time and imprecise voltage control.
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 LCD Display (IV)
„ LCD Systems (II)
„ Active-matrix LCDs
„ Depend on thin film transistors (TFT).
„ TFTs are tiny switching transistors and capacitors.
„ They are arranged in a matrix on a glass substrate.
„ To address a particular pixel, the proper row is switched on, and then a
charge is sent down the correct column
„ Only the capacitor at the designated pixel receives a charge, and holds
the charge until the next refresh cycle
cycle.
„ And if we carefully control the amount of voltage supplied to a crystal,
we can make it untwist only enough to allow some light through.
„ B doing this in very
By e e exact,
act very
e small inc
increments,
ements LCDs can create
c eate a
gray scale.
„ Most displays today offer 256 levels of brightness per pixel.

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 LCD Display (V)
„ LCD Color
„ Must have three subpixels with red, green and blue color filters to
create each color pixel.
„ Through the careful control and variation of the voltage applied,
applied the
intensity of each subpixel can range over 256 shades.
„ Combining the subpixels produces a possible palette of 16.8 million
colors ((256 shades of red x 256 shades of green
g x 256 shades of blue).
)
„ Enormous number of transistors.
„ Ex: A typical laptop computer supports resolutions up to 1,024x768.
„ 1,024 columns byy 768 rows byy 3 subpixels,
p we gget 2,359,296 transistors
etched onto the glass!
„ If there is a problem with any of these transistors, it creates a "bad pixel" on
the display.

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 LCD Controller
E void WriteChar(char c){
communications
R/W bus
RS = 1; /* indicate data being sent */
RS
DATA_BUS = c; /* send data to LCD */
DB7–DB0 ( )
EnableLCD(45); /* toggle
gg the LCD with appropriate
pp p delayy */
8
}
microcontroller LCD
controller

CODES RS R/W DB7 DB6 DB5 DB4 DB3 DB2 DB1 DB0 Description
I/D = 1 cursor moves left DL = 1 8-bit
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Clears all display, return cursor home
I/D = 0 cursor moves right DL = 0 4-bit
S = 1 with display shift N = 1 2 rows 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 * Rt
Returns cursor home
h
S/C =1 display shift N = 0 1 row
Sets cursor move direction and/or
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S
S/C = 0 cursor movement F = 1 5x10 dots specifies not to shift display
R/L = 1 shift to right F = 0 5x7 dots ON/OFF of all display(D), cursor
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D C B
ON/OFF (C), and blink position (B)
R/L = 0 shift to left
0 0 0 0 0 1 S/C R/L * * Move cursor and shifts display

Sets interface data length, number of

0 0 0 0 1 DL N F * *
display lines, and character font

1 0 WRITE DATA Writes Data

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 4.45 Bit Manipulation
„ Changing i-th
i th bit
„ var = var EOR (1 << i);
„ Clear lower half-byte
half byte
„ var = var & 0xf0;
„ Combine bit groups
„ var = (x & 0xff00) | (y & 0xff);
„ Swap
p half-bytes
y
„ ROL.B #4, R0
„ Binary to BCD (2 digits)
„ Bcd = ((bin/10)<<4) | (bin%10);
„ BCD to binary (2 digits)
„ Bin = (bcd>>4)*10 + (bcd&0x0f);
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 References
„ Keyboard interface,
interface display interface
interface, and bit
manipulation
„ William Eccles, “Microprocessor
Microprocessor systems – A 16
16-bit
bit approach
approach”,,
Addison Wesley, 1985.

„ Display interface & LCD display

„ Search Internet

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