2021 SPM Modul Sarawak Chemistry Latihan Topikal

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PROGRAM

SEMARAK KASIH SPM 2.0


TAHUN 2021

JABATAN PENDIDIKAN NEGERI SARAWAK

KIMIA 4541

LATIHAN PENGUKUHAN
PROGRAM SEMARAK KASIH SPM 2.0 JPN SARAWAK|1

SENARAI KANDUNGAN
Muka surat
Bil. Perkara / Topik
Bab 2 Jirim dan Struktur Atom
1 2 – 16
Chapter 2 Matter and Atomic Structure
Bab 3 Konsep Mol, Formula dan Persamaan Kimia
2 17 – 60
Chapter 3 The Mole Concept, Chemical formula and Equation
Bab 4 Jadual Berkala
3 61 - 72
Chapter 4 The Periodic Table of Elements
Bab 5 Ikatan Kimia
4 73 – 90
Chapter 5 Chemical Bond
Bab 6 Asid, Bes dan Garam
5 91 – 107
Chapter 6 Acid, Base and Salt
Bab 7 Kadar Tindak Balas
6 108 - 130
Chapter 7 Rate of Reaction
Bab 8 Bahan Buatan dalam Industri
7 131 – 143
Chapter 8 Manufactured Substances in Industry
Bab 9 Keseimbangan Redoks
8 144 - 161
Chapter 9 Redox Equilibrium
Bab 10 Sebatian Karbon
9 162 - 173
Chapter 10 Carbon Compound
Bab 11 Termokimia
10 174 – 199
Chapter 11 Thermochemistry
Bab 12 Polimer
11 200 – 213
Chapter 12 Polymer
Bab 13 Kimia Konsumer dan Industri
12 214 – 235
Chapter 13 Consumer and Industrial Chemistry

Latihan Pengukuhan Kimia 4541


PROGRAM SEMARAK KASIH SPM 2.0 JPN SARAWAK|2

BAB 2: KONSEP MOL, FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA


CHAPTER 1: THE MOLE CONCEPT, CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATION

BAHAGIAN A / SECTION A

(PAHANG 2016, QUESTION 1)


1. Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan Pn Aminah sedang menggoreng ayam di dapur, manakala Ali dan
ayahnya berada di ruang tamu.
Diagram 1.1 shows Pn Aminah is frying chicken in the kitchen while Ali and his father are at
the living room.

Rajah/ Diagram 1.1


(a) (i) Bau ayam goreng merebak hingga ke ruang tamu. Namakan proses yang berlaku.
The smell of fried chicken spreads to the living room. Name the process that
occured.

……………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah /1 mark]

(ii) Terangkan jawapan anda di a(i) dengan menggunakan teori kinetik jirim.
Explain your answer in a(i) by using kinetic theory of matter.

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………..
[3 markah /3 marks]

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PROGRAM SEMARAK KASIH SPM 2.0 JPN SARAWAK|3

(b) Rajah 1 menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan bagi pepejal naftalena.


Diagram 1 shows the heating curve for solid naphthalene.

(i) Pada graf di atas, tunjuk dan labelkan takat lebur naftalena.
On the graph above, show and label the melting point of naphthalene.
[1 markah /1 mark]

(ii) Lukis susunan zarah naftalena pada AB dan CD.


Draw the arrangement of particles of naphthalene at AB and CD.

AB CD

[2 markah /2 marks]

(iii) Terangkan mengapa suhu tidak berubah dari B ke C.


Explain why the temperature remains constant from B to C.

…………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah /2 marks]

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PROGRAM SEMARAK KASIH SPM 2.0 JPN SARAWAK|4

(PERLIS 2020, QUESTION 2)


2 (a) Jadua1 menunjukkan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi dua isotop unsur natrium.
Table 1 shows proton number and nucleon number of two isotopes of sodium element.
Isotope Proton number Nucleon number Nombor
Isotop Nombor proton nukleon
Sodium-23 11 23
Natrium-23
Sodium-24 11 24
Natrium-24
Jadual /Table 1

(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan isotop?


What is the meaning of isotope?

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

(ii) Nyatakan satu kegunaan natrium-24 dalam kehidupan harian.


State one use of isotope sodium-24 in daily life.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

(iii) Berdasarkan Jadual 1, tentukan bilangan elektron dan neutron dalam jadual di
bawah.
Based on Table 1, determine the number of electrons and neutrons in the table
below.
Isotop Bilangan elektron Bilangan neutron
Isotope Number of electrons Number of neutrons

Sodium-23
Natrium-23
Sodium-24
Natrium-24
[2 markah /2 marks]

(b) Isotop Mg-24, Mg-25 dan Mg-26 kelimpahan semula jadi 79.0%, 10.0% dan 11.0%.
Hitungkan jisim atom relatif bagi isotop Mg-24, Mg-25 dan Mg-26.
Isotope Mg-24, Mg-25 dan Mg-26 has natural abundance of 79.0%, 10.0% and 11.0%.
Calculate the relative atomic mass for isotope Mg-24, Mg-25 dan Mg-26.

[1 markah /1 mark]

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PROGRAM SEMARAK KASIH SPM 2.0 JPN SARAWAK|5

(MELAKA 2020, QUESTION 2)


3 Rajah 2 menunjukkan model susunan elektron yang dicadangkan oleh Neils Bohr.
Diagram 2 shows the electron arrangement model proposed by Neils Bohr.

Rajah / Diagram 2

(a) (i) Nyatakan nama bagi Y.


State the name of Y.

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

(ii) Nyatakan nama bagi zarah-zarah sub-atomik didalam nucleus atom X.


State the name of the sub-atomic particles inside the nucleus of atom X.

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah /2 marks]

(iii) Nyatakan susunan elektron bagi ion X.


State the electron arrangement of ion X.

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

(b) Unsur X mempunyai takat didih -183 OC. Ramalkan keadaan fizikal bagi X pada suhu
bilik.
Element X has the boiling point of -183 OC. Predict the physical state of X at room
temperature.

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

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(c) Berdasarkan Teori Kinetik Jirim, huraikan susunan dan pergerakan zarah unsur X
pada suhu bilik.
Based on the Kinetic Theory of matter, describe the arrangement and movement of
particles of element X at room temperature.

Susunan zarah
Arrangement of
particles
Pergerakan zarah
Movement of
particles
[2 markah /2 marks]

(d) Jadual 2 menunjukkan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi atom-atom P, Q dan
R.
Table 2 shows the proton number and nucleon number for atoms P, Q and R.

(i) Tentukan bilangan neutron di dalam Q.


Determine the number of neutrons in Q.

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

(ii) Nyatakan mengapa atom Q dan R mempunyai sifat kimia yang sama.
State why atom Q and R has the same chemical properties.

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

FINAL YEAR EXAM SBP FORM 4 2016, NO 1


4. (a) Jadual 1 menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi atom P dan atom Q.
Table 1 shows the number of protons and neutrons for atom P and atom Q.

Atom Bilangan proton Bilangan neutron


Number of proton Number of neutron
P 11 12
Q 8 10
Jadual/ Table 1

(i) Nyatakan istilah bagi ‘jumlah bilangan proton dan neutron’ dalam satu atom?
State the term for ‘the total number of protons and neutrons’ in an atom?

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

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(ii) Lukiskan struktur atom P.


Draw the atomic structure of P.

[2 markah /2 marks]

(iii) Tuliskan simbol P dalam bentuk 𝐴𝑍𝑌


Write the symbol of P in the form of 𝐴𝑍𝑌.

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

(b) (i) Atom R ialah isotop bagi atom Q. Nyatakan bilangan proton dalam atom R .
Atom R is an isotope of atom Q. State the number of protons in atom R.

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

(ii) Atom Q dan R menunjukkan sifat kimia yang sama. Nyatakan satu sebab.
Atom Q and R shows the same chemical properties. State one reason.

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

(c) (i) Unsur Q ialah satu sebatian dengan takat didih – 34.0 oC. Ramalkan keadaan
fizik unsur Q pada suhu bilik.
Element Q is a compound with boiling point of –34.0 oC. Predict the physical
state of element Q at room temperature.

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

(ii) Berdasarkan teori kinetik jirim, huraikan susunan dan pergerakan zarah bagi
unsur Q pada suhu bilik.
Based on the kinetic theory of matter, describe the arrangement and movement
of particles of element Q at room temperature.

Susunan zarah
Arrangement of particles
Pergerakan zarah
Movement of particles
[2 markah /2 marks]

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PROGRAM SEMARAK KASIH SPM 2.0 JPN SARAWAK|8

PERLIS 2016, NO 2
5. Jadual 2 menunjukkan bilangan proton dan bilangan neutron dalam atom R, S dan T.
Table 2 shows the number of proton and the number of neutron in atom R, S and T.

Atom Bilangan proton Bilangan neutron


Number of proton Number of neutron
R 11 12
S 11 13
T 12 12
Jadual/ Table 2

(a) Nyatakan tiga zarah sub atom.


State three subatomic particles of an atom.

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

(b) (i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan isotop?


What is meant by isotope?

…..………………………………………………………………………………

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

(ii) Atom-atom yang manakah merupakan isotop?


Which atoms are isotopes?

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

(iii) Nyatakan radioisotop yang digunakan untuk merawat penyakit kanser.


State the radioisotope that is used to treat cancer diseases.

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

(c) (i) Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom R.


Write the electron arrangement of atom R.

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

(ii) Apakah elektron valens bagi atom R?


What is valence electron of atom R?

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

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PROGRAM SEMARAK KASIH SPM 2.0 JPN SARAWAK|9

(d) Tuliskan simbol S dalam bentuk 𝐴𝑍𝑆


Write the symbol of S in the form of 𝐴𝑍𝑆.

…..………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

(e) (i) Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi atom T.


Draw the electron arrangement of atom T.

[1 markah /1 mark]

(ii) Nyatakan kedudukan unsur bagi atom T dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur.
State the position of element of atom T in the Periodic Table of Element.

…..………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark]

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P R O G R A M S E M A R A K K A S I H S P M 2 . 0 J P N S A R A W A K | 10

BAHAGIAN / SECTION B

PERAK TICKET TO VICTORY 2021, ESSAY QUESTION 2


6. (a) Perwakilan piawai unsur membolehkan maklumat tentang sesuatu unsur dipamerkan
dengan cara yang lebih ringkas dan tepat.
Rajah 7.1 di bawah menunjukkan perwakilan piawai bagi natrium-23.
Standard representation of an element allows information about an element to be
displayed in simpler and more accurate manner.
Diagram 7.1 shows standard representation for sodium-23.

(i) Nyatakan empat maklumat yang dapat diperolehi daripada perwakilan piawai
diatas.
State four information that can be obtained from the above standard
representation.
[4 markah / 4 marks]

(ii) Natrium-24 adalah isotop kepada natrium-23. Lukiskan dan huraikan struktur
atom bagi natrium-24. Terangkan mengapa natrium-23 dan natrium-24 adalah
isotop.
Sodium-24 is the isotope for sodium-23. Draw and describe the atomic
structure of sodium-24. Explain why sodium-23 and sodium-24 are isotopes.
[6 markah / 6 marks]

(b) Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan perubahan keadaan jirim.


Diagram 7.2 shows a change of state of matter.

(i) Namakan proses I dan proses II.


Name process I and II.
[2 markah / 2 marks]
(ii) Bandingkan susunan zarah dalam X dan Y dari aspek berikut:
Compare the arrangements of the particles in X and Y in terms of the following
aspects:
• Susunan zarah
Arrangement of the particles
• Pergerakan zarah
Movement of the particles
• Daya tarikan antara zarah
Force of attraction between the particles
• Kandungan tenaga
Energy content
[8 markah / 8 marks]

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P R O G R A M S E M A R A K K A S I H S P M 2 . 0 J P N S A R A W A K | 11

MRSM 2015, QUESTION 7


7. Rajah 10.1 menunjukkan hablur kalium mangganat(VII) diletakkan diatas agar-agar dan tabung uji
ditutup serta diapit kepada kaki retort. Selepas 2 hari sebahagian agar-agar bertukar menjadi warna
ungu.
Diagram 10.1 shows potassium manganate(VII) crystals are placed at the top of the agar and the
test tube is closed and clamped to the retort stand. After 2 days, part of the agar turns purple.

Diagram 10.1/ Rajah 10.1

(a) Namakan proses tersebut dan dengan menggunakan Teori Kinetic Jirim, huraikan secara
ringkas perubahan yang berlaku.
Name the process and using Kinetic Theory of Matter, describe briefly the changes that
occur.
[4 markah/ 4 marks]
(b) Rajah 10.2 menunjukkan struktur atom J dan ionnya. Huruf yang digunakan bukan symbol
sebenar bagi unsur itu.
Diagram 10.2 shows the structure of atom J and its ion. The letter used is not the actual
symbol of the element.

Rajah/ Diagram 10.2

(i) Tulis symbol bagi atom J dalam bentuk


Write the symbol for atom J in the form of

[2 markah / 2 marks]
(ii) Berdasarkan Rajah 10.2, terangkan mengapa atom J adalah neutral manakala ion J pula
bercas +1.
Based on Diagram 10.2 explain why atom J is neutral while ion J is +1 charge.

[4 markah/ [4 marks]

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SKEMA JAWAPAN/ ANSWER SCHEME

No Rubric Marks
Rubrik Markah
1. (a) Resapan 1 1
Diffusion
1. Zarah bau ayam goreng kecil / Particles of fried chicken 1
smell are tiny 1
2. bergerak rawak di antara zarah udara/ move randomly in 1 3
between air particles
3. dari Kawasan kepekatan tinggi ke Kawasan kepekatan
rendah/ from higher concentration to lower concentration
region.
(b) (i) 1 1

(ii) 1+1 2

(iii) 1. Tenaga haba diserap digunakan/ Heat energy absorbed is 1 2


used 1
2. untuk mengatasi daya tarikan di antara//untuk mengatasi
daya di antara molekul //
to overcome the forces of attraction between particles // to
overcome the intermolecular forces.
JUMLAH/ TOTAL 9

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No Rubric Marks
Rubrik Markah
2. (a) (i) Atom-atom bagi unsur yang sama yang mempunyai bilangan proton 1 1
yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza.
Atoms of same element that have same number of protons
but different number of neutrons
(ii) Mengesan kebocoran paip bawah tanah // 1 1
Mengesan pembekuan darah dalam kapilari darah
To detect the leakage of underground pipe//
To detect the blood clot in blood capillary
(iii)
Isotop Bilangan elektron Bilangan neutron
Isotope Number of Number of
electrone neutrone
1
Sodium-23 11 12
Natrium-23 1 2
Sodium-24 11 13
Natrium-24
24.32
(b) Jisim atom relative Magnesium/ Relative atomic mass of magnesium 1 1
= (24x79.0%) + (25x10.0%) + (26x11.0%)
100
= 24.32
JUMLAH/ TOTAL 5

No Rubric Marks
Rubrik Markah
3. (a) (i) Shell // Petala 1
(ii) Proton // proton 1
Neutron // neutron 1 4
(iii) 2.8.8 1
(b) Gas 1 1
(c) 1. Very far apart from each other 1
Sangat jauh antara satu sama lain
2. Move randomly 1 2
Bergerak secara rawak
(d) (i) 18 1 1
(ii) The atoms have the same number of valence electron 1 1
Atom-atom mempunyai bilangan elektron valens yang sama
JUMLAH/ TOTAL 9

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No Rubric Marks
Rubrik Markah
4. (a) (i) Nombor nukleon / Nucleon number 1 1
(ii)

1+1
2
1. Nukleus ditunjukkan dan bilangan petala yang betul //
Nucleus is shown and correct number of shell
2. Bilangan elektron yang betul dalam setiap petala dan
bilangan
neutron dan proton yang betul di dalam nucleus// Correct
number of electron in each shells and correct number of
neutron and proton in nucleus
(iii) 23 1
11𝑃 .
1
(b) (i) 8 1 1
(ii) Bilangan electron valens sama //Same number of valence 1 1
electron
(c) (i) Gas// gaseous 1 1
(ii) 1. Berjauhan di antara satu sama lain// Far apart with each 1 2
other 1
2. Bebas dan rawak // Freely and randomly
JUMLAH/ TOTAL 9

No Rubric Marks
Rubrik Markah
5. (a) Proton, electron and neutron 1 1
(b) (i) Isotop ialah atom-atom unsur yang sama yang mempunyai 1
bilangan proton yang sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang
berbeza. 1
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number
of proton but different number of neutrons
(ii) R and S 1 1
(iii) Cobalt-60 1 1
(c) (i) 2.8.1 1 1
(ii) 1 1 1
(d) 24 1 1
11𝑆 .
(e) (i) 1 1

(ii) Kumpulan 2, kala 3 1 1


Group 2 , Period 3
JUMLAH/ TOTAL 9

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No Rubric Marks
Rubrik Markah
6. (a) (i) 1. Unsur tersebut adalah natrium. 1
The element is sodium
2. Nombor proton adalah 11 1
Proton number is 11
3. Nombor nukleon adalah 23
1
Nucleon number is 23
4. Bilangan neutron adalah 12
Number of neutron is 12 1 4
(ii) 1. Rajah 1
2. Label 1

3. Atom natrium-24 mempunyai 11 proton dan 13 neutron dalam


nukleus.
Sodium-24 atom has 11 protons and 13 neutrons in the 1
nucleus.
4. Atom natrium-23 mempunyai 11 proton dan 12 neutron dalam
nukleus.
Sodium-23 atom has 11 protons and 12 neutrons in the 1
nucleus
5. Kedua-dua atom mempunyai 11 elektron dengan susunan
elektron 2.8.1. 1 6
Both atoms have 11 electrons with the electron arrangement
of 2.8.1.
6. Natrium-23 dan natrium-24 adalah isotop kerana mempunyai
bilangan proton sama tetapi bilangan neutron yang berbeza.
Sodium-23 and sodium-24 are isotopes as they have same 1
number of protons but different number of neutrons.
(b) (i) I: pendidihan / boiling 1
II: kondensasi / condensation 1 2
(ii) Ciri-ciri X Y
Characteristics
Susunan zarah 1. Zarah-zarah 2. Zarah-zarah 1+1
Arrangement of tidak tersusun tidak tersusun
particles secara teratur. secara teratur
The particles are dan terpisah
not arranged in daripada satu
an orderly sama lain.
manner The particles are
not arranged in
an orderly
manner but are
separated from
one another

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Pergerakan zarah 3. Zarah-zarah 4. Zarah-zarah


Movement of bergerak bergerak secara
particles perlahan dan rawak dan pantas
berlanggar dalam semua arah.
antara satu sama The particles move
lain. randomly and 1+1
The particles rapidly in all
move slowly and directions.
collide with each
other
Daya tarikan antara 5. Sederhana 6. Sangat lemah
zarah Moderate Very weak 8
Forces of
attraction between 1+1
the particles
Kandungan tenaga 7. Sederhana 8. Sangat tinggi
Energy content Moderate Very high
1+1
JUMLAH/ TOTAL 20

No Rubric Marks
Rubrik Markah
7. (a) 1. Resapan/ Diffusion ( r : diffuse) 1 4
2. Kalium manganate(VII) terdiri daripada zarah/ion kecil dan diskret 1
/Potassium manganate(VII) consists of tiny and discrete particles/ions
3. Zarah/ion bergerak di antara / diffuse antara ruang agar / gel 1
The particles/ions move in between / diffuse between the space of agar / gel
4. dari kepekatan yang lebih tinggi ke kepekatan yang lebih rendah / from
1
higher concentration to lower concentration
(b) (i) 1. Correct symbol ; J / Li 1
2. Correct proton number and nucleon number 1
7 2
3𝐽 .
(ii) 1. Atom J memiliki 3 proton dan 3 elektron 1
2. Bilangan caj positif adalah sama dengan bilangan caj negatif 1
3. Ion J+ mempunyai 3 proton dan 2 elektron // Atom J kehilangan
satu elektron untuk membentuk ion J+ 1
4. Bilangan caj positif adalah lebih daripada bilangan caj negatif
sebanyak satu unit 1

1. Atom J has 3 proton and 3 electrons 4


2. The number of positive charges is equal to the number of
negative charges
3. Ion J+ have 3 protons and 2 electrons // Atom J lose one
electron to form ion J+
4. The number of positive charge is more than the number of
negative charge by one unit

JUMLAH/ TOTAL 10

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BAB 3: KONSEP MOL, FORMULA DAN PERSAMAAN KIMIA


CHAPTER 3: THE MOLE CONCEPT, CHEMICAL FORMULA AND EQUATION

BAHAGIAN A / SECTION A

SOALAN / QUESTION 1 (PERAK 2021)


1. Jadual 1 menunjukkan jadual tidak lengkap formula empirik dan formula molekul bagi
glukosa dan etena.
Table 1 shows the incomplete table of empirical formula and molecular formula for glucose
and ethene.
Bahan Formula empirik Formula molekul
Substance Empirical formula Molecular formula
Glukosa
C6H12O6
Glucose
Etena
Ethene

Jadual / Table 1

(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan formula empirik?


What is meant by empirical formula?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]

(b) Tuliskan formula empirik glukosa dalam Jadual 1.


Write the empirical formula of glucose in Table 1.
[1 markah / mark]

(c) Nyatakan satu maklumat yang boleh diperoleh daripada formula molekul glukosa,
C6H12O6.
State one information that can be obtained from the molecular formula of glucose,
C6H12O6.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]

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(d) Etena mempunyai kandungan karbon, 85.71% dan hidrogen, 14.29%.


Ethene has a composition of carbon, 85.71% and hydrogen, 14.29%.
(i) Hitung formula empirik etena.
Calculate the empirical formula of ethene.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12]

[3 markah / marks]

(ii) Jisim molekul relatif etena ialah 28. Tentukan formula molekul etena.
The relative molecular mass of ethene is 28. Determine the molecular formula
for ethene.

[2 markah / marks]

SOALAN / QUESTION 2 (KELANTAN 2020)


2. Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi eksperimen untuk menentukan formula empirik
satu oksida kuprum.
Diagram 2 shows the arrangement of the apparatus for experiments to determine the
empirical formula of copper oxide.
Oksida kuprum Kertas asbestos
Tabung pembakaran Copper oxide Asbestos paper
Combustion tube Nyalaan hidrogen
Gas hidrogen kering Hydrogen flame
Dry hydrogen gas

Panaskan
Heat
Rajah / Diagram 2
(a) Nyatakan maksud formula empirik.
State the meaning of empirical formula.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]
(b) Apakah fungsi gas hidrogen dalam eksperimen ini?
What is the function of the hydrogen gas in this experiment?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]

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(c) Mengapa gas hidrogen kering dialirkan melalui tiub pembakaran selama beberapa
ketika sebelum oksida kuprum dipanaskan?
Why is the hydrogen gas passed through the combustion tube for several times before
copper oxide is heated?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]

(d) Nyatakan satu contoh oksida logam lain yang boleh menggunakan kaedah yang sama
seperti oksida kuprum untuk menentukan formula empiriknya.
State an example of other metal oxide that can use the same method as copper oxide to
determine its empirical formula.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]
(e) Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan yang diperoleh dalam eksperimen ini.
Table 2 shows the results gained in the experiment.
Jisim tiub pembakaran + kertas asbestos
46.11 g
Mass of combustion tube + asbestos paper
Jisim tiub pembakaran + kertas asbestos + kuprum oksida
53.31 g
Mass of combustion tube + asbestos paper + copper oxide
Jisim tiub pembakaran + kertas asbestos + kuprum
52.51 g
Mass of combustion tube + asbestos paper + copper

Jadual / Table 2

Berdasarkan Jadual 2,
Based on Table 2,
(i) Hitung jisim kuprum dan jisim oksigen yang telah bertindak balas.
Calculate the mass of copper and the mass of oxygen that has reacted.

Jisim kuprum : ………………... Jisim oksigen : ………………...


Mass of copper Mass of oxygen
[2 markah / marks]
(ii) Hitung nisbah mol bagi atom kuprum kepada atom oksigen.
Calculate the mole ratio of copper atoms to oxygen atoms.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: O = 16, Cu = 64]

[2 markah / marks]
(iii) Tentukan formula empirik kuprum oksida.
Determine the empirical formula of copper oxide.
……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

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SOALAN / QUESTION 3 (MELAKA 2021)


3. Rajah 3 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan formula empirik magnesium oksida.
Diagram 3 shows the apparatus set up to determine the empirical formula of magnesium
oxide.
Penutup
Lid
Pita magnesium
Magnesium ribbon
Mangkuk pijar
Crucible

Panaskan
Heat

Rajah / Diagram 3

Persamaan kimia berikut mewakili tindak balas di atas.


The following chemical equation represents the above reaction.

2Mg + O2 → 2MgO

(a) Apakah maksud formula empirik?


What is the meaning of empirical formula?

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah / mark]

(b) Nyatakan jenis zarah bagi hasil tindak balas yang terbentuk dalam eksperimen ini.
State the type of particles of the products formed in the experiment.

…………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah / mark]

(c) Mengapakah penutup mangkuk pijar perlu dibuka sekali sekala semasa pemanasan?
Why does the crucible lid has to be opened once in a while during heating?

…………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah / mark]

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(d) Jadual 3 menunjukkan keputusan bagi eksperimen itu seperti yang ditunjukkan pada
penimbang elektronik.
Table 3 shows the result of the experiment as shown on the electronic balance.

Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup


Mass of crucible + lid
21.50 g

Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium


Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium
24.00 g

Jisim mangkuk pijar + penutup + magnesium oksida


Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium oxide
Xg

Jadual / Table 3

Dengan mengandaikan bahawa tindak balas itu telah lengkap, tentukan nilai X.
By assuming that the reaction is complete, determine the value of X.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: Mg = 24, O = 16]

[3 markah / marks]

(e) Bagaimanakah anda boleh memastikan bahawa tindak balas telah lengkap?
How can you ensure that the reaction has completed?

…………………………………………………………………………………………...

…………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah / mark]
(f) Bolehkah formula empirik plumbum(II) oksida ditentukan dengan menggunakan kaedah
ini? Berikan satu sebab.
Can the empirical formula of lead(II) oxide be determined using this method? Give a
reason.

……………………………………………………………………………………..……

……………………………………………………………………………………..……
[2 markah / mark]

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SOALAN / QUESTION 4 (PENANG 2020)


4. Kalium bertindak balas dengan air untuk menghasilkan satu alkali dan sejenis gas tidak berwarna.
Persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas adalah seperti yang berikut:
Potassium reacts with water to form an alkali and a colourless gas. The chemical equation of the
reaction is as follows:

x K(p) + y H2O(ce) → z KOH(ak) + H2(g)


x K(s) + y H2O(l) → z KOH(aq) + H2(g)

(a) Seimbangkan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas itu dengan menentukan nilai x, y dan z.
Balance the chemical equation for the reaction by determining the values of x, y and z.

x : …………………. y : ……………………. z : …………………….


[3 markah / marks]

(b) Namakan bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas dalam persamaan kimia di atas.
Name the reactants and the product in the chemical equation above.

Bahan tindak balas : …………………………………………………………………


Reactants

Hasil tindak balas : …………………………………………………………………


Products
[2 markah / marks]
(c) Tafsirkan persamaan kimia di atas secara kuantitatif.
Interpret the above chemical equation quantitatively.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..…

……………………………………………………………………………………..…………

…………………………………………………………………………………….…………
[1 markah / mark]

(d) Kira jisim kalium yang diperlukan untuk membebaskan 50 cm3 gas hidrogen pada suhu bilik.
Calculate the mass of potassium needed to released 50 cm3 of hydrogen gas at room
condition.
[Jisim atom relatif: K = 39, 1 mol menempati 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik]
[Relative atomic mass: K = 39, 1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature]

[3 markah / marks]

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SOALAN / QUESTION 5 (PERAK 2020)

5. (a) Rajah 5 menunjukkan satu rancangan TV Pendidikan.


Diagram 5 shows an educational TV programme.

Ahli kimia menggunakan unit mol


untuk menyukat kuantiti bahan.
Chemists use unit of mol to measure
the quantity of a substance.

Rajah / Diagram 5

(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan satu mol?


What is the meaning of a mole?

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

(ii) 4 g Y bertindak balas lengkap dengan oksigen. Persamaan berikut mewakili


tindak balas tersebut.
4 g of Y reacts completely with oxygen. The following equation represents the
reaction.
2Y + O2 → 2YO

Hitung jisim bagi hasil yang terbentuk dalam tindak balas ini.
Calculate the mass of the product formed in the reaction.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: O = 16, Y = 40]

[3 markah / marks]

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(b) Persamaan di bawah adalah bukan persamaan kimia yang seimbang.


The equation below is not a balanced chemical equation.

………. Fe(p) + ………. O2(g) → Fe2O3(p)

………. Fe(s) + ………. O2(g) → Fe2O3(s)

(i) Seimbangkan persamaan kimia di atas.


Balance the chemical equation above.
[1 markah / mark]

(ii) Tafsirkan persamaan itu secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif.


Interpret the chemical equation qualitatively and quantitatively.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / marks]

(c) Akena E adalah suatu hidrokarbon tak tepu. E mengandungi 85.7% karbon, 14.3%
hidrogen mengikut jisim dan jisim molekul relatif bagi E ialah 42.
Alkene E is an unsaturated hydrocarbon. E contains 85.7% of carbon, 14.3% of
hydrogen by mass and the relative molecular mass of E is 42.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12]
Tentukan formula molekul bagi E.
Determine the molecular formula of E.

[4 markah / marks]

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SOALAN / QUESTION 6 (PPD SIBU 2021, LING MEE MEE)


6. (a) Cecair petroleum mengandungi propana dan butana. Ia merupakan campuran gas
hidrocarbon yang mudah terbakar yang digunakan sebagai bahan api dalam peralatan
pemanasan, peralatan memasak dan kenderaan. Formula molekul bagi propana dan
butana ialah C3H8 dan C4H10 masing-masing.
Liquid petroleum contains propane and butane. It is a mixture of flammable
hydrocarbon gas used as fuel in heating appliances, cookware and vehicles. The
molecular formula of propane and butane are C3H8 and C4H10 respectively.
(i) Apakah maksud formula molekul?
What is the meaning of molecular formula?

…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah / mark]

(ii) Tulis formula empirik bagi butana, C4H10.


Write the empirical formula for butane, C4H10.

…………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah / mark]

(iii) Propana terbakar dengan lengkap untuk menghasilkan gas karbon dioksida dan
air seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam persamaan yang berikut:
Propane burns completely to produce carbon dioxide gas and water as shown in
the equation below:
C3H8 + 5O2 → 3CO2 + 4H2O

Tafsirkan persamaan kimia tersebut secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif.


Interpret the chemical equation qualitatively and quantitatively.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….
[3 markah / marks]

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(b) Rajah 6 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi oksida
M.
Diagram 6 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the empirical formula of M oxide.
Oksida M
M oxide

Panaskan
Heat

Rajah / Diagram 6
Jadual 5 menunjukkan keputusan yang diperoleh dalam eksperimen ini.
Table 5 shows the results obtained in the experiment.
Jisim tiub kaca
39.25 g
Mass of glass tube
Jisim tiub kaca + Oksida M sebelum pemanasan
47.25 g
Mass of glass tube + M oxide before heating
Jisim tiub kaca + hasil tindak balas selepas pemanasan
45.65 g
Mass of glass tube + product after heating

Jadual / Table 6
(i) Tentukan formula empirik bagi oksida M.
Determine the empirical formula of M oxide.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: O = 16, M = 64]

[4 markah / marks]

(ii) Tulis persamaan kimia bagi penurunan oksida M dengan gas hidrogen.
Write the chemical equation for the reduction of M oxide by hydrogen gas.

…………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 markah / marks]

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(iii) Nyatakan satu kaedah untuk menyediakan gas hidrogen yang digunakan dalam
eksperimen ini.
State one method to prepare hydrogen gas used in this experiment.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah / mark]

SOALAN / QUESTION 7 (PPD SIBU 2021, LING MEE MEE)


7. Rajah 7 menunjukkan 3.1 g kuprum(II) karbonat dipanaskan dengan kuat dalam suatu tabung
didih. Gas yang terbebas dialirkan ke dalam air kapur di dalam sebuah tabung uji melalui
salur penghantar.
Diagram 7 shows 3.1 g copper(II) carbonate is heated strongly in a boiling tube. Gas
released is flowed into limewater in a test tube through a delivery tube.
Kuprum(II) karbonat
Copper(II) carbonate

01:30

Limewater
Air kapur
Rajah / Diagram 7
(a) Bulatkan dua kesalahan yang ditunjukkan dalam susunan radas di atas.
Circle two mistakes shown in the above apparatus set-up.
[2 markah / marks]

(b) Berikan dua pemerhatian apabila serbuk kuprum(II) karbonat dipanaskan sehingga
tindak balas lengkap.
Give two observations when copper(II) carbonate powder is heated until the reaction
is complete.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 markah / marks]
(c) Namakan hasil tindak balas.
Name the products.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]

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(d) Hitung jisim bagi baki yang terhasil.


Calculate the mass of the residue formed.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16, Cu = 64]

[3 markah / marks]
(e) Hitung isi padu gas yang terbebas.
Calculate the volume of gas released.
[1 mol menempati 24 dm3 pada suhu bilik]
[1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room temperature]

[2 markah / marks]

SOALAN / QUESTION 8 (MELAKA 2021)


8. Jadual 8 menunjukkan formula empirik dan formula molekul bagi tiga sebatian.
Table 8 shows the empirical formula dan molecular formula for three compounds.
Sebatian Formula empirik Formula molekul
Compound Empirical formula Molecular formula
K C20H24N2O2
L C2H4O
M Cu(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2
Jadual / Table 8
(a) Nyatakan maksud formula empirik.
State the meaning of empirical formula.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]

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(b) Tulis formula empirik bagi sebatian K.


Write the empirical formula of compound K.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]

(c) Jisim molekul relatif bagi sebatian L ialah 88. Tentukan formula molekul bagi sebatian
L.
Relative molecular mass of compound L is 88. Determine the molecular formula of
compound L.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16]

[2 markah / marks]

(d) Rajah 8 menunjukkan beg udara di dalam kenderaan yang mengembang secara
automatik untuk melindungi penumpang semasa kemalangan.
Diagram 8 shows the airbag in a vehicle that is inflated automatically to protect the
passenger during accident.

Rajah / Diagram 7
Natrium azida, NaN3 digunakan untuk mengembangkan beg udara di dalam kenderaan.
Ia terurai dengan sangat cepat apabila dipanaskan dan menghasilkan gas nitrogen, N2
yang akan mengembangkan beg udara seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam persamaan
kimia di bawah.
Sodium azide, NaN3 is used to inflate airbag in vehicles. It decomposes very fast when
heated and produce nitrogen gas, N2 which inflates airbag as shown in the chemical
equation below.
2NaN3 → 2Na + 3N2

(i) Tafsirkan persamaan kimia secara kuantitatif.


Interpret the chemical equation quantitatively.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

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(ii) Hitung isi padu gas nitrogen yang dihasilkan daripada penguraian 19.5 g natrium
azida, NaN3.
Calculate the volume of nitrogen gas produced from the decomposition of 19.5 g
sodium azide, NaN3.
[Jisim atom relatif: N = 14, Na = 23; Isi padu molar sebarang gas pada keadaan
bilik ialah 24 dm3 mol–1]
[Relative atomic mass: N = 14, Na = 23; Molar volume of any gases at room
temperature is 24 dm3 mol–1]

[3 markah / marks]

SOALAN / QUESTION 9 (MELAKA 2021)


9. Rajah 9 menunjukkan beberapa jenis cangkerang siput.
Diagram 9 shows a few types of snail shells.

Rajah / Diagram 9

Cangkerang itu mengandungi sebatian X, iaitu sebatian ion semula jadi.


The shells consist of compound X, which is a natural ionic compound.

(a) (i) Nyatakan keterlarutan sebatian X di dalam air.


State the solubility of compound X in water.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

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(ii) Sebatian X mengandungi 40.0% kalsium, 12.0% karbon dan 48.0% oksigen.
Tentukan formula empirik bagi sebatian X.
Compound X contains 40.0% calcium, 12.0% carbon and 48.0% oxygen.
Determine the empirical formula of compound X.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16]

Unsur
Ca C O
Element
Jisim (g)
Mass (g)
Bilangan mol
Number of moles
Nisbah mol teringkas
Simplest mole ratio
Formula empirik
Empirical formula
[4 markah / marks]

(b) Sebatian X berlebihan ditambah dengan 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm–3 untuk
menghasilkan kalsium klorida, gas karbon dioksida dan air.
Excess compound X is added with 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid to produce
calcium chloride, carbon dioxide gas and water.
(i) Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi tindak balas ini.
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / marks]
(ii) Berapakah bilangan mol ion-ion dalam satu mol kalsium klorida?
How many mol of ions in one mole of calcium chloride?

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]
(iii) Hitung isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang dibebaskan pada keadaan bilik.
Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas released at room condition.
[1 mol gas menempati 24 dm3 mol–1 pada keadaan bilik]
[1 mol of gas occupies 24 dm3 mol–1 at room temperature]

[3 markah / marks]

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SOALAN / QUESTION 10 (MELAKA 2021)


10. (a) Jadual 10 menunjukkan formula molekul bagi dua ahli asid karboksilik.
Table 10 shows the molecular formula of two members of carboxylic acid.

Asid karboksilik Asid metanoik Asid etanoik


Carboxylic acid Methanoic acid Ethanoic acid
Formula molekul
HCOOH CH3COOH
Molecular formula

Jadual / Table 10

(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan formula molekul?


What is meant by molecular formula?

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

(ii) Nyatakan nama semua unsur yang hadir dalam kedua-dua asid.
State the name of all the elements present in both acids.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]
(iii) Persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas antara zink dengan asid etanoik adalah seperti
di bawah:
Chemical equation for the reaction between zinc and ethanoic acid is as below:
Zn(p) + 2CH3COOH(ak) → (CH3COO)2Zn(ak) + H2(g)
Zn(s) + 2CH3COOH(aq) → (CH3COO)2Zn(aq) + H2(g)
Berikan tiga maklumat yang dapat ditafsir daripada persamaan kimia itu.
Give three information that can be interpreted from the chemical equation.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
[3 markah / marks]

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(b) Rajah 10 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi tindak balas antara serbuk zink karbonat
dan asid sulfurik.
Diagram 10 shows the apparatus set up for the reaction between zinc carbonate
powder and sulphuric acid.

Asid sulfurik
Sulphuric acid

Zink karbonat
Zinc carbonate Air kapur
Limewater

Rajah / Diagram 10

Berdasarkan Rajah 10,


Based on Diagram 10,
(i) Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas tersebut.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]
(ii) Hitung isi padu gas yang terbebas pada keadaan bilik jika 5 cm3 asid sulfurik
2.0 mol dm–3 bertindak balas dengan serbuk zink karbonat berlebihan.
Calculate the volume of gas produced at room condition if 5 cm3 of
2.0 mol dm–3 sulphuric acid reacts with excess zinc carbonate powder.
[Isi padu molar sebarang gas pada keadaan bilik ialah 24 dm3 mol–1]
[Molar volume of any gases at room temperature is 24 dm3 mol–1]

[3 markah / marks]

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SOALAN / QUESTION 11 (PERAK 2021)


11. Jadual 11 menunjukkan ion positif dan ion negatif dalam tiga sebatian ion.
Table 11 shows the positive ions and negative ions in three ionic compounds.
Nama sebatian ion Ion positif Ion negatif
Name of ionic compound Positive ion Negative ion
Kuprum(II) karbonat
Cu2+ CO32–
Copper(II) carbonate
Plumbum(II) nitrat
Pb2+ NO3–
Lead(II) nitrate
Kalium iodida
K+ I–
Potassium iodide

Jadual / Table 11

Gunakan maklumat yang diberi dalam Jadual 11 untuk menjawab soalan-soalan berikut.
Use the information given in Table 11 to answer the following questions.

(a) Apakah nama lain untuk ion bercas negatif?


What is another name for a negatively-charged ion?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]
(b) Namakan semua ion dalam kuprum(II) karbonat.
Name all the ions in copper(II) carbonate.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]
(c) Tuliskan formula kimia bagi plumbum(II) nitrat.
Write the chemical formula for lead(II) nitrate.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]
(d) Apabila larutan plumbum(II) nitrat ditambahkan kepada larutan kalium iodida
berlebihan, mendakan kuning, plumbum(II) iodida dan larutan tidak berwarna
terbentuk.
When lead(II) nitrate solution is added to excess potassium iodide solution, yellow
precipitate, lead(II) iodide and a colourless solution is formed.
(i) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / marks]
(ii) Nyatakan nama larutan tidak berwarna yang terbentuk.
State the name of the colourless solution formed.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

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(iii) Hitungkan jisim mendakan yang terbentuk sekiranya 0.05 mol plumbum(II)
nitrat digunakan.
Calculate the mass of precipitate formed if 0.05 mol of lead(II) nitrate solution
is used.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: N = 14, O = 16, S =32, K =39, I = 127,
Pb = 207]

[2 markah / marks]

SOALAN / QUESTION 12 (PERAK 2021)


12. (a) Jadual 12 menunjukkan formula bagi beberapa ion.
Table 12 shows the formula of several ions.
Nama ion Ion argentum Ion zink Ion nitrat Ion klorida
Name of ion Silver ion Zinc ion Nitrate ion Chloride ion
Formula ion
Ag+ Zn2+ NO3– Cl–
Formula of ion

Jadual / Table 12

Tuliskan formula kimia bagi zink klorida dan zink nitrat.


Write the chemical formula for zinc chloride and zinc nitrate.

Zink klorida : ……………………… Zink nitrat : ………………………


Zinc chloride Zinc nitrate
[2 makarh / marks]

(b) Apabila larutan argentum nitrat ditambahkan kepada larutan zink klorida, mendakan
putih argentum klorida dan larutan zink nitrat terhasil.
When silver nitrate solution is added to zinc chloride solution, white precipitate silver
chloride and zinc nitrate solution are produced.
(i) Namakan bahan-bahan tindak balas.
Name the reactants.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

(ii) Namakan hasil-hasil tindak balas.


Name the products.

……………………………………………………………………………………

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[1 markah / mark]
(iii) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

(c) Argentum nitrat terurai apabila dipanaskan dengan kuat mengikut persamaan berikut:
Silver nitrate decomposed when it is strongly heated according to equation below:
2AgNO3 → 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2
(i) Tafsirkan persamaan kimia ini secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif.
Interpret the chemical equation qualitatively and quantitatively.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / marks]

(ii) Jika 1 mol argentum nitrat dipanaskan, hitung jumlah molekul gas yang terhasil.
When 1 mol of silver nitrate is heated, calculate total number of gas molecules
produced.
[Pemalar Avogadro / Avogadro’s constant = 6.02 × 1023 mol–1]

[2 markah / marks]

(iii) Dalam satu eksperimen, seorang pelajar telah memanaskan 85 g argentum nitrat.
Hitungkan jisim argentum yang terhasil pada keadaan bilik.
In an experiment, a student heated 85 g of silver nitrate. Calculate the mass of
silver produced at room condition.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: N = 14, O = 16, Ag = 108]

[3 markah / marks]

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SOALAN / QUESTION 13 (PERAK 2021)


13. Jadual 13 menunjukkan nama dan formula bagi tiga ion.
Table 13 shows the name and formula of three ions.
Nama ion Formula
Name of ion Formula
Ion magnesium
Mg2+
Magnesium ion
Ion karbonat
CO32–
Carbonate ion
Ion oksida
O2–
Oxide ion

Jadual / Table 13

Berdasarkan Jadual 13, jawab soalan-soalan berikut:


Based on Table 13, answer the following questions:
(a) Tuliskan formula kimia bagi magnesium karbonat.
Write the chemical formula for magnesium carbonate.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]

(b) Pemanasan ke atas magnesium karbonat menghasilkan magnesium oksida dan karbon
dioksida. Dalam satu eksperimen, seorang pelajar telah memanaskan 4.2 g magnesium
karbonat.
The heating of magnesium carbonate produces magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide
gas. In an experiment, a student heated 4.2 g of magnesium carbonate.
(i) Tuliskan persamaan tindak balas penguraian magnesium karbonat.
Write a chemical equation for the decomposition of magnesium carbonate.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

(ii) Hitung jisim magnesium oksida yang terhasil.


Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide produced.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16, Mg = 24]

[3 markah / marks]

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(c) Dalam eksperimen untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida, 1.2 g
pita magnesium telah dipanaskan di dalam sebuah mangkuk pijar. 1.2 g pita
magnesium telah dipanaskan di dalam sebuah mangkuk pijar. Setelah tindak balas
lengkap berlaku, didapati 2.0 g magnesium oksida telah terhasil.
In an experiment to determine the empirical formula for magnesium oxide, 1.2 g of
magnesium ribbon was heated in a crucible. After the reaction is completed, it was
found that 2.0 g of magnesium oxide was produced.
(i) Lukiskan gambar rajah susunan radas yang digunakan untuk eksperimen.
Draw a diagram of the apparatus set-up used for the experiment.

[2 markah / marks]

(ii) Hitung formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida.


Calculate the empirical formula for magnesium oxide.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: O = 16, Mg = 24]

[4 markah / marks]

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SOALAN / QUESTION 14 (TERENGGANU 2021)


14. (a) Jadual 14 menunjukkan formula molekul bagi dua sebatian karbon.
Table 14 shows the molecular formulae of two carbon compounds.
Sebatian Formula molekul
Compound Molecular formula
P C4H8
Q C5H12
Jadual / Table 15
Berdasarkan Jadual 14,
Based on Table 14,
(i) Apakah formula am bagi sebatian Q?
What is the general formula of compound Q?

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

(ii) Nyatakan nisbah teringkas bagi atom unsur yang terdapat dalam sebatian P.
State the simplest ratio of atom of the element exist in compound P.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

(iii) Lukiskan formula struktur bagi sebatian P.


Draw the structural formula of compound P.

[1 markah / mark]

(b) Rajah 14 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji kesan haba ke atas zink karbonat.
Diagram 14 shows the apparatus set-up to investigate the effect of heat on zinc
carbonate.
Zink karbonat
Zinc carbonate

Panaskan
Heat
Air kapur
Limewater

Rajah / Diagram 14

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Persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas adalah seperti berikut:


The chemical equation for the reaction is as follows:
ZnCO3(p) → X(p) + Y(g)
ZnCO3(s) → X(s) + Y(g)

(i) Namakan baki X dan gas Y yang terbebas.


Name residue X and gas gas released Y.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / marks]

(ii) Nyatakan warna baki X.


State the colour of residue X.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

(iii) Hitungkan isi padu gas Y yang dihasilkan apabila 5 g zink karbonat dipanaskan
pada keadaan bilik.
Calculate the volume of gas Y produced if 5 g of zinc carbonate is heated at room
conditions.
[Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, C = 12, O = 16; Isipadu molar: 24 dm3 mol–1 pada
keadaan bilik]
[Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, C = 12, O 16; Molar volume: 24 dm3 mol–1 at
room condition]

[3 markah / marks]

SOALAN / QUESTION 15 (TERENGGANU 2021)


15. (a) Rajah 15.1 menunjukkan formula molekul bagi butana.
Diagram 15.1 shows the molecular formula of butane.

C4H10

Rajah / Diagram 15.1

(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan formula molekul?


What is the meaning of molecular formula?

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

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(ii) Hitungkan jisim molar bagi butana.


Calculate the molar mass of butane.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12]

[1 markah / mark]

(iii) Tuliskan formula empirik bagi butana.


Write the empirical formula of butane.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

(iv) Bandingkan dan bezakan antara formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi
butana.
Compare and contrast between molecular formula and empirical formula of
butane.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / marks]

(b) Rajah 15.2 menunjukkan satu persamaan kimia.


Diagram 15.2 shows a chemical equation.

2KI(ak) + Pb(NO3)2(ak) → 2KNO3(ak) + PbI2(p)


2KI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → 2KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s)

Rajah / Diagram 15.2

Berdasarkan persamaan itu, jawab soalan-soalan berikut:


Based on the equation, answer the following questions:
(i) Nyatakan warna bagi PbI2.
State the colour of PbI2.

…………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah / mark]

(ii) Nyatakan nama bagi satu bahan tindak balas dan satu hasil tindak balas.
State the name of one reactant and one product.

Bahan tindak balas / Reactant : ……………………………………………...

Hasil tindak balas / Product : ……………………………………………...


[1 markah / mark]

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(iii) Nyatakan keadaan fizik bagi PbI2.


State the physical state of PbI2.

…………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah / mark]

(iv) Dalam suatu tindak balas, 20 cm3 Pb(NO3)2 0.5 mol dm–3 telah bertindak ablas.
Hitungkan jisim PbI2 yang terbentuk.
In the reaction, 20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3 Pb(NO3)2 has reacted. Calculate the mass
of PbI2 formed.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: I = 127, Pb = 207]

[3 markah / marks]

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BAHAGIAN / SECTION B

SOALAN / QUESTION 16 (MRSM 2019)


16. (a) Rajah 16.1 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi asid tartarik yang ditemui secara semula
jadi di dalam tumbuhan seperti anggur, aprikot, pisang dan asam jawa.
Diagram 16.1 shows the structural formula of tartaric acid which is naturally present
in plants like grapes, apricots, banana dan tamarind.

Rajah / Diagram 16.1


Berdasarkan Rajah 16.1, tentukan formula molekul dan formula empirik bagi asid
tartarik. Nyatakan dua maklumat yang boleh diperoleh dari formula molekul tersebut?
Based on Diagram 16.1, determine the molecular formula and empirical formula of
tartaric acid. State two information that can be obtained from the molecular formula.
[ 4 markah / marks]
(b) Rajah 16.2 menunjukkan graf bagi keputusan eksperimen pemanasan jisim serbuk
ferum yang berbeza dalam oksigen membentuk ferum(III) oksida.
Diagram 16.2 shows the graph of the results for the experiment of heating different
masses of iron powder in oxygen to form iron(III) oxide.
Graf jisim ferum(III) oksida melawan jisim ferum yang digunakan
Graph of mass of iron(III) oxide against mass of iron used
Jisim ferum(III) oksida / g
Mass of iron(III) oxide / g

Jisim ferum / g
0 1 2 Mass of iron / g
3
Rajah / Diagram 16.2
(i) Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs.
[2 markah / marks]
(ii) Merujuk Rajah 16.2, tentukan jisim ferum yang bertindak balas lengkap dengan
oksigen. Hitung isi padu oksigen yang diperlukan untuk tindak balas lengkap
tersebut.
Referring to Diagram 16.2, determine the mass of iron that reacted completely
with oxygen. Calculate the volume of oxygen needed for the complete reaction.
[Jisim atom relatif: Fe = 56; 1 mol gas memenuhi 24 dm3 pada keadaan bilik]
[Relative atomic mass: Fe = 56; 1 mole of gas occupies 24 dm3 at room condition]
[4 markah / marks]

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SOALAN / QUESTION 17 (PERAK 2021)


17. (a) Pepejal kalsium karbonat, CaCO3 merupakan komponen utama kekat yang terbentuk
dalam cerek dan pemanas air. Cara mudah untuk menanggalkan kekat adalah dengan
menambahkan sedikit asid hidroklorik. Dengan cara ini, kalsium karbonat dapat
ditukar kepada gas karbon dioksida, air dan garam kalsium terlarut.
Solid calcium carbonate, CaCO3 is the main component of the scum accumulated in
kettles and boiler. A simple way to remove the scum is to add some hydrochloric acid.
By doing this, calcium carbonate is converted to carbon dioxide gas, water and a
soluble calcium salt.
[Jisim atom relatif: C = 12, O = 16, Ca = 40, Cl = 35.5; 1 mol gas menempati 24.0 dm3
pada keadaan bilik]
[Relative atomic mass: C = 12, O = 16, Ca = 40, Cl = 35.5; 1 mol of gas occupies 24.0
dm3 at room condition]
(i) Namakan bahan tindak balas dalam tindak balas ini.
Name the reactants in this reaction.
[2 markah / marks]
(ii) Garam kalsium terlarut yang terhasil mempunyai formula kimia CaCl2.
Namakan garam kalsium dan hitungkan peratus kandungan kalsium dalam garam
itu.
The soluble calcium salt produced has a chemical formula CaCl2. Name the
calcium salt and find the percentage composition of calcium in the salt.
[3 markah / marks]
(iii) Kekat dalam pemanas air mengandungi 50 g kalsium karbonat. Tuliskan
persamaan kimia untuk menunjukkan apa yang berlaku apabila asid hidroklorik
ditambah ke dalam pepejal kalsium karbonat. Kemudian, hitungkan isi padu gas
karbon dioksida yang terhasil pada keadaan bilik apabila asid hidroklorik
berlebihan ditambah ke atas kekat tersebut.
The scum in the boiler contains 50 g calcium carbonate. Write a chemical
equation to show what happen when hydrochloric acid is added to solid calcium
carbonate. Then, calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas produced at room
condition when excess hydrochloric acid is added to the scum.
[5 markah / marks]
(b) Cuka adalah suatu larutan asid etanoik cair. Asid etanoik mempunyai formula molekul,
CH3COOH.
Vinegar is a dilute ethanoic acid solution. Ethanoic acid has a molecular formula of
CH3COOH.
(i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan formula molekul? Tentukan formula empirik
bagi asid etanoik. Nyatakan perbezaan antara formula empirik asid etanoik
dengan formula molekulnya.
What is the meaning of molecular formula? Determine the empirical formula of
ethanoic acid. State the differences between the empirical formula of ethanoic
acid and its molecular formula.
[4 markah / marks]
(ii) Satu sampel asid etanoik tulen mempunyai jisim 240 g. Hitungkan bilangan
molekul asid etanoik dalam sampel itu.
A sample of pure ethanoic acid weighs 240 g. Calculate the number of ethanoic
acid molecules in the sample.
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16; Pemalar Avogadro =
6.02 × 1023mol–1]
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12, O = 16; Avogadro’s constant =
6.02 × 1023mol–1]
[2 markah / marks]

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(iii) Asid laktik yang dihasilkan oleh bakteria dalam susu menyebabkan susu berasa
masam. Asid laktik mempunyai formula empirik yang sama dengan asid etanoik.
Jisim tiga molekul asid etanoik adalah sama dengan jisim dua molekul asid laktik,
tentukan formula molekul asid laktik itu.
Lactic acid, which is produced in milk by bacteria, causes a sour taste in milk. It
has a similar empirical formula with ethanoic acid. Three molecules of ethanoic
acid have the same mass as two molecules of lactic acid, determine the molecular
formula of lactic acid.
[4 markah / marks]

SOALAN / QUESTION 18 (TERENGGANU 2021)


18. (a) Jadual 18.1 menunjukkan formula empirik dan formula molekul bagi etena.
Table 18.1 shows the empirical formula and molecular formula of ethene.
Formula empirik Formula molekul
Empirical formula Molecular formula
CH2 C2H4
Jadual / Table 18.1
Berdasarkan maklumat dalam Jadual 18.1, banding dan bezakan formula empirik dan
formula molekul etena dari segi jenis unsur, bilangan atom setiap unsur dan jisim
molekul relatif masing-masing.
Based on the information in Table 18.1, compare and differentiate between empirical
formula and molecular formula of ethene in terms of the type of element, number of
atom for each element and its relative molecular mass.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: C = 12, H = 1]
[3 markah / marks]
(b) Rajah 18 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan oleh seorang pelajar untuk
menentukan formula empirik satu oksida L.
Diagram 18 shows the set up of apparatus that a student used to determine the
empirical formula of L oxide.
Oksida logam L
Metal oxide L
Salur kaca
Salur getah Glass tube
Rubber tube 12 cm
Lubang udara Salur kaca
Air opening Glass tube
Ethanol 10 cm
Salur kaca
Glass tube Asid hidroklorik
12cm Bongkah 1.0 M
kayu Hydrochloric acid
Wooden block 1.0 M
Air
Water Ketulan zink
Zinc granules
Rajah / Diagram 20

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Keputusan yang diperoleh dalam eksperimen adalah seperti berikut:


The result for the above experiment is as the following:
Jisim salur kaca
= 52.45 g
Mass of glass tube
Jisim salur kaca + oksida logam L
= 105.97 g
Mass of glass tube + metal oxide L
Jisim salur kaca + logam L
= 102.13 g
Mass of glass tube + metal L
Jadual / Table 18.2
(i) Berdasarkan maklumat di atas, tentukan formula empirik bagi oksida L.
Based on the information above, determine the empirical formula of L oxide.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: L = 207, O = 16]
[3 markah / marks]
(ii) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dan nyatakan
bagaimana hendak memastikan bahawa semua udara telah disingkirkan daripada
tabung pembakaran sebelum pemanasan?
Write the chemical equation for the reaction occurred and state how to ensure
that the air in the combustion tube has been removed completely before heating?
[5 markah / marks]
(c) Jadual 20.3 menunjukkan logam-logam dan kaedah yang sesuai untuk menentukan
formula empirik oksida logam masing-masing.
Jadual 20.3 shows the metals and suitable method to determine their metal oxide
empirical formula.
Logam Kaedah
Metal Method
L dan kuprum Gas hidrogen kering dialirkan pada oksida logam dan panas.
L and copper Dry hydrogen gas is flow to hot metal oxide.
Magnesium Logam dibakar dalam udara.
Magnesium Metal is burnt in air.
Jadual / Table 20.3
(i) Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan kaedah itu.
Explain why the methods are different.
[2 markah / marks]
(ii) 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(ce)
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
Nyatakan empat maklumat yang anda dapat tafsirkan daripada persamaan di
atas.
State four informations that you can predict from the above equation.
[4 markah / marks]
(iii) Berdasarkan persamaan kimia di atas, hitungkan isi padu gas oksigen pada STP
yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan 18 g air.
Based on the equation, calculate the volume of oxygen gas needed to produce 18
g of water at STP.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16]
[Isi padu molar gas pada STP / Molar volume of gas at STP = 22.4 dm3]
[3 markah / marks]

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BAHAGIAN / SECTION C

SOALAN / QUESTION 19
19. (a) (i) Jadual 19 menunjukkan tiga jenis bahan kimia yang digunakan dalam pertanian.
Table 19 shows three chemicals used in agriculture.
Bahan kimia Kegunaan
Chemicals Uses
Ammonium fosfat Sebagai baja sintetik
Ammonium phosphate As synthetic fertiliser
Merkuri(I) klorida Digunakan dalam racun perosak
Mercury(I) chloride Used in pesticide
Jadual / Table 19
Tentukan formula kimia bagi setiap bahan kimia dalam Jadual 19.
Determine the chemical formula of each of the chemicals in Table 19.
[2 markah / marks]
(ii) Nitrogen ialah komponen utama dalam klorofil, suatu sebatian dalam tumbuhan
yang menggunakan tenaga matahari untuk menghasilkan gula daripada air dan
karbon dioksida. Ia juga merupakan komponen yang utama bagi asid amino, asas
pembentukan protein. Oleh itu, kebanyakan baja mempunyai peratusan nitrogen
yang tinggi untuk pertumbuhan tanaman. Andaikan anda seorang petani,
tentukan baja yang paling baik di antara yang berikut:
Nitrogen is a major component of chlorophyll, the compound which plants use
sunlight energy to produce sugars from water and carbon dioxide. It is also a
major component of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins. Therefore,
most fertilisers have high content of nitrogen for the growth of plants. Assume
that you are a farmer, determine the best fertiliser among the following:
▪ Ammonium sulfat, (NH4)2SO4
Ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4
▪ Urea, NH2CONH2
Urea, NH2CONH2
▪ Hidrazina, N2H4
Hydrazine, N2H4
Terangkan.
Explain.
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16, S = 32]
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16, S = 32]
[5 markah / marks]
(b) Garam magnesium sulfat terhidrat mempunyai formula MgSO4.7H2O. Garam tersebut
boleh didehidratkan dengan pemanasan. Tulis satu persamaan untuk menunjukkan
pemanasan garam terhidrat tersebut. Kemudian, tentukan jisim maksimum air yang
akan terhasil apabila satu mol garam dipanaskan.
Hydrated magnesium sulphate salt has the formula of MgSO4.7H2O. The salt can be
dehydrated by heating. Write an equation to show the heating of the hydrated salt.
Then, determine the maximum mass of water produced when one mole of the salt is
heated.
[Jisim atom relatif: H = 1, O = 16]
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1, O = 16]
[3 markah / marks]

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(c) Terdapat dua jenis kuprum oksida, kuprum(I) oksida, Cu2O dan kuprum(II) oksida,
CuO. Anda diberi dua kuprum oksida, A dan B. Huraikan satu eksperimen untuk
menentukan sama ada oksida tersebut ialah kuprum(I) oksida atau kuprum(II) oksida
berdasarkan formula empirik.
Huraian anda mesti mengandungi prosedur dan pengiraan untuk menentukan formula
empirik.
There are two types of copper oxide, copper(I) oxide, Cu2O and copper(II) oxide, CuO.
You are given two copper oxides, A and B. Describe an experiment to determine
whether the oxide is copper(I) oxide or copper(II) oxide based on empirical formula.
Your description must include procedure and calculation to determine the empirical
formula.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: O = 16, Cu = 64]
[10 markah / marks]

SOALAN / QUESTION 20
20. (a) Rajah 20 menunjukkan dua budak lelaki memegang dua belon yang diisi dengan
120 cm3 gas karbon dioksida dan 120 cm3 gas hidrogen pada suhu bilik.
Diagram 20 shows two boys holding two similar balloons filled with 120 cm3 carbon
dioxide gas and 120 cm3 hydrogen gas.

H2

CO2

Rajah / Diagram 20
Terangkan mengapa belon yang diisi dengan hidrogen boleh terapung lebih tinggi
apabila dilepaskan walaupun kedua-dua belon mempunyai isi padu yang sama.
Explain why the balloons that are filled with hydrogen will float higher when released
although both balloons have the same volume.
[Jisim molekul relatif: H2 = 2, CO2 = 44; isi padu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 pada suhu
bilik]
[Relative molecular mass: H2 = 2, CO2 = 44; molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol–1 at
room conditions]
[4 markah / marks]

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(b) Litium hidroksida digunakan untuk menyingkirkan karbon dioksida daripada udara
hembusan di kabin kapal angkasa. Hasil X dan air akan terbentuk daripada
penyingkiran tersebut.
Lithium hydroxide is used to remove carbon dioxide from the exhaled air in spaceship
cabin. Product X and water is formed from the removal.
(i) Namakan X. Tulis persamaan kimia yang seimbang bagi mewakili tindak balas
tersebut.
Name X. Write a balanced chemical equation to represent the reaction.
[3 markah / marks]
(ii) Jika setiap angkasawan dianggarkan menghembus 44 g karbon dioksida sejam
secara purata, hitung jisim litium hidroksida yang diperlukan.
If each astronaut is estimated to exhale 42 g carbon dioxide per hour on average,
calculate the mass of lithium hydroxide needed.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: H = 1, Li = 7, C = 12, O = 16]
[3 markah / marks]

(c) Siti diminta untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi oksida logam Y. Dia dibekalkan
dengan serbuk logam Y dan oksida logam Y. Apabila oksida logam Y dipanaskan di
bawah aliran gas hidrogen, tiada perubahan diperhatikan.
Huraikan bagaimana Siti boleh menentukan formula empirik bagi oksida logam Y.
Huraian anda perlu mengandungi prosedur, penjadualan data dan pengiraan untuk
menentukan formula empirik bagi oksida logam Y.
Siti was asked to determine the empirical formula for an oxide of metal Y. She is
supplied with powdered metal Y and oxide of metal Y. When oxide of metal Y is heated
under a stream of hydrogen, no change is observed.
Describe how Siti should determine the empirical formula of the oxide of metal Y. Your
description should include the procedure, tabulation of data and calculation to
determine the empirical formula of oxide of metal Y.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass: Y = 65, O = 16]
[10 markah / marks]

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SKEMA JAWAPAN / ANSWER SCHEME


Soalan Jawapan Markah
Question Answer Marks
1. (a) Formula kimia yang menunjukkan nisbah teringkas bilangan 1 1
atom setiap jenis unsur dalam sesuatu sebatian. //
Chemical formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of
atoms of elements of a compound.
(b) CH2O 1 1
(c) 1 molekul glukosa terdiri daripada 6 atom karbon, 12 atom 1 1
hidrogen dan 6 atom oksigen. //
1 glucose molecule consists of 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen
atoms and 6 oxygen atoms.
(d) (i) Unsur
C H
Element
Bilangan mol 85.71 14.29
= 7.14 = 14.29 1
Number of moles 12 1
Nisbah mol
1 2 1
Mole ratio
Formula empirik / Empirical formula = CH2 1 3
(ii) 28
n = 14 = 2 1
Formula molekul / Molecular formula = C2H4 1 2
Jumlah / Total 8
2. (a) Formula kimia yang menunjukkan nisbah teringkas bilangan 1 1
atom setiap jenis unsur dalam sesuatu sebatian. //
Chemical formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of
atoms of elements of a compound.
(b) Sebagai agen penurunan // 1 1
As reducing agent
(c) Menyingkirkan semua udara dalam tiub pembakaran. // 1 1
To remove all the air in the combustion tube.
(d) Lead(II) oxide // plumbum(II) oksida // PbO 1 1
(e) (i) Mass of copper / Jisim kuprum = 6.4 g 1
Mass of oxygen / Jisim oksigen = 0.8 g 1 2
(ii) Unsur
Cu O
Element
Bilangan mol 6.4 0.8
= 0.1 = 0.05 1
Number of moles 64 16
Nisbah mol
2 1 1 2
Mole ratio
(iii) Cu2O 1 1
Jumlah / Total 9
3. (a) Formula kimia yang menunjukkan nisbah teringkas bilangan 1 1
atom setiap jenis unsur dalam sesuatu sebatian. //
Chemical formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of
atoms of elements of a compound.
(b) Ion // Ion 1 1
(c) Untuk memastikan pengaliran oksigen bagi pembakaran 1 1
lengkap. //
To allow oxygen flow for complete combustion.

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(d) 2.5
Bilangan mol / Number of moles Mg = = 0.104 mol // 1
24
Bilangan mol / Number of moles O = 0.104 mol
Jisim / Mass of O = 0.104 × 16 = 1.67 g 1
X = 24.00 + 1.67 = 25.67g 1 3
(e) Ulang proses pemanasan, penyejukan dan penimbangan 1 1
sehingga jisim malar diperoleh. //
Repeat the heating, cooling and weighing processes until
constant mass is obtained.
(f) (i) Tidak boleh / No 1 2
Plumbum kurang reaktif daripada magnesium. // 1
Lead is less reactive than magnesium.
Jumlah / Total 9
4. (a) x:2 1
y:2 1
z:2 1 3
(b) Bahan tindak balas / reactants: Kalium dan air // Potassium and 1
water
Hasil tindak balas / products: Kalium hidroksida dan hidrogen // 1 2
Potassium hydroxide and hydrogen
(c) 2 mol kalium bertindak balas dengan 2 mol air untuk 1 1
menghasilkan 2 mol kalium hidroksida dan 1 mol hidrogen //
2 mol of potassium reacts with 2 mol of water to produce 2 mol
of potassium hydroxide and 1 mole of hydrogen
(d) 0.05
Bilangan mol / number of moles H2 = = 0.002 mol 1
24
Bilangan mol / number of moles K = 0.002 × 2 = 0.004 mol 1
Jisim / mass of K = 0.004 × 39 = 0.156 g 1 3
Jumlah / Total 9
5. (a) (i) Kuantiti suatu bahan yang mengandungi jumlah zarah yang sama 1 1
dengan bilangan zarah dalam 12 g karbon-12, iaitu pemalar
Avogadro yang bernilai 6.02 × 1023. //
Amount of substance that contains as many particles as the
number of atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12, which is the
Avogadro’s constant 6.02 × 1023.
(ii) 4
Bilangan mol / number of moles Y = 40 = 0.1 mol 1
2 mol Y : 2 mol YO // 1
0.1 mol Y : 0.1 mol YO
Jisim / mass of YO = 0.1 × 56 = 5.6 g 1 3
(b) (i) 4Fe(p) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(p) // 1 1
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s)
(ii) 4 mol pepejal ferum bertindak balas dengan 3 mol gas oksigen 2 2
menghasilkan 2 mol pepejal ferum(III) oksida. //
4 mol of solid iron reacts with 3 mole of oxygen gas produces 2
mol of solid iron(III) oxide.

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(c) Unsur
C H
Element
Bilangan mol 85.7 14.3
= 7.1 = 14.3 1
Number of moles 12 1
Nisbah mol
1 2 1
Mole ratio
Formula empirik / Empirical formula = CH2 1
Formula molekul / Molecular formula = C3H6 1 4
Jumlah / Total 11
6. (a) (i) Formula kimia yang menunjukkan bilangan atom sebenar bagi 1 1
seitap unsur dalam molekul suatu sebatian. //
Chemical formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each
element in a molecule of a compound.
(ii) C2H5 1 1
(iii) Bahan tindak balas ialah propana dan gas oksigen. Hasil tindak 1
balas ialah gas karbon dioksida dan air. //
Reactants are propane and oxygen gas. Products are carbon
dioxide gas and water.
1 mol gas propana bertindak balas dengan 5 mol gas oksigen 2 3
untuk menghasilkan 3 mol gas karbon dioksida dan 4 mol air. //
1 mol of propane gas reacts with 5 mol of oxygen gas to produce
3 mol of carbon dioxide gas and 4 mol of water.
(b) (i) Unsur
M O
Element
Mass (g)
6.4 1.6 1
Jisim (g)
Bilangan mol 6.4 1.6
= 0.1 = 0.05 1
Number of moles 64 16
Nisbah mol
1 1 1
Mole ratio
Formula empirik / Empirical formula = MO 1 4
(ii) MO + H2 → M + H2O 1 1
(iii) Tambah serbuk zink ke dalam kelalang kon yang diisi dengan 1 1
asid hidroklorik. //
Add zinc powder into a conical flask filled with hydrochloric
acid.
Jumlah / Total 11
7. (a) Kuprum(II) karbonat 2 2
Copper(II) carbonate

0
0

01:30

Limewater
Air kapur

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(b) Pepejal hijau menjadi hitam. // Green solid turns black. 1


Air kapur yang tidak berwarna menjadi keruh. // Colourless 1 2
limewater turns cloudy.
(c) Kuprum(II) oksida dan karbon dioksida // 1 1
Copper(II) oxide and carbon dioxide
(d) Bilangan mol / number of moles CuCO3 1
3.1
= 124
= 0.025 mol
1 mol CuCO3 : 1 mol CuO // 1 3
0.025 mol CuCO3 : 0.025 mol CuO
Jisim / mass of CuO = 0.025 × 80 = 2 g 1
(e) 1 mol CuCO3 : 1 mol CO2 // 1
0.025 mol CuCO3 : 0.025 mol CO2
Isi padu / Volume of CO2 = 0.025 × 24 = 0.6 dm3 1 2
Jumlah / Total 10
8. (a) Formula kimia yang menunjukkan nisbah teringkas bilangan 1 1
atom setiap jenis unsur dalam sesuatu sebatian. //
Chemical formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of
atoms of elements of a compound.
(b) C10H12NO 1 1
(c) 88
n = 44 = 2 1
Formula molekul / Molecular formula: C4H8O2 1 2
(d) (i) 2 mol natrium azida terurai menghasilkan 1 mol natrium dan 3 1 1
mol nitrogen. //
2 mol of sodium azide decompose to produce 1 mol of sodium
and 3 mol of nitrogen.
(ii) Bilangan mol / Number of moles NaN3
19.5
1
= 1
65
= 0.3 mol
2 mol NaN3 : 3 mol N2 // 1 3
0.3 mol NaN3 : 0.45 mol N2 //
Isi padu / Volume of N2 = 0.45 × 24 = 10.8 dm3
Jumlah / Total 8
9. (a) (i) Tidak terlarutkan / Insoluble 1 1
(ii) Unsur
Ca C O
Element
Jisim (g)
40.0 12.0 48.0 1
Mass (g)
Bilangan mol 40.0 12.0 48.0
=1 =1 =3 1
Number of moles 40 12 16
Nisbah mol
1 1 3 1
Mole ratio
Formula empirik
CaCO3 1 4
Empirical formula
(b) (i) CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O 2 2
(ii) 3 mol 1 1

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(iii) Bilangan mol / Number of moles HCl = 0.5 × 0.025 = 0.0125 mol 1
2 mol HCl : 1 mol CO2 // 1
0.0125 mol HCl : 0.00625 mol CO2
Isi padu / Volume of CO2 = 0.00625 × 24 = 0.15 dm3 1 3
Jumlah / Total 11
10. (a) (i) Formula kimia yang menunjukkan bilangan atom sebenar bagi 1 1
setiap unsur dalam molekul suatu sebatian. //
Chemical formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each
element in a molecule of a compound.
(ii) Karbon, hidrogen dan oksigen. // 1 1
Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
(iii) Bahan tindak balas ialah zink dan asid etanoik. // 1
Reactants are zinc and ethanoic acid.
Hasil tindak balas ialah zink etanoat dan hidrogen. // 1
Products are zinc ethanoate and hydrogen.
1 mol zink bertindak balas dengan 2 mol asid etanoik untuk 1 3
menghasilkan 1 mol zink etanoat dan 1 mol hidrogen. //
1 mol of zinc reacts with 2 mol of ethanoic acid to produce 1 mol
of zinc ethanoate and 1 mol of hydrogen.
(b) (i) ZnCO3 + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + CO2 + H2O 1 1
(ii) Bilangan mol / Number of moles H2SO4 1
= 2.0 × 0.005
= 0.01 mol
1 mol H2SO4 : 1 mol CO2 // 1 3
0.01 mol H2SO4 : 0.01 mol CO2
Isi padu / Volume of CO2 = 0.01 × 24 1
= 0.24 dm3
Jumlah / Total 9
11. (a) Anion / Anion 1 1
(b) Ion kuprum(II), ion karbonat 1 1
Copper(II) ion, carbonate ion
(c) Pb(NO3)2 1 1
(d) (i) Pb(NO3)2 + 2KI → PbI2 + 2KNO3 2 2
(ii) Larutan kalium nitrat 1 1
Potassium nitrate solution
(iii) 1 mol Pb(NO3)2 : 1 mol PbI2 // 1
0.05 mol Pb(NO3)2 : 0.05 mol PbI2
Jisim / Mass of PbI2 = 0.05 × 461 1 2
= 23.05 g
Jumlah / Total 8
12. (a) Zink klorida / Zinc chloride : ZnCl2 1
Zink nitrat / Zinc nitrate : Zn(NO3)2 1 2
(b) (i) Argentum nitrat, zink klorida // Silver nitrate, zinc chloride 1 1
(ii) Argentum klorida, zink nitrat // Silver chloride, zinc nitrate 1 1
(iii) 2AgNO3 + ZnCl2 → 2AgCl + Zn(NO3)2 2 2

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(c) (i) 2 mol pepejal argentum nitrat terurai menghasilkan 2 mol pepejal 2 2
argentum, 2 mol gas nitrogen dioksida dan 1 mol gas oksigen.//
2 mol of solid silver nitrate decomposes to form 2 mol of solid,
2 mol of nitrogen dioxide gas and 1 mol of oxygen gas.
(ii) 2 mol AgNO3 : 3 mol gas // 1
1 mol AgNO3 : 1.5 mol gas
Bilangan gas molekul / Number of gas molecules = 9.03 × 1023 1 2
molekul / molecules
(iii) Bilangan mol / Number of moles AgNO3 = 0.5 mol 1
2 mol AgNO3 : 2 mol AgCl // 1
0.5 mol AgNO3 : 0.5 mol AgCl
Jisim / Mass of Ag = 54 g 1 3
Jumlah / Total 13
13. (a) MgCO3 1 1
(b) (i) MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 1 1
(ii) Bilangan mol / Number of moles of MgCO3 = 0.05 mol 1
1 mol MgCO3 : 1 mol MgO // 1
0.05 mol MgCO3 : 0.05 mol MgO
Jisim / Mass of MgO = 2 g 1 3
(c) (i) Penutup
Lid
Pita magnesium
Magnesium ribbon
Mangkuk pijar 2 2
Crucible

Panaskan
Heat

(d) Unsur
Mg O
Element
Mass (g) 1
1.2 0.8
Jisim (g)
Bilangan mol 1.2 0.8
= 0.05 = 0.05 1
Number of moles 24 16
Nisbah mol
1 1 1
Mole ratio
Formula empirik / Empirical formula = MgO 1 4
Jumlah / Total 11
14. (a) (i) CnH2n+2 1 1
(ii) 1: 2 1 1
(iii) H H H H H
| | | | |
H–C–C–C–C–C–H 1 1
| | | | |
H H H H H
(b) (i) X: Zink oksida / Zinc oxide 1
Y: Karbon dioksida / Carbon dioxide 1 2
(ii) Kuning apabila panas dan putih apabila sejuk. // 1 1

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Yellow when hot and white when cold.


(iii) Bilangan mol / Number of moles ZnCO3 = 0.04 mol 1
1 mol ZnCO3 : 1 mol Y // 1
0.04 mol ZnCO3 : 0.04 mol Y
Isi padu / Volume of Y = 0.96 dm3 1 3
Jumlah / Total 9
15. (a) (i) Formula kimia yang menunjukkan bilangan atom sebenar bagi 1 1
setiap unsur dalam molekul suatu sebatian. //
Chemical formula that shows the actual number of atoms of each
element in a molecule of a compound.
(ii) 58 1 1
(iii) C2H5 1 1
(iv) Jenis unsur yang sama / C dan H //
1
Same type of elements / C and H
Bilangan atom yang berbeza bagi setiap unsur.
1 2
Different number of atoms of each element.
(b) (i) Kuning / Yellow 1 1
(ii) Bahan tindak balas: Kalium iodida / plumbum(II) nitrat // 1
Reactant: Potassium iodide / lead(II) nitrate
Hasil tindak balas: Kalium nitrat / plumbum(II) iodida // 1 2
Product: Potassium nitrate / lead(II) iodide
(iii) Pepejal / Solid 1 1
(iv) Bilangan mol / Number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 = 0.01 mol 1
1 mol Pb(NO3)2 → 1 mol PbI2 // 1
0.01 mol Pb(NO3)2 → 0.01 mol PbI2
Jisim / Mass of PbI2 = 4.61 g 1 3
Jumlah / Total 12
16. (a) Formula molekul / Molecular formula: C4H6O6 1
Formula empirik / Empirical formula: C2H3O3 1
Sebatian mengandungi unsur karbon, hidrogen dan oksigen. // 1
The compound consists of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Satu molekul asid tartarik mengandungi 4 atom karbon, 6 1 4
hidrogen dan 6 atom oksigen. //
One molecule of tartaric acid consists of 4 carbon atoms, 6
hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms.
(b) (i) 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2O3 2 2
(ii) Jisim / Mass of Fe = 2.0 g 1
2
Bilangan mol / Number of mole Fe = 56 = 0.0357 mol 1
4 mol Fe : 3 mol O2 // 1
0.0357 mol Fe : 0.0268 mol O2
Isi padu / Volume O2 = 0.0268 × 24 = 0.643 dm3 / 643 cm3 1 4
Jumlah / Total 10
17. (a) (i) Kalsium karbonat / Calcium carbonate 1
Asid hidroklorik / Hydrochloric acid 1 2
(ii) Kalsium klorida / Calcium chloride 1
Jisim molekul relatif / Relative molecular mass CaCl2 = 75.5 1
Peratus / Percentage Ca = 52.98% 1 3

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(iii) CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O 2


Bilangan mol / Number of moles of CaCO3 = 0.5 mol 1
1 mol CaCO3 : 1 mol CO2 // 1
0.5 mol CaCO3 : 0.5 mol CO2
Isi padu / Volume of CO2 = 12 dm3 1 5
(b) (i) Formula kimia yang menunjukkan nisbah teringkas bilangan 1
atom setiap jenis unsur dalam sesuatu sebatian. //
Chemical formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of
atoms of elements of a compound.
Formula empirik / Empirical formula = CH2O 1
Formula empirik menunjukkan nisbah teringkas C: H: O ialah 1: 1
2: 1.
Empirical formula shows the simplest ratio of C: H: O is 1: 2: 1.
Formula molekul menunjukkan bilangan atom sebenar dalam 1 4
nisbah C: H: O ialah 2: 4: 2.
Molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms in the ratio
of C: H: O is 2: 4: 2.
(ii) Bilangan mol / Number of moles CH3COOH = 4 mol 1
Bilangan molekul / Number of molecules CH3COOH 1 2
= 2.48 × 1024 molekul / molecules
(iii) Jisim / Mass of 3 mol CH3COOH = 3 × 60 = 180 g 1
Jisim 2 mol asid laktik / Mass of 2 mol lactic acid = 180 g // 1
Jisim 1 mol asid laktik / Mass of 1 mol lactic acid = 90 g
90
n = 30 = 3 1
Formula molekul Molecular formula = C3H6O3 1 4
Jumlah / Total 20
18. (a) Jenis formula Formula empirik Formula molekul
Types of formula Empirical formula Molecular formula
Formula
CH2 C2H4
Formula
Jenis unsur Karbon dan Karbon dan
Types of elements hidrogen // hidrogen //
Carbon and Carbon and 1
hydrogen hydrogen
Bilangan atom 2 atom karbon dan
1 atom karbon dan
setiap unsur 4 atom hidrogen //
2 atom hidrogen //
Number of atoms 2 carbon atoms 1
1 carbon atom and
for each element and 4 hydrogen
2 hydrogen atoms
atoms
Jisim relatif
molekul
14 28 1 3
Molecule relative
mass

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(b) (i) Unsur


L O
Element
Mass (g)
49.68 3.84 1
Jisim (g)
Bilangan mol 49.68 3.84
= 0.24 = 0.24 1
Number of moles 207 16
Nisbah mol
1 1
Mole ratio
Formula empirik / Empirical formula = LO 1 3
(ii) LO + H2 → L + H2O 2
Kumpulkan gas ke dalam tabung uji. // 1
Collect gas in a test tube.
Dekatkan kayu uji menyala pada mulut tabung uji. // 1
Place a burning wooden splinter at mouth of test tube.
Sehingga bunyi ‘pop’ terhasil. // 1 5
Until ‘pop’ sound is produced.
(c) (i) L dan kuprum kurang reaktif daripada hidrogen. // 1
L and copper is less reactive than hydrogen.
Magnesium lebih reaktif daripada hidrogen. // 1 2
Magnesium is more reactive than hydrogen.
(ii) Bahan tindak balas ialah hidrogen dan oksigen. // 1
Reactants are hydrogen and oxygen.
Bahan tindak balas ialah air. // 1
Product is water.
Hidrogen dan oksigen ialah gas, air ialah cecair. // 1
Hydrogen and oxygen are gases, water is liquid.
2 mol hidrogen bertindak balas dengan 1 mol oksigen untuk 1 4
menghasilkan 2 mol air. //
2 mol of hydrogen reacts with 1 mol of oxygen to produce 2 mol
of water.
(iii) Bilangan mol / Number of moles of H2O = 1 mol 1
2 mol H2O : 1 mol O2 // 1
1 mol H2O : 0.5 mol O2
Isi padu / Volume of O2 = 11.2 dm3 1 3
Jumlah / Total 20
19. (a) (i) Ammonium fosfat / Ammonium phosphate: (NH4)3PO4 1
Merkuri(I) klorida / Mercury(I) chloride: HgCl 1 2
(ii) Peratusan nitrogen dalam / Nitrogen percentage in:
(NH4)2SO4 = 21.21% 1
NH2CONH2 = 46. 67% 1
N2H4 = 87.5% 1
Hidrazina ialah pilihan terbaik. // 1
Hydrazine is the best choice.
Hydrazina mempunyai peratusan nitrogen paling tinggi. // 1 5
Hydrazine has the highest percentage of nitrogen.
(b) MgSO4.7H2O → MgSO4 + 7H2O 1
1 mol MgSO4.7H2O : 7 mol H2O 1
Jisim H2O = 126 g 1 3

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(c) Prosedur / Procedure:


1. Rekod jisim salur kaca. // 1
Record mass of glass tube.
2. Isi A pada tengah salur kaca dan rekod jisim salur kaca. // 1
Fill A to the middle of tube dan record mass of glass tube.
3. Alirkan gas hidrogen ke dalam salur kaca pada satu hujung 1
dan keluar pada hujung yang lain ke dalam air. //
Flow hydrogen gas into the glass tube at one end and out at
the other end into water.
4. Panaskan A selepas 10 saat sehingga A menjadi perang, 1
sejukkan dan rekod jisim salur kaca. //
Heat A after 10 seconds until A turns brown, cool and record
the mass of glass tube.
5. Ulang proses pemanasan, penyejukan dan penimbangan 1
sehingga jisim tetap diperoleh dan rekod jisim. //
Repeat the heating, cooling and weighing processes until
constant mass is obtained and record the mass.
6. Ulang langkah 1 – 6 dengan menggantikan A dengan B. 1
Repeat steps 1 – 6 by replacing A with B.

Pengiraan / Calculation:
Penerangan Jisim (g)
Description Mass (g)
Salur kaca
a 1
Glass tube
Salur kaca dan kuprum oksida sebelum
pemanasan b
Glass tube and copper oxide before heating
Salur kaca dan kuprum oksida selepas
pemanasan c
Glass tube and copper oxide after heating
Kuprum
c – a = m1 1
Copper
Oksigen
b – c = m2
Oxygen

Unsur
Cu O
Element
Bilangan mol 𝑚1 𝑚2
64 16
1
Number of mole
Nisbah teringkas
p q
Simplest ratio
Formula empirik
CupOq 1 10
Empirical formula
Jumlah / Total 20

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20. (a) Bilangan mol / Number of moles CO2 = 0.005 mol // 1


Bilangan mol / Number of moles H2 = 0.005 mol
Jisim / mass of CO2 = 0.22 g 1
Jisim / mass of H2 = 0.01 g 1
Jisim H2 lebih ringan dari CO2. // Mass of H2 is lighter than CO2. 1 4
(b) (i) Litium karbonat / Lithium carbonate 1
2LiOH + CO2 → Li2CO3 + H2O 2 3
(ii) Bilangan mol / Number of moles CO2 = 1 mol 1
1 mol CO2 : 2 mol LiOH 1
Jisim / mass of LiOH = 48 g 1 3
(c) Prosedur / Procedure:
1. Record jisim mangkuk pijar dan penutup. // 1
Weigh mass of crucible and lid.
2. Isi mangkuk pijar dengan serbuk logam Y dan rekod jisim. // 1
Fill crucible with metal Y powder and record mass.
3. Panaskan dengan kuat dan tutup dengan penutup apabila 1
mula terbakar. //
Heat strongly and close with lid when it starts burning.
4. Buka dan tutup penutup sekali-sekala. // 1
Open and close lid from time to time.
5. Henti apabila pembakaran lengkap, sejukkan dan rekodkan
jisim. // 1
Stop when burning is complete, cool and record mass.
6. Ulangi proses pemanasan, penyejukan dan penimbangan
sehingga jisim tetap diperoleh dan rekod jisim. // 1
Repeat heating, cooling and weighing processes until
constant mass is obtained and record mass.
Pengiraan / Calculation:
Jisim (g)
Mass (g)
Mangkuk pijak
a
Crucible
Mangkuk pijak + logam Y 1
b
Crucible + metal Y
Mangkuk pijak + logam oksida Y
c
Crucible + oxide of metal Y
Y b – a = m1
Oksigen /
c – c = m2 1
Oxygen

Unsur
Y O
Element
Bilangan mol 𝑚1 𝑚2
Number of mole 65 16
1
Nisbah teringkas
p q
Simplest ratio
Formula empirik
YpOq 1 10
Empirical formula
Jumlah / Total 20

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BAB 4: JADUAL BERKALA


CHAPTER 5: THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS

BAHAGIAN A / SECTION A

(PENANG 2020, QUESTION 1)


1. Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan kedudukan beberapa unsur-unsur A, B, C, D, E, F, G dan H.
Diagram 1.1 shows the position of several elements A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H.

Rajah/ Diagram 1.1

Dengan menggunakan simbol A, B, C, D, E, F, G dan H, jawab soalan-soalan berikut.


By using the symbols A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H, answer the following questions.
(a) Nyatakan satu unsur yang boleh dikelaskan di bawah Kumpulan 1.
State one element which you would classify under Group 1.

……………………………..………………………………..………….......………….…
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(b) Nyatakan unsur yang wujud sebagai molekul dwiatom.


State the element that exists as diatomic molecule.

……………………………..………………………………..………….......………….…
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(c) Mengapa unsur B tidak reaktif secara kimia.


Why is element B chemically unreactive.

……………………………..………………………………..………….......………….…
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(d) (i) Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom E.


Write the electron arrangement of atom E.

……...………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Nyatakan kedudukan unsur E dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur.


State the position of element E in the Periodic Table.

……...………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

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(e) Maklumat di bawah menunjukkan ciri istimewa bagi suatu unsur dalam Rajah 6.2.
The information below shows the special characteristics of an element in Diagram 6.2

• Membentuk sebatian berwarna


Form coloured compounds

• Bertindak sebagai mangkin


Acts as catalyst

Rajah / Diagram 1.2

(i) Unsur yang manakah menunjukkan sifat di atas?


Which of the element shows the above characteristics?

……...………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Namakan kumpulan unsur di (e)(i).


Name the group of element in (e)(i).

……...………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

( PERAK 2020, QUESTION 2)


2. Jadual 1 menunjukkan sebahagian unsur yang terdapat pada Kala 3 di dalam Jadual Berkala
Unsur dan bilangan nombor protonnya.
Table 1 shows some of the elements found in Period 3 of the Periodic Table of Elements and
their respective proton numbers.

Jadual/ Table 1

Berdasarkan jadual, jawab soalan-soalan yang berikut.


Based on this table, answer the following questions.
(a) Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom argon.
Write the electron arrangement for atom argon.

……...……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

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(b) Takrifkan Kala dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur.


Define Period in the Periodic Table of Element.

……...……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]
(c) (i) Apakah yang akan terjadi kepada saiz atom bagi sesuatu unsur apabila merentasi
Kala 3 Jadual Berkala Unsur dari natrium hingga argon.
What will happen to the atomic size of the element when across Period 3 of the
Periodic Table of Elements from sodium to argon?

……...………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Terangkan jawapan anda di (c) (i).


Explain your answer in (c) (i).

……...………………………………………………………………………………

……...………………………………………………………………………………

……...………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / 2 marks]

(d) Namakan unsur yang membentuk oksida amfoterik.


Name an element that forms an amphoteric oxide.

……...……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(e) Atom bagi unsur-unsur natrium dan klorin boleh bertindak balas membentuk suatu
sebatian.
Atoms of the elements sodium and chlorine can react to form a compound.
(i) Nyatakan jenis ikatan dalam sebatian yang terbentuk.
State the type of bond in the compound formed.

……...………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.


Draw the electron arrangement for the compound formed.

[2 markah / 2 marks]

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(FINAL YEAR EXAM SBP FORM 4 2016, QUESTION 3)


3. Rajah 3 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Jadual Berkala Unsur. A, B, C, D,Edan F bukan
merupakan simbol sebenar unsur.
Diagram 3 shows part of the Periodic Table of Elements. A, B, C, D, E
and F are not the actual symbols of the elements.

B C

D E

Rajah/ Diagram 2

(a) (i) E terletak di dalam Kumpulan 17. Apakah nama lain bagi Kumpulan 17?
E is situated in Group 17. What is another name of Group 17?

……...………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom E.


Write the electron arrangement for E atom.

……...………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(b) Susunkan A, B, C, D, E dan F dalam tertib menaik saiz atom.


Arrange A, B, C, D, E and F in ascending order of the atomic size.

……...……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(c) Unsur manakah gas monoatom? Berikan satu sebab.


Which element is monoatomic gas? Give a reason.

……...……………………………………………………………………………………

……...……………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / 2 marks]

(d) D dan F berada di dalam kumpulan yang sama dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur. Apabila D
dan F dimasukkan ke dalam air, satu larutan beralkali terhasil.
D and F are placed in the same group in the Periodic Table of Elements. When D and
F are put into water, an alkaline solution is formed.
(i) Unsur yang manakah lebih reaktif?
Which element is more reactive?

……...………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

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(ii) Terangkan jawapan anda di d(i).


Explain your answer in d(i).

……...………………………………………………………………………………

……...………………………………………………………………………………

……...………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / 2 marks]

(TICKET TO VICTORY PERAK, NO 2)


4. Jadual menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen untuk mengkaji sifat oksida bes dan
oksida asid unsur-unsur dalam Kala 3 Jadual Berkala Unsur.
Table shows the results for an experiment to study the properties of basic oxide and acidic
oxide of elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table of Elements.
Formula kimia bagi Ditambah kepada natrium Ditambah kepada asid
oksida unsur hidroksida nitrik
Chemical formula of Added to sodium Added to hydrochloric
oxides of elements hydroxide acid.
X2O3 Tindak balas berlaku Tindak balas berlaku
Reaction occurs Reaction occurs
Y2O Tiada tindak balas Tindak balas berlaku
No reaction Reaction occurs
Z2O Tindak balas berlaku Tiada tindak balas
Reaction occurs No reaction

Jadual/ Table 2

(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan kala?


What is meant by period?

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(b) Berdasarkan jadual, nyatakan oksida bagi unsur yang menunjukkan


Based on table, state the oxide of element that shows

Sifat berasid
Acidic property: ………………………………………………………………..

Sifat amfoterik:
Amphoteric property: ………………………………………………………….

Sifat berbes:
Basic property:…………………………………………………………………
[3 markah / 3 marks]

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(c) Antara unsur Y dan Z, manakah yang mempunyai saiz atom yang lebih kecil?
Nyatakan satu sebab bagi jawapan.
Which element Y or Z, has the smaller atomic size? State one reason for the answer.

……...………………………………………………………………………........………

……...………………………………………………………………………….......……
[2 markah / 2 marks]

(d) Nyatakan nama bagi X2O3.


State the name of X2O3.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(e) Huraikan secara ringkas langkah yang diambil untuk menentukan sifat oksida bagi
sebatian yang dinamakan di 2(d)(i)
Describe briefly the steps taken to determine the oxide properties of compound named
in 2(d)(i).

……...………………………………………………………………………........………

……...………………………………………………………………………….......……

……...………………………………………………………………………........………

……...………………………………………………………………………….......……
[3 markah / 3 marks]

BAHAGIAN B / SECTION B

QUESTION 5 (TICKET TO VICTORY PERAK, QUESTION 1 ESSAY)


5. Rajah 3 menunjukkan perwakilan piawai bagi unsur klorin dan unsur bromin.
Diagram 3 shows the standard representation for element chlorine and bromine.

Rajah 3 / Diagram 3

(a) Nyatakan warna dan keadaan fizik bagi unsur klorin dan unsur bromin pada
suhu bilik.
State the colour and physical state for element chlorine and element bromine at
room temperature.
[4 markah / marks]
(b) Tulis susunan elektron bagi atom unsur klorin.
Nyatakan kedudukan atom ini dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur.
Terangkan jawapan anda.
Write the electron arrangement for the atom of the element chlorine. State
the position of this element in the Periodic table of Elements. Explain your
answer.
[5 markah / marks]

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(c) Bandingkan daya tarikan antara nukleus dan elektron dalam atom antara unsur
klorin dengan unsur bormin dan kaitkan dengan kereaktifan masing-masing.
Compare the attractive forces between the nucleus and the electrons in the atom
between element chlorine with element bromine and relate this to their respective
reactivity.
[4 markah / marks]
(d) Apabila klorin bertindak balas dengan air, larutan berasid akan terbentuk,
When chlorine react with water, an acidic solution is formed.

(i) Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas klorin dengan air.
Namakan asid-asid yang terhasil.
Write a chemical equation between chlorine and water.
Name the acids formed.
[4 markah / marks]
(ii) Nyatakan pemerhatian apabila sehelai kertas litmus biru dimasukkan ke
dalam hasil tindak balas. Jelaskan jawapan anda.
State the observation when a blue litmus added into the products. Explain
you answer.
[3 markah / marks]

BAHAGIAN C / SECTION C

(MRSM 2019, QUESTION 9)


6. (a) Rajah 4 menunjukkan keratan akhbar mengenai kecederaan akibat daripada letupan
belon hydrogen yang terdedah kepada punca api berhampiran.
Diagram 4 shows a newspaper cutting about injury caused by explosion of hydrogen
balloons that are exposed to source of flame nearby.

Rajah/ Diagram 4

Nyatakan sebab belon tersebut meletup. Namakan gas yang sesuai untuk
menggantikan gas hydrogen dan terangkan jawapan anda.
State the reason the balloons explode. Name the suitable gas to replace the hydrogen
gas and explain your answer.
[4 marks / 4 markah]

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(b) Jadual 3 menunjukkan pemerhatian apabila besi bertindak balas dengan klorin
dan gas bromin.
Table 3 shows the observation when iron reacts with chlorine and bromine gases.

Tindak balas Bahan tindak balas Pemerhatian


Reaction Reactants Observation
I Besi + Gas klorin Wul besi pans menyala cepat dengan
Iron + Chlorine gas nyalaan terang. Pepejal perang
terbentuk.
The hot iron wool ignites rapidly with a
bright flame. A brown solid is formed.
II Besi + Gas bromin Wul besi panas menyala dengan
Iron + Bromine gas nyalaan sederhana terang dan sederhana
cepat. Pepejal perang terbentuk.
The hot iron wool glows bright and
moderately fast. A brown solid is
formed.

Jadual/ Table 3

Berdasarkan Jadual 3,
Based on Table 3,
(i) Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas II.
Write the chemical equation for Reaction II.

(ii) Bandingkan kereaktifan kedua-dua tindak balas. Terangkan jawapan anda.


Compare the reactivity of both reactions. Explain your answer.
[6 markah / 6 marks]

(c) Logam berikut terletak di kumpulan 1 dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur.


The following metals are placed in Group 1 in the Periodic Table of Elements.

Dengan menggunakan semua logam yang diberi, huraikan satu eksperimen untuk
menyiasat kereaktifan logam dengan air. Sertakan dalam jawapan anda pemerhatian
bagi eksperimen dan mana-mana satu persamaan kimia yang terlibat.
By using all the metals given, describe an experiment to investigate the reactivity of
metals with water. In your answer include observations of the experiment and any one
of the chemical equations involved.

[10 markah / 10 marks]

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SKEMA JAWAPAN / ANSWER SCHEME

No Rubric Marks
Rubrik Markah
1. (a) C // G 1 1
(b) F 1 1
(c) Atom B telah mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil Atom B 1 1
has achieved a stable octet electron arrangement
(d) (i) 2.8.5 1 1
(ii) Kumpulan 15, Kala 3//Group 15, Period 3 1 1

(e) (i) H 1 1
(ii) Unsur peralihan //Transition elements 1 1
(f) Sebatian ion // Ionic compound 1 2
GF 1

JUMLAH/ TOTAL 9

No Rubric Marks
Rubrik Markah
2 (a) 2.8.8 1 1
(b) Baris mengufuk dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur 1 1
Horizontal row in the Periodic Table of Elements
(c) (i) Saiz atom berkurangan 1
Atomic size becomes smaller
(ii) Bilangan proton semakin bertambah apabila merentasi kala 1
daripada natrium ke argon .
Daya tarikan antara nukleus dengan elektron dalam tiga petala 1
yang terisi dengan elektron semakin kuat. Ini menyebabkan
saizatom semakin berkurangan daripada natrium ke argon.
Number of proton increases when across the period from sodium 3
to argon.
Force of attraction between nucleus and electrons becomes
stronger.
This causes the atomic size decreases from sodium to argon.

(d) Aluminium 1 1
(e) (i) Ionic bond // Ikatan ion 1
(ii) 1. Correct charge / Cas betul 1
2. Correct electron arrangement and number of shells 1
Susunan elektron dan bilangan petala betul

Total / Jumlah 9

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Rubric Marks
No Rubrik Markah
3 (a) (i) Halogen // Halogen 1 1
(ii) 2.8.7 1 1
(b) A, C, B, E, D, F 1 1
(c) 1. C 1 2
2. Atom C has achieved stable octet electron arrangement // 1
Atom C telah mencapai susunan elektron oktet yang stabil
(d) (i) F 1 1
(ii) 1. Atom F has bigger radius/atomic size than atom D // Atom F 2
1
has more number of shell occupied with electrons than atom
D // Jejari/saiz atom F lebih besar berbanding atom
D // Atom R mempunyai bilangan petala berisi elektron
lebih banyak berbanding atom D
1
2. Force attraction between nucleus and valence electron in
atom F is weaker than atom D // daya tarikan antara
nukleus dan elektron valens dalam atom F lebih lemah
berbanding atom D.
Jumlah / Total 8
4 (a) Baris mengufuk dalam Jadual Berkala Unsur // 1 1
The horizontal rows in the Periodic Table of Elements
(b) Sifat berasid / Acidic property : Z2O 1
Sifat amfoterik /Amphoteric property : X2O3 1
Sifat berbes / Basic property : Y2O 1 3
(c) 1. Z 1
2. Bilangan proton dalam atom Z adalah lebih tinggi 1 2
daripada Y
The number of protons in atom Z is higher than atom Y //
Daya tarikan antara nukleus and elektron dalam atom Z
lebih kuat.
The attractive forces between nucleus and electron in atom Z
is stronger
(d) Aluminiun oksida // Aluminium oxide 1 1
(e) 1. Masukkan ¼ spatula serbuk X2O3 / aluminium oksida ke dalam 1
dua tabung uji yang berasingan.
Fill ¼ spatula of X2O3 / aluminium oxide powder into two
separate test tubes.
2. Tambahkan 5.0 cm3 larutan natrium hidroksida
2.0 mol dm-3 ke dalam tabung uji pertama dan 5.0 cm3 asid
1
nitrik 2.0 mol dm-3 ke dalam tabung uji kedua. 3
Add 5.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3sodium hydroxide solution into first
test tube and 5.0 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 nitric acid into the second
test tube
1
3. Aluminium oksida larut dalam kedua-dua larutan natrium
hidroksida dan asid nitrik.
X2O3 / Aluminium oxide dissolve in both sodium hydroxide and
nitric acid.
Jumlah / Total 8

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No. Skema Marks


Markah
5. (a)

Unsur Klorin Bromin


element Chlorine Bromine
Warna 1. Kuning kehijauan 2. Perang // 1+1
Colour // Greenish yellow Brown 4
Keadaan fizik 3. Gas // Gas 4. Cecair //
Physical state liquid 1+1

(b) 1. Susunan elektron atom klorin ialah 2.8.7 // 1


Electron arrangement of chlorine atom is 2.8.7
2. Kumpulan 17 // Group 17 1
3. Atom klorin mempunyai 7 elektron valens // 1
Chlorine atom has 7 valence electrons
4. Kala 3 // Period 3
5. Atom klorin mempunyai tiga petala berisi dengan elektron. // 1
Chlorine atom has three shells 1 5
occupied with electrons.
(c) 1. Saiz atom klorin lebih kecil daripada atom bromin. // 1
Atomic size of chlorine atom is smaller than
bromine atom.
2. Daya tarikan antara nukleus dengan elektron atom klorin adalah 1
lebih kuat. //The attractive forces between nucleus and electron of
chlorine atom is stronger.
3. Atom klorin lebih mudah menerima elektron // 1
Chlorine atom is easier to receive electron.
4. Klorin lebih reaktif daripada bromin. //
Chlorine is more reactive than bromine 1 4
(d) (i) 1. Formula bahan dan hasil tindak balas betul 1
2. Persamaan kimia yang seimbang 1
Cl2 + H2O → HCl + HOCl
3. Asid hidroklorik // Hydrochloric acid 1 4
4. Asid hipoklorous // Hypochlorous acid 1

(ii) 1. Kertas litmus biru berubah kepada merah dan akhirnya 1


menjadi putih //
Blue litmus paper turns red and finally to white. 1
2. Hasil bersifat asid // Product has acidic property
3. Hasil merupakan agen peluntur yang melunturkan warna kertas 1
litmus //
Product is a bleaching agent that bleaches thecolour of litmus 3
paper.
Jumlah/Total 20

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No Rubric Marks
Rubrik Markah
6. (a) 1. Hidrogen sangat mudah terbakar 1
Hydrogen is very flammable
2. Pembakaran hidrogen sangat eksotermik/ menghasilkan haba yang 1
banyak
The reaction/combustion is highly exothermic / produces a lot of heat. 4
3. Helium / Helium 1
4. Helium tidak reaktif/ lengai/ringan 1
Helium is chemically unreactive// inert //lighter
(b) 1. Formula bagi bahan dan hasil tindak balas yang betul 1
Correct formulae of reactants and product
2. Persamaan yang seimbang 1
Balanced equation
2Fe + 3Br2 → 2FeBr3
3. Tindak balas I lebih reaktif daripada tindak balas II. 1
The reactivity of reaction I is higher than reaction II. 6
4. Saiz atom klorin lebih kecil dari atom bromin 1
The atomic size of chlorine is smaller than bromine
5. Daya tarikan antara nukleus dan elektron valens atom klorin lebih 1
kuat
The forces of attraction between the nucleus and the valence 1
electrons of chlorine atom is stronger
6. Atom klorin lebih senang menarik elektron
Chlorine atom is easier to attract electron 1
(c) 1. Cut a small piece of lithium 1
Potong sebutir kecil litium
2. Dry the oil on the surface of the lithium with filter paper 1
Keringkan minyak di permukaan litium dengan kertas turas
3. Place the lithium slowly on the surface of water in a basin 1
Letakkan litium di atas permukaan air dalam sebuah besen secara
perlahan-lahan
4. Record the observations 1
Catatkan pemerhatian
5. Repeat steps 1 to 5 using sodium and potassium to replace lithium.
Ulangi langkah 1 – 5 menggunakan natrium dan kalium bagi 1
menggantikan litium

Observation / Pemerhatian:
6. Lithium moves slowly on the surface of water 1
Litium bergerak secara perlahan-lahan di permukaan air
7. Sodium move faster and randomly on the surface of water 1
Natrium bergerak cepat dan secara rawak di permukaan air
8. Potassium moves vigorously and randomly on the surface of water 1 10
Kalium bergerak sangat cepat dan secara rawak di permukaan air
9. Correct formulae of reactants and product 1
Formula bagi bahan dan hasil tindak balas yang betul
10. Balanced equation 1
Persamaan yang seimbang
2Li + 2H2O → 2LiOH + H2
Total / Jumlah 20

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BAB 5: IKATAN KIMIA


CHAPTER 5: CHEMICAL BOND

BAHAGIAN A / SECTION A

1. Jadual 1 di bawah menunjukkan nombor proton bagi unsur T, U, V, W dan X.


Table 1 below show the proton number for the elements T, U,V,W and X.

Unsur Nombor Proton


Elements Proton Number
T 3
U 11
V 6
W 17
X 10

Jadual 1/Table 1

Dengan menggunakan huruf untuk elemen dalam Jadual 1 di atas, jawab soalan berikut:
By using the letters for elements in Table 1 above, answer the following questions:

(a) Nyatakan semua unsur yang merupakan logam.


State all the elements which are metal.

……………………………………………………………………………........................
[1 mark]

(b) Nyatakan kumpulan dan kala bagi unsur U.


State the group and period of element U.

………………………………………………………………………………....................
[1 mark]

(c) Tuliskan formula ion untuk ion W.


Write the ion formula for the W ion.

…………………………………………………………………..…………......................
[1 mark]

(d) Elemen X digunakan dalam papan iklan. Nyatakan sebab bagi unsur X yang lengai
secara kimia.
Element X is used in advertising board. State the reason for element X which is
chemically inert.

…………………………………………………………….…………...……....................
[1 mark]

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(e) U boleh bertindak balas dengan W untuk membentuk satu sebatian.


U can react with W to form one compound.
(i) Apakah tujuan U dan W untuk membentuk sebatian?
What is the purpose for U and W to form compound?

……………………………..………………………………..………….......………….…
[1 mark]

(ii) Nyatakan jenis ikatan dalam sebatian yang terbentuk.


State the type of bond in the compound formed.

……………………………..………………………………..……………………..……..
[1 mark]

(iii) Huraikan bagaimana U dan W bertindakbalas untuk membentuk sebatian dengan


istilah pemindahan elektron.
Describe how the U and W react to form the compound in term of electron
transfer.

…………………..……………………………..…………………………………………

…………………………………………………..………………………….………..…..
[2 marks]

Jadual 2 menunjukkan jisim atom relatif dan nombor proton untuk empat unsur
Table 2 shows the relative atomic mass and proton numbers of four elements.
2. Unsur Jisim atomi relatif Nombor proton
Element Relative atomic mass Proton number
Oksigen 16 8
Oxygen
Natrium 23 11
Sodium
Magnesium 24 12
Magnesium
Klorin 35.5 17
Chlorine
Jadual 2 / Table 2

(a) Tuliskan persamaan setengah untuk pembentukan ion berikut.


Write the half equation for the formation of the following ions.
(i) Ion magnesium:
Magnesium ion: ……………………………………………………………...………..
(ii) Ion oksida:
Oxide ion: ………………………………………………………………..…..…….
[2 marks]

(b) Tuliskan formula kimia magnesium oksida.


Write the chemical formula of magnesium oxide.

………………………………………………………………………………..…..………
[1 mark]

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(c) Nyatakan daya yang menarik ion-ion ini bersama dalam sebatian.
State the force that attracts these ions together in the compounds.

…………………………………………………………………………………..……
[1 mark]

(d) Lukiskan susunan radas untuk penyediaan sebatian yang terbentuk antara magnesium
dan oksigen.
Draw the set up of apparatus for the preparation of a compound formed between
magnesium and oxygen.

[2 marks]

(e) Lukiskan susunan elektron untuk pembentukan sebatian antara magnesium dan
oksigen.
Draw the electron arrangement for the formation of the compound between magnesium
and oxygen.

[2 marks]

(f) Apakah jenis sebatian untuk hasil yang terbentuk pada (d)?
What is the type of compound for product formed in (d)?

………………………………………………………………..…………………………
[1 mark]

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3. Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan pembentukan ikatan dalam dua molekul hidrogen fluoride,
HF.
Diagram 3.1 shows the formation of bonds in two molecules of hydrogen fluoride, HF.

Rajah 3.1/ Diagram 3.1


(a) Namakan ikatan-ikatan dalam Rajah 3.1.
Name the bonds in Diagram 3.1.
[2 marks]

(b) Nyatakan maksud ikatan hidrogen.


State the meaning of hydrogen bond.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

(c) Berdasarkan jawapan anda di 1 (a) (ii), terangkan bagaimana ikatan terbentuk di antara
dua molekul hidrogen fluorida.
Based on your answer on 1 (a)(ii), explain how does the bond formed between two
hydrogen fluoride molecules.

………………………………………………………..…………………..………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………..….

………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks]

(d) Bolehkah ikatan hidrogen terbentuk dalam larutan hidrogen klorida berair? Terangkan .
Can hydrogen bonds form in aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride? Explain.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

[3 marks]

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(e) Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan ais terapung di dalam segelas air.


Diagram 3.2 shows the ice floats in a glass of water.

Rajah 3.2 / Diagram 3.2

Berdasarkan prinsip ikatan hidrogen, terangkan mengapa ais terapung di atas air.
Based on the principle of the hydrogen bond, explain why ice floats on water.

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 marks]

4. Melarutkan hidrogen klorida di dalam air akan membentuk asid hidroklorik


Rajah 4 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi hidrogen klorida dan air.
Dissolving hydrogen chloride in water will form hydrochloric acid.
Diagram 4 below shows the electron arrangement of hydrogen chloride and water.

Rajah 4/ Diagram 4
(a) Tuliskan persamaan ionik untuk tindak balas di atas.
Write the ionic equation for the reaction above.

………………………………………………………………………...………………….
[1 mark]

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(b) Lukiskan susunan elektron produk tindak balas dan labelkan ikatan datif yang terbentuk.
Draw the electron arrangement of the product of the reaction and label the dative bond
formed.

[2 marks]

(c) Terangkan bagaimana ion hydroxonium, H3O+ terbentuk.


Explain how hydroxonium ion, H3O+ is formed.

……………………………………………………………………………..…………….

…………………………………………………………………………..……………….
[2 marks]

(d) Fluorin bertindak balas dengan hidrogen untuk membentuk hidrogen fluorida (HF).
Fluorine reacts with hydrogen to form hydrogen fluoride (HF).
(i) Nyatakan daya intermolekul yang lebih kuat antara molekul hidrogen fluorida.
State the stronger intermolecular force between hydrogen fluoride molecules.

………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 mark]

(ii) Draw a diagram to show how two molecules of hydrogen fluoride are attracted to
each other by the type of intermolecular force that you stated in part (d)(i).

[1 mark]

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5. Rajah 5 menunjukkan struktur kisi tiga dimensi raksasa untuk atom natrium.
Diagram 5 shows the giant three-dimensional lattice structure for sodium atom.

Rajah 5 / Diagram 5

(a) Labelkan struktur A dan B pada ruang yang diberi.


Label the structure A and B in the space given.

A: …………………………………… B: ……….…………………………………..
[2 marks]

(b) (i) Apakah jenis ikatan yang terdapat dalam atom natrium?
What type of the bond occurs in sodium atom?

………………………………………………………….………………………………..
[1 mark]

(ii) Explain how are bonds in b (i) formed.


Terangkan bagaimana ikatan dalam b (i) terbentuk.

…………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………,………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………….………………………………………..

………………………………………………….……………………………………….
[2 marks]

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6. (a) Rajah 6 menunjukkan susunan elektron molekul gas. N dan H adalah simbol dua unsur.
Diagram 6 shows the electron arrangement of a molecule of a gas. N and H are
symbols of two elements.


H • • H
 N 


•
H

Rajah 6 / Diagram 6

(i) Jenis ikatan apa yang menyatukan atom?


What type of bond that holds the atoms together?

.......………………………………………….....................................................................
[1 mark]

(ii) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan simbol "• ×"?


What does the symbol “•×” represent?

........……………………………………............................................................................
[1 mark]

(iii) Namakan sebatian lain yang mempunyai jenis ikatan yang sama seperti di (a) (i).
Name another compound which has the same type of bond as in (a)(i).

.........……………………………………….......................................................................
[1 mark]

(b) Susunan elektron atom natrium ialah 2.8.1 dan susunan elektron atom klorin ialah
2.8.7. Atom natrium bertindak balas dengan atom klorin untuk membentuk sebatian.
The electron arrangement of sodium atom is 2.8.1 and the electron arrangement of
chlorine atom is 2.8.7. Sodium atom reacts with chlorine atom to form a compound.
(i) Apa yang berlaku pada elektron valensi atom natrium apabila ia bertindak balas
dengan atom klorin?
What happens to the valence electrons of sodium atom when it reacts with
chlorine atom?

..........………………………………………......................................................................
[1 mark]

(ii) Nyatakan satu penggunaan sebatian yang dinyatakan di 6 (b) (ii).


State one use of the compound stated in 6(b)(ii).

..........………………………………………......................................................................
[1 mark]

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(iii) Lukiskan rajah untuk menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.
Draw a diagram to show the electron arrangement of the compound formed.

[2 marks]

(c) Bandingkan sebatian di (a) dan (b).


Compare compounds in (a) and (b).
(i) Sebatian manakah yang mempunyai takat lebur yang lebih tinggi?
Which compound has a higher melting point?

..........………………………………………......................................................................
[1 mark]
(ii) Terangkan jawapan anda di (c) (i).
Explain your answer in (c)(i).

..........……………………………………………….......................................................

.......………………………………………………..........................................................

.......……………...……………………...........................................................................
[2 marks]

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BAHAGIAN / SECTION B

7. Jadual 7 menunjukkan bilangan proton atom unsur W, X, Y dan Z.


Table 7 shows the proton number of atoms of elements W, X, Y and Z.

Unsur Nombor Proton


Element Proton Number
W 1
X 3
Y 7
Z 8
Jadual 7
Table 7
(a) Nyatakan susunan unsur X, Y dan Z mengikut urutan peningkatan jejari atom.
Terangkan.
State the arrangement of elements X, Y and Z in the order of increasing atomic radius.
Explain.
[4 marks]

(b) Tindak balas antara unsur X dan Y membentuk sebatian kimia. Terangkan pembentukan
sebatian ini.
The reaction between elements X and Y form a chemical compound. Explain the
formation of this compound.
[6 marks]

(c) Tindak balas antara unsur Z dan W membentuk sebatian kimia yang lain.
The reaction between elements Z and W form another chemical compound.
(i) Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.
Draw the electron arrangement of the compound formed.
[2 marks]

(ii) Bandingkan ciri-ciri fizikal di bawah untuk sebatian yang terbentuk di (b) dan (c).
• Takat lebur
• Kekonduksian elektrik.
Terangkan perbezaan untuk setiap ciri-ciri fizikal.
Compare physical properties below for the compounds formed in (b) and (c).
• Melting point
• Electric conductivity.
Explain the differences in each physical property.
[8 marks]

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BAHAGIAN / SECTION C

8 Rajah 8.1 menunjukkan tiga kad unsur, X, Y dan Z. X dan Y bertindak balas dengan Z untuk
membentuk pelbagai jenis sebatian.
Diagram 8.1 shows the three element cards, X, Y and Z. X and Y react with Z to form
different type of compound.

Element X Element Y

• Y adalah unsur ke-6 dalam Jadual Berkala


Y is the 6th element in the Periodic Table
• X adalah elemen ke-11 dalam Jadual Berkala. • Muncul dalam pelbagai bentuk di alam,
X is the 11th element in the Periodic Table. seperti arang hitam, berlian dan grafit
• Ia disimpan di bawah minyak Appear in many different forms in nature,
It is store under oil e.g. black charcoal, diamonds and
• Apabila jatuh ke dalam air, ia terbakar graphite
When dropped into water, it bursts into flames • Y membentuk sebahagian besar semua
• X cukup lembut untuk dipotong dengan pisau benda hidup
X is soft enough to be cut with a knife Y forms the bulk of all living matter

Element Z

• Z adalah unsur ke-17 dalam Jadual Berkala


Z is the 17th element in the Periodic Table
• Z adalah gas beracun, berwarna kuning kehijauan
Z is a toxic gas, appear in greenish yellow
• Ia digunakan dalam pembersih tandas untuk membunuh bakteria
It is used in toilet cleaner to kill bacteria
• Namun, dengan menambahkan sejumlah kecil air minum membunuh penyakit bawaan air
seperti kolera dan demam kepialu
However, adding small amount of drinking water kills water-borne disease such as cholera
and typhoid

Rajah 8.1 / Diagram 8.1

(a) (i) Tuliskan susunan elektron atom X, Y dan Z.


Write the electron arrangement of atoms X, Y and Z.
[3 marks]

(ii) Berdasarkan Rajah 8.1, pilih dua unsur yang sesuai yang boleh bertindak balas
untuk membentuk sebatian. Nyatakan jenis ikatan yang terbentuk dan terangkan
pembentukan sebatian.
Based on Diagram 8.1, choose any two suitable elements that can react to form a
compound. States the type of bond formed and explain the formation of the
compound.
[7 marks]

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(b) Rajah 8.2 menunjukkan susunan zarah bagi dua jenis sebatian.
Diagram 8.2 shows the arrangement of particle for two types of compound.

Sebatian
Compound

Sebatian T Sebatian V
Compound T Compound V
Rajah 8.2
Diagram 8.2
Huraikan satu eksperimen untuk membezakan sebatian berdasarkan:
Describe an experiment to differentiate the compounds based on:
• Kekonduksian elektrik
Electrical conductivity
atau
or
• Takat lebur dan takat didih
Melting point and boiling point

Dalam keterangan anda, sertakan:


In your description, include:
• Contoh sebatian T dan sebatian V
Example of compound T and compound V
• Prosedur eksperimen
Procedure of experiment
• Pemerhatian
Observations
• Kesimpulannya
Conclusion
[10 marks]

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SKEMA JAWAPAN / ANSWER SCHEME


Soalan Skema Jawapan Markah
Question Answer’s Scheme Marks
1. (a) T dan U 1
T and U
(b) Kumpulan 1, Kala 3 1
Group 1, Period 3
(c) W- 1
(d) Atom X telah mencapai susunan elektron oktet // Petala valens 1
atom X telah diisi sepenuhnya oleh elektron
X atom has achieve octet electron arrangement // Valence shell of
X atom has fully filled by electrons
(e) (i) Atom U dan atom W cenderung mencapai susunan elektron oktet 1
yang stabil.
U atom and W atom tend to achieve a stable octet electron
arrangement.
(ii) Ikatan ionik 1
Ionic bond
(iii) Atom U menyumbang satu elektron untuk membentuk ion U+. 2
Atom W memperoleh elektron dari atom U dan membentuk ion W-.
U atom donates one electron to form U+ ion.
W atom gains the electron from U atom and form W- ion.
TOTAL 8

Soalan Skema Jawapan Markah


Question Answer’s Scheme Marks
2. (a) (i) Mg → Mg2+ + 2e- 1
(ii) 2O + 2e- → O2 1
(b) MgO 1
(c) Daya elektrostatik yang kuat / Strong electrostatic force 1
(d) 1

Rajah / Diagram- 1M
Label- 1M
1
(e)

(f) Sebatian ionic/ Ionic compound 1


TOTAL 8

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Soalan Skema Jawapan Markah


Question Answer’s Scheme Marks
3. (a) (i) Ikatan kovalen 1
Covalent bond
(ii) Ikatan hidrogen 1
Hydrogen bond
(b) Ikatan hidrogen adalah daya tarikan antara atom hidrogen, H yang 1
telah terikat dengan atom elektronegativiti tinggi seperti nitrogen,
N, oksigen, O atau fluorin, F dengan nitrogen, N, oksigen, O atau
fluorin, F dalam molekul lain.
Hydrogen bonds are attraction forces between hydrogen atom, H
that has bonded with an atom of high electronegativity such as
nitrogen, N, oxygen, O or fluorine, F with nitrogen, N, oxygen, O or
fluorine, F in another molecule.
(c) • Molekul hidrogen fluorida, HF terdiri dari satu atom hidrogen, H 1
dan satu atom fluorin, F yang mempunyai elektronegativiti
tinggi.
Hydrogen fluoride molecule, HF consists of one hydrogen atom,
H and one fluorine atom, F which has high electronegativity.
• Daya tarikan terbentuk antara atom hidrogen yang terikat dengan 1
atom fluorin dalam satu molekul dengan atom fluorin dalam
molekul hidrogen fluorida, HF yang lain.
The attraction force is formed between the hydrogen atom that is
covalently bonded to the fluorine atom in one hydrogen fluoride
molecule with a fluorine atom in another hydrogen fluoride
molecule.
(d) • Tidak 1
No
• Apabila gas hidrogen klorida larut dalam air, molekul hidrogen 1
klorida akan terionisasi di dalam air untuk menghasilkan ion
hidrogen, ion H + dan klorida, Cl-.
When hydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water, hydrogen
chloride molecules will ionise in water to produce hydrogen ions,
H+ and chloride ions, Cl-.
• Ion hidrogen yang dihasilkan akan bergabung dengan molekul 1
air, H2O untuk membentuk ion hidroksonium.
Hydrogen ions produced will combine with the water molecules,
H2O to form hydroxonium ions.
(e) • Molekul air terdiri daripada ikatan hidrogen. Apabila air 1
membeku, kristal ais memenuhi ruang kosong di dalam gelas.
Water molecules are made up of hydrogen bonds. When the
water freezes, ice crystals fill the empty space inside the glass.
• Ini menyebabkan ais kurang tumpat daripada air. Jadi, ia akan 1
terapung di atas air.
This causes the ice to be less dense than water. So, it will floats
on water.
TOTAL 10

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Soalan Skema Jawapan Markah


Question Answer’s Scheme Marks
4. (a) H2O + HCl → H3O+ + Cl– 1
(b) 2

(c) 1. Ion H+ dari hidrogen klorida tidak mempunyai elektron dalam 2


petala.
H+ ion from the hydrogen chloride does not have any electron
in the shell.
2. Sepasang elektron tunggal pada atom oksigen yang tidak
terlibat dalam ikatan kovalen dalam H2O dikongsi kepada H+.
The lone pair of electrons on oxygen atom that are not involved
in covalent bond in H2O shared to H+.
(d) (i) Ikatan hidrogen 1
Hydrogen bonds
(ii) 1

TOTAL 7

Soalan Skema Jawapan Markah


Question Answer’s Scheme Marks
5. (a) A: Ion logam positif 1
A: Positive metals ions
B: lautan elektron yang terdelokalisasi 1
B: sea of delocalised electrons
(b) (i) Ikatan logam 1
Metallic bond
(ii) 1. Apabila elektron valensi dilepaskan oleh atom natrium, atom 1
natrium menjadi ion natrium bermuatan positif.
1. When the valence electrons released by the sodium atom, the 1
sodium atom become positive charged sodium ion.
2. Ikatan logam terbentuk dari daya tarikan elektrostatik yang kuat
antara lautan elektron bermuatan negatif (elektron yang
dilokalisasi) dan ion natrium bermuatan positif yang tetap.
2. Metallic bonds are formed from the strong electrostatic
attraction between negatively charged sea of electrons (delocalized
electrons) and fixed positively charged sodium ions.
TOTAL 5

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Soalan Skema Jawapan Markah


Question Answer’s Scheme Marks
6. (a) (i) Ikatan kovalen 1
Covalent bond
(ii) Sepasang elektron berkongsi oleh atom nitrogen dan hidrogen. 1
A pair of electrons shares by nitrogen and hydrogen atoms.
(iii) Karbon dioksida // air [mana-mana sebatian kovalen yang sesuai] 1
Carbon dioxide // water [ any suitable covalent compound]
(b) (i) Atom natrium kehilangan / menderma / melepaskan elektron 1
valens.
Sodium atom lose / donate /release the valence electron.
(ii) Digunakan sebagai garam semasa memasak 1
Used as table salt for cooking
(iii) P1. Dapat melukis nukelus, bilangan petala dan elektron yang 1
betul.
Able to draw the nucleus, correct number of shell and electrons. 1
P2. Dapat menulis cas yang betul bagi setiap ion, nisbah ion yang
betul
Able to write the correct charge of each ion, correct ratio for
ions

(c) (i) Compound in (b). 1


(ii) 1. Ion natrium dan ion klorida disatukan oleh daya elektrostatik 1
yang kuat.
Sodium ions and chloride ions are held together by strong
electrostatic forces.
2. Lebih banyak tenaga diperlukan untuk mengatasi daya 1
elektrostatik yang kuat.
More energy is required to overcome the strong electrostatic
forces.
TOTAL 10

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Soalan Skema Jawapan Markah


Question Answer’s Scheme Marks
7. (a) 1. Z, Y and X 4
2. Semua atom X, Y dan Z mempunyai tiga petala / dalam kala
yang sama
All X, Y and Z atoms have three shells / in the same period
3. Nombor proton dalam nukleus meningkat dari X, Y hingga Z.
The proton number in the nucleus increases from X, Y to Z.
4. Daya tarikan antara nukleus dan elektron dalam cengkerang
menjadi lebih kuat untuk menarik petala yang diisi dengan
elektron
The forces of attraction between the nucleus and the electrons
in the shells becomes stronger to pull the shells filled with
electrons
(b) 1. Susunan elektron atom X ialah 2.1 dan atom Y ialah 2.5 6
2. Atom X menyumbangkan satu elektron valens untuk mencapai
susunan elektron duplet
3. Ion X+ terbentuk // X → X+ + e-
4. Satu atom Y akan menerima 3 elektron untuk mencapai susunan
elektron oktet
5. ion Y3- terbentuk // Y + 3e- → Y3-
6. ion X + dan ion Y3- akan saling menarik dengan daya
elektrostatik yang kuat untuk membentuk ikatan ion dan
sebatian ion X3Y terbentuk.
[atau gambar rajah yang betul bagi susunan elektron dalam
sebatian]

1. The electron arrangement of atom X is 2.1 and atom Y is 2.5


2. Atom X donates the one valence electron to achieve the stable
duplet electron
3. An X+ ion is formed // X → X+ + e-
4. One atom of Y will receive 3 electrons to achieve the octet
electron arrangement
5. An Y3- ion is formed / Y + 3e- → Y3-
6. X+ ion and Y3- ion will attract each other by strong electrostatic
force to form ionic bond and an ionic compound X3Y is formed.
[or correct illustration of electron arrangement in the compound]

(c) (i) 2

• Nukleus
Nucleus
• Bilangan petala dan electron betul
Number of shells and electron are correct

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(ii)
Takat lebur Sebatian di (b) mempunyai titik lebur yang lebih
Melting tinggi.//
point Sebatian di (c) mempunyai takat lebur yang
rendah.
Compound in (b) has higher melting point.//
Compound in (c) has low melting point.

Penjelasan Dalam sebatian (b), ion disatukan oleh daya


Explanation elektrostatik yang kuat. 4
Dalam sebatian (c), molekul dipegang bersama
oleh daya intermolekul yang lemah / daya van
der Waals
In compound (b), ions are held together by
strong electrostatic forces.
In compound (c), molecules are held together by
weak intermolecular forces / van der Waals’
forces

(ii)
Kekonduksian Sebatian di (b) boleh mengalirkan elektrik
elektrik hanya dalam leburan atau larutan akues
Electric sahaja.
conductivity Sebatian di (c) tidak mengalirkan elektrik.
Compound in (b) can conduct electricity in
molten or aqueous solution only.
Compound in (c) does not conduct
electricity.
Penjelasan Sebatian (b): Dalam leburan atau larutan 4
Explanation akues, ion dapat bergerak bebas.
Sebatian (b): Hanya terdiri daripada
molekul neutral / tiada ion bergerak bebas.
Compound (b) : In molten or aqueous
solution, ions can move freely.
Compound (b) : Only consist of neutral
molecules/ no free moving ions.

TOTAL 20

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BAB 6: ASID, BES DAN GARAM


CHAPTER 6: ACID, BASE AND SALT

BAHAGIAN A / SECTION A

1. Jadual 1 menunjukkan eksperimen yang dijalankan untuk mengkaji sifat-sifat hidrogen


klorida dalam pelarut-pelarut yang berlainan.
Table 1 shows an experiment performed to study the properties of hydrogen chloride in
different solvents.
Hidrogen klorida
Eksperimen Hydrogen chloride
Experiment Dalam pelarut Q Dalam pelarut R
In solvent Q In solvent R
Tindak balas dengan kertas Tiada perubahan. Kertas litmus biru tukar
litmus biru No change. kepada merah.
Reaction with blue litmus paper Blue litmus paper turns red.
Tindak balas dengan serbuk Tiada gelembung gas yang Gelembung gas tidak
kalsium karbonat dibebas. berwarna dibebaskan.
Reaction with calcium No gas bubbles are Colourless gas bubbles are
carbonate powder released. released.

Jadual 1/ Table 1
(a) Cadangkan pelarut:
Suggest the solvent:
Pelarut Q
Solvent Q : ..........................................................................................................
Pelarut R
Solvent R : .........................................................................................................
[2 markah/marks]

(b) Namakan zarah-zarah hidrogen klorida yang dijumpai dalam pelarut Q dan R.
Name the particles of hydrogen chloride found in solvents Q and R.
Pelarut Q
Solvent Q : .........................................................................................................
Pelarut R
Solvent R : ..........................................................................................................
[2 markah/marks]

(c) Terangkan mengapa hidrogen klorida dalam pelarut R menukarkan kertas litmus biru
kepada merah.
Explain why hydrogen chloride in solvent R turns the blue litmus paper red.

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[1 markah/mark]

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(d) Hidrogen klorida dalam pelarut R bertindak balas dengan kalsium karbonat untuk
menghasilkan gas tidak berwarna.
Hydrogen chloride in solvent R reacts with calcium carbonate to produce colourless gas.
(i) Tulis persamaan kimia untuk menunjukkan tindak balas antara hidrogen klorida
dalam pelarut R dengan kalsium karbonat.
Write the chemical equation to represent the reaction between hydrogen chloride in
solvent R with calcium carbonate.

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[2 markah/marks]

(ii) Lukis gambar rajah berlabel menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk
menguji gas tidak berwarna yang dibebaskan.
Draw a labelled diagram showing the apparatus set-up used to test the colourless
gas released.

[2 markah/marks]
(e) Ramalkan sama ada hidrogen klorida dalam pelarut Q boleh mengalir arus elektrik.
Terangkan.
Predict whether the hydrogen chloride in solvent Q can conduct electricity. Explain.

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[2 markah/marks]

2 Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan perbualan antara seorang guru kimia dengan pelajarnya.
Diagram 2.1 shows the conversation between a chemistry teacher and his student.

Rajah 2.1/ Diagram 2.1

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(a) Apakah nama larutan dengan kepekatan larutan diketahui dengan tepat.
What is the name of the solution where the concentration of the solution is accurately
known?

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[1 markah/mark]

(b) (i) Kelalang volumetrik lebih sesuai digunakan untuk menyediakan larutan piawai.
Berikan satu sebab.
A volumetric flask is more suitable to be used in the preparation of the standard
solution. Give a reason.

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[1 markah/mark]

(ii) Mengapa kelalang volumetrik mesti ditutup selepas larutan piawai disediakan?
Why is the volumetric flask should be stoppered after the standard solution is
prepared?

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[1 markah/mark]

(c) (i) Lily ingin menyediakan satu larutan piawai natrium hidroksida 1.0 mol dm-3
dengan menggunakan 250 cm3 kelalang volumetrik. Kirakan jisim pepejal natrium
hidroksida yang diperlukan.
[Jisim relatif atom: H = 1; O = 16; Na = 23]
Lily want to prepare a standard solution of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide by
using 250 cm3 volumetric flask. Calculate the mass of solid sodium hydroxide that
required.
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1; O = 16; Na = 23]

[2 markah/marks]

(ii) Berdasarkan larutan piawai dalam (c)(i), Lily ingin mencairkan larutan kepada 0.1
mol dm-3. Kirakan isi padu larutan natrium hidroksida yang diperlukan untuk
menyediakan larutan yang diperlukan.
Based on the standard solution in (c)(i), Lily want to dilute the solution to 0.1 mol
dm-3. Calculate the volume of sodium hydroxide that needed to prepare the
required solution.

[2 markah/marks]

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(d) Seorang pelajar ingin menyediakan asid hidroklorik dengan kepekatan seperti
ditunjukkan dalam Rajah 2.2.
A student wants to prepare hydrochloric acid with a concentration 0.1 mol dm-3 as
shown in Diagram 2.2.

Rajah 2.2/ Diagram 2.2

Terangkan bagaimana dia boleh menyediakan asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm-3.
Explain how he would prepare for 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid.

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[3 markah/marks]

3. Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk menentukan kepekatan asid sulfurik dengan penitratan.
Beberapa titis penunjuk metil jingga ditambah ke dalam 20.00 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida
0.1 mol dm-3 dalam kelalang kon. Asid sulfurik dengan kepekatan yang tidak diketahui
ditambahkan. Keputusan yang diperolehi ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1.
An experiment is carried out to determine the concentration of sulphuric acid by titration. A few
drops of methyl orange indicator is added to 20.00 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide
solution in a conical flask. Sulphuric acid of unknown concentration is then added. The results
obtained are shown in the Table 1.
Penitratan I II III IV V
Titration
Isipadu asid ditambah / cm3 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
Volume of acid added / cm3
Warna campuran Kuning Jingga Merah
Colour of the mixture Yellow Orange Red

Jadual 1/ Table 1
(a) Apakah warna metil jingga
What is the colour of methyl orange
(i) dalam larutan asid?
in an acidic solution?

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[1 markah/mark]

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(ii) dalam larutan alkali?


in an alkaline solution?

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[1 markah/mark]

(iii) dalam larutan neutral?


in a neutral solution?

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[1 mark]

(b) Apakah isi padu asid sulfurik yang meneutralkan sepenuhnya 20.00 cm3 larutan
kalium hidroksida 0.1 mol dm-3.
What is the volume of sulphuric acid that completely neutralises 20.00 cm3 of 0.1
mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution?

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[1 markah/mark]

(c) Tulis
Write
(i) satu persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas.
a chemical equation for the reaction.

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[1 markah/mark]

(ii) satu persamaan ion untuk tindak balas.


an ionic equation for the reaction.

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[1 markah/mark]

(d) Kira kemolaran asid sulfurik.


Calculate the molarity of sulphuric acid.

[1 markah/mark]

(e) Apakah warna camuran apabila jumlah


What is the colour of the mixture when a total of
(i) 5.00 cm3 asid ditambah?
5.00 cm3 of acid is added?

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[1 markah/mark]

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(ii) 25.00 cm3 asid ditambah?


25.00 cm3 of acid is added?

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[1 markah/mark]

(f) Apakah jangkaan isi padu asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm-3 untuk meneutralkan sepenuhnya
20 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 0.1 mol dm-3?
What is the expected volume of 0.1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid that neutralises
completely 20 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution?

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[1 markah/mark]

4. Satu sampel batu kapur dipanaskan dengan menggunakan susunan rada dalam Rajah 4.
Batu kapus mengurai membentuk pepejal putih baki X dan gas Y. Gas Y dialirkan ke dalam air
suling untuk membentuk larutan Z.
A sample of limestone is heated using the apparatus set-up in Diagram 4.
Limestone decomposes to form a white solid residue X and gas Y. Gas Y is bubbled into distilled
water to form solution Z.

Rajah 4/ Diagram 4
(a) Tentukan bahan X, Y dan Z.
Identify substances X, Y and Z.

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[3 markah/marks]
(b) Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang bagi penguraian batu kapur.
Write a balanced chemical equation for the decomposition of limestone.

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[2 markah/marks]
(c) Apabila pepejal X larut dalam air, larutan yang dihasilkan mempunyai nilai pH 10.
Apakah kesimpulan yang boleh dibuat daripada pemerhatian ini?
When solid X is dissolved is water, the resulting solution has a pH value of 10.
What conclusion can be deduced from this observation?

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[3 markah/marks]

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(d) Apabila gas Y dilarutkan dalam air, larutan yang dibentuk mempunyai nilai pH 5.
Terangkan apa yang berlaku.
When gas Y is dissolved in water, the solution formed has a pH of 5.
Explain what happens.

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[3 markah/marks]

(e) Huraikan bagaimana batu kapur boleh diperolehi daripada pepejal X, gas Y dab air suling.
Tulis persamaan kimia yang terlibat dalam tindak balas.
Describe how can limestone be obtained from solid X, gas Y and distilled water.
Write chemical equation involve in the reaction.

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[4 markah/marks]

(f) Kira isi padu gas karbon dioksida yang dibebaskan jika 0.5 mol batu kapur bertindak balas
dengan asid sulfurik berlebihan pada keadaan bilik.
[Isi padu molar gas pada keadaan bilik = 24 dm3]
Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide gas released if 0.5 mol limestone reacts with excess
sulphuric acid at room condition. [Molar volume of gas at room condition = 24 dm3]

[4 markah/marks]

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5. Rajah 5 menunjukkan pembentukan zink nitrat dan perubahannya kepada sebatian lain.
Diagram 5 shows the formation of zink nitrate and the changes to other compounds.

Rajah 5
Diagram 5

(a) (i) Zink oksida bertindak balas dengan bahan X untuk membentuk zink nitrat.
Namakan bahan X.
Zinc oxide reacts with substance X to form zinc nitrate. State the names of
substance X.

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[1 markah/mark]

(ii) Tuliskan persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas dalam (a)(i).


Write the chemical equation for the reaction in (a)(i).

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[2 markah/mark]

(b) Namakan gas perang yang terbentuk.


State the name of the brown gas formed.

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[1 markah/mark]

(c) Apabila larutan kalium karbonat ditambah kepada larutan zink nitrat, mendakan Z dan
kalium nitrat terbentuk.
When potassium carbonate solution is added to zinc nitrate solution, precipitate Z and
potassium nitrate formed.
(i) Namakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku.
State the type of reaction occurs.

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[1 markah/mark]

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(ii) Tulis persamaan ion untuk pembentukan sebatian Z.


Write the ionic equation for the formation of compound Z.

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[1 markah/ 1 mark]

(iii)Nyatakan bagaimana mendakan Z dapat diasingkan daripada kalium nitrat.


State how the precipitate Z can be separated from potassium nitrate.

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[1 markah/mark]

(d) Larutan zink nitrat berlebihan ditambah kepada 100 cm3 larutan kalium karbonat 1 mol
dm-3. Hitungkan jisim zink karbonat yang terbentuk.
[Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65, C = 12, O = 16]

Excess of zinc nitrate solution is added to 100 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 potassium carbonate
solution. Calculate the mass of zinc carbonate formed.
[Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65, C = 12, O = 16]

[2 markah/marks]

(e) Huraikan ujian kimia untuk menentukan kehadiran kation dan anion dalam larutan zink
nitrat.
Describe a chemical test to determine the presence of cation and anion in the zinc
nitrate solution.

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[6 markah/marks]

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BAHAGIAN B / SECTION B

3 (a) Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan nama untuk dua jenis garam.


Diagram 3.1 shows the names for two type of salts.

• Kuprum(II) klorida
Copper(II) chloride
• Plumbum(II) klorida
Lead(II) chloride

Rajah 3.1/ Diagram 3.1


(i) Berdasarkan garam yang dalam Rajah 3.1, tuliskan formula untuk satu garam tak
terlarutkan.
Nyatakan nama tindak balas untuk menyediakan garam tak terlarutkan.
Based on the salt given in Diagram 3.1, write the formula of an insoluble salt.
State the name of reaction to prepare insoluble salt.
[2 markah/marks]

(ii) Nyatakan bahan-bahan kimia yang diperlukan untuk menghasilkan garam-garam


kuprum(II) klorida dan plumbum(II) klorida.
State the suitable chemicals required to produce copper(II) chloride and lead(II)
chloride salts.
[4 markah/marks]

(b) Seorang pelajar menjalankan eksperimen untuk membina persamaan ion bagi pembentukan
barium sulfat. Jadual 3.1 menunjukkan ketinggian mendakan yang dibentuk apabila 5.0 cm3
larutan kalium sulfat 0.5 mol dm-3 ditambahkan ke dalam 1.0 cm3, 2.0 cm3, 3.0 cm3, 4.0
cm3, 5.0 cm3, 6.0 cm3, 7.0 cm3 dan 8.0 cm3 larutan barium klorida 0.5 mol dm-3 ke dalam
lapan tabung uji masing-masing.
A student carried out an experiment to construct an ionic equation for the formation of
barium sulphate. Table 3.1 shows the height of precipitate formed when 5.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol
dm-3 potassium sulphate solution is added with 1.0 cm3, 2.0 cm3, 3.0 cm3, 4.0 cm3, 5.0 cm3,
6.0 cm3, 7.0 cm3 and 8.0 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 barium chloride solution respectively in eight
test tubes.

Tabung uji 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Test tube
Isipadu larutan kalium sulfat 0.5 mol dm-3 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
/cm3
Volume of 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium sulphate
solution / cm3
Isipadu larutan barium klorida 0.5 mol dm- 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
3
/cm3
Volume of 0.5 mol dm-3 barium chloride
solution / cm3
Ketinggian mendakan / cm 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0
Height of precipitate/ cm

Jadual 3.1
Table 3.1

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(i) Berdasarkan Jadual 3.1, lukis satu graf untuk ketinggian mendakan lawan isipadu
larutan barium klorida 1.0 mol dm-3.
Based on Table 3.1, draw a graph of the height of the precipitate against volume of
1.0 mol dm-3 barium chloride solution.
[3 markah/marks]

(ii) Pada graf yang anda lukis di b(i), tandakan isipadu minimum untuk larutan barium
klorida 1.0 mol dm-3 yang diperlukan untuk bertindak balas lengkap dengan 5.0
cm3 larutan kalium sulfat 1.0 mol dm-3.
On the graph that you have drawn in b(i), mark the minimum volume of 1.0 mol
dm-3 barium chloride solution needed to react completely with 5.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol
dm-3 potassium sulphate solution.
[1 markah/mark]

(iii) Kira bilangan mol ion barium dan bilangan mol ion sulfat yang diperlukan untuk
pembentukan barium sulfat. Kemudian kira bilangan mol untuk ion sulfat yang
bertindak balas dengan 1 mol ion barium.
Calculate the number of mole of barium ions and number of moles of sulphate ions
required for the formation of barium sulphate. Then calculate the number of moles
of sulphate ions that react with 1 mole of barium ion.
[3 markah/marks]

(iv) Tulis persamaan ion bagi pembentukan barium sulfat.


Write the ionic equation for the formation of barium sulphate
[1 markah/mark]

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BAHAGIAN C / SECTION C

4 Rajah 4 menunjukkan garam Q yang larut dalam air suling dan mengion kepada ion NH4+ dan
ion Y-.
Diagram 4 shows salt Q which can dissolve in distilled water and ionised into NH4+ ions and Y-
ions.

Rajah 4 / Diagram 4

(a) Cadangkan ion Y- yang hadir dalam larutan garam Q.


Garam Q boleh disediakan dengan menambahkan dua larutan yang sesuai. Cadangkan
kedua-dua larutan yang sesuai itu.
Tulis persamaan kimia untuk tindak balas untuk menyediakan garam Q.
Suggest ion Y- that present in salt Q solution.
Salt Q can be prepared by adding two suitable solutions. Suggest the two suitable solutions.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction to prepare salt Q.
[4 markah/marks]

(b) Kristal garam Q boleh dihasilkan dalam makmal melalui kaedah penitratan untuk
memperolehi isipadu asid yang tepat bagi meneutralkan alkali. Huraikan satu eksperimen
untuk menyediakan sampel kering kristal garam Q di dalam makmal.
Salt Q crystal can be prepared in the laboratory through titration method to obtain the
exact volume of acid to neutralise the alkali. Describe an experiment to prepare a dry
sample of salt Q crystal in the laboratory.
[10 markah/marks]

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SKEMA JAWAPAN / ANSWER SCHEME


NO ANSWER MARK
1 (a) Pelarut Q: Metilbenzena // Propanon 1
Solvent Q: Methylbenzene // Propanone

Pelarut R: Air 1
Solvent R: Water
(b) Pelarut Q: Molekul hidrogen klorida 1
Solvent Q: Hydrogen chloride molecules

Pelarut R: Ion hidrogen dan ion klorida 1


Solvent R: Hydrogen ions and chloride ions
(c) Hidrogen klorida mengion dalam air menghasilkan ion hidrogen, H+. 1
Hydrogen chloride ionises in water to produce hydrogen ions, H+.
(d) (i) 2HCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) 2
(ii)
Hidrogen klorida dalam
pelarut R
Hydrogen chloride in 2
solvent R
Kalsium karbonat Air suling
Calcium carbonate Limewater
(e) Tidak mengalir arus elektrik. 1
Cannot conduct electricity.
Tiada ion-ion bebas bergerak. 1
No free moving ions.

NO ANSWER MARK
2 (a) Larutan piawai 1
Standard solution
(b) (i) Kelalang volumetrik dapat mengukur isi padu larutan dengan tepat. 1
The volumetric flask can measured the volume of solution accurately.
(ii) Untuk mengelakkan penyejatan larutan. 1
To prevent evaporation of the solution
(c) (i) 1. Bil. Mol NaOH 1
No. of mole of NaOH
2. Jisim dengan unit yang betul 1
Correct mass with unit

(ii) 1. Langkah pengiraan 1


Step of calculation
2. Isi padu dengan unit yang betul 1
Correct volume with unit

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(d) Pengiraan 1
Calculation
(0.1 x 250) / 1.0 = 25.0 cm3
● Pipet 25 cm3 asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm-3 ke dalam kelalang 1
volumetrik.
Pipet 25 cm3 1.0 mol dm-3 of hydrochloric acid into a volumetric 1
flask.
● Tambah air suling sehingga mencapai tanda senggatan, tutupkannya
dan koncang sekata.
Add in distilled water until reach the calibration mark, stoppered it
and shake evenly.

NO ANSWER MARK
3 (a) (i) Kuning 1
Yellow
(ii) Merah 1
Red
(iii) Jingga 1
Orange
(b) 15.00 cm3 1
(c) (i) H2SO4 + 2KOH K2SO4 + 2H2O 1
+ -
(ii) H + OH H2O 1
(d) 1

(e) (i) Kuning 1


Yellow
(ii) Merah 1
Red
(f) 30 cm3 1

NO ANSWER MARK
4 (a) X: Kalsium oksida 1
Calcium oxide
Y: Karbon dioksida 1
Carbon dioxide
Z: Air kapur // Kalsium hidroksida 1
Lime water // Calcium hydroxide
(b) CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 1+1
(c) Kalsium oksida ialah bes. 1
Calcium oxide is a base.
Kalsium oksida larut dalam air dan mengaion menghasilkan ion hidroksida. 1
Calcium oxide dissolve in water and ionises to produce hydroxide ion.
Ion hidroksida menyebabkan larutan menunjukkan sifat alkali. 1
Hydroxide ion cause the solution shows alkaline properties.
(d) Karbon dioksida berindak balas dengan air untuk membentuk asid karbonik. 1
Asid karbonik mengion untuk menghasilkan ion hidrogen. 1
Ion hidrogen menyebabkan larutan menunjukkan sifat asid. 1
Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form carbonic acid.
Carbonic acid ionises to produce hydrogen ion.
Hydrogen ion causes the solution shows acidic properties.

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(e) Larutkan pepejal X di dalam air sulid untuk membentuk larutan kalsium 1
hidroksida. 1
Alirkan gas Y ke dalam larutan kalsium hidroksida dan mendakan putih
kalsium karbonat dibentuk.
Dissolve solid X in distilled water to form calcium hydroxide solution.
Channel gas Y into calcium hydroxide solution and white precipitate calcium
carbonate is formed. 1
CaO + H2O → Ca(OH)2 1
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3 + H2O
(f) 1+2: H2SO4 + CaCO3 → CaO + CO2 + H2O 1
1
2. Compare ratio / Perbandingan nisbah
1 mol CaCO3 : 1 mol CO2 1
0.5 mol CaCO3 : 0.5 mol CO2

3. Isi padu CO2 = 0.5 x 24 1


Volume of CO2 = 1.2 dm3

NO ANSWER MARK
5 (a) (i) Asid nitrik 1
Nitric acid
(ii) ZnO + 2HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + H2O 2
(b) Nitrogen dioksida 1
Nitrogen dioxide
(c) (i) Penguraian ganda dua 1
Double decomposition
(ii) Zn2+ + CO32- → ZnCO3 1
(iii) Penurasan 1
Filtration
(d) Zn(NO3)2 + K2CO3 → ZnCO3 + 2KNO3

Bilangan mol K2CO3 = 1 x 100/1000 = 0.1 mol 1


Numbor of mol of K2CO3

1 mol K2CO3 : 1 mol ZnCO3


0.1 mol K2CO3 : 0.1 mol ZnCO3

Jisim ZnCO3 = 0.1 mol x 125 mol dm-1 = 12.5 g


Mass of ZnCO3 1
(e) Kation/Cation:
1. Tambah berlebihan larutan ammonia ke dalam 2 cm3 larutan zink nitrat 1
dalam satu tabung uji.
Add excess ammonia solution into 2 cm3 of zinc nitrate solution in a test
tube.
2. Mendakan putih dibentuk dan larut dalam larutan ammonia berlebihan. 1
White precipitate is formed and soluble in excess ammonia solution.

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Anion:
1. Tambah 2 cm3 asid sulfurik air ke dalam 2 cm3 larutan zink nitrat dalam 1
satu tabung uji.
Add 2 cm3 of diluted sulphuric acid into 2 cm3 zinc nitrat solution in a test
tube.
2. Tambah 2 cm3 larutan ferum(II) sulfat ke dalam tabung uji. 1
Add 2 cm3 iron(II) sulphate solution into the test tube.
3. Perlahan-lahan tambah beberapa titis asid sulfurik pekat ke dalam tabung 1
uji.
Slowly add a few drops concentrated sulphuric acid into the test tube.
4. Cincin perang dibentuk. 1
Brown ring is formed.

ANSWER EXERCISE ESSAY SECTION B


3 (a) (i) 1. PbCl2 1
2. Tindak balas penguraian ganda dua 1
Double decomposition reaction
(ii) Kuprum(II) klorida : Kuprum(II) oxide / kuprum(II) karbonat, asid 1+1
hidroklorik
Copper (II) chloride: Copper(II) oxide / copper(II) carbonate,
Hydrochloric acid 1+1

Plumbum(II) klorida: Larutan plumbum(II) nitrat, larutan natrium klorida


(apa-apa larutan yang mengandungi ion Cl-)
Lead(II) chloride: Lead (II) nitrate solution , sodium chloride solution
(any solution that contains Cl- ion)
1. Kedua-dua paksi berlabel dan mempunyai unit yang betul.
Both axes are label and have correct unit. 1
2. Skala yang konsisten dan saiz graf melebihi separuh kertas graf.
Consistent scale and size of graph is more than half of graph paper. 1
3. Semua titik dipindah dengan betul.
All points are transferred correctly. 1

Mole Ba2+ ion = 0.5 (5)/1000 // 0.0025

Mole SO42- ion =0.5 (5)/1000 // 0.0025 1


1
Ba2+ ion : SO42- ion 1
0.0025 : 0.0025
1:1
Ba + SO42- → BaSO4
2+
1

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ANSWER EXERCISE ESSAY SECTION C

4 (a) 1. Ion Y-: Ion klorida // ion nitrate 1


chloride ion // nitrate ion
2. Larutan ammonia 1
Ammonia solution
3. Asid hidroklorik // asid nitrik 1
Hydrochloric acid // nitric acid
4. NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl // NH3 + HNO3 → NH4NO3 1

(b) 1. Pipet [20-50 cm3] larutan ammonia [ 0.5-2.0 mol dm-3] ke dalam 1
kelalang kon.
Pipette [20-50 cm3] of ammonia solution [ 0.5-2.0 mol dm-3] into a
conical flask.
2. Tambah 2-3 titis fenolftalein ke dalam kelalang kon. 1
Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein into the conical flask.
3. Isi buret dengan asid hidroklorik [0.5-2.0 mol dm-3] dan catat bacaan 1
awal.
Fill burette with [0.5-2.0 mol dm-3] hydrochloric acid and record the
initial reading.
4. Tambah asid hidroklorik dari buret secara perlahan-lahan sambil 1
memusarkan kelalang kon sehingga warna berubah daripada merah
jambu kepada tidak berwarna.
Add hydrochloric acid from the burette slowly and swirl the solution
until pink colour change to colourless.
5. Catat bacaan akhir buret dan kira isi padu asid hidroklorik yang 1
diperlukan untuk peneutralan yang lengkap.
Record the final burette reading and calculate the volume of
hydrochloric acid required for complete neutralization.
6. Ulang Langkah 1-5 dengan isi padu asid hidroklorik tepat tanpa 1
penunjuk.
Repeat step 1-5 using the exact volume of hydrochloric acid without
indicator.
7. Tuang larutan garam ke dalam mangkuk penyejat dan panaskan 1
sehingga tepu.
Transfer the salt solution into evaporating dish and heat until it is
saturated.
8. Sejukkan pada suhu bilik. 1
Cool at room temperature.
9. Turas larutan. 1
Filter the solution.
10. Keringkan garam kristal dengan menggunakan kertas turas. 1
Dry the salt crystal by using filter paper.

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BAB 7 KADAR TINDAK BALAS


CHAPTER 7 RATE OF REACTION

BAHAGIAN A/ SECTION A

1. Dalam suatu eksperimen, 2.0 g kalsium karbonat berlebihan ditambahkan kepada 60cm3 asid
nitrik 0.1 mol dm-3 di dalam kelalang kon. Jadual menunjukkan isipadu gas yang dikumpul pada
sela masa tertentu.
In an experiment, 2.0 g of excess marble chip, CaCO3 are added to 60 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 nitric
acid, HNO3 in a conical flask. Table shows the volume of carbon dioxide gas collected at
various time interval in a reaction of calcium carbonate with nitric acid.

Masa, s 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240


Time, s
Isipadu gas CO2, cm3 0 19.5 29.0 36.0 41.5 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0
Volume of CO2 gas, cm3

(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan kadar tindak balas di dalam eksperimen ini?
What is meant by the rate of reaction in this experiment?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(b) Cadangkan satu kaedah untuk mengutip gas terbebas dalam eksperimen ini.
Suggest one method to collect gas release in this experiment.

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(c) Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindakan balas antara kalsium karbonat dengan asid nitrik.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction between calcium carbonate and nitric acid.

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 markah / 2 marks]

(d) Dalam eksperimen ini, kadar tindak balas boleh ditentukan dengan mengukur isi padu gas
karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan pada sela masa yang tetap. Lukiskan gambarajah susunan
radas untuk eksperimen ini.
In this experiment, the rate of reaction can also be determined by measuring the volume of
carbon dioxide gas produced at regular intervals of time. Draw the apparatus set-up for the
experiment.

[2 markah / 2 marks]

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(e) Plot graf isipadu gas karbon dioksida terkumpul melawan masa.
Plot a graph of the volume of carbon dioxide gas collected against time.
[3 markah / 3 marks]
(f) Daripada graf di (e), hitungkan
Based on the graph in (e), calculate the

(i) kadar tindak balas purata dalam 2 minit dalam cm3 s-1.
average rate of reaction in the second minute in cm3 s-1.

……………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) kadar tindak balas pada masa 2 minit.


rate of reaction at 2 minutes

……………………………………………………………………………………….
[2 markah / 2 marks]

2. Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan graf jisim kalsium karbonat melawan masa bagi tindak balas antara
kalsium karbonat dan asid hidroklorik. Dalam eksperiment ini, 5.00 g kalsium carbonate telah
ditambah ke dalam 100 cm3 asid hidroklorik 0.5 mol dm-3 untuk mengkaji kadar tindak balas
pada suhu 300C.
Diagram 1.1 shows the graph of the mass of calcium carbonate against time for the reaction
between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid. In this experiment, 5.00 g of calcium
carbonate is added to 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid to study the rate of reaction at
the temperature of 30 oC.

(a) Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas ini.


Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…
[2 markah / 2 marks]
(b) Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1
Based on Diagram 1.1,
mengapakah lengkung bagi graf kekal mendatar selepas t saat?
why is the curve in the graph remains constant after t1 second?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….………….
[1 markah / 1 mark]

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(g) Tentukan jisim kalsium karbonat yang tidak bertindak balas dalam ekperimen itu.
Determine the mass of unreacted calcium carbonate in this experiment.

……………………………………………………………………………………..………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(c) Dalam eksperimen ini, kadar tindak balas boleh ditentukan dengan mengukur isi padu gas
karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan pada sela masa 360s. Hitung isipadu gas yang terhasil pada
keadaan bilik.
In this experiment, the rate of reaction can also be determined by measuring the volume of
carbon dioxide gas produced at regular intervals of time 360s. Calculate the volume of gas
produced at room temperature.
[Isipadu molar gas = 24 dm3 mol-1 pada keadaan bilik]
[Molar volume of gas = 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions]

[3 markah / 3 marks]

(d) (i) Eksperimen diulangi pada suhu 40oC dengan semua faktor lain kekal tidak berubah.
The experiment is repeated at the temperature of 40oC with the other factors remain
unchanged.

(i) Lakarkan lengkung yang diperoleh dalam eksperimen pada paksi yang sama dalam
Rajah 1.2.
Sketch the curve obtained for this experiment on the same axis in Diagram 1.2.

[1 markah / 1 mark]

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(ii) Berdasarkan jawapan anda di 1(d)(i), terangkan bagaimana suhu mempengaruhi kadar
tindakbalas dengan menggunakan teori pelanggaran.
Based on your answer in (d)(i), explain how temperature affect the rate of reaction by
using collision theory.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 markah / 3 marks ]

(iii) Selain daripada suhu, nyatakan satu faktor lain yang juga boleh mempengaruhi kadar
tindak balas dalam eksperimen ini.
Apart from temperature, state one other factor that will also affect the rate of reaction in
this experiment.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah /1 mark ]

3. Dua eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak
balas. Jadual 1 menunjukkan penerangan setiap eksperimen.
Two experiments were carried out to investigate factors that affect the rate of reaction. Table 1
shows the description of each experiment.

Masa yang diambil


untuk mengumpul
Eksperimen Suhu (oC) /
Bahan Tindak Balas / gas 30 cm3 (s) /
/ Temperature,
Reactant Time taken to
Experiment (oC)
collect
30 cm3 of gas (s)
Serbuk zink berlebihan + 20 cm3 asid
sulfurik 0.1 mol dm-3
I 30.0 20.0
Excess zinc powder +
20 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
Serbuk zink berlebihan + 20 cm3 asid
sulfurik 0.1 mol dm-3 + larutan
kuprum (II) sulfat
II 30.0 12.0
Excess zinc powder +
20 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
+ copper (II) sulphate solution

Jadual 1/ Table 1

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(a) Lengkapkan Rajah 2 dengan alat radas yang sesuai.


Complete the Diagram 2 with a suitable apparatus.

[1 markah / 1 mark]

(b) Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas antara zink dan asid sulfurik.
Write the chemical equation for the reaction between zinc and sulphuric acid.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..…
[2 markah / 2 marks ]

(c) Hitung kadar tindak balas purata bagi eksperimen I dan eksperimen II dalam cm3 s-1 .
Calculate the average rate of the reaction for experiment I and experiment II in cm3 s-1
Eksperimen I : Eksperimen II :
Experiment I : ExperimentII :

[2 markah / 2 marks ]

(d) Dengan menggunakan Teori Perlanggaran, terangkan perbezaan kadar tindak balas antara
eksperimen I dan eksperimen II.
By using collision theory, explain the difference in the rate of reaction between Experiment I
and Experiment II.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..…

……………………………………………………………………………………………..…

……………………………………………………………………………………………..…

……………………………………………………………………………………………..…
[3 markah / 3 marks ]

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(e) Lakarkan graf bagi isipadu gas yang dikumpul melawan masa bagi eksperimen I dan
ekaperimen II atas paksi yang sama.
Sketch the graphs of volume of gas collected against time for experiment I and experiment II
in the same axis.

[2 markah / 2 marks ]

4. Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan dua set eksperimen untuk mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar
tindak balas antara serbuk magnesium dan asid hidroklorik.
Diagram 3.1 shows two sets of experiments to study the factor that affects the rate of reaction
between magnesium powder and hydrochloric acid.

Set Bahan tindak balas Masa untuk tindak balas


Reactants lengkap/ min
Time taken for reaction to
complete/ min

1.2 g Serbuk magnesium


1.2 g Magnesium powder

I 5.0

1.2g Serbuk magnesium


1.2 Magnesium powder

II 3.5

Rajah 3.1/ Diagram 3.1

(a) Tuliskan persamaan ionic dalam Set I.


Write an ionic equation in Set I.

………………………………………………………………………..……………………
[2 markah / 2 marks]

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(b) Berdasarkan Rajah 3.1


Based on Diagram 3.1,
(h) Cadangkan kepekatan asid hidroklorik yang digunakan dalam Set I dan Set II.
Suggest the concentration of hydrochloric acid used in Set I and Set II.

Set I: ……………………………………………………………………………………….

Set II: ………………………………………………………………………………………...


[2 markah / 2 marks ]

(ii)Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam kadar tindak balas Set I dan Set II.
Explain why there is a difference in the rate of reaction in Set I and Set II.

…………………………………………………………………………..……………………

………………………………………………………………………..………………………

……………………………………………………………………..………………………
[3 markah / 3 marks ]

(c) Kirakan isipadu maksimum gas yang dihasilkan dalam eksperimen.


Calculate the maximum volume of the gas produced in the experiment.
[Jisim atom relative / Relative atomic mass : Mg, 24]
[Isipadu 1 mol gas pada suhu bilik / Volume of 1 mole gas at room temperature = 24 dm3]

[3 markah / 3 marks ]

(d) Hitung kadar tindak balas purata dalam cm3 s-1 bagi
Calculate the average rate of reaction in cm3 s-1 for

Set I: Set II:

[2 markah / 2 marks ]

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5. Dua set eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak
balas. Jadual 2 menunjukkan masa yang diambil bagi mengumpul 40 cm3 gas hidrogen.
Two sets of experiment are carried out to investigate the factors that affect the rate of reaction.
Table 2 shows the time taken to collect 40 cm3 of hydrogen gas.

Set Bahan tindak balas Masa yang diambil untuk


Reactants mengumpul 40 cm3 gas
hidrogen (s)
Time taken to collect 40 cm3 of
hydrogen gas (s)
Serbuk zink berlebihan + 25 cm3 asid
hidroklorik 0.2 mol dm-3
I 90
Excess zinc powder +
25 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 hydrokloric acid
Serbuk zink berlebihan + 25 cm3 asid
hidroklorik 0.2 mol dm-3
II 55
Excess zinc powder +
25 cm of 0.2 mol dm-3 hydrokloric acid
3

Jadual 2 / Table 2

(a) Nyatakan perubahan lain yang boleh diukur selain daripada isi padu gas untuk menentukan
kadar tindak balas.
State another measurable changes besides volume of gas to determine the rate of
reaction in this experiment.

…………………………………………………………………………..……………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(b) Kenal pasti faktor yang mempengaruhi kadar tindak balas dalam Jadual 2.
Identify the factor that affect the rate of reaction in Table 2

………………………………………………………………………..……………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(c) Hitung kadar tindak balas purata bagi Set I dan Set II.
Calculate the average rate of reaction for Set I and Set II

[2 markah / 2 marks]

(d) (i) Berdasarkan jawapan anda di 5(c), bandingkan kadar tindak balas bagi Set I dan Set II.
Based on your answer in 5(c), compare the rate of reaction for Set I and Set II.

…………………………………………………………………………..……………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

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(iii) Terangkan jawapan anda dengan menggunakan teori perlanggaran.


Explain your answer by using Collision Theory.

…………………………………………………………………………..……………………

……………………………………………………………………………..…………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

…………………………………………………………………………..……………………

……………………………………………………………………………..…………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[4 markah / 4 marks ]

(e) Lakarkan graf bagi isi padu gas hidrogen melawan masa bagi Set I dan Set II pada
paksi yang sama.
Sketch a graph of volume of hydrogen gas against time for Set I and Set II on the
same axes.

[2 markah / 2 marks ]

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BAHAGIAN/ SECTION B

1. (a) Tiga eksperimen, I, II, dan III dijalankan untuk menyiasat faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
kadar tindak balas. Jadual 1 menunjukkan bahan tindak balas dan keadaan-keadaan tindak
balas yang terlibat.
Three experiments, I, II and III are carried out to investigate the factors affecting the rate of
reaction.
Table 1 shows the reactants and the conditions of reaction involved.

Masa yang diambil


untuk tanda ‘X’
hilang dari
Eksperimen Bahan tindak balas Suhu (0C)
pandangan (s)
Experiment Reactants Temperature ( 0C )
Time taken to mark
‘X’disappear from
sight (s)
Zinc berlebihan + + 25 cm3
asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm-3
I 30.0 50
3
Excess zinc + 25 cm of 0.1
mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
Zinc berlebihan + + 25 cm3
asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm-3
II 40.0 30
Excess zinc + 25 cm3 of 0.1
mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid
Zinc berlebihan + + 25 cm3
asid hidroklorik 0.1 mol dm-3 +
larutan kuprum (II) sulfat
III 40.0 20
Excess zinc + 25 cm3 of 0.1
mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid +
copper(II) sulphate

Jadual / Table 1

(i) Tuliskan persamaan ionic bagi tindak balas antara zink dan asid hidroklorik. Hitungkan
isipadu maksimum yang terbebas dalam eksperimen I. Namakan gas yang terbebas.
Write the ionic equation for the reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid. Calculate the
maximum volume of gas produced in experiment I. Name the gas released.

[6 marksh / 6 marks]

(ii) Lakarkan graf bagi isipadu gas hydrogen melawan masa bagi ekaperimen I,II dan III atas
paksi yang sama.
Sketch the graphs for the volume of hydrogen gas against time for experiment I, II and III on
the same axis.
[2 marksh / 2 marks]

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(iv) Berdasarkan Jadual 1, susun kadar tindak balas bagi eksperimen I, II dan III dalam tertib
menurun. Nyatakan dan terangkan factor bagi eksperimen di bawah dengan merujuk kepada
teori perlanggaran.
Based on Table 1, arrange the rate of reaction for Experiment I, II and III in descending
order. State and explain the factors for experiments below with reference to collision theory.

• Eksperimen I dan II
Experiment I and II

• Eksperimen II dan III


Experiment II and III
[9 markah / 9 marks]

(b) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan dua situasi memanggang 500g daging.


Diagram 1.2 shows two situations of grilling 500 g of meat.

Rajah 1.2 / Diagram 1.2

Dalam situasi manakah daging akan masak dengan lebih cepat? Terangkan jawapan anda.
In which situation will the meat cook faster? Explain your answer.
[3 markah / 3 marks]

2. (a) Rajah 2 menunjukkan graf penceraian hydrogen peroxide.


Diagram 2 shows the graph of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Rajah 2 / Diagram 2

(i) Nyatakan tiga sifat mangkin yang digunakan dalam eksperimen.


State three characteristics of the catalyst used in the experiment.
[3 markah / 3 marks]

(ii) Dengan menggunakan maklumat dalam rajah 2, lukis gambarajah profil tenaga untuk
membandingkan tenaga pengaktifan Eksperimen I dan II.
By using information in the Diagram 2, draw an energy profile diagram to compare the
activation energy of Experiment I and II.
[2 markah / 2 marks]

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(iii)Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang bagi eksperimen ini.


Write a balanced chemical equation for this experiment.
[1 markah /1 mark]

(iv) Dengan menggunakan teori perlanggaran, terangkan bagaimana mangan (IV) oksida
meningkatkan kadar tindak balas.
By using the collision theory, explain how the manganese(IV) oxide increases the rate of
reaction.
[4 markah / 4 marks]

(b) Hao Yan merayakan Tahun Baru Cina dengan menyediakan ahli keluarganya dengan
‘steamboat’. Dia membeli banyak udang segar, sotong dan ikan dua minggu sebelum
Tahun Baru Cina dan menyimpan makanan laut itu bahagian sejuk beku peti sejuk.

Hao Yan celebrates Chinese New Year by serving his family members with steamboat.
He bought a lot of fresh prawn, squids and fish two weeks before the Chinese New Year
and stored the seafood in the frozen compartment of refrigerator.

Berdasarkan pernyataan di atas, terangkan mengapa makanan laut tahan lama di dalam peti
sejuk. Based on the above statement, explain why seafood can keep longer in the refrigerator?

[5 markah / 5 marks]

(c) 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 2.0 mol dm-3 dan serbuk zink berlebihan digunakan dalam suatu
tindak balas. Tuliskan persamaan kimia seimbang bagi tindak balas dan hitungkan isipadu
gas hidrogen terbebas pada suhu bilik.

50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid and excess zinc powder are used in a reaction.
Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction and calculate the volume of hydrogen
gas released at room conditions.
[Isipadu 1 mol gas pada suhu bilik / Volume of 1 mole gas at room temperature = 24 dm3]

[5 markah / 5 marks]

BAHAGIAN C / SECTION C

1. (a) Jadual 1 menunjukkan maklumat bagi eksperimen I dan eksperimen II untuk mengkaji kadar
tindak balas antara zinc dengan dua acid, X dan Y.
Table 1 shows the information for experiment I and experiment II to study the rate of
reaction of zinc with two acids, X and Y.

Eksperime
Bahan tindak balas Hasil tindak balas
n
Reactants Products
Experiment
2.6 g of zink + 50 cm3 asid X 2.0 mol dm-3 Zink nitrat dan gas hidrogen
I
2.6 g of zinc + 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 acid X Zinc nitrate and hydrogen gas
Zink sulfat + gas hydrogen
2.6 g of zink 50 cm3 asid Y 2.0 mol dm-3
II Zinc sulphate and hydrogen
2.6 g of zinc + 50 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 acid Y
gas
Jadual 1 / Table 1

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(i) Nyatakan nama asid yang digunakan dalam eksperimen I dan ekaperimen II.
State the name of the acid used in experiment I and experiment II.
[2 markah / 2 marks]

(ii) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas antara asid X dengan zink dan kira isipadu
maksimum gas hydrogen yang dihasilkan dalam eksperimen I.
write a chemical equation for the reaction of acid X with zinc and calculate the maximum
volume of hydrogen gas produced in experiment I.
[Jisim atom relatif: Zn = 65: Isi padu molar: 24 dm3 mol-1 pada keadaan bilik]
[Relative atomic mass: Zn = 65: Molar volume 24 dm3 mol-1 at room condition]

[5 marksh / 5 marks]

(b) Rajah 1 menunjukkan graf keputusan bagi eksperimen I dan eksperimen II.
Diagram 1 shows a graph of the results for experiment I and experiment II.

Rajah 1 / Diagram 1
Terangkan perbezaan kadar tindak balas antara eksperimen I dan eksperimen II dengan
menggunakan teori perlanggaran.
Explain the different in the rate of reaction between experiment I and experiment II by using
the collision theory.
[5 markah / 5 marks]

(c) Sekumpulan murid mendapati bahawa ketulan gula larut lebih cepat di dalam air panas
berbanding dengan air sejuk.
A group of pupils discovered that sugar cubes dissolve faster in hot water compared to
in cold water.
Dengan menggunakan suatu asid yang dinamakan dan larutan natrium tiosulfat, huraikan
satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji pernyataan di atas. Dalam huraian anda, sertakan satu
pemerhatian yang terlibat.
By using a named acid and sodium thiosulphate solution, describe an experiment to study
the above statement. In your description, include an observation involved.
[8 markah /8 marks]

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SKEMA JAWAPAN / ANSWER SCHEME

No Jawapan / Answer Markah /


Mark
1 (a) Perubahan isipadu gas melawan masa 1
The change in gas volume against time
(b) Kaedah penyesaran air 1
Water displacement method
(c) 1. Formula kimia bahan dan hasil tindak yang betul 1
Correct formulae of reactants and products
2. Persamaan yang seimbang 1
Balance equation

CaCO3 + 2HNO3 → Ca(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O


(d) 1. Gambarah berlabel / Functional diagram 1
2. Label (kalsium karbonat, asid nitric dan air) 1
Labelled (calcium carbonate, nitric acid, water)

Nitric acid
Asid nitrik

(e) 1. Bentuk lengkung yang betul dengan titiknya / Correct shape of 1


Curve with its points
2. Label paksi yang betul dengan unit / Correct label of axis and 1
unit

(f) (i) 41.5 − 29.0 1


= 0.21 𝑐𝑚3 𝑠 −1
120 − 60
(ii) 46.0 − 35.0 1
= 0.15𝑐𝑚3 𝑠 −1
150 − 78
Julat / Range : 0.14-0.16
Jumlah / Total 10

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No Jawapan / Answer Markah /


Mark
2 (a) 1. Formula kimia bahan dan hasil tindak yang betul 1
Correct formulae of reactants and products
2. Persamaan yang seimbang 1
Balance equation

CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O


(b) (i) Semua asid hidroklorik/ hidrogen ion telah habis bertindak balas / 1
All the hydrochloric acid/all the hydrogen ion has completely
reacted with calcium carbonate
(ii) 2.50 g 1
(c) 1. Bilangan mol HCl / Number of moles HCl 1
2. Mol ratio / Mole ratio 1
3. Isipadu gas CO2 / Volume of CO2 1

Bilangan mol HCl/ Number of mole of HCl


= 0.5 × 100
1000
= 0.05 mol

2 mol HCI : 1 mol CO2


0.05 mol HCI : 0.025 mol CO2

Isi padu CO2/ Volume of CO2


= 0.025 × 24
= 0.6 dm3

(d) (i) 1

(d) (ii) 1. Suhu yang tinggi meningkatkan tenaga kinetic zarah-zarah// 1


Pada suhu yang tinggi, zarah-zarah bergerak lebih laju
Temperature increases causes kinetic energy of particles
increases// At higher temperature, the particles move faster
2. Frekuensi perlanggaran antara ion hidrogen dan kalsium 1
karbonat bertambah
Frequency of collision between hydrogen ions and calcium
carbonate increase.
3. Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan meningkat 1
Frequency of effective collision increases

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(d) Kepekatan aisd hidroklorik/ion hidrogen // Saiz kalsium karbonat 1


The concentration of hydrochloric acid /hydrogen ion// Size
calcium carbonate
Jumlah / Total 12
3 (a) (i) draw stopper on the mouth of conical flask 1
(b) 1. Formula kimia bahan dan hasil tindak yang betul 1
Correct formulae of reactants and products
2. Persamaan yang seimbang 1
Balance equation

Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
(c) (i) 30 1
Kadar /𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 = = 1.5 𝑐𝑚3 𝑠 −1
20
(ii) 30 1
Kadar /Rate =12 𝑐𝑚3 𝑠 −1 = 2.5 𝑐𝑚3 𝑠 −1
(d) 1. Kadar tindak balas bagi Eksperimen II lebih tinggi daripada 1
Eksperimen I
The rate of reaction in Expt II is higher than Expt I 1
2. Mangkin menyediakan laluan tindak balas alternative dengan
tenaga pengaktifan yang lebih rendah dalam Eksperimen II,
tiada mangkin dalam
Catalyst provides alternative reaction pathway with a lower 1
the activation energy in Expt II, no catalyst present in
Experiment I
3. Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan antara zinc atom dan
hidrogen ion lebih tinggi dalam Eksperimen II daripada
Eksperimen I
The frequency of effective collision between ion and Zn atom
in Experiment II is higher than Experiment I
(e) 1. Bentuk lengkung yang betul dengan titiknya / Correct shape 1
of Curve with its points
2. Label paksi yang betul dengan unit / Correct label of axis and 1
unit

Jumlah / Total 10
4 (a) 1. 1. Formula kimia bahan dan hasil tindak yang betul 1
2. Correct formulae of reactants and products
3. 2. Persamaan yang seimbang 1
4. Balance equation

Mg + 2H+ → Mg2+ + H2

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(b) (i) Set I : 0.1 mol dm-3 // 0.5 mol dm-3 // 1.0 mol dm-3 1
Set II : 0.2 mol dm-3 // mol dm-3// 2.0 mol dm-3 1
(ii) 1. Kadar tindak balas dalam set II lebih tinggi daripada set I 1
Rate of reaction in set II is higher than set I
2. Kepekatan asid hidroklorik dalam Set II lebih tinggi / dua kali 1
ganda berbanding Set I
Concentration of hydrochloric acid in Set II is higher / double
than that of Set I
3. Bilangan ion hidrogen per unit isipadu dalam set II lebih 1
tinggi / dua kali ganda berbading set I
The number of hydrogen ions per unit volume in Set II is
higher / double than in Set I

(c) 1. Bilangan mol Mg / Number of moles Mg 1


2. Mol ratio / Mole ratio 1
3. Isipadu gas H2 / Volume of H2 1

Bilangan mol Mg / Number of mole of Mg


1.2
=
24
= 0.05 mol

1 mol Mg : 1 mol H2
0.05 mol HCI : 0.05 mol H2

Isi padu H2/ Volume of H2


= 0.05 × 24
= 1.2 dm3

(d) 1200 1
Set I : 5.0𝑋60 = 4.0 𝑐𝑚3 𝑠 −1

1200 1
Set II : 3.5𝑋60 = 5.71 cm3 s-1

Jumlah / Total 12
5. (a) Perubahan jisim zink // Changes in mass of zinc 1

(b) Kepekatan asid hidroklorik // Concentration of hydrochloric acid 1

(c) Set I = 40/90 // 0.444 cm3 s-1 1


Set II = 40/55 // 0.727 cm3 s-1 1
(d) (i) Kadar tindak balas bagi Set II Iebih daripada Set I 1
The rate of reaction for Set II is higher than Set I
(ii) 1. Kepekatan asid//asid hidroklorik /HCl dalam Set II lebih 1
tinggi daripada Set I.
Concentration of acid/hydrochloric aid/HCl in Set II is higher
than Set I. 1
2. Bilangan ion hidrogen/H+ per unit isipadu dalam Set II lebih
tinggi.
The number of hydrogen ions/H+ per unit volume in Set II is
higher.

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3. Frekuensi perlanggaran antara ion hidrogen/H+ dan atom zink 1


dalam Set II lebih tinggi.
Frequency of collision between hydrogen ion/H+ and zinc
atom in Set II is
higher. 1
4. Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan antara zarah dalam Set II
lebih tinggi.
Frequency of effective collision between particles in Set II is
higher

(e) 1. Bentuk lengkung yang betul / Correct shape of Curve 1


2. Label paksi yang betul dengan unit dengan isipadu 40cm3/ 1
Correct label of axis with 40cm3

Jumlah/Total 11

SECTION B
1. (a) (i) 1. Formula kimia bahan dan hasil tindak yang betul 1
Correct formulae of reactants and products
2. Persamaan yang seimbang / Balance equation 1

Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2

3. Bilangan mol HCl / Number of moles HCl 1


0.1 ×25
n HCl = // 0.0025 mol
1000

1
4. mol of HCl : mol of H2
2:1
0.0025 : 0.00125 //
2 mol of HCl produced 1 mol of H2 //
0.025 mol of HCl produced 0.00125 mol of H2
1
5. Isipadu gas H2 dengan unit / Volume of H2 with unit

Volume = 0.00125 x 24 dm3// 0.3 dm3 // 300 cm3


1
6. Gas hydrogen terbebas terbebas / Hydrogen gas is released

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(ii) 1. Bentuk lengkung yang betul dengan titiknya / Correct shape 1


of Curve with its points
2. Label paksi yang betul dengan unit / Correct label of axis and 1
unit

(iii) 1. Eksperimen/ Experiment III, II, I 1

Eksperimen I dan II/ Experiment I and II

2. Suhu pada Eksperimen II lebih tinggi daripada Eksperimen I. 1


Temperature of experiment II is higher than experiment I
3. Tenaga kinetik zarah-zarah pada Eksperimen II lebih tinggi 1
daripada Eksperimen I.
The kinetic energy of particles in experiment II is higher than 1
experiment I.
4. Frekuensi perlanggaran di antara ion H+ dan atom zink dalam 1
Eksperimen II lebih tinggi daripada Eksperimen I.
The frequency of collision between hydrogen ion, H+ ions and
zinc atom in
experiment II is higher than experiment I.
5. Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan di antara ion H+ dan atom 1
zink dalam Eksperimen II lebih tinggi daripada Eksperimen I.
The frequency of effective collision between H+ ions and zinc
atom in experiment II is higher than experiment I

Eksperimen II dan III/ Experiment II and III

6. CuSO4 digunakan sebagai mangkin dalam Eksperimen III. 1


Copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 is used as a catalyst in
experiment III. 1
7. Kehadiran mangkin merendahkan tenaga pengaktifan.
The presence of catalyst provide an pathway which needs
lower activation 1
Energy.
8. Lebih banyak zarah yang berlanggar dapat mencapai tenaga 1
pengaktifan yang rendah.
more colliding particles can achieved a lower activation
energy
9. Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan di antara ion H+ dan atom 1
zink dalam Eksperimen III lebih tinggi daripada Eksperimen
II.
Frequency of effective collision between hydrogen ion, H+
ions and
zinc atom in experiment III is higher than experiment II

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(b) 1. Situasi A / Situation A. 1


2. Daging di situasi A mempunyai saiz lebih kecil, maka jumlah 1
luas permukaan lebih besar
Meat in situation A has smaller size, thus it has a bigger total
surface area.
3. Lebih banyak tenaga haba diserap menyebabkan daging 1
masak dengan cepat.
More heat energy is absorbed causing the meat to cook faster.

Jumlah / Total 20
2. (a) (i) 1. It is specific in its action. 1
2. Remains chemically unchanged after experiment. 1
3. Needed in small amount.
4. Do not change the quantity of the product. 1
(any three)
(ii) 1. Label paksi-Y + keluk yang betul 1
Labelled y-axis + correct curve
2. Label keluk dengan betul 1
Labelled curve correctly

(iii) 1. Formula kimia bahan dan hasil tindak yang betul 1


Correct formulae of reactants and products
2. Persamaan yang seimbang / Balance equation 1

2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
(iv) 1. Mangan (IV) oksida adalah mangkin 1
Manganese(IV) oxide acts as a catalyst.
2. Mangan (IV) oksida menyediakan laluan alternatif dan 1
merendahkan tenagan pengaktifan
Manganese(IV) oxide provide an alternative path with lower
activation energy.
3. Lebih banyak zarah berlanggar dapat mencapai tenaga 1
pengaktifan yang rendah
More colliding particles are able to overcome this lower
activation energy.
4. Frekuensi perlanggran berkesan antara molekul hydrogen 1
peroksida meningkat
Frequency of effective collision between hydrogen peroxide
molecules increases.

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(b) 1. Penguraian dan pereputan makanan laun disebabkan tindakan 1


mikroorganisma atau bakteria di sekitarnya.
The decomposition and decaying of seafood is caused by the
action of microorganism or bacteria in the surrounding.
2. Tindakan mikroorganisma menjadi optimum pada suhu bilik. 1
Makanan laut menjadi buruk/busuk dengan cepat pada suhu
bilik.
The action of microorganisms become optimum at the room
temperature. Seafood turns bad quickly at room temperature.
3. Suhu di dalam peti sejuk adalah rendah 1
The temperature inside the refrigerator is low.
4. Bakteria tidak aktif, pertumbuhan bakteria lebih rendah. 1
The bacteria is not active, the growth of bacteria in seafood is
lower
5. Bakteria menghasilkan toksin yang rendah dan kadar 1
penguraian makanan laut lebih rendah.
The bacteria produce low toxin, the rate of decomposition of
seafood is lower

(c) 1. Formula kimia bahan dan hasil tindak yang betul 1


Correct formulae of reactants and products
2. Persamaan yang seimbang / Balance equation 1

2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2

3. Bilangan mol HCl / Number of moles of HCl 1


2(50)
= 1000
= 0.1 mol

4. Bilangan mol HCl / mol of HCl : Bilangan mol H2 / mol of H2


1
2 : 1
0.1 : 0.05
1
5. Isipadu gas hidrogen / Volume of H2
= 0.05 x 24
= 1.2 dm3
Jumlah / Total 20

SECTION C
1. (a) (i) Eksperimen I: Asid nitrik 1
Experiment I: Nitric acid

Eksperimen II: Asid sulfurik 1


Experiment II: Sulphuric acid

(ii) 1. Formula kimia bahan dan hasil tindak yang betul 1


Correct formulae of reactants and products
2. Persamaan yang seimbang / Balance equation 1

Zn + 2HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2 + H2

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3.Bilangan mol Zn / Number of moles of Zn 1


= 2.6
65
= 0.04 mol

4.Bilangan mol HNO3/ Number of mole of HNO3 1


= 2.0 × 50
1000
= 0.1 mol

5.Isipadu gas H2 / Volume of H2 1


= 0.04 × 24
= 0.96 dm3

(b) 1. Kadar tindak balas dalam eksperimen II lebih tinggi daripada 1


eksperimen I.
The rate of reaction in experiment II is higher than
experiment I. 1
2. Asid yang digunakan dalam eksperimen I ialah asid
monoprotik, manakala eksperimen II ialah asid diprotik.
The acid used in experiment I is a monoprotic acid while in
experiment II is a diprotic acid.
3. Kepekatan ion hidrogen, H+ dalam eksperimen II lebih tinggi 1
daripada eksperimen I/ Bilangan ion hidrogen, H+ dalam satu
unit isi padu dalam eksperimen II adalah lebih tinggi.
Concentration of hydrogen ions, H+ in experiment II is higher
than in experiment I/ Number of hydrogen ions, H+ per unit
volume in experiment II is higher.
4. Frekuensi perlanggaran di antara ion hidrogen, H+ dan atom 1
zink dalam eksperimen II lebih tinggi.
The frequency of collision between hydrogen ions, H+ and
zinc atoms in experiment II is higher.
5. Frekuensi perlanggaran berkesan di antara ion hidrogen,H+ 1
dan atom zink dalam eksperimen II lebih tinggi.
The frequency of effective collision between hydrogen ions,
H+and zinc atoms in experiment II is higher

(c) Prosedur / Procedure:

1. Tuang 50 cm3 natrium tiosulfat 0.05 mol dm–3 ke dalam 1


kelalang kon.
Pour 50 cm3 of 0.05 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulphate solution
into a conical flask. 1
2. Sukat dan rekod suhu larutan tersebut menggunakan
termometer. 1
Measure and record the temperature of the solution using
thermometer.
3. Letakkan kelalang kon di atas sekeping kertas yang telah
ditanda dengan tanda ‘X’ di tengah. 1
Place the conical flask on top of a piece of white paper with a
mark ‘X’ at the centre.

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4. Sukat dan tuang dengan cepat dan cermat 5 cm3 asid sulfurik 1
ke dalam kelalang kon.
Measure and pour quickly and carefully 5 cm3 of sulphuric 1
acid into the conical flask.
5. Goncangkan kelalang kon. Pada masa yang sama, jam randik 1
dimulakan.
Swirl the conical flask. At the same time, a stopwatch is
started.
6. Rekod masa yang diambil untuk tanda ‘X’ tidak kelihatan. 1
Record the time taken for the mark ‘X’ to disappear.
7. Ulang langkah 1 hingga 6 dengan memanaskan larutan
natrium tiosulfat pada suhu yang berbeza.
Repeat steps 1 to 6 by heating the sodium thiosulphate
solution at different temperatures.

Pemerhatian/ Observation:

8. Mendakan kuning terbentuk/ bau sengit.


Yellow precipitate formed/ pungent odour.

Jumlah / Total 20

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BAB 8: BAHAN BUATAN DALAM INDUSTRI


CHAPTER 8: MANUFACTURED SUBSTANCES IN INDUSTRY

BAHAGIAN A / SECTION A

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan atom dalam dua jenis bahan A dan B. Bahan B lebih sesuai
daripada bahan A untuk membuat landasan keretapi.
Diagram 1 shows the arrangement of atoms in two types of materials A and B. Material B is
more suitable than material A to make railway tracks.

Rajah / Diagram 1

a) Nyatakan jenis bagi bahan A dan bahan B.


State the types of material A and material B.

A:………………………………………… B:…………………………………………
[2 markah / marks]

b) Namakan atom X.
Name atom X.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

c) Terangkan daripada aspek susunan atom, mengapa bahan B lebih sesuai untuk membuat
landasan keretapi.
Explain in terms of arrangement of atoms, why material B is more suitable to make
railway tracks.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / marks]

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2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan alat yang diperbuat daripada sejenis kaca.


Diagram 2 shows items made from a type of glass.

Rajah / Diagram 2

a) Apakah komponen utama kaca?


What is the major component of glass?

…………………………………………………………………………………………....
[1 markah / mark]

b) Nyatakan jenis kaca yang digunakan dalam penghasilan barang tersebut.


State the type of glass used in making the items

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]

c) Nyatakan tiga sifat bagi jenis gelas yang dinyatakan di dalam b).
State three properties of the type of glass mentioned in b).

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3 markah / marks]

d) Berikan sebab mengapa kaca digunakan untuk membuat barang tersebut dan bukannya
menggunakan logam.
Give a reason why glass is used to make the items above instead of using metal.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]

e) Namakan jenis kaca yang terbentuk apabila plumbum(II) oksida dipanaskan dengan
silicon dioksida.
Name the type of glass formed when lead(II)oxide is heated with silicon dioxide.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

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3 (a) Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan sebuah periuk.


Diagram 3.1 shows a pot.

Rajah / Diagram 3.1

(i) Periuk diperbuat daripada keluli nirkarat. Kromium adalah salah satu unsur
dalam keluli nirkarat. Nyatakan dua unsur lain dalam keluli nirkarat.
The pot is made from stainless steel. Chromium is one of the elements in stainless
steel. State two other elements in stainless steel.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / marks]

(ii) Nyatakan perbezaan dari segi kekerasan antara keluli nirkarat dan logam
tulennya.
State the difference in hardness between stainless steel and its pure metal

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

c) Penutup periuk diperbuat daripada kaca.


The cover of pot is made of glass.
(i) Nyatakan komponen utama kaca.
State the main component of glass.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

(ii) Cadangkan jenis kaca yang paling sesuai untuk membuat penutup itu.
Suggest the type of glass that is most suitable to make the cover.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

(iii) Berikan satu sebab bagi jawapan anda di b) (ii).


Give one reason for your answer in b) (ii).

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

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c) Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan satu set pasu porselin.


Diagram 3.2 shows a set of porcelain pot.

Rajah / Diagram 3.2

(i) Apakah bahan dan komponen utama untuk membuat pasu porselin?
What is the substance and the major component in the making of porcelain pots?

……………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / marks]

(ii) Kaolin digunakan untuk membuat porselin. Satu bahan ditambah kepada kaolin
untuk menambahkan kekerasannya. Namakan bahan tersebut.
Kaolin is used to make porcelain. A substance is added to kaolin to harden it.
What is the substance?

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

d) rajah 3.3 menunjukkan sebuah jambatan yang dibina menggunakan konkrit


diperkukuhkan.
Diagram 3.3 shows a bridge unit of reinforced concrete.

Rajah / Diagram 3.3


Konkrit diperkukuhkan ialah suatu bahan komposit yang digunakan secara meluas dalam
bidang pembinaan.
Berikan dua sifat istimewa konkrit diperkukuhkan yang menjadikan bahan ini lebih
sesuai digunakan dalam pembinaan jambatan tersebut.
Reinforced concrete is a composite material which is widely used in construction field.
Give two special properties of reinforced concrete to make it more suitable to be used in
the bridge construction.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / marks]

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4 (a) Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan badan kereta api diperbuat daripada aloi R dan landasan kereta
api yang diperbuat daripada aloi S.
Diagram 4.1 shows the body of bullet train which is made of alloy R and the railway
track which is made of alloy S.
Aloi R / Alloy R

Aloi S / Alloy S

Rajah / Diagram 4.1

(i) Nyatakan nama aloi R.


State the name of alloy R.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

(ii) Berikan sifat khas bagi aloi R yang menjadikan satu kelebihan digunakan dalam
kereta api laju.
Give the specific properties of alloy R that make it an advantage to be used in
making bullet train.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / marks]

(iii) Lukis sebuah rajah untuk menunjukkan susunan atom dalam aloi R.
Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of atoms in alloy R.

[2 markah / marks]
b) Rajah 4.2 menunjukkan sebuah topi keledar yang diguunakan oleh penunggang
motosikal untuk keselamatan mereka.
Diagram 4.2 shows a helmet that is worn by motorcyclists for safety.

Rajah / Diagram 4.2

Bahan Y diperbuat daripada campuran kaca dan plastic.


Material Y is made up from the mixture of glass and plastic.

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(i) Nyatakan nama bahan Y.


State the name of material Y.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

(ii) Nyatakan kelebihan bahan Y berbanding dengan kaca borosilikat.


State one advantage of material Y compared to borosilicate glass.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

(c) Rajah 4.3 menunjukkan struktur konkrit yang digunakan dalam sektor pembinaan.
Diagram 4.3 shows the structure of concrete used in construction sector.

Rajah / Diagram 4.3

Namakan bahan komposit ini dan berikan dua sebab mengapa ia sesuai digunakan untuk
membuat bangunan.
Name the composite material and give two reasons why it is used to make buildings.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[3 markah / marks]

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BAHAGIAN B/ SECTION B

5 a) Jadual 5.1 menunjukkan jenis bahan dan kegunaannya .


Table 5.1 shows the type of material and its uses.

Bahan Kegunaan
Materials Uses
R Untuk membuat peralatan dapur, alatan pembedahan
To make kitchen utensils, surgical instrument
Kaca borosilikat
Borosilicate glass
S Untuk membuat pasu, mangkuk, batu-bata
To make vase, bowl, bricks
Gentian optic
Optical fibre

Jadual / Table 5.1

(i) Namakan bahan R dan S serta nyatakan satu kegunaan bagi kaca borosilikat dan
gentian optic.
Name material R and S, state one use of borosilicate glass and optical fibre.
[ 4 markah / marks]

(ii) Nyatakan dua sebab mengapa kaca borosilikat digunakan untuk membuat bahan
yang dinamakan di (a) (i).
State two reasons why borosilicate glass is used to make the material named in
(a) (i).

[ 2 markah / marks]
b) Rajah 5 menunjukkan rumah tradisional di Malaysia.
Diagram 5 shows traditional house in Malaysia.

Rajah / Diagram 5

Kayu ialah bahan komposit semulajadi yang kuat dan kukuh.


Wood is a natural composite material that is strong and sturdy.
(i) Nyatakan maksud bahan komposit. Mengapakah bahan komposit menjadi
semakin penting dalam industri pembinaan?
State the meaning of composite material. Why are composite materials becoming
increasingly important in construction industry?
[ 2 markah / marks ]

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(ii) Bahan komposit digunakan secara meluas dalam pembangunan dan kemajuan
teknologi masa kini. Contohnya konkrit diperkukuhkan digunakan dalam
pembinaan jambatan dan bangunan.
Jelaskan bagaimanakah konkrit diperkukuhkan dihasilkan.
Composite materials are widely used in the development and advancement of
technology nowadays.
Explain how reinforced concrete is produced.
[2 markah / marks]

(c) Jadual 5.2 menunjukkan susunan atom bagi loyang dan gangsa.
Table 5.2 shows the atomic arrangement of brass and bronze.
Aloi Susunan atom
Alloy Atomic arrangement
Loyang
Brass

Gangsa
Bronze

Jadual / Table 5.2


(i) Namakan atom X, Y dan Z.
Name atom X, Y and Z.
[3 markah / marks]
(ii) Berikan satu kegunaan gangsa dan Loyang.
Give one use of bronze and brass.
[2 markah / marks]
(iii) Dengan menggunakan sama ada loyang atau gangsa, terangkan dari segi
kekerasan aloi itu berbanding logam tulennya.
By using either brass or bronze, explain in terms of hardness of the alloy
compared to its pure metal.
[5 markah / marks]

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BAHAGIAN C/ SECTION C

6 a) Beberapa bahagian kereta dalam Rajah 6 diperbuat daripada bahan buatan industry.
A few parts of the car in Diagram 6 are made up manufactured substances in industry.
Cermin tingkap
Window screen
Bampar
Badan kereta Bumper
Car body

Rajah / Diagram 6
(i) Badan kereta tersebut diperbuat daripada sejenis aloi. Namakan aloi yang
digunakan dan nyatakan komponennya.
The body of the car is made up of an alloy. Name the alloy used and its
component.
[2 markah / marks]

(ii) Lukiskan susunan atom di dalam aloi.


Draw the arrangement of atom in alloy.
[1 markah / mark]

(iii) Terangkan mengapa aloi tersebut digunakan dan bukannya logam tulen.
Explain why the alloy is used instead of pure metal.
[2 markah / marks]

(iv) Cermin tingkap dan bampar kereta tersebut diperbuat daripada sejenis bahan
komposit. Nyatakan maksud bahan komposit.
Window screen and bumper of the car is made up of a type of composite material.
State the meaning of composite material.
[2 markah / marks]

(v) Nyatakan bahan komposit yang digunakan untuk membuat cermin tingkap dan
bampar kereta. Nyatakan satu sifat bagi setiap bahan tersebut.
Name the composite materials used to make window screen and bumper.
State one property for each material.
[4 markah / marks]

(b)
Anita boleh membengkokkan gelang yang diperbuat daripada logam tulen dengan
mudah tetapi tidak dapat membengkokkkan gelang emaknya yang diperbuat
daripada aloi.
Anita could easily bend her bangle which is made from pure metal but she could not
bend her mother’s bangle which is made of alloy.
Dengan menggunakan satu contoh yang sesuai, huraikan satu eksperimen bagi
membandingkan kekerasan aloi itu dengan logam tulennya. Dalam huraian anda,
sertakan rajah berlabel dan penjadualan data bagi eksperimen itu.
By using a suitable example, describe the experiment to compare the hardness of the
alloy and its pure metal. In your description, include a labelled diagram and tabulation
of data for the experiment.
[ 10 markah / marks]

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SKEMA JAWAPAN / ANSWER SCHEME

No Answers Marks
1 (a) A: logam tulen / pure metal 1
B: aloi / alloy 1
(b) Besi / iron 1
(c) 1. Atom asing yang berlainan saiz mengganggu susunan teratur logam 1
tulen
The foreign atom of different size disrupt the orderly arrangement
of pure metal atoms
2. Apabila daya dikenakan, lapisan atom dalam aloi lebih sukar 1
menggelongsor atas satu sama lain.
When force is applied, the layers of atoms in alloy is more difficult
to slide over one another.
Jumlah /Total 5
2 (a) Silika / silica 1
(b) Kaca borosilikat / Borosilicate glass 1
(c) 1. Takat lebur yang tinggi / high melting point 1
2. Tahan kepada perubahan suhu mengejut / resist to thermal shock 1
3. Pekali pengembangan yang rendah / low expansion coefficient 1
(d) Kaca lengai terhadap bahan kimia / Glass is chemically inert 1
(e) Kaca plumbum kristal / lead crystal glass 1
Jumlah /Total 7

No Answers Marks
3. (a) (i) Besi dan karbon 1+1
Iron and carbon
(ii) Keluli nirkarat adalah lebih keras daripada logam tulennya. 1
Stainless steel is harder than its pure metal
(b) (i) Silika / silica 1
(ii) Kaca borosilikat / borosilicate glass 1
(iii) Kaca borosilikat boleh tahan terhadap perubahan suhu yang besar. 1
Borosilicate glass can withstand to the wide range of temperature
changes
(c) (i) Silika dan aluminium silikat 1
Silica and aluminium silicate
(ii) Silikon / silicon 1
(d) 1. Kekuatan mampatan tinggi / high compression strength 1
2. Kekuatan regangan tinggi / high stretching strength 1
3. Tahan kakisan / resistant to corrosion
Jumlah /Total 11
4. (a) (i) Duralumin / duralumin 1
(ii) Ringan dan kuat / light and strong 1+1
(iii) 1+1

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(b) (i) Gentian kaca / fibre glass 1


(ii) Ringan dan kuat / light and strong 1
(c) 1. Konkrit diperkukuhkan / Reinforced concrete 1
2. Kekuatan mampatan tinggi / High compression strength 1
3. Kuat / strong 1
Jumlah /Total 10

Question Answers Marks


Soalan Jawapan Markah
5. (a) (i) R: Keluli tahan karat / stainless steel 1
S: Seramik / ceramic 1
Kaca borosilikat: alat radas makmal / laboratory glassware 1
Gentian optic: kabel rangkaian computer / cables in computer network 1
(ii) 1. Takat lebur yang tinggi / high melting point 1
2. Pekali pengembangan yang rendah / low expansion coefficient 1
(b) (i) Bahan komposit ialah bahan yang dihasilkan daripada gabungan dua 1
atau lebih bahan yang bukan homogeny iaitu bahan matriks dan bahan
pengukuhan.
Composite material is a material made from combining two or more
non-homogenous substance that is matrix substance and strengthening
substance.
Bahan komposit mempunyai ciri-ciri yang lebih baik daripada 1
komponen asalnya.
Composite materials have properties that are superior than the
original components.
(ii) 1. Palang / tetulang keluli atau jejaring dawai (bahan pengukuhan) 1
Steel bars or wire mesh (strengthening substance)
2. Dibenam di dalam konkrit (bahan matriks) 1
Is immersed in concrete (matrix substance)
(c) (i) X: kuprum / copper 1
Y: zink / zinc 1
Z: tin / tin 1
(ii) 1. Gangsa: pingat // piala // tugu 1
Bronze: medals // trophies // monument
2. Loyang: tombol pintu // kunci // alat muzik 1
Brass: doorknobs // keys // musical instruments
(iii) 1. Gangsa terdiri daripada logam tulennya iaitu atom-atom kuprum 1
dan atom-atom asing itu
Bronze is made up of its pure metal atoms, copper and foreign
atoms, tin
2. Logam tulen kuprum terdiri daripada satu jenis atom yang sama 1
saiz dan tersusun secara teratur
Pure metals copper is made up of one type of atom that is same
size and arranged in an orderly manner
3. Apabila daya dikenakan, lapisan atom-atom logam kuprum mudah
menggelongsor atas satu sama lain 1
When force is applied, the layers of atoms in the metal easily slide
over one another
4. Kehadiran atom tin yang berbeza saiz di dalam gangsa 1
mengganggu susunan logam tulen kuprum

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Presence of different saiz of tin in bronze disrupted the orderly


arrangement of copper 1
5. Apabila daya dikenakan ke atas gangsa, susunan atom-atom susah
untuk menggelongsor atas satu sama lain
When force is applied on bronze, the layers of atoms are difficult to
slide over one another.
Jumlah /Total 20

Question Answers Marks


Soalan Jawapan Markah
6. (a) (i) Besi dan karbon 1
Iron and carbon 1
(ii)

(iii) 1. Aloi lebih kuat / keras 1


Alloy is harder / stronger
2. Aloi tahan kakisan 1
Alloy is resistant to corrosion
(iv) Bahan komposit ialah bahan yang terdiri daripada gabungan dua atau
lebih bahan yang kukan homogeny, iaitu bahan matriks dan bahan
pengukuhan.
A composite material is a material made from combining two or more
non-homogenous substance, that is matrix substance and strengthening
substance.
(v) Bahan komposit Sifat
Composite material Properties
Kaca fotokromik • Lutsinar / transparent
Photochromic glass • Menyerap sinaran UV / absorbs UV rays 1+1
• Penyerapan sinaran UV bergantung
kepada keamatan cahaya / the absorption
of UV rays depends on light intensity

Kaca gentian • Kekuatan regangan tinggi / high


Fibre glass stretching strength 1+1
• Penebat haba dan elektrik / heat and
electrical insulator
• Tahan lasak / durable
• Tahan kakisan / resistant to corrosion
(b) Rajah / diagram
1. Rajah berfungsi / functional diagram 1
2. Label / labelled 1

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Prosedur / Procedure:
3. Lekatkan bebola keluli di atas permukaan blok kuprum 1
menggunakan pita selofan.
Fix a steel ball bearing on the surface of the copper block using
cellophane tape.
4. Gantung 1 kg pemberat di kaki retort pada ketinggian 50 cm dari 1
permukaan blok gangsa.
Hang a 1 kg weight on the retort stand at 50 cm above the surface
of the bronze block.
5. Lepaskan pemberat ke atas bebola keluli. 1
Release the weight onto the steel ball bearing.
6. Ukur diameter lekuk yang terbentuk di atas permukaan blok 1
gangsa.
Measure the diameter of the dent formed on the surface of the
bronze block.
7. Ulangi langkah 1 hingga 4 tetapi pada permukaan berbeza blok 1
kuprum yang sama untuk mendapatkan purata diameter lengkuk
yang terbentuk. Catat bacaan di dalam jadual
Repeat steps 1 to 4 two times but on different surface of the copper
block to obtain on average diameter of the dent formed. Record the
reading in a table.
8. Ulangi langkah 1 hingga 5 dengan menggantikan blok kuprum 1
dengan blok gangsa.
Repeat steps 1 to 5 by replacing copper block with a bronze block.
9. Keputusan / Results:
Jenis blok Diameter lekuk (cm)
Type of block Diameter of dent (cm)
1 2 3 Purata
Average
Kuprum
Copper 1
Gangsa
Bronze

10. Purata lekuk gangsa lebih kecil berbanding kuprum. 1


Diameter of dent on bronze is smaller than copper
Jumlah /Total 20

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BAB 9 KESIMBANGAN REDOKS


CHAPTER 9 REDOX EQUILIBRIUM

BAHAGIAN / SECTION A
1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan susuan radas untuk satu sel kimia
Diagram 1 shows an apparatus set-up for a voltaic cell.

Elektrod Elektrod Ferum


Argentum

Larutan Ferum (II)


Larutan argentum nitrat
nitrat

Figure 1
Keupayaan elektrod piawai:/Standard Electrode Potential:

Fe2+ (aq) + 2e- ⇌ Fe (s) E° = -0.44 V


Ag+(aq) + e- ⇌ Ag (s) E° = +0.80 V

(a) Berdasarkan gambar rajah 1, dan merujuk kepada nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai sel
setengah:
Based on Figure 1, and referring to the standard electrode potential of a half-cell:
(i) Kenal pasti terminal negatif dan terminal positif.
identify the negative and positive terminals.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) Tulis notasi sel bagi sel tersebut.


Write the cell notation for the voltaic cell.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(iii) Tulis setengah persamaan pengoksidaan, setengah persamaan penurunan dan


persamaan ion keseluruhan.
Write the half equations for oxidation reaction, reduction reaction and the
overall ionic equation.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
[3 mark]

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(iv) Hitungkan voltan sel.


calculate the voltage of the cell.

[1 mark]

(b) Half-cell equation E°/V (298


Persamaan sel setengah K)
Mg2+ (aq) + 2e- ⇌ Mg (s) -2.38
Sn2+ (aq) + 2e- ⇌ Sn (s) -0.14
Cl2 (g) + 2e- ⇌ 2Cl- (aq) +1.36
MnO4- (aq) + 8H+ (aq) + 5e- ⇌ Mn2+ (aq) + 4H2O (l) +1.52

Keupayaan elektrod piawai /Standard Electrode Potential

Berdasarkan nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai sel setengah yang diberikan, tulis notasi
sel bagi sel kimia berikut:
Based on the Standard Electrode Potential provide, write the cell notation for the
following voltaic cells:
(i) Sn2+/Sn and Mg2+/Mg.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) Cl2 / Cl− and MnO4 −/Mn2+.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

2. Nilai keupayaan elektrod piawai sel setengah


Standard Electrode Potential:

Half-cell equation E°/V (298 K)


Persamaan sel setengah
Zn2+ (aq) + 2e- ⇌ Zn (s) -0.76
Ni2+ (aq) + 2e- ⇌ Ni (s) -0.25
Pb2+ (aq) + 2e- ⇌ Pb (s) -0.13
I2 (s) + 2e- ⇌ 2I- +0.54
Ag+(aq) + e- ⇌ Ag (s) +0.80

(a) Hitungkan voltan bagi sel kimia berikut:


Calculate the voltage for the following cells:

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(i) Ni(s) | Ni2+(aq) || Pb2+(aq) | Pb(s).

[1 mark]

(ii) Pt(s) | I−(aq), I2(aq) || Ag+(aq) | Ag(s).

[1 mark]

(c) Zn(s) | Zn2+(aq) || Ag+(aq) | Ag(s).

[1 mark]

3. Rajah 3 menunjukkan gabungan satu sel kimia dengan satu sel elektrolisis.
Diagram 3 shows the combination between a chemical cell and an electrolytic cell.
Cell Y

Rod karbon
Carbon rods Concentrated sodium chloride
solution
Larutan natrium klorida pekat

Rod kupruum
Rod Magnesium Copper rod
Magnesium rod

Cell X 2 mol dm-3 copper(II)


sulphate
solution
2 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate
solution
Rajah 3/ Diagram 3
Merujuk kepada Sel X,
Referring to Cell X,
(a) (i) Nyatakan perubahan tenaga.
State the energy conversion

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

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(ii) Nyatakan terminal negatif. Berikan sebab.


State the negative terminal. Give your reason.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[2 mark]

(iii) Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi mewakili tindak balas di elektrod magnesium
Write the half-equation to represent the reaction at the magnesium electrode.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(iv) Nyatakan perubahan yang diperhatikan pada elektrod kuprum


State the change observed at the copper electrode.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(b) Merujuk kepada Sel Y,


Referring to Cell Y,
(i) Nyatakan semua ion yang terdapat dalam larutan natrium klorida pekat.
State all the ions present in concentrated sodium chloride solution.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) Namakan gas yang terkumpul di anod.
Name the gas collected at the anode.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
3
(iii) Isipadu gas yang terkumpul di (b)(ii) ialah 12.0 cm .Hitungkan jisim gas ini.
[Jisim atom relatif : H=1, O =16, Cl = 35.5, Isipadu molar gas=24.0 dm3 mol-1
pada keadaan bilik]
The volume of gas collected in (b) (ii) is 12.0 cm3. Calculate the mass of this gas.
[Relative atomic mass: H=1, O =16, Cl = 35.5, Molar volume of gas = 24.0 dm3
mol-1 under room conditions]

[2 marks]

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4. Rajah 4.1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji elektrolisis larutan kuprum (II) sulfat
1.0 mol dm-3 menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Diagram 4.1 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of 1.0 mol dm-3
copper (II) sulphate solution using carbon electrode.

Larutan kuprum (II) sulfat 1.0 moldm-3


Elektrod karbon U
Carbon electrode U 1.0 moldm -3 copper(II) sulphate
2.0 solution
Elektrod karbon T
Carbon Electrode T

Rajah 4.1/ Diagram 4.1


(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan elektrolisis ?
What is meant by electrolysis?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(b) Nyatakan semua ion yang hadir dalam larutan kuprum(II)sulfat.


State all the ions present in copper (II) sulphate solution.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(c) (i) Nyatakan satu pemerhatian di elektrod T.


State an observation at electrode T

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di elektrod T.
Write the half equation of the reaction at electrode T.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

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(d) Apakah perubahan yang berlaku kepada warna larutan kuprum(II)sulfat? Terangkan
jawapan anda.
What is the colour change of the copper (II) sulphate solution? Explain your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]
(e) (i) Nyatakan ion yang akan dipilih untuk dinyahcas pada elektrod U.
State the ion that will be discharged at electrode U.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]
(ii) Berikan satu sebab untuk jawapan pada (e) (i)
Give one reason for your answer in (e)(i).

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

5. Rajah 5 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji elektrolisis larutan natrium klorida
dengan menggunakan elektrod-elektrod karbon.
Diagram 5 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of sodium chloride
solution with carbon electrodes.

Rajah 5/ Diagram 5
(a) Apakah perubahan tenaga dalam sel elektrolisis di atas?
What is the energy change in the electrolytic cell above?

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

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(b) Tuliskan formula bagi semua ion yang hadir dalam larutan natrium klorida.
Write the formulae of all ions present in sodium chloride solution.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(c) (i) Namakan gas yang terkumpul pada elektrod P


Name the gas collected at electrode P.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) Bagaimanakah anda mengesahkan gas yang terkumpul di (c)(i)?


How do you identify the gas collected in (c)(i)?

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

(d) (i) Apakah hasil yang akan terbentuk di elektrod P jika eksperimen ini di ulangi
dengan menggunakan larutan natrium klorida 2.0 mol dm-3?
What is the product formed at electrode P if the experiment is repeated using 2.0
mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution?

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) Terangkan jawapan anda di (d)(i).


Explain your answer in (d)(i).

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

(iii) Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas di elektrod P.


Write the half equation for the reaction at electrode P.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(e) Cadangkan satu logam yang boleh menggantikan elektrod karbon dalam eksperimen
tersebut untuk mendapatkan keputusan yang sama seperti di atas.
Suggest one metal that can replace the carbon electrodes in this experiment to obtain
the same result as above.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

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6. Rajah 6 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk mengkaji elektrolisis larutan
kalium iodida 0.001 mol dm-3 menggunakan elektrod karbon.
Diagram 6 shows the apparatus set-up used to electrolyse potassium iodide 0.001 mol dm-3
using carbon electrodes.

X Y
Carbon electrode Y
Cabon electrode X

Potassium iodide
solution
Rajah 6 /Diagram 6
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan anion ?
What is meant by the term anion?

……………………………………………………………………………………………\
[1 mark]

(b) Tuliskan formula bagi semua anion yang terdapat dalam larutan kalium iodida.
Write the formulae of all ions present in aqueous potassium iodide solution.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(c) (i) Apakah proses yang berlaku di elektrod Y.


State the process occur at electrode Y.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi mewakili proses yang berlaku di elektrod Y.
Write half equation for the reaction that occur at electrode Y.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(d) (i) Namakan gas yang terbebas di elektrod X.


Name the gas that release at electrode X.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

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(ii) Jika isipadu gas yang terkumpul di elektrod X ialah 24.0 cm3 pada keadaan bilik,
berapakah bilangan molekul gas yang telah dikumpul?
[Gunakan maklumat : 1 mol gas menempati 24.0 cm3 ruang pada keadaan bilik;
Pemalar Avogadro = 6.0 x 10 23 mol-1 ]
If the volume of gas collected at electrode X is 24.0 cm3 at room condition, how
many molecules of the gas collected?
[Molar volume of gas = 24.0 dm3 mol-1 under room conditions, Avogadro constant
=6.0 x 10 23 mol-1]

[2 marks]

(e) Jika larutan larutan kalium iodida 0.001 mol dm-3 digantikan dengan larutan kalium
iodida 1.0 mol dm-3.
If aqueous potassium iodide 0.001 mol dm-3 is replace with aqueous potassium iodide
0.1 mol dm-3.
(i) apakah yang diperhatikan di sekeliling elektrod X?
State the observation at electrode X?

………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(ii) Huraikan satu ujian untuk mengesahkan hasil yang terbentuk di elektrod X.
Describe a chemical test to determine and identify the product formed at electrode
X.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

7. Rajah 7 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk satu sel elektrolisis.


Diagram 7 shows the set-up of apparatus for an electrolytic cell.

kuprum

Larutan kuprum (II) nitrat

Rajah 7/ Diagram 7

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(a) Nyatakan semua anion dalam elektrolit


State all the anion in the electrolyte.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(b) Labelkan anod dalam sel itu.


Label the anode in the cell.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(c) Nayatakan satu pemerhatian pada anod.


State one observation at the anode.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(d) Tuliskan setengah persamaan untuk tindak balas yang berlaku di anod.
Write the half equation for the reaction that takes place at the anode.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(e) Nyatakan faktor yang mempengaruhi discas secara pilihan ion di katod sel itu.
State the factor that affects the selective discharge of ions at the cathode of the
cell.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

(f) Apakah yang berlaku kepada keamatan warna larutan dalam sel itu? Terangkan
jawapan anda
What happens to the colour intensity of the solution in the cell? Explain your
answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 marks]

(g) (i) Satu daripada kegunaan elektrolisis dalam industri ialah penyaduran logam.
Nyatakan satu lagi kegunaan elektrolisis dalam industri.
One of the uses of electrolysis in industry is electroplating of metals. State another
use of electrolysis in industry.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 mark]

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(ii) Seorang pelajar ingin menyadurkan sudu besi dengan argentum. Lukiskan
susunan radas yang akan digunakan oleh pelajar tersebut.
A student wants to electroplate an iron spoon with silver. Draw the apparatus set-
up that will be used by the student.

[2 marks]

BAHAGIAN / SECTION B
8. (a) Dalam tindak balas termik, serbuk aluminium, Al dipanaskan dengan serbuk ferum (III)
oksida, Fe2O3. Tindak balas ini sangat berguna untuk menghasilkan leburan besi dalam
kuantiti yang kecil bagi mengimpal landasan kereta api.
In a thermite reaction, aluminium powder, Al is heated together with iron (III) oxide
powder, Fe2O3. This is a very useful reaction in producing small quantities of molten
iron for welding railway tracks.

Persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas termik,


Chemical equation for the termite reaction

Fe2O3 (s) + 2Al (s) → Al2O3 (s) + 2Fe (l)


Fe2O3 (p) + 2Al (p) → Al2O3 (p) + 2Fe (ce)

(i) Berdasarkan persamaan kimia, nyatakan maksud tindak balas redoks. Tentukan
sama ada tindak balas ini merupakan tidak balas redoks. Terangkan jawapan adan
dari segi penambahan dan kehilangan oksigen.
Based on the chemical equation, state the meaning of redox reaction. Determine
whether the reaction is a redox reaction or not. Explain your answer in terms of
gains or loss of oxygen.
[4 markah / 4 marks]

(ii) Hitungkan jisim ferum (III) oksida yang digunakan untuk menghasilkan 0.28 kg
besi dalam tindak balas ini.
[Jisim atom relatif: O = 16; Fe = 56]
Calculate the mass of iron (III) oxide is used to produce 0.28 kg of iron in the
reaction.
[Relative atomic mass: O = 16; Fe = 56]
[4 markah / 4 marks]

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(iii) Tentukan nombor pengoksidaan bagi aluminium dalam Al2O3 . Namakan bagi
sebatian ini.
Determine the oxidation number of aluminium in Al2O3. Name the
compound.
[4 markah / 4 marks]

(b) Rajah 8 menunjukkan susuanan radas yang digunakan untuk mengkaji faktor yang
mempengaruhi hasil elektrolisis larutan akueus X.
Diagram 8 shows the apparatus set-up used to study the factor that affect the
products of electrolysis of an aqueous solution X.

Larutan X
Solution X
Elektrod karbon
Carbon electrodes

Rajah 8/ Diagram 8

Jadual 1 menunjukkan keputusan yang diperoleh daripada dua set eksperimen yang
menggunakan larutan akueus X.
Table 1 shows the results obtained from two sets of experiment using aqueous solution
X.

Set Pemerhatian di anod Pemerhatian di katod


Observation at anode Observation at cathode
I Larutan perang dihasilkan. Gas tidak berwarna dihasilkan
Mendakan biru tua terbentuk apabila Colourless gas bubbles is produced
ditambah dengan larutan kanji.
Brown solution is produced. Dark
blue precipitate is formed when is
added with starch solution
II Gas tidak berwarna dihasilkan Gas tidak berwarna dihasilkan
Colourless gas bubbles is produced Colourless gas bubbles is produced

Jadual 1 / Table 1

Berdasarkan Jadual 1, cadangkan satu larutan akueus X yang sesuai. Banding dan beza
pemerhatian bagi hasil yang terbentuk dan terangkan jawapan anda. Sertakan jawapan
anda setengah persamaan bagi di anod dan katod.
Based on Table 1, suggest one suitable aqueous solution X. Compare and contrast the
observation on the products formed and explain your answer. Include in your answer
the half equations for anode and cathode.
[10 markah / 10 marks]

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BAHAGIAN / SECTION C
9 a) Seorang jurutera mendapati bahawa paip air yang diperbuat daripada besi mula terkakis.
Cadangkan satu cara untuk melindungi paip air tersebut daripada terkakis. Jelaskan
jawapan anda.
An engineer discovered that the water pipes which are made up of iron started to
corrode. Suggest one way to protect the water pipes from corrosion.
Explain your answer.
[4 markah / marks]

(b) Rajah menunjukkan dua tindak balas redoks yang melibatkan ion ferum (II), Fe2+.
Diagram shows two redox reactions involving iron (II) ion, Fe2+.

+ Zn + Br2

Rajah / Diagram
Huraikan perubahan yang berlaku kepada ion ferum (II) dalam tindak balas I dan tindak
balas II berdasarkan tindak balas redoks. Dalam huraian anda, sertakan persamaan ion
bagi tindak balas I dan tindak balas II.
Describe the changes that occurred to iron (II) ion in reaction I and reaction II based
on redox reaction. In your description, included ionic equation for reaction I and
reaction II.
[6 markah / marks]

c)
Tindak balas antara halogen X dan larutan kalium bromide, KBr adalah satu tindak
balas redoks.
The reaction between halogen X and potassium iodide, KI solution is a redox.

Cadangkan nama bagi halogen X dan huraikan satu eksperimen untuk membuktikan
pernyataan di atas. Dalam huraian anda, sertakan pemerhatian dan setengah persamaan
yang terlibat.
Suggest a name of halogen X and describe the experiment to prove the above statement.
In your description, include the observation and half equations involved.

[ 10 markah / marks]

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SKEMA JAWAPAN / ANSWER SCHEME

1 (a) (i) Terminal negative/ Negative terminal: Ferum/Iron


Terminal positif/ positive terminal: Argentum/Silver 1
(ii) Fe(s) | Fe2+ (aq) || Ag+(aq) | Ag(s) 1
(iii) Persamaan setengah pengoksidaan/ Oxidation half equation:
Fe → Fe2+ + 2e- 3
Persamaan setengah penurunan /Reduction half equation:
Ag+ + e- → Ag
Persamaan ionic keseluruhan/ Overall ionic equation:
Fe + 2Ag+ → Fe2+ + 2Ag
(iv) E0cell = (+0.80) – (- 0.44) = +1.24 V 1
(b) (i) Mg(s) | Mg2+ (aq) || Sn2+ (aq) | Sn(s) 1
(ii) Pt(s) | Cl-(aq), Cl2(aq) || MnO4- (aq), Mn2+ (aq) | Pt(s) 1
2. (a) E0cell = (-0.13) – (- 0.25) = + 0.12 V 1
(b) E0cell = (+0.80) – (+0.54) = + 0.26 V 1
(c) E0cell = (+0.80) – (-0.76) = + 1.56 V 1
3 (a) (i) Tenaga Kimia →Tenaga elektrik 1
Chemical → Electrical
(ii) Magnesium / Mg 1
Nilai E0 Mg lebih negatif daripada nilai E0 Cu 1
E0 value Mg is more negative than E0 value of Cu
(iii) Mg → Mg2 + + 2e 1
(iv) Enapan perang terbentuk/Elektrod kuprum menjadi lebih tebal 1
Brown solid deposited // copper electrode becomes thicker
(b) (i) Na+, Cl-, H+, OH- 1
(ii) Gas klorin 1
Chlorine
(iii) 1. No. of mole of gas = 12 / 24 000 // 0.0005 1
2. Jisim gas/ Mass of gas = 0.0005 x 71 g // 0.0355 g 1
4 (a) Elektrolisis ialah proses di mana sebatian dalam keadaan leburan atau 1
larutan akueus terurai kepada juzuknya apabila arus elektrik mengalir
melaluinya
A process whereby compounds in molten or aqueous (electrolyte) are
broken down (decomposed) into their constituent elements by passing
electricity through them
b) Cu2+, H+, SO42-, OH- 1
c) (i) Enapan perang terbentuk 1
Brown solid is formed
c) (ii) Cu2+ + 2e→ Cu 1
d) -Keamatan warna berkurang 2
-kepekatan ion kuprum (II) berkurang kerana ion kuprum (II)
dinyahcas di katod
- Intensity of blue solution decreases.
- Concentration of copper (II) decreases. Copper (II) ions discharged
at cathode
e) (i) OH- 1

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e) (ii)Nilai E0 ion hidroksida, OH− kurang positif daripada nilai E0 ion sulfat, 1
SO42-
E0 value of hydroxide ion, OH− is less positive than the E0 value of
sulphate ion, SO42-
5 (a) Tenaga elektrik → tenaga kimia
Electrical to chemical energy
(b) Na+, Cl-, H+, OH- 1
(c) (i) Gas oksigen 1
Oxygen
(ii) - Masukkan kayu uji berbara ke dalam tabung uji. Kayu uji berbara 1
menyala.
- Insert/Place/Put/Bring the glowing wooden splinter into the test
tube.
- The glowing wooden splinter will rekindles
(d) (i) Gas klorin 1
Chlorine gas
(ii) - Kepekatan ion klorida lebih tinggi daripada ion hidroksida. 2
- Ion klorida dipiliih dinyahcas
-The concentration of chloride ions/Cl- is higher than hydroxide ion,
OH-
- Chloride ions / Cl- is selectively discharged
(iii) 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e 1
(e) Platinum 1
6 a) Ion yang bercas negatif 1
Negatively charged ion
b) K+, I-, H+, OH- 1
c) (i) Penurunan 1
Reduction
(ii) 2H++ 2e → H2 1
(i) Gas oksigen 1
Oxygen gas
d) (ii) 1. No. of mole of gas =24 / 24 000 // 0.001 1
2. No of gas molecules = 0.001 x 6.0x 1023 // 6.0x 1020 1
e) (i) Larutan perang terbentuk 1
Brown solution Is formed.
e) (ii) Beberapa titis larutan kanji ditambah. Larutan menjadi biru gelap. 1
A few drops of starch is added. The solution turns dark blue. 1
7 (a) NO3-, OH- 1
(b) Merujuk kepada rajah, kuprum di senbelah kiri 1
Refer to the diagram, copper at the left hand side
(c) Menjadi nipis 1
Dissolves//becomes thinner
(d) Cu → Cu2+ + 2e 1
(e) Nilai E0 1
E0 value

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(f) Keamatan warna biru tidak berubah. Kadar elektrod kuprum anod 2
mengion sama dengan kadar ion kuprum (II) dinyahcas di katod.
Blue intensity remains unchanged//same
The rate of ionisation at the anode is balanced by the rate of copper(II)
ions discharged at the cathode// Concentration of copper(II) ions in
the solution remains unchanged
(g) (i) Pengekstrakan logam/penulenan logam 1
Extraction of metal / Purification of metal
(ii) 2

Silver plate
Iron spoon

Silver nitrate
solution
Correct apparatus set-up
Correct label

No Jawapan Markah
Answers Marks
8. (a) (i) 1. Tindak balas kimia yang menglibatkan pengoksidaan dan 1
penurunan berlaku secara serentak.
A chemical reaction where oxidation and reduction occur
simultaneously / at the same time.
2. Tindak balas termik adalah tindak balas redoks. 1
Thermite reaction is a redox reaction.
3. Aluminium menerima oksigen dan mengalami pengoksidaan. 1
Aluminium gains oxygen and undergoes oxidation.
4. Ferum (III) oksida kehilangan oksigen dan mengalami 1
penurunan.
Iron (III) oxide loses oxygen and undergoes reduction.

(ii) 280 1
1. Bilangan mol / No of mole, Fe = 56
= 5 mol

2. 1 mol of Fe2O3 : 2 mol of Fe


1
2.5 mol of Fe2O3 : 5 mol Fe

3. Jisim molar / Molar mass, Fe2O3 = 2(56) + 3(16)


1
= 160
4. Jisim / Mass of Fe2O3 = 2.5 x 160
1
400 g // 0.4 kg
(iii) 1. Nombor pengoksidaan bagi aluminium = +3 1
Oxidation number of aluminium = +3
2. Aluminium oksida 1
Aluminium oxide

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No Jawapan Markah
Answers Marks
8 (b) 1. Larutan X / Aqueous solution X: 1
Kalium iodida / Potassium iodide

Set I II
- -
2. Ion dinyahcas di Ion I dinyahcas Ion OH dinyahcas
anod I- ion discharged OH- ion discharged
Ions discharged 1
at anode
3, Penerangan Kepekatan ion I- Nilai Eo ion OH-
4 Explanation lebih tinggi kurang positive
berbanding dengan daripada nilai Eo ion 1+1
ion OH- I-
The concentration The Eo value of OH-
of Cl- ion is higher ion is less positive
than OH- ion than Eo value of I-
ion
5, Hasil tindak Klorin Oksigen
6 balas Chlorine Oxygen
Product 1+1
7, Persamaan
8 setengah di anod 2I- → I2 + 2e- 4OH- → O2 + 2H2O
Half equation at + 4e-
anode
1+1
+
9 Ion dinyahcas di Ion H dinyahcas
katod H+ ion discharged
Ion discharged
at cathode 1
o +
10 Explanation Nilai E ion H kurang negatif daripada
Penerangen nilai Eo ion K+
The Eo value of H+ is less negative than 1
Eo value of K+ ion

Jumlah/ Total 20

No Jawapan Markah
Answers Marks
9. (a) (i) 1. Lekatkan bag magnesium pada paip air. 1
Tie the water pipe with magnesium bags.
2. Magnesium lebih elektropositif daripada besi. 1
Magnesium is more electropositive than iron
3. Atom magnesium membebaskan dua electron untuk 1
menghasilkan ion Mg2+ // Mg → Mg2+ + 2e
Magnesium atom will release two electrons to form Mg2+ion //
Mg → Mg2+ + 2e
4. Magnesium akan terkakis dahulu // Magnesium bertindak sebagai 1
logam pengorbanan.
Magnesium will corrode first // Magnesium act as sacrificial
metal

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No Jawapan Markah
Answers Marks
(v) Tindak balas I Tindak balas II
Reaction I Reaction II
1. Mengalami penurunan Mengalami pengoksidaan 1
Undergoes reduction Undergoes oxidation
2. Agen pengoksidaan Agen penurunan 1
Oxidising agent Reducing agent
3. Nombor pengoksidaan 4. Nombor pengoksidaan
berkurang dari +2 ke 0 // bertambah dari +2 ke +3 //
Fe2+ menerima electron Fe2+ melepaskan electron
Oxidation number Oxidation number increases
decreases from +2 to 0 // from +2 to +3 // 1+1
Fe2+ receives electron Fe2+ releases electron
5. Fe2+ + Zn → Fe + Zn2+ 6. 2Fe2+ + Br2 → 2Fe3+ + 2Br- 1+1

(c) 11. Nama halogen X = klorin / bromin 1


Name of halogen = chlorine / bromine

Prosedur / Procedure:
12. Tuang 2 cm3 larutan kalium iodida 0.5 mol dm-3 ke dalam 1
tabung uji.
Pour 2 cm3 potassium bromide 0.5 mol dm-3 solution into a test
tube.
13. Tambahkan 2 cm3 / beberapa titis klorin / bromin ke dalam 1
tabung uji.
Add 2 cm3 / a few drops of chlorine / bromine water into the test
tube.
14. Larutan jernih kalium iodide, KI menjadi perang. 1
Colourless solution of potassium iodide, KI turns brown.
15. KI / I- mengalami pengoksidaan membentuk iodin, I2. 1
KI / I- undergoes oxidation reaction to form iodine, I2.
16. KI / I- melepaskan electron // nombor pengoksidaan bertambah 1
dari -1 ke 0
KI / I- lose electron // oxidation number increases from -1 to 0.
17. Persamaan setengah / Half equation: 2I- → I2 + 2e 1
18. Cl2 // Br2 mengalami penurunan
Cl2 // Br2 undergoes reduction 1
19. Cl2 // Br2 menerima electron // nombor pengoksidaan berkurang
dari 0 ke -1. 1
Cl2 // Br2 gain electron // oxidation number decreases from 0 to -
1 1
20. Persamaan setengah / Half equation:
Cl2 + 2e → 2Cl- // Br2 + 2e → 2Br-

Jumlah /Total 20

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BAB 10: SEBATIAN KARBON


CHAPTER 10: CARBON COMPOUND

BAHAGIAN A / SECTION A

1 Jadual 1 menunjukkan formula molekul bagi sebatian organik S, T, U, V and W.


Table 1 shows the molecular formula of organic compounds S. T, U, V and W.

S T U V W
C3H7COOH C4H8 C3H7OH C7H16 C5H8
Jadual 1 / Table 1
Berdasarkan formula molekul di atas,
Based on the molecular formula above,
(a) Lukiskan struktur formula
Draw the structural formula.
(b) Namakan sebatian mengikut penamaan IUPAC
Name the compounds according to their IUPAC nomenclature.
Sebatian organik Formula struktur Nama IUPAC
Organic compound Structural formula IUPAC name

[10 marks]

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2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan suatu skema tindak balas.


. Diagram 2 shows a reaction scheme.

Karbon dioksida + air


Carbon dioxide + water

Sebatian P
Compound P

Sebatian Q
Compound Q
Rajah 2 / Diagram 2

(a) (i) Nyatakan nama bagi tindak balas I


State the name for reaction I.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[I markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Nyatakan nama bahan tindak balas yang diperlukan bagi tindak balas itu.
State the name of the reactant needed for this reaction

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]
(b) (i) Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas II.
Write a chemical equation for the reaction II

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Nyatakan nama hasil bagi tindak balas II.


State the name of the product for reaction II.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(c) Tindak balas III menghasilkan sebatian P yang menukarkan litmus biru lembap kepada
merah
Reaction III produces a compound P which turns moist blue litmus red.
(i) Nyatakan nama sebatian P
State the name of compound P

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

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(ii) Nyatakan keadaan dan reagen yang digunakan bagi tindak balas III.
State the condition and reagent used for reaction III.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / 2 marks]

(d) Dalam tindak balas IV, sebatian Q yang dihasilkan mempunyai bau buah manis.
In reaction IV, compound Q produced has a sweet fruity smell.
(i) Lukis formula struktur bagi sebatian Q
Draw the structural formula for compound Q.

[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Nyatakan nama mangkin yang digunakan dalam tindak balas IV.
State the name of catalyst used in reaction IV.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(e) Tindak balas V ialah tindak pembakaran


Tulis persamaan bagi tindak balas di tindak balas V
Reaction V is a combustion reaction.
Write an equation for the reaction in reaction V.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

3 Petrol secara fakta adalah C8H18 yang tidak tulen tetapi campuran bagi pelbagai alkana.
. Peringkat oktana rujuk kepada peratusan bagi petrol ialah C8H18.
Sebagai contoh, 93 bahan bakar oktana mengandungi 93% C8H18 dan 7% alkana yang lain.
Isomer bagi C8H18 rujuk kepada peringkat oktana secara fakta bukan oktana tetapi 2,2,4 –
trimethylpentana.
Petrol is in fact not pure C8H18 but a mixture of various alkanes. The octane rating of petrol
refers to the percentage of the petrol which is C8H18.
For example, 93 octane fuel contains 93% C8H18 and 7% other alkanes. The isomer of C8H18
referred to in the octane rating is in fact not octane but 2,2,4 – trimethylpentane
(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan isomer?
What is the meaning of isomer?

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

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(b) Tulis formula am bagi alkana


Write the general formula of alkanes.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(c) Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang apabila C8H18 dibakar dalam oksigen berlebihan.
Write a balanced chemical equation when C8H18 burns in excess oxygen

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / 2 marks]

(d) Dengan menggunakan maklumat yang diberikan dalam soalan ini dan pengetahuan anda
bagi penamaan sebatian organik untuk melukis formula bagi 2,2,4-trimethylpentana
Use the information given in this question and your knowledge of naming organic
compound to draw the structural formula for 2,2,4-trimethylpentane

[1 markah / 1 mark]

4 Rajah 4 menunjukkan tindak balas melibatkan sebatian P


. Diagram 4 shows a reaction involved compound P
Sebatian P
Larutan kalium manganat (VII)
Compound P
berasid, KMnO4
Acidified potassium
manganate(VII) solution,
+ H2 KMnO4
Sebatian S Sebatian Q
Compound S Compound Q
Ni,
180oC
Tindak balas Y
Reaction Y
Tindak balas penghidratan
Hydration reaction
Sebatian R
Compound R

Rajah 4 / Diagram 4

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(a) (i) Nyatakan nama bagi sebatian P mengikut penamaan IUPAC.


State the name of compound P according to IUPAC nomenclature.

………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Nyatakan kumpulan berfungsi bagi sebatian ini.


State the functional group of this compound.

………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(iii) Lukis formula struktur isomer lain bagi sebatian P.


Draw the structural formula of another isomer of compound P.

[1 markah / 1 mark]

(b) Sebatian S dihasilkan melalui pemanasan sebatian P dengan gas hidrogen dengan
kehadiran nikel pada 180oC. Nyatakan fungsi bagi nikel dalam tindak balas.
Compound S is produced by heating compound P with hydrogen gas with the present of
nickel at 180oC. State the function of nickel in the reaction.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(c) (i) Nyatakan nama bagi tindak balas Y.


State the name of reaction Y.

………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Tulis persamaan kimia seimbang untuk tindak balas Y.


Write the balanced chemical equation for reaction Y.

………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

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(d) Apabila sebatian R dipanaskan dengan metanoik asid, satu sebatian karbon baru terhasil.
Lukis dan namakan sebatian karbon baru yang terhasil
When compound R is heated with methanoic acid, a new carbon compound is formed.
Draw and name the new carbon compound that is formed.

[2 markah / 2 marks]

BAHAGIAN B / SECTION B

5 Jadual 5 menunjukkan maklumat tentang empat sebatian organik P, Q, R dan S.


Table 5 shows the information of four organic compounds P, Q, R and S.

Sebatian organik Maklumat


Organic Compound Information
Terdapat 4 atom karbon
Has 4 carbon atoms
Mengandungi karbon dan hidrogen sahaja
P
Contains carbon and hydrogen only
Menyahwarnakan warna perang air bromin
Decolourises brown colour of bromine water
Terdapat 4 karbon atom
Has 4 carbon atoms
Mengandungi karbon dan hidrogen sahaja
Q
Contains carbon and hydrogen only
Tidak menyahwarnakan warna perang air bromin
Does not decolourise the brown colour of bromine water
Terdapat 3 karbon atom
Has 3 carbon atoms
Larut dalam air
R
Soluble in water
Bertindak balas dengan zink untuk menghasilkan gas hydrogen
Reacts with zinc to produce hydrogen gas
Terdapat 3 karbon atom
Has 3 carbon atoms
Larut dalam air
S Soluble in water
Bertindak balas dengan asid etanoik untuk menghasilkan bau
wangi
Reacts with ethanoic acid to produce sweet smell
Jadual 5 / Table 5

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(a) Berdasarkan maklumat di Jadual 5,


Based on the information in Table 5,
(i) Tentukan formula molekul bagi sebatian organik P, Q, R dan S
Determine the molecular formulae of organic compounds P, Q, R and S.
[4 markah / 4 marks]

(ii) Nyatakan nama siri homolog bagi setiap sebatian itu.


State the name of the homologous series for each of the compound.
[4 markah / 4 marks]

(iii) Nyatakan kumpulan berfungsi bagi sebatian R dan sebatian S


State the functional groups of compound R and compound S
[10 markah / 10 marks]

(b) Kedua-dua sebatian P and Q terbakar menghasilkan api jelaga


Both compounds P and Q burn to produce sooty flame.
(i) Tentukan sebatian manakah menghasilkan lebih banyak jelaga
Terangkan jawapan anda.
Determine which compound produces more soot.
Explain your answer.
[Jisim atom relatif / Relative atomic mass : H = 1;C = 12]
[4 markah / 4 marks]

(ii) Tulis persamaan kimia untuk pembakaran lengkap sebatian Q.


Write the chemical equation for the complete combustion of compound Q.
[2 markah / 2 marks]

(c) Sebatian S dapat membentuk dua isomer.


Lukis formula struktur bagi isomer-isomer dan nyatakan nama bagi setiap isomer.
Compound S can form two isomers.
Draw the structural formulae for the isomers and state the name of each isomer.
[4 markah / 4 marks]

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BAHAGIAN C / SECTION C

6 Rajah 6 menunjukkan carta alir bagi tindak balas dijalani oleh sebatian X. Sebatian X
mempunyai kurang daripada empat karbon atom.
Diagram 6 shows the flow chart for the reaction undergone by compound X. Compound X has
less than four carbon atoms.

Sebatian X + O2 Gas A + H2O


Compound X Pembakaran Gas A + H2O
Combustion

Serpihan porselin panas Proses Y


Hot porcelain chips Process Y + O2
Pembakaran
Combustion

Sebatian B Sebatian C C3H7COOH Sebatian D


Compound B Compound C Compound D
Larutan kalium
manganat(VII) berasid
Acidified potassium
manganate(VII) solution
Rajah 6 / Diagram 6
Berdasarkan Rajah 6
Based on Diagram 6,
(a) Cadangkan satu identiti untuk sebatian X. Nyatakan nama bagi proses Y. Kenal pasti Gas
A dan sebatian B, C dan D.
Suggest an identity for compound X. State the name of process Y. Identify Gas A and
compounds B, C and D. [6 markah / 6 marks]

(b) Tulis persamaan kimia untuk pembakaran sebatian X dalam gas oksigen berlebihan.
Hitungkan isi padu gas A yang dibebaskan jika 0.25 mol sebatian X dibakar.
Write the chemical equation for the combustion of compound X in excess oxygen gas.
Calculate the volume of gas A released if 0.25 mol of compound X was burned.
[Isi padu molar gas pada keadaan bilik / Molar volume of gas at room condition = 24 dm3
mol-1] [4 markah / 4 marks]

(c) Sebatian C bertindak balas dengan C3H7COOH untuk membentuk sebatian D.


Dengan menggunakan jawapan di 6(a), huraikan pembentukan sebatian D.
Sertakan dalam penerangan anda:
Compound C reacts with C3H7COOH to form compound D.
By using your answer in 6 (a), describe the formation of compound D.
In your description, include:
• Prosedur
Procedure
• Pemerhatian yang diperoleh
Observations obtained
• Persamaan kimia yang terlibat
Chemical equation involved
[10 markah / 10 marks]

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SKEMA JAWAPAN / ANSWER SCHEME


No Jawapan Markah
Answers Mark
1.
Asid
butanoik
S Butanoic 1+1
acid
Butena //
But-1- ena
T Butene // 1+1
But-1-ene

Propanol // 1+1
propan-1-ol
U Propanol //
Propan-1-ol
Heptana 1+1
Heptane
V

1+1
Pentuna //
Pent – 1-una
W Pentyne //
Pent-1-yne

2 (a) (i)Penghidrogenan 1
Hydrogenation
(ii) Hidrogen 1
Hydrogen
(b) (i) C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OH 1
(ii) Etanol 1
Ethanol
(c) (i) Asid etanoik 1
Ethanoic acid
(ii) Keadaan / Condition : 1
Panaskan / refluks 1
Heat/reflux

Reagen / Reagent :
Larutan kalium manganat(VII) berasid
Acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution

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(d) (i) 1

(ii) Asid sulfurik pekat 1


Concentrated sulphuric acid
(e) C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O 1

3 (a) Isomer ialah dua atau lebih sebatian organik yang mengandungi formula 1
molekul yang sama tetapi formula struktur yang berbeza
Isomers are two (or more) organic compounds that have the same
molecular formula but a different structural formula
(b) (i) CnH2n+2 1
(c) (ii) 1. Formula bahan dan hasil tindak balas betul 1
Correct formula of reactants and products 1
2. Persamaan kimia seimbang betul
Correct balance chemical equation

2C8H18 + 25O2 → 16O2 + 18H2O


(d) 1

4 (a) (i) 2-metilbut-2-ena 1


2-methylbut-2-ene
(ii) Ikatan ganda dua karbon - karbon / Carbon-carbon double bond // 1
C=C
(iii) 1

Mana-mana satu isomer / Any one isomer

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(b) Bertindak sebagai mangkin untuk meningkatkan kadar tindak balas 1


Acts as catalyst to increase the rate of reaction
(c) (i) Pengoksidaan / Oxidation 1
(ii) C4H8 + [O] + H2O → C4H8(OH)2 1
(d) 1

Nama : Pentil metanoat


Name : Pentyl methanoate 1

5 (a) (i)P = C4H8 1


Q = C4H10 1
R = C3H6O2 // C2H5COOH 1
S = C3H8O // C3H7OH 1
(ii) P = Alkena / Alkene 1
Q = Alkana / Alkane 1
R = Asid karboksilik / Carboxylic acid 1
S = Alkohol / Alcohol 1
(iii) R = Karboksil / Carboxyl // COOH 1
S = Hidroksil / Hydroxyl // OH 1
(b) (i) 1. Sebatian P menghasilkan lebih banyak jelaga 1
Compound P produces more soot
48 1
2. Peratus karbon dalam P = 56 𝑥 100 // 85.71 %
48
Percentage of carbon in P = 𝑥 100 // 85.71 %
56
48
3. Peratus karbon dalam Q = 58 𝑥 100 // 82.76% 1
48
Percentage of carbon in Q = 𝑥 100 // 82.76%
58
4. Peratus karbon P lebih tinggi 1
Percentage of carbon P is higher.
(ii) 1. Formula bahan dan tindak balas betul 1
Correct formula of reactant and products 1
2. Persamaan kimia seimbang betul
Correct balanced chemical equation
2C4H10 + 13O2 → 8CO2 + 10H2O //
13
C4H10 + 2 O2 → 4CO2 + 5H2O
(c) 1
1
1
Propan-1-ol / 1-propanol Propan-2-ol / 2-propanol 1

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6 (a) 1. X: Etena / Ethene // Propena / Propene 1


2. Y: Penghidratan / Hydration 1
3. A: Karbon dioksida / Carbon dioxide 1
4. B: Asid ethanoik / Ethanoic acid // 1
Asid Propanoik / Propanoic acid 1
5. C: Etanol / Ethanol // Propanol / Propanol 1
6. D: Etil butanoat / Ethyl butanoate //
Propil butanoat / Propyl butanoate
(b) 1. Formula bahan dan tindak balas betul 1
Correct formula of reactant and products 1
2. Persamaan kimia seimbang betul
Correct balanced chemical equation

C2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O //


1
X: C2H4
1 mol of C2H4 : 2 mol of CO2 // 1
0.25 mol of C2H4 : 0.5 mol of CO2 //
Isi padu CO2 / Volume of CO2 = 0.5 x 24 dm3

X: C3H6
1 mol of C2H4 : 3 mol of CO2 //
0.25 mol of C2H4 : 0.75 mol of CO2 //
Isi padu CO2 / Volume of CO2 = 0.75 x 24 dm3
(c) 1. (2 – 5) cm3 asid butanoik diukur dan dituang ke dalam tabung didih 1
(2 – 5) cm3 of butanoic acid is measured and poured into a boiling
tube.
2. (2 – 5) cm3 of [Sebatian C] diukur dan dituang ke dalam tabung 1
didih
(2 – 5) cm3 of [compound C] is measured and added into the
boiling tube. 1
3. Beberapa titis asid sulfurik pekat ditambah
A few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid is added. 1
4. Campuran dipanaskan
The mixture is heated. 1
5. Campuran dituang ke dalam bikar diisi dengan air
The mixture is poured into a beaker filled with water 1
6. Pemerhatian direkodakan
Observation is recorded. 1
7. Bau buah dihasilkan
A fruity smell is produced 1
8. Dua lapisan cecair dibentuk
Two layers of liquid is formed 1
9. Formula bahan dan tindak balas betul
Correct formula of reactant and products 1
10. Persamaan kimia seimbang betul
Correct balanced chemical equation

C2H5OH + C3H7COOH → C3H7COOC2H5 + H2O

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BAB 11: THERMOKIMIA


CHAPTER 11: THERMOCHEMISTRY

BAHAGIAN A / SECTION A

1. Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi menentukan haba pemendakan plumbum (II)
sulfat.
Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the heat of precipitation for lead
(II) sulphate.
25 cm3 larutan garam X
1.0 mol dm-3
25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
salt solution X 25 cm3 larutan
plumbum(II) nitrat 1.0
mol dm-3
Cawan plastik 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
Plastic cup lead (II) nitrate solution

Rajah 1 / Diagram 1

Jadual 1 menunjukkan keputusan yang diperoleh.


Table 1 shows the results obtained.

Penerangan Suhu / oC
Description Temperature / oC
Suhu awal larutan garam X 28.0
Initial temperature of salt solution X
Suhu awal larutan plumbum(II) nitrat 29.0
Initial temperature of lead (II) nitrate
solution
Suhu tertinggi campuran 34.5
Highest temperature of the mixture

Jadual 1 / Table 1

(a) (i) Apakah yang dimaksudkan haba pemendakan?


What is meant by heat of precipitation?

………………………………………………………………………………...…

………………………………………………………………………………...…
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Mengapakah cawan plastik digunakan dalam eksperimen ini?


Why plastic cup is used in this experiment?

………………………………………………………………………………...…
[1 markah / 1 mark]

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(b) Nyatakan satu pemerhatian dalam eksperimen.


State one observation for this experiment.

…………………………………………………………………………………..…...…
[1 markah / 1 mark]
(c) (i) Cadangkan larutan garam X.
Suggest the salt solution X.

………………………………………………………………………………...…
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas itu.


Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

………………………………………………………………………………...…
[2 markah / 2 marks]

(d) Hitung
Calculate
(i) Perubahan haba dalam eksperimen
The heat change in the experiment
[Muatan haba tentu larutan, c = 4.2 J g–1 oC–1; Ketumpatan = 1 g cm–3]
[Specific heat capacity: 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, Density of solution = 1 g cm -3 ]

[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Haba pemendakan plumbum(II) sulfat.


Heat of precipitation of lead(II) sulphate.

[3 markah / 3 marks]

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2. Seorang murid menjalankan eksperimen untuk menentukan haba pemendakan magnesium


karbonat. Dalam tindak balas ini, 50 cm3 larutan natrium karbonat 1.0 moldm-3 ditambah
ke dalam 50 cm3 larutan magnesium klorida 1.0 mol dm-3 dalam cawan polistirena. Haba
pemendakan bagi eksperimen adalah + 21 kJ mol-1.
A student carried out an experiment to determine the heat of precipitation of magnesium
carbonate. In this experiment, 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 of sodium carbonate solution was
added into 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution in a polystyrene cup. The
heat of precipitation for this experiment was +21 kJ mol-1.

[Muatan haba tentu larutan, c = 4.2 J g–1 oC–1; Ketumpatan = 1 g cm–3]


[Specific heat capacity: 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, Density of solution = 1 g cm -3 ]

(a) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas itu.


Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

………………………………………………………………………………….……...…
[2 markah / 2 marks]

(b) Mengapakah cawan polistirena digunakan dalam eksperimen ini?


Why polysytrene cup is used in this experiment?

………………………………………………………………………………...…
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(c) Hitungakan perubahan suhu dalam eksperimen ini.


Calculate the change in temperature for the reaction.

[3 markah / 3 marks]

(d) Lukis gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas ini.
Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.

[2 markah / 2 marks]

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(e) Seorang murid mengulangi eksperimen dengan menggunakan 50 cm3 larutan kalium
karbonat 1.0 moldm-3. Pada pandangan anda, adakah haba pemendakan yang sama
akan diperolehi? Beri satu sebab.
A student repeated the experiment by using 50 cm3 of 1.0 moldm-3 potassium carbonate
solution. In your opinion, will the same value of heat of precipitation is obtained?
Given one reason.

…………………………………………………………………………….……...……

…………………………………………………………………………….……...……
[2 markah / 2 marks]

3. Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi menentukan haba penyesaran bagi tindaka
balas antara 50 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.4 mol dm-3 dengan serbuk magnesium
yang berlebihan..
Diagram 2 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the heat of displacement for the
reaction between 50 cm3 of 0.4 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution with excess
magnesium powder.
[Muatan haba tentu larutan, c = 4.2 J g–1 oC–1; Ketumpatan = 1 g cm–3]
[Specific heat capacity: 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, Density of solution = 1 g cm -3 ]
Suhu tertinggi
Highest temperature
Suhu awal = 47.0oC
Initial temperature
= 29.0oC
Serbuk magnesium
berlebihan
Excess magnesium
powder
Cawan kaca
Glass cup
50 cm3 larutan kuprum(II)
sulfat 0.4 mol dm-3
50 cm3 of 0.4 mol dm-3
copper(II) sulphate solution

Rajah 2 / Diagram 2

(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan haba penyesaran?


What is meant by heat of displacement?

……………………………………………………………………………….............…

………………………………………………………………………………..………...
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(b) Tuliskan persamaan ion bagi tindak balas ini.


Write the ionic equation for the reaction.

………………………………………………………………………………..………...
[2 markah / 2 marks]

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(c) Nyatakan satu pemerhatian dalam eksperimen.


State one observation for this experiment.

…………………………………………………………………………………..…...…
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(d) Mengapa serbuk magnesium ditambah sehingga berlebihan?


Why is the magnesium powder added until in excess?

…………………………………………………………………………………..…...…
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(e) (i) Hitung perubahan haba dalam eksperimen


Calculate the heat change in the experiment
[Muatan haba tentu larutan, c = 4.2 J g–1 oC–1; Ketumpatan = 1 g cm–3]
[Specific heat capacity: 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, Density of solution = 1 g cm -3 ]

[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Hitung haba penyesaran kuprum


Calculate the heat of displacement of copper.
Bilangan mol kuprum(II) sulfat yang bertindak balas
Number of moles of copper (II) sulphate that reacted

=………………………………

Habe penyesaran
Heat of displacement

= ……………………………….

[2 markah / 2 marks]

(d) Didapat nilai haba penyesaran di (c) (ii) tidak sama dengan nilai sebenar. Cadangkan
satu langkah yang mesti diambil untuk mendapat keputusan yang lebihn tepat.
It was found that the heat of displacement value in I (ii) is not the same as the actual
value. Suggest one step that must be taken to get a more accurate value.

…………………………………………………………………………………..…...…
[1 markah / 1 mark]

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4. Alvin menjalankan suatu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba penyesaran antara kuprum
dengan larutan argentum nitrat. Dalam tindak balas ini, serbuk kuprum yang berlebihan
ditambah ke dalam 100 cm3 0.5 mol dm-3 argentum nitrat. Haba penyesaran dalam tindak
balas ini adalah – 105 kJ mol-1.
Alvin carried out an experiment to determine the heat of displacement between copper and
silver nitrate solution. In this experiment, excess copper powder was added to 100 cm3 of
0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution. The heat of displacement in this experiment was
– 105 kJ mol-1.

[Muatan haba tentu larutan, c = 4.2 J g–1 oC–1; Ketumpatan = 1 g cm–3]


[Specific heat capacity: 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, Density of solution = 1 g cm -3 ]

(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan haba penyesaran?


What is meant by heat of displacement?

……………………………………………………………………………….............…

………………………………………………………………………………..………...
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(b) Nyatakan satu pemerhatian dalam eksperimen.


State one observation for this experiment.

…………………………………………………………………………………..…...…
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(c) Mengapa serbuk kuprum ditambah sehingga berlebihan?


Why is the kuprum powder added until in excess?

…………………………………………………………………………………..…...…
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(d) Berdasarkan data dalam eksperimen, hitung


Based on the information from this experiment, calculate
(i) Bilangan mol ion argentum yang bertindak balas
The number of moles of silver ion reacted

[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Haba yang dibebaskan


Heat released

[1 markah / 1 mark]

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(iii) Perubahan temperature dalam eksperimen ini.


The change in temperature for the reaction.

[1 markah / 1 mark]

(d) Lukis gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas ini.
Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.

[2 markah / 2 marks]

(e) Ekspeirmenn ini diulangi dengan 100 cm3 argetum nitrat 1.0 mol dm-3 dengan serbuk
kuprum berlebihan. Ramalkan suhu tertinggi dalam eksperimen ini.
The experiment is repeated using 100 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution and
excess copper powder. Predict the highest temperature in this experiment.

…………………………………………………………………………………..…...…
[1 markah / 1 mark]

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5. Rajah 3 menunjukkan gambarajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas menggunakan asid
hydrochloric acid.
Diagram 1 shows the energy level diagram for the reaction using hydrochloric acid.

Rajah 3 / Diagram 3

(a) (i) Cadangkan P.


Suggest P.

………………..…………………………………………………………..…...…
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Tentukan tanda bagi H untuk tindak balas.


Determine the sign for H for the reaction.

…………………..……………………………………..………….……….…….
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(iii) Nyatakan dua maklumat yang boleh diperolehi daripada gambar rajah aras
tenaga.
State two information that can be obtained from the energy level diagram.

…………………..……………………………………..………….……….…….

…………………..……………………………………..………….……….…….

…………………..……………………………………..………….……….…….
[2 markah / 2 marks]

(b) Dalam suatu tindak balas, 2.85 J habe dibebaskan apabila asid sulfurik 2.0 mol dm-3
bertindak balas dengan larutan kalium hidroksda 2.0 mol dm-3.
Diberi haba peneutralan ialah - 57 kJ mol-1.
In a reaction, 2.85 kJ of heat energy is released when 2.0 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid
reacts with 2.0 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution.
Given than the heat of neutralisation is - 57 kJ mol-1.

(b (i) Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas itu.


Write the chemical equation for the reaction.

…………………..……………………………………..………….……….…….
[2 markah / 2 marks]

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(ii) Hitungkan isipadu asid sulfurik yang diperlukan.


Calculate the volume of sulphuric acid needed.

[3 markah / 3 marks]

6. Seorang murid menjalankan eksperimen untuk menentukan nilai haba peneutralan.


Rajah 4 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan bagi eksperimen tersebut.
A student carried out experiment to determine the value of heat of neutralization.
Diagram 4 shows the set up of the apparatus used in the experiment

25 cm3 Asid nitrik 1.0 25 cm3 natrium Campuran larutan


mol dm-3 hidroksida 1.0 mol dm-3 Mixture of solution
25 cm of 1.0 mol dm-3
3
25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
nitric acid sodium hydroxide

Rajah 4 / Diagram 4

Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan yang diperoleh.


Table 2 shows the results obtained.

Penerangan Suhu / oC
Description Temperature / oC
Suhu awal asid nitrik 30.0
Initial temperature of nitric acid
Suhu awal larutan natrium hidroksida 30.0
Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide
Suhu tertinggi campuran 36.5
Highest temperature of the mixture

Jadual 2 / Table 2

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(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan haba peneutralan?


What is meant by heat of neutralisation?

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(b) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas itu.


Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

…………………………………………..…………………………………………...…
[2 markah / 2 marks]

(c) Hitung
Calculate
(i) Perubahan haba dalam eksperimen
The heat change in the experiment
[Muatan haba tentu larutan, c = 4.2 J g–1 oC–1; Ketumpatan = 1 g cm–3]
[Specific heat capacity: 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, Density of solution = 1 g cm -3 ]

[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Bilangan mol asid nitrik yang beritindak balas


The number of moles of nitric acid reacting

[1 markah / 1 mark]

(iii) Haba peneutralan


Heat of neutralisation

[2 markah / 2 marks]

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(d) Seorang murid mengulangi eksperimen dengan menggunakan 25 cm3 asid etanoik
2.0 moldm-3 untuk menggantikan asid nitric. A student repeated the experiment by
using 25 cm3 of 2.0 moldm-3 ethanoic acid.
(i) Ramalkan haba peneutralisation.
Predict the heat of neutralisation.

…………………..……………………………………..………….……….…….
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Terangkan jawapan anda.


Explain your answer.

…………………..……………………………………..………….……….…….

…………………..……………………………………..………….……….…….

…………………..……………………………………..………….……….…….

…………………..……………………………………..………….……….…….
[2 markah / 2 marks]

7. Jadual 3 menunjukkan haba pembakaran bagi bahan P, Q, R dan S yang mempunyai


formula am CnH2n+1OH.
Table 3 below shows the heat of combustion of substance P, Q, R and S that with the
general formula of CnH2n+1OH, n = 1, 2, 3……..

Bahan Bilangan atom karbon per molekul, n Haba pembakaran


Substance Number of carbon atom per molecule, n Heat of combustion /
kJ mol-1
P 1 - 723
Q 2 - 1366
R 3
S 4 - 2673

Jadual 3 / Table 3

(a) Apakah yang dimaksudkan haba pembakaran?


What is meant by heat of combustion?

………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(b) Berdasarkan Jadual 3, ramalkan haba pembakaran bagi R.


Based on the Table 3, predict the heat of combustion of R.

………………………………………….……………………………………………….
[1 markah / 1 mark]

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(c) 0.37 g bahan S digunaka untuk memanaskan 100 g air.


0.37 g of substance S is used to heat 500 g of water.

(i) Hitungkan bilangan mol bahan S


Calculate the number of moles of substance S
[Jisim atom relatif H = 1; C = 12; O = 16]
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12; O = 16]

[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Hitungkan perubahan suhu air dalam eksperimen ini


Calculate the change in themperature in the experiment.
[Muatan haba tentu larutan, c = 4.2 J g–1 oC–1; Ketumpatan = 1 g cm–3]
[Specific heat capacity: 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, Density of solution = 1 g cm -3 ]

[3 markah / 3 marks]

(d) Lukiskan gambar rajah susunan radas yang digunakan untuk mengkaji haba
pembakaran bahan Q.
Draw the appatutus set-up to carry out the experiment to investigate the heat of
combustion of substance Q.

[2 markah / 2 marks]

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8. Rajah 5 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk menentukan haba pembakaran
etanol.
Diagram 5 shows the apparatus set-up is used to determine the heat of combustion of
ethanol.
Termometer
Thermometer

Tin kuprum
Air
Copper can
Water
Lampu
Water Etanol
Ethanol

Rajah 5 / Diagram 5

Jadual 4 menunjukkan malkulat yang diperolehi.


Table 4 shows the information that is obtained.

Isipadu air yang digunakan = 200 cm3


Volume of water used
Suhu awal air = 28.5C
Initial temperature of water
Suhu tertinggi air = 48.0C
Highest temperature of water
Jisim pelita dan etanol sebelum pembakaran = 189.55 g
Mass of spirit lamp and ethanol before combustion
Jisim pelita dan etanol selepas pembakaran = 188.90 g
Mass of spirit lamp and ethanol after combustion
Jadual 4 / Table 4

[Muatan haba tentu larutan, c = 4.2 J g–1 oC–1; Ketumpatan = 1 g cm–3,


Jisim molar etanol= 46 g mol-1]
[Specific heat capacity: 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, Density of solution = 1 g cm -3,
Molar mass of ethanol = 46gmol-1 ]

(a) Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas itu.


Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

………………………………………………………………………………….……...…
[2 markah / 2 marks]

(b) Mengapakah tin kuprum digunakan dalam eksperimen ini?


Why copper can is used in this experiment?

………………………………………………………………………………...…………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

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(c) Hitungakan haba pembakaran etanol


Calculate the heat of combustion of ethanol.

[4 markah / 4 marks]

(d) Lukis rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas ini.


Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.

[2 markah / 2 marks]

(e) Seorang murid mengulangi eksperimen dengan menggunakan propanol. Didapati


bahawa haba pembakaran propanol adalah lebih tinggi daripada etanol. Terangkan
jawapan anda.
A student repeated the experiment by using propanol. It is found that the heat of
combustion of propanol is higher than ethanol. Explain your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………….……...…..…

…………………………………………………………………………….…..…...……

……………………………………………………………………………….……...……
[2 markah / 2 marks]

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BAHAGIAN B / SECTION B

9. (a) Rajah 1 menunjukkan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi dua tindak balas kimia berbeza.
Diagram 1 shows the energy level diagram for two different chemical reactions.
Tindak balas I Tindak balas II
Reaction I Reaction II
Tenaga Tenaga
Energy Energy

MgCO3 + 2KCl NaOH + HCl

MgCl2 + ∆H = - 57 kJ mol-1
K2CO3 ∆H = + 21 kJ mol-1
NaCl + H2O
=

Jadual 1 / Table 1
Berdasarkan Jadual 1, banding dan deduksikan maklumat yang boleh diperoleh daripada
gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi Tindak balas I dan Tindak balas II.
Based on Table 1, compare and deduce the information that can be obtained from the
energy level diagram.
[4 markah / 4 marks]

(b) Jadual 1 menunjukkan keputusan bagi tiga set yang berlainan apabila larutan plumbum
(II) nitrat bertindak balas dengan logam yang berbeza.
Table 1 shows the results of different sets for the reaction between lead (II) nitrate
solution when reacted with different type of metals.

Set I II III
50 cm3 larutan 50 cm3 larutan 50 cm3 larutan
plumbum (II) nitrat plumbum (II) nitrat plumbum (II) nitrat
1.0 mol dm-3 + 0.5 mol dm-3 + 1.0 mol dm-3 +
Serbuk magnesium Serbuk magnesium Serbuk kuprum
Bahan tindak berlebihan berlebihan berlebihan
balas 50 cm3 of 50 cm3 of 50 cm3 of
Reactants 1.0 mol dm-3 lead (II) 0.5 mol dm-3 lead (II) 1.0 mol dm-3 lead (II)
nitrate solution nitrate solution nitrate solution
+ + +
Excess magnesium Excess magnesium Excess copper
powder powder powder
Suhu awal
initial 29.0 29.0 29.0
temperature
/o C
Suhu tertinggi
Highest 33.0 T1 T2
temperature
/ oC

Jadual 1 / Table 1

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Dengan membandingkan,
By comparing,
• Set I and II, ramakan nilai T1. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Set I and II, predict the value of T1. Explain your answer.
• Eksperimen I and III, ramalkan nilai T2. Terangkan jawapan anda.
Experiment I and III, predict the value of T2. Explain your answer.
[6 markah / 6 marks]

(c) Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan susunan radas dan suhu yang direkodkan untuk menentukan
haba peneutralan menggunakan dua jenis asid, asid X dan asid Y dengan larutan kalium
hidroksida. Kedua-dua asid adalah asid monoprotik.
Diagram 1.2 shows the apparatus set-up and the temperature recorded to determine the
heat of neutralisaton using two type of acid X and acid Y with potassium hydroxide
solution. Both acids are monoprotic acid.
Set I:
28.0oC 28.0oC 40.0oC
Cawan polistirena
Polystyrene cup

25 cm3asid X 2.0 moldm-3 25 cm3 2.0 moldm-3 kalium


25 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hidroksida
acid X 25 cm of 2.0 mol dm-3
3

potassium hydroxide solution


Set II:
29.0oC 29.0oC 42.0oC

Polystyrene cup

25 cm3asid X 2.0 moldm-3 25 cm3 2.0 moldm-3 kalium


25 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 hidroksida
acid Y 25 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3
potassium hydroxide solution
solution
Rajah 1.2 / Diagram 1.2

Hitung haba peneutralan Set I dan Set II. Kemudian, cadangkan jenis asid X dan asid Y.
Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan dalam perubahan suhu antara Set I dan Set II.
[Haba muatan tentu air = 4.2 J g-1oC-1. Ketumpatan air = 1.0 g cm-3]
Calculate the heat of neutralisaton for Set I and Set II. Then suggest the type of acid X
and acid Y. Explain why there is a difference in the temperature change between Set I
and Set II.
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g-1oC-1. Density of solution = 1.0 g cm-3]
[10 markah / 10 marks]

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BAHAGIAN C / SECTION C

QUESTION 7 (TERENGGANU 2020, QUESTION 10)


10 (a) Rajah 2 menunjukkan persamaan termokimia bagi pembentukan argentum klorida.
Diagram 2 shows thermochemical equation for the formation of silver chloride.

Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) → AgCl (s) , ∆H = - 65.5 kJ mol-1

Rajah 2/ Diagram 2

Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas dalam Rajah 2.
Terangkan perbezaan kandungan tenaga dalam bahan tindak balas berbanding dengan
hasil tindak balas.
Draw an energy level diagram for the reaction in Diagram 2.
Explain the differences in energy content of the reactants compared to the product.
[ 4 markah /4 marks ]

(b) Jadual 2 menujukkan haba yang dibebaskan dalam Eksperimen I, II dan III
menggunakan asid yang berbeza yang ditindakbalaskan dengan larutan natrium
hidroksida
Table 2 shows the heat released in Experiment I, II and III using different acid that has
been reacted with sodium hydroxide solution.
Haba
Eksperimen Persamaan kimia
dibebaskan
Experiment Chemical Equation
Heat released
(kJ)
I HCl + NaOH → KCl + H2O 57.3
II CH3COOH + NaOH → CH3COONa + H2O 55.0
III H2SO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2H2O 114.6

Jadual 2 / Table 2
Berdasarkan Jadual 2, terangkan perbezaan haba yang dibebaskan antara :
Based on Table 2, explain the difference in heat released between :
(i) Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen II
Experiment I and Experiment II
(ii) Eksperimen I dan Eksperimen III
Experiment I and Experiment III
[6 markah / 6 marks]

(c) Huraikan eksperimen makmal untuk menentukan haba pembakaran bagi alkohol yang
dinamakan dengan bilangan atom karbon per molekul kurang daripada empat. Dalam
penerangan anda sertakan langkah pengiraan yang terlibat.
[Jisim atom relatif: C =12, O =16, H = 1]
[Muatan haba tentu air = 4.2 J g-1 OC-1 ; Ketumpatan air = 1 g cm-3 ]
Describe a laboratory experiment to determine the heat of combustion of a named
alcohol with a number of carbon atoms per molecule less than four. In your
description, include the steps involved in the calculation.
[Relative atomic mass: C =12, O =16, H = 1]
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g-1 OC-1 ; Density of water = 1 g cm-3 ]
[10 markah / 10 marks]

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SKEMA JAWAPAN / ANSWER SCHEME

No Rubrik Markah
Rubric Marks
1. (a) (i) Perubahan haba / Haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol mendakan terhasil
daripada ion-ion dalam larutan
Heat change / Heat released when 1 mole of precipitate is formed 1
from its ions in aqueous solution
(ii) Untuk mengurangkan kehilangan haba ke persekitaran // Penebat haba
yang baik
To reduce / minimize heat loss to surroundings // A good heat 1
insulator//
(b) Mendakan putih terbentuk // White precipitate is formed 1
(c) (i) Natrium sulfat // Sodium sulphate /Na2SO4
(Mana-mana garam terlarutkan sulfat //any soluble sulphate salts) 1
(ii) Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 → PbSO4 + 2NaNO3 1+1
(d) (i) Perubahan haba / Heat change
= mc
28+29 1
= (25 + 25) x 4.2 x (34.5 – [ 2 ])
= 1260 J // 1.26 kJ
(ii) Bilangan mol / Number of moles, PbSO4 1
1×25
= 1000

= 0.025 mol

0.025 mol PbSO4 → 1260 J


1260
∆H = − 0.025 Jmol-1// 1
= − 50.4 k Jmol -1 1
Jumlah /Total 10
2. (a) MgCl2 + Na2CO3 → MgCO3 + 2NaCl 1+1
(b) Untuk mengurangkan haba diserap dari persekitaran // Penebat haba
yang baik
To reduce / minimize heat is absosrbed to surroundings // A good
heat insulator//
(c) Bilangan mol / Number of moles of MgCO3 1
1×50
= 1000
= 0.05 mol
1
Perubahan haba / Heat change = 0.05 × 21
= 1.05 kJ
= 1050 J
(50+50) × 4.2 ×  = 1050
1
 = 2.5oC

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Rubric Marks
(c) 1
1

 = + 21 kJ mol-1

(d) 1. Sama // Same // + 21 kJ mol-1 1


2. Tindak balas hanya melibatkan ion Mg2+ dan CO32- 1
The reaction only involves Mg2+ ion and CO32-.
Jumlah /Total 9
3. (a) Perubahan haba / Haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol logam disesarkan 1
daripada larutan garamnya oleh logam yang lebih elektropositif
Heat change / heat released when one mole of metal is displaced from
its salt solution by a more elecropositve metal.
(b) Mg + Cu2+ → Mg2+ + Cu 1+1
(c) Larutan biru menjadi tidak berwarna // Pepejal perang terbentuk 1
Blue solution turns colourless // Brown solid is formed
(d) Semua kuprum disesarkan daripada larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 1
All copper is displaced from copper(II) sulphate solution
(e) (i) Perubahan haba / Heat change 1
= 50 x 4.2 x (47 – 29)
= 3780 J //
= 3.78 kJ
(ii) Bilangan mol / Number of moles of CuSO4 = = 0.02 mol 1
Haba penyesaran / Heat of displacement = - 189 kJ mol-1 1
(f) Ganti cawan kaca dengan cawan plastik / cawan polistirena 1
Replace the glass cup with plastic cup / polystyrene cup
Jumlah /Total 9
4. (a) Perubahan haba / Haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol logam disesarkan 1
daripada larutan garamnya oleh logam yang lebih elektropositif
Heat change / heat released when one mole of metal is displaced from
its salt solution by a more elecropositve metal.
(b) Larutan tidak berwarna menjadi biru // Pepejal kelabu terbentuk 1
Colourless solution turns blue // Grey solid is formed
(c) Semua argentum disesarkan daripada larutan argentum nitrat 1
All silver is displaced from silver nitrate solution
(d) (i) Bilangan mol / Number of moles of Ag+ 1
0.5×100
= 1000
= 0.05 mol
(ii) Haba dibebaskan/ Heat released = 0.05 × 105 1
= 5.25 kJ
= 5250 J
(iii) Perubahan suhu / change in temperature 1
100 × 4.2 ×  = 5250
 = 12.5oC

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Rubric Marks
(d) Tenaga 1
Energy 1

Cu + 2AgNO3

∆ H = -105 kJ mol-1

Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag

(e) 25oC 1
Jumlah /Total 9
5. (a) (i) Natrium hidroksida / Sodium hydroxide / NaOH 1
(ii) Negatif / Negative 1
(iii) 1. Eksotermic / Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran 1
Exothermic / Heat is released to surroundings
2. Jumlah kandungan tenaga bagi bahan tindak balas adalah lebih 1
tinggi berbanding dengan jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil tindak
balas
Total energy content of the reactants is higher than the total
energy content of the products
3. Lebih banyak haba dibebaskan semasa pembentukan ikatan
daripada haba yang diserap semasa pemecahan ikatan
More heat released during bond formation than heat absorbed
during bond breaking
[Mana-mana dua / Any two]
(b) (i) 2KOH + H2SO4 → 2K2SO4 + 2H2O 1+1
(ii) Bilangan mol air / Number of moles of water = 2.85 1
57
= 0.05 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Nisbah mol
1
Mole ratio H2SO4 : H2O
1 mol : 2 mol
0.025 mol : 0.05 mol

0.025 ×1000𝑐𝑚3
Isipadu H2SO4 / Volume of H2SO4 = 1
2

= 12.5 cm3
Jumlah /Total 9
6. (a) Perubahan haba / Haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol air dihasilkan 1
daripada tindak balas antara asid dan alkali.
Heat change / heat released when one mole of water is formed from
the reaction between an acid and an alkali
(b) NaOH + HNO3 → NaNO3 + H2O 1+1
(c) (i) Perubahan haba / Heat change 1
= mc
= (25 + 25) x 4.2 x (36.5 – 30)
= 1365 J // 1.365 kJ

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Rubric Marks
(ii) Bilangan mol / Number of moles, HNO3 1
1×25
= 1000

= 0.025 mol

(iii) 0.025 mol H2O → 1365 J


1365
∆H = − 0.025 Jmol-1// 1
1
= − 54.6 k Jmol-1
(d) (i) Kurang dari − 54.6 k Jmol-1 / less than − 54.6 k Jmol-1 1
(ii) 1. Asid nitrik ialah asid kuat manakala asid etanoik ialah asid lemah. 1
Nitric acid is a strong acid while ethanoic acid is a weak acid.
2. Sebahagian haba yang dibebas telah diserap dan digunakan untuk 1
mengion lengkap asid etanoik molekul.
Some of the heat released is absorbed and used to ionise ethanoic
acid completely
Jumlah /Total 10
7. (a) Haba dibebaskan apabila 1 mol bahan api membakar lengkap dalam 1
gas oksigen yang berlebihan
Heat released when one mole fuel is burnt completely in excess
oxygen gas
(b) − 2000 kJ mol-1 (2000 ≤ X ≤ 2020) 1
(c) (i) Bilangan mol / Number of moles, S 1
0.37
= 74

= 0.005 mol
(ii) Perubahan haba / Heat change = 0.005 × 2673 1
= 13.365 kJ
= 13365 J
100 × 4.2 ×  = 13375 1
 = 31.8oC 1
(d) Penghadang api 1
windshield 1

Jumlah /Total 10

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Rubric Marks
8. (a) C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O 1
(b) Kondutor haba yang baik / Good conductor of heat 1
(c) Bilangan mol / Number of moles, C2H5OH 1
189.55−188.90
= 46

= 0.014 mol
1
Perubahan haba / Heat change = m c 
= 200 × 4.2 × (48 – 28.5)
= 16380 J
= 16.380 kJ

0.014 mol C2H5OH → 16380 J


1365 1
∆H = − 0.025 Jmol-1// 1
= − 1170 k Jmol-1
(d) Tenaga 1
Energy 1

C2H5OH + 3O2

∆ H = -1170 kJ mol-1

2CO2 + 3H2O

(e) 1. Bilangan atom karbon per molekul propanol lebih banyak 1


daripada etanol
The number of carbon atom per molecule of propanol is greater
than ethanol
2. Lebih banyak karbon dioksida dan water dihasilkan semasa 1
pembakaran propanol
More carbon dioxide and water are produced during the
combustion of propanol
Jumlah /Total 10

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Rubric Marks
9. (a)
Reaction I Reaction II
Endotermik / Menyerap haba Eksotermik / Membebas haba
Endothermic / Absorbs heat Exothermic / Released heat 1
Suhu menurun Suhu meningkat
Temperature decreases Temperature increases 1
Jumlah kandungan tenaga bagi Jumlah kandungan tenaga bagi
bahan tindak balas adalah lebih bahan tindak balas adalah lebih
rendah berbanding dengan tinggi berbanding dengan
jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil
tindak balas tindak balas 1
Total energy content of Total energy content of
reactants is lower than the reactants is higher than the
total energy content of total energy content of
products products
Tenaga haba yand diserap Tenaga haba yand diserap
semasa pemecahan ikatan lebih semasa pemecahan ikatan lebih
tinggi daripada tenaga haba rendah daripada tenaga haba 1
yang dibebaskan semasa yang dibebaskan semasa
pembetukan ikatan pembetukan ikatan
Heat energy absorbed during Heat energy absorbed during
the bond breaking is higher the bond breaking is lower
than heat energy released than heat energy released
during bonds formation during bonds formation

(b) Set I dan Set II / Set I and Set II


1. T1 = 31.0oC 1
2. Kepekatan plumbum(II) nitrat dikurangkan separuh 1
The concentration of lead (II) nitrate is reduced by half
3. Bilagan mol plumbum yang disesarkan dikurangkan separuh 1
The number of moles of lead displaced is reduced by half

Set I dan Set III / Set I and Set III


4. T2 = 29.0oC 1
5. Kuprum kurang elektropostif daripada plumbum 1
Copper is less electropositive than lead
6. Tiada penyesaran berlaku 1
No displacement reaction occur
Set I
1. Bilangan mol air / Number of moles of water f 1
2 ×25
= 1000
= 0.05 mol
1
2. Q = (25 + 25) X 4.2 X [40 - 28]
= 2520 J // 2.52 kJ
2520
3. ∆H = − 0.05 J mol-1 // 1
= - 50400 Jmol-1 // - 50.4 kJmol-1

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Set II
4. Q = (25 + 25) X 4.2 X [42.0 – 29.0] J 1
= 2730 J //2.73 kJ
2730 1
5. ∆H = − 0.05 J mol-1 //
= - 54600 Jmol-1 // - 54.6 kJmol-1
1
6. X : Asid lemah / Weak acid
1
7. Y : Asid kuat / Strong acid
8. Perubahn suhu di Set II lebih tinggi
1
Temperature change in Set II is higher.
9. Acid Y mengion lengkap dalam air manakala asid X mengion
1
separa dalam air
Acid Y ionises completely in water while acid X ionises partially
in water
1
10. Haba yang dibebas di Set I diserap dan digunakan untuk
mengion lengkap asid X.
Heat released in Set I is absorbed and used to ionise the acid X
completely
Jumlah /Total 20
10. Gambar rajah aras tenaga / Energy level diagram 1+1
Tenaga
Energy

Ag+ + Cl-

∆ H = -65.5 kJ mol-1

AgCl

1. Eksotermic / Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran 1


Exothermic / Heat is released to surroundings
2. Jumlah kandungan tenaga bagi bahan tindak balas adalah lebih 1
tinggi berbanding dengan jumlah kandungan tenaga hasil tindak
balas
Total energy content of the reactants is higher than the total
energy content of the products
3. Lebih banyak haba dibebaskan semasa pembentukan ikatan
daripada haba yang diserap semasa pemecahan ikatan
More heat released during bond formation than heat absorbed
during bond breaking
[Mana-mana dua / Any two]

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(b) Eksperimen I dan II / Experiment I and II

1. Haba dibebaskan bagi Eksperimen I lebih tinggi daripada 1


Eksperimen II
Heat released of Experiement I is higher than Experiment II
2. HCl adalah asid kuat dan CH3COOH adalah asid lemah 1
HCl is strong acid and CH3COOH is weak acid
Asid kuat/ HCl mengion lengkap dan asid lemah/ CH3COOH
mengion separa dalam air
Strong acid / HCl ionises completely and weak acid/CH3COOH
ionises partially in water
3. Sebahagian haba yang dibebaskan diserap dan digunakan untuk 1
mengionkan molekul asid etanoik dengan lengkap
Some of the heat released are absorbed and used to ionise
ethanoic acid molecules completely

Eksperimen II dan III / Experiment II and III

4. Haba dibebaskan bagi Eksperimen III adalah dua kali ganda 1


dairpada Experimen II
Heat released of Experiment III is double than Experiment II
5. HCl adalah asid monoprotik dan H2SO4 adalah asid diprotik //
Kepekatan ion H+ dalam H2SO4 dua kali ganda berbanding 1
dengan HCl
HCl is a monoprotic acid and H2SO4 is a diprotic acid //
Concentration of H+ ion in H2SO4 is twice than HCl
6. Asid sulfurik menghasilka dua kali ganda bilangan mol air 1
berbanding asid hidroklorik
Sulphuric acid menghasilkan double number of moles of water
than hydrochloric acid
(c) 1. Bahan : Metanol/ Etanol/ Propanol 1
Materials : Methanol / Ethanol / Propanol

Prosedur/ Procedure :

2. [100 - 200 cm3] air disukat dan dituangkan ke dalam bekas 1


kuprum dan bekas kuprum diletakkan di atas tungku kaki tiga
[100 - 200 cm3] of water is measured and poured into a copper
can and the copper can is placed on a tripod stand.
3. Suhu awal air disukat dan direkodkan. 1
The initial temperature of the water is measured and recorded.
4. Pelita dengan etanol ditimbang dan jisimnya direkodkan. 1
A spirit lamp with ethanol is weighed and its mass is recorded.
5. Pelita diletakkan di bawah bekas kuprum dan sumbu lampu
dinyalakan dengan cepat.
The lamp is then placed under the copper can and the wick of the 1
lamp is lighted up immediately.

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6. Air dalam bekas dikacau berterusan sehingga suhu air meningkat 1
sebanyak 30 oC. Nyalaan dimatikan dan suhu tertinggi air
direkodkan.
The water in the can is stirred continuously until the temperature
of the water increases by about 30 oC. The flame is put off and
the highest temperature reached by the water is recorded.
7. Pelita dan kandungannya ditimbang dengan segera dan jisim 1
direkodkan.
The lamp and its content are weighed immediately and the mass is
recorded.

8. Data: 1

Suhu awal air t1 o C


Initial temperature of water
Suhu tertinggi air t2 o C
Highest temperature of water
Kenaikan suhu t2 - t1
= C
Increase in temperature o

Jisim pelita sebelum pembakaran


Mass of spirit lamp before combustion m1 g
Jisim pelita selepas pembakaran
Mass of spirit lamp after combustion m2 g
Jisim etanol terbakar m1 - m2
Mass of ethanol burnt =m g

9. Penghitungan / Calculation 1

mol of C2H5OH = (m1 – m2) / 46


= a mol

Haba dibebaskan / Heat released = 100 × c ×  J


= bJ

10. Haba pembakaran etanol /Heat of combustion of ethanol 1


= - b/a J mol-1

Jumlah /Total 20

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BAB 12: POLYMER


CHAPTER 12: POLYMER

BAHAGIAN A / SECTION A

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan baju hujan.


Diagram 1 shows a rain coat.

Rajah / Diagram 1

a) Baju hujan dibuat daripada sejenis polimer sintetik, polivinil klorida.


The rain coat is made from a synthetic polymer, polyvinyl chloride.
(i) Nyatakan nama monomer untuk polivinil klorida.
State the name of the monomer for polyvinyl chloride.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]

(ii) Lukis formula struktur untuk monomer.


Draw the structural formula for the monomer.

[1 markah / mark]

(iii)Nyatakan nama proses X.


State the name of process X.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

b) Nyatakan satu kebaikan menggunakan paip air yang dibuat daripada polivinil klorida
berbanding dengan paip logam.
State one advantage of using polyvinyl chloride as water pipes compared to metal pipes.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

c) Nyatakan satu sebab kenapa polivinil klorida tidak boleh dibuang secara pembakaran
terbuka.
State one reason why polyvinyl chloride should not be disposed by open burning?

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

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2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan maklumat bagi dua jenis plastik yang luas digunakan dalam kehidupan
seharian.
Diagram 2 shows the information for two types of plastic that is widely used in daily life.

Plastik A • Dibuat daripada tepung jagung


Plastic A Made from corn starch
• Dapat diuraikan dengan senang oleh mikroorganisma
Can easily be decomposed by microorganism

Plastik B • Dibuat daripada pecahan petroleum


Plastic B Made from petroleum fraction
• Susah untuk diuraikan oleh mikroorganisma
Difficult to be decomposed by microorganism

Rajah / Diagram 2
a) Pilih plastik yang menyebabkan pencemaran persekitaran dan jelaskan jawapan anda.
Choose which plastic that can cause an environmental pollution and explain your
answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 markah / marks]

b) Cadangkan satu cara untuk mengatasi isu pencemaran.


Suggest a way to overcome the pollution issue.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

c) Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan formula struktur monomer bagi polimer Z.


Diagram 2.2 shows the structural formula of a monomer of polymer Z.

Rajah / Diagram 2.2

(i) Lukiskan formula struktur bagi polimer Z


Draw the structural formula of polymer Z

[1 markah / mark]

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(ii) Nyatakan nama bagi polimer tersebut.


State the name of the polymer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]

3 Rajah 3 menunjukkan objek yang dibuat daripada plastik X.


Diagram 3 shows the objects that are made of plastic X.

Rajah / Diagram 3

a) Nyatakan jenis plastik X.


State the type of plastic X.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

b) Nyatakan dua contoh plastik X.


State two examples of plastic X.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / marks]

c) Nyatakan dua ciri plastik X.


State two characteristics of plastic X.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / marks]

d) Lukis struktur plastik yang tidak dapat dibentuk dan dikitar semula.
Draw the structure of plastic that cannot be remoulded and recycled.

[1 markah / mark]

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e) Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan satu insinerator.


Diagram 3.2 shows an incinerator.

Rajah / Diagram 3.2

Insinerator adalah salah satu alat untuk pembuangan plastic.


Cadangkan satu cara lain yang boleh dilakukan untuk menyelesaikan masalah
pembuangan plastik.
Jelaskan jawapan anda.
Incinerator is one of the tools used for plastic disposal.
Suggest one other method which can be carried out to solve the problem of plastic
disposal.
Explain your answer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / marks]

4 Nilon 6,6 ialah satu polimer yang mempunyai struktur berikut.


Nylon 6,6 is a polymer with the following structure:

a) Bulatkan rangkaian amida dalam struktur di atas.


Circle an amide linkage in the structure above.
[1 markah / mark]

b) Lukis dua monomer yang boleh membentuk polimer ini.


Draw two monomers that could have formed this polymer.

[2 markah / marks]

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c) Nilon 6,6 terbentuk daripada monomer H2N – (CH2)5 – CO2H.


Nylon 6,6 is formed from the monomer H2N – (CH2)5 – CO2H.
(i) Namakan monomer ini.
Name this monomer.

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

(ii) Lukis tiga unit berulang bagi rantai polimer nilon 6.


Draw three repeating units for Nylon 6 polymer chain.

[2 markah / marks]

d) Nilon digunakan untuk membuat tali untuk mendaki. Terdapat label amaran yang
dilampirkan bersama tali, seperti yang ditunjuk di bawah.
Nylon is used for making ropes for climbing and abseiling. The ropes come with a
warning label attached, such as that shown below.

AMARAN!!
WARNING!!
Tali nilon: Jangan ada bersentuhan dengan asid atau wap mereka
Nylon Rope: Do not allow to come in contact with acids or their vapours

Bincangkan kenapa label amaran ini dilampirkan dengan tali nilon apabila dibeli.
Jawapan anda merangkumi:
• Jenis tindak balas yang akan berlaku
• Formula struktur organik yang berkaitan
• Sebarang perubahan ke atas sifat tali nilon

Discuss why this warning label is attached to nylon rope when purchased.
Include in your answer:
• The type of reaction that would occur
• Relevant organic structural formulae
• Any changes to the properties of the nylon rope

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 markah / marks]

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5 Molekul di bawah membentuk polimer kondensasi dan air.


The molecules below form a condensation polymer and water.

Monomer 1 Monomer 2

a) Nyatakan nama kumpulan berfungsi yang terdapat dalam molekul tersebut.


State the names of the functional groups present in these molecules.

Monomer 1:
………………………………………………………..
Monomer 2:
………………………………………………………..
[2 markah / marks]

b) Bulatkan bahagian monomer yang membentuk air.


Draw a circle around the parts of the monomers that form water.
[1 markah / mark]

c) Lukiskan unit berulang bagi polimer yang terbentuk daripada monomer tersebut.
Draw the repeat unit of the polymer formed from these monomers.

[1 markah / mark]

d) Apakah nama polimer yang terbentuk daripada monomer tersebut?


What is the name of the polymer formed using these monomers?

……………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / mark]

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BAHAGIAN B/ SECTION B

6 a) Getah asli ialah polimer semulajadi.


Natural rubber is a natural polymer.
(i) Apakah maksud polimer?
What is meant by polymer?
(ii) Berikan dua contoh lain polimer semulajadi.
Give another two examples of natural polymer.
(iii) Lukis formula struktur getah asli.
Draw the structural formula of natural rubber.
(iv) Namakan monomer getah asli berdasarkan penamaan IUPAC.
Name the monomer of natural rubber based on the IUPAC nomenclature.
[ 5 markah / marks]
b) Dengan menggunakan satu contoh yang sesuai, terangkan bagaimana polimer boleh
menyebabkan pencemaran alam sekitar dan cara mengatasinya.
By using suitable example, explain how the polymer can cause environment pollution
and way to overcome it.
[ 5 markah / marks ]
c) Sekumpulan pelajar telah melawat kilang pemprosesan lateks. Rajah menunjukkan
perbualan antara dua orang pelajar dengan pekerja kilang semasa lawatan.
A group of students visited a latex processing factory. Diagram shows a conversation
between two students and a factory worker during the visit.

Getah asli merupakan sejenis polimer. Nyatakan monomer bagi getah asli. Cadangkan
nama bahan lain yang boleh digunakan menggantikan asid formic. Terangkan mengapa
terdapat perbezaan keadaan bagi lateks itu.
Natural rubber is one of the polymer. State the monomer of natural rubber. Suggest a
name for another possible substance that can replace formic acid. BahExplain why
there are differences in conditions for the latex.
[10 markah / marks]

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BAHAGIAN c/ SECTION C

7 a) Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan carta alir situasi apabila lateks yang diambil daripada pokok
getah digunakan untuk menghasilkan getah jenis A dan getah jenis B.
Diagram 7.1 shows the flow chart of a situation when latex collected from the rubber
tree is used to produce type A rubber and type B rubber in laboratory.

Rajah / Diagram 7.1


(i) Cadangkan satu bahan yang perlu ditambah dalam Proses I bagi memastikan
lateks dapat dikekalkan dalam keadaan cecair sehingga dibawa ke makmal kimia.
Nyatakan nama bagi getah jenis A dan getah jenis B.
Suggest a substance that should be added in Process I to ensure the latex remains
as a liquid form until it is taken to the chemistry laboratory. State the name of
type A rubber and type B rubber.
(ii) Bandingkan sifat fizik getah jenis A dan jenis B dari segi kekerasan, kekenyalan,
kesan terhadap haba dan kesan terhadap pengoksidaan. Terangkan mengapa getah
getah jenis B lebih sesuai untuk membuat tayar kereta berbanding dengan getah
jenis A
Compare type A rubber and type B in terms of hardness, elasticity, resistance to
heat and resistance to oxidation. Explain why type B rubber is more suitable
make tyre compare to type A rubber.
[ 10 markah / marks]

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b) Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan dua jenis getah yang berbeza, A dan B.


Diagram 7.2 shows the two different type of rubber, A and B.

Getah/ Rubber A Getah/ Rubber B


Rajah / Diagram 7.2
Dengan menggunakan contoh getah A dan getah B yang sesuai, huraikan satu
eksperimen untuk membandingkan kekenyalan getah A dan getah B. Jawapan anda
perlu merangkumi prosedur, keputusan dan kesimpulan.
By using suitable example of rubber A and rubber B, describe an experiment to
compare the elasticity of rubber A and rubber B. Your answer should include
procedure, result and conclusion.

[10 markah / marks]

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SKEMA JAWAPAN / ANSWER SCHEME

No Answers Marks
1 (a) (i) Kloroetena / vinil klorida 1
Chloroethene / vinyl chloride
(ii) H Cl
| | 1
C = C
| |
H H
(iii) Pempolimeran 1
polymerisation
(b) Tahan kakisan 1
Resistant to corrosion
(c) Menghasilkan gas berasid/ beracun 1
Produce acidic / poisonous / toxic gas

a:membebaskan gas klorin / gas berbahaya / gas hydrogen klorida /


karbon monoksida
release chlorine gas / dangerous gas / harmful gas / hydrogen chloride
gas / carbon monoxide
Jumlah /Total 5
2 (a) 1. Plastik B 1
Plastic B 1
2. Pembuangan tidak teratur menyebabkan system peparitan 1
tersumbat/ banjir kilat
Improper disposal cause the blockage of drainage / flash flood
3. Pembakaran plastik menghasilkan gas beracun / berasid
Burning of plastic releases poisonous / toxic / acidic gas
(b) Kurang, guna semula dan kitar semula plastik 1
Reduce, reuse and recycle the plastics
(c) (i) 1

(ii) polipropena 1
Polypropene
Jumlah /Total 6

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No Answers Marks
Jawapan Markah
3. (a) Plastik X: termoset plastik 1
Plastic X: thermosetting plastic
(b) 1. Melamina / Melamine
2. Bakelit / Bakelite 1
3. Epoksi / Epoxy resin 1
(c) 1. Tidak dapat dibentuk semula / Cannot be remoulded 1
2. Tidak dapat dikitar semula / Cannot be recycled 1
(d)

1
(e) 1. Kitar semula – plastik boleh ditukar kepada produk lain
Recycle – plastic can be converted to make other products
2. Kurangkan penggunaan plastik – bawa beg kitar semula sendiri 1
apabila membeli barang // bawa bekas makanan sendiri apabila
memberi makanan
Reduce using plastics – bring our own recycle bag when buying
groceries // bring our own food containers when buying food
3. Guna semula – guna plastik untuk fungsi lain
Reuse – Use the plastics for other purposes
4. Guna plastik biodegradasi – plastik biodegradasi boleh diuraikan
oleh bakteria dan cahaya
Use biodegradable plastics – biodegradable plastic can be
decomposed by bacteria or light
Jumlah /Total 7
4. (a)

1
(b) Satu set monomer / One set of monomers (can be in any order)

1
1

(c) (i) 6-amino asid heksanoik / 6-amino hexanoic acid 1


(ii)

1
(d) 1. Asid akan menghidrolisiskan tali 1
The acid would hydrolyse the rope 1
2. Ini akan menyebabkan rangkaian amida untuk memutus dan 1
membentuk monomer
this would cause the amide linkages to break and form the monomers
3. tali akan hilang kekuatan
the rope would lose strength

Jumlah /Total 8

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5. (a) Monomer 1: asid karboksilik / carboxylic acid 1


Monomer 2: alcohol / alcohol 1
(b) 1

(c) 1

(d) Poliester / polyester 1


Jumlah /Total 5

Question Answers Marks


Soalan Jawapan Markah
6. (a) (i) Polimer adalah molekul berantai panjang yang terbentuk daripada
gabungan monomer-monomer. 1
Polymer is a long chain molecule formed from combination of
monomers.
(ii) Karbohidrat // carbohydrate 1
Protein // protein 1
(iii) Formula struktur // Structural formula 1

(iv) Nama: 2-metilbut-1,3-diena 1


Name: 2-methylbut-1,3-diene
(b) 1. Plastik boleh menyebabkan pencemaran apabila tidak dilupuskan 1
dengan betul kerana ia tidak terbiodegradasi.
Plastic can cause pollution when it is not dispose correctly because
it is not biodegradable. 1
2. apabila plastik masuk ke dalam saliran menyebabkan ia tersumbat
dan banjir kilat. 1
When plastic is disposed into the drainage, cause blockage and flash
flood. 1
3. Apabila plastik dibakar ia membebaskan gas beracun.
When plastic is disposed into the drainage, cause blockage and flash
flood.
4. Kitar semula 1
Recycle
5. Guna semula 1
Reuse
(c) 1. Isoprena / Isoprene 1
2. Bahan yang boleh menggantikan asid formic: asid etanoik
Substance that can replace formic acid: ethanoic acid 1
3. Kehadiran asid etanoik, membekalkan ion hydrogen
Ethanoic acid contains hydrogen ion 1
4. Ion hidrogen akan meneutralkan cas negative pada membran
protein molekul getah 1
Hydrogen ion neutralize the negatively charged protein membrane
of rubber molecule

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5. Molekul getah berlanggar dan membrane protein akan pecah


Rubber molecule collide and break 1
6. Polimer getah akan bergabung dan lateks menggumpal
Rubber polymer combine and the latex is coagulated. 1
7. Kehadiran larutan ammonia membekalkan ion hidroksida
Presence of ammonia solution contains hydroxide ion 1
8. Kehadiran larutan ammonia membekalkan ion hidroksida
Hydroxide ion neutralize the hydrogen ion produced by bacteria 1
9. Cas negative membrane protein kekal
Negatively charged protein membrane remains 1
10. Polimer getah tidak bergabung.
The rubber polymer does not coagulate 1

Jumlah /Total 20

Question Answers Marks


Soalan Jawapan Markah
7. (a) (i) 1. Ammonia / larutan NH3 1
Ammonia / NH3 solution
2. Jenis A: Getah tak tervulkan / getah asli 1
Type A: Unvulcanised rubber / natural rubber
3. Jenis B: Getah tervulkan 1
Type B: Vulcanised rubber
(ii) Jenis A/ Getah tak tervulkan Jenis B/ Getah tervulkan
Type A/ Unvulcanised rubber Type B/ Vulcanised rubber
4. Lebih lembut Lebih keras 1
Softer Harder
5. Tidak tahan suhu tinggi Tahan suhu tinggi
Can withstand high Can withstand high 1
temperature temperature
6. Susah dioksidakan Senang dioksidakan
Less easily oxidised Easily oxidised 1
7. Kurang elastik Lebih elastic
Less elastic More elastic 1
8. Kehadiran rangkaian bersilang sulfur atom di antara molekul getah
dalam getah jenis B 1
Presence of cross-linkage of Sulphur atoms between rubber
molecules in type B rubber
9. Menghalang molekul getah mengelongsor atas satu sama lain
dengan senang. 1
Prevent rubber molecules slide over each other easily
10. Getah jenis A senang melekit / lembut/ bertukar bentuk dengan 1
senang di bawah haba tinggi/ tekanan
Type A rubber easily becomes sticky/ soft/ easily change shape
when high heat/ pressure
(b) 21. A: Getah tervulkan 1
A: Vulcanised rubber
22. B: Getah tak tervulkan / getah asli 1
B: Unvulcanised rubber / natural rubber

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Prosedur / Procedure: 1

23. Jalur getah A digantung di kaki retort. 1


Rubber strip A is hung at the retort stand.
24. Panjang asal jalur getah A diukur dan direkod.
The initial length of rubber strip A is measured and recorded. 1
25. (10 g – 50 g) pemberat digantung pada jalur getah A. Panjang jalur
getah A diukur dan direkod.
(10 g – 50 g) of weight is hung at the rubber strip A. The length of 1
rubber strip A is measured and recorded.
26. Pemberat dialihkan dari jalur getah A. Panjang jalur getah A
diukur dan direkod.
The weight is removed from rubber strip A. The length of rubber 1
strip A is measured and recorded.
27. Eksperimen diulangi dengan menggunakan jalur getah B.
Experiment is repeated by using rubber strip B.
28. Keputusan / Results:
Jenis jalur getah A B 1
Type of rubber strip
Panjang asal/ cm
Initial length / cm
Panjang dengan pemberat/ cm
Length with weight / cm
Panjang selepas pemberat dialihkan/ cm
Length after removal of weight /cm

29. Panjang jalur getah A balik ke panjang asal, panjang jalur getah B 1
menjadi lebih panjang selepas pemberat dialihkan // Jalur getah B
adalah lebih panjang daripada jalur getah A selepas pemberat
dialihkan.
The length rubber strip A returns to its initial length while the
length of rubber strip B becomes longer than initial length after
the weight is removed //
Rubber strip B is longer than rubber strip A after the weight is
removed.
30. Getah A adalah lebih elastik daripada getah B.
Rubber A is more elastic than rubber B. 1

Jumlah /Total 20

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BAB 13: KIMIA KONSUMER DAN INDUSTRI


CHAPTER 13: CONSUMER AND INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

BAHAGIAN A / SECTION A

1. Gambar rajah 1.1 menujukkan buah minyak sawit.


Diagram 1.1 shows the oil palm fruits.

Kernel

Gambar rajah 1.1


Diagram 1.1

Kernel buah minyak sawit mempunyai kandungan lemak tak tepu yang tinggi.
Kernel of oil palm fruits has high content of unsaturated fat.
(a) Nyatakan maksud lemak tak tepu.
State the meaning of unsaturated fat.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]

(b) Minyak sawit boleh digunakan untuk menghasilkan marjerin.


Palm oil can be used to manufacture margarine.
(i) Namakan proses tersebut.
Name the process.

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]

(ii) Nyatakan mangkin dan suhu yang diperlukan untuk menjalankan proses di (b)(i).
State the catalyst and temperature needed to carry out process in (b)(i).
Mangkin
Catalyst: …………………………………..

Suhu
Temperature: ……………………………..
[2 markah / marks]
(iii) Lengkapkan persamaan kimia yang berikut:
Complete the chemical equation below:
O
||
C3H5[O – C (CH2)7CH = CH(CH2)7CH3]3 + ……. H2

[2 markah / marks]

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(iv) Cadangkan satu minyak sayuran yang boleh digunakan untuk menggantikan
minyak sawit dalam menghasilkan marjerin.
Suggest one vegetable oil that can replace palm oil in the production of
margarine.

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah / mark]

(c) Minyak haiwan dikenali sebagai punca kepada perubahan keadaan arteri seperti yang
ditunjukkan dalam gambar rajah 1.2.
Animal fat is known to be the cause of the change in the condition of the artery as shown
in the Diagram 1.2.

Gambar rajah 1.2


Diagram 1.2

Jelaskan mengapa lemak haiwan boleh menyebabkan perubahan tersebut dan nyatakan
kesimpulan terhadap pengambilan lemak haiwan.
Explain why animal fat can cause the change and state the conclusion of the intake of
animal fat.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[4 markah /marks]

2 Ahmad sedang menyediakan sabun di dalam makmal sekolah. Dia menyediakan alat radas
seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam gambar rajah 2.1.
Ahmad is preparing soap in the school laboratory. He set-up the apparatus as shown in
Diagram 2.1.

Minyak sawit + larutan X


Palm oil + Solution X

Panaskan
Heat

Rajah 2.1/ Diagram 2.1

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(a) (i) Nyatakan nama untuk proses bagi menyediakan sabun.


State the name of the process to prepare soap.

…………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah / [1 mark]

(ii) Apakah siri homolog bagi minyak sawit?


What is the homologous series of palm oil?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah 1 mark]

(iii) Cadangkan larutan X yang perlu Ahmad gunakan untuk menghasillkan sabun.
Suggest solution X that Ahmad can use to produce soap.

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah/1 mark]

(iv) Minyak sawit mengandungi asid palmitik. Nyatakan nama IUPAC sabun yang
dihasilkan dengan menggunakan minyak sawit dan larutuan X dalam (a)(iii).
Palm oil contain palmitic acid. State the IUPAC name of soap formed by using
palm oil and solution X in (a)(iii).

…………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah/ [1 mark]

(v) Ahmad menghadapi masalah untuk mendapatkan jumlah hasil sabun yang lebih
tinggi daripada campuran itu. Apakah yang perlu dilakukan oleh Ahmad untuk
mengatasi masalah ini?
Ahmad encounter a problem to obtain higher amount of soap formed from the
mixture. What should be done by Ahmad to solve this problem?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah/ [1 mark]

(vi) Gambar rajah 2.2 menunjukkan satu formula struktur bagi sabun. Bulatkan
bahagian hidrofilik bagi sabun.
Diagram 2.2 shows a structural formula of soap. Circle the hydrophilic part of
the soap.

Gambar rajah 2.2 / Diagram 2.2


[1 markah / [1 mark]

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(b) Dua agen pencuci J dan K telah digunakan untuk mencuci baju dalam air laut. Jadual
2.3 menunjukkan keputusan yang diperoleh.
Two cleaning agents J and K are used to wash clothes in sea water. Table 2.3 show
the result obtained.
Agen Pencuci Air laut
Cleaning agent Sea water
J Kotoran ditanggalkan
Stain is cleaned
K Kotoran tidak tanggal
Stain is not cleaned
Jadual 2.3
Table 2.3
(i) Nyatakan jenis agen pencuci J dan K.
State the type of cleaning agents J and K.

J: …………………………………………

K: …………………………………………
[2 markah / [2 marks]

(ii) Jelaskan pemerhatian tersebut.


Explain the observation.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………
.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
[3 markah/ [3 marks]

3 (a) Gambar rajah 3.1 menunjukkan tumbuhan lidah buaya. Lidah buaya boleh digunakan
sebagai ubat tradisional.
Diagram 3.1 shows an aloe vera plant. Aloe vera can be used as a traditional
medicine.

Gambar rajah 3.1


Diagram 3.1
(i) Apakah fungsi lidah buaya sebagai ubat tradisional?
What is the function of aloe vera as a traditional medicine?

…………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah / [1 mark]

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(ii) Bagaimana lidah buaya digunakan untuk tujuan yang dinyatakan dalam (a)(i)?
How aloe vera is used for the purpose stated in (a)(i)?

………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah/ 1 mark]

(iii) Nyatakan satu kebaikan ubat tradisional berbanding dengan ubat moden.
State one advantage of traditional medicine compare to modern medicine.

……………………………………………………………………………………..
[1 markah/ 1 mark]

(b) Jadual 3.2 menunjukkan fungsi untuk tiga jenis ubat.


Table 3.2 shows the functions of three type of medicine.
Fungsi Jenis ubat
Function Type of medicine
Melegakan sakit X:
Relief pain
Melegakan hidung berair dan kegatalan Y:
To relief runny nose and itchiness
Membunuh atau merencatkan Z:
pertumbuhan bakteria
To kill or retard growth of bacteria

Jadual 3.2 / Table 3.2


(i) Lengkapkan Jadual 3.2.
Complete Table 3.2.
[3 markah/ 3 marks]

(ii) Apakah kesan sampingan ubat X jika diberikan kepada kanak-kanak berumur
kurang daripada 2 tahun?
What is the side effect of medicine X if it is used by a child of less than 2 years
old?

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah/ 1 mark]

(iii) Seorang pesakit yang dirawat dengan jenis ubat Z perlu habiskan semua ubat
diberikan oleh doktor. Jelaskan.
A patient treated by medicine Z must complete all the supply prescribed by
doctor. Explain.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………….
[3 markah/ marks]

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4 (a) Jadual 4.1 menunjukkan maklumat mengenai tiga bahan tambah makanan yang
. berlainan P, Q dan R.
Table 4.1 shows information of three different food additives, P, Q and R.
Bahan tambah Maklumat
makanan Information
Food additive
P Ditambah kepada minuman ringan berkalori rendah
supaya ia menjadi manis dan untuk kegunaan pesakit
diabetes.
Added to a low-calories soft drinks to sweeten it and for
the comsumption of diabetic patients.
Q Ditambah kepada daging segar supaya ia tahan lama dan
kelihatan segar.
Added to fresh meat to preserve it and to make it looks
fresh.
R Ditambah kepada jeruk cili untuk menyediakan keadaan
yang berasid, untuk melambatkan atau merencatkan
pertumbuhan mikroorganisma.
Added to pickled chili to provide an acidic condition, to
slow down or inhibit the growth of microorganisms.

Jadual 4.1 / Table 4.1

(i) Cadangkan nama bagi bahan tambah makanan P, Q dan R.


Suggest the name for food additives P, Q and R.

P: ……………………………………………………………....

Q: ……………………………………………………………...

R: ……………………………………………………………...

[3 markah / [3 marks]
(ii) Nyatakan kebaikan, keburukan dan kesimpulan anda terhadap kegunaan bahan
tambah makanan dalam kehidupan seharian.
State the advantage, disadvantage and your conclusion about the uses of food
additives in daily life.

…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………….
[3 markah / 3 marks]

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(b) Kosmetik digunakan untuk mencantikkan penampilan seseorang. Gambar rajah 4.2
menunjukkan gincu dan sebahagian ramuanya.
Cosmetics have been used to enhance one’s appearances. Diagram 4.2 shows a lipstick
and part of its ingredients.

Ramuan:
Ingredients:

Minyak zaitun Lilin lebah Titanium


dioksida
Olive oil Beeswax Titanium dioxide

Gambar rajah 4.2


Diagram 4.2

(i) Apakah jenis kosmetik bagi gincu?


What is the type of cosmetic for lipstick?

….………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Berdasarkan senarai ramuan di gambar rajah 4.2, nyatakan dua jenis bahan asas
kosmetik yang telah digunakan.
Based on the list of ingredients in Diagram 4.2, state two types of basic cosmetic
ingredients that have been used.

………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / 2 marks]

(iii) Gincu dapat dihasilkan di rumah. Nyatakan satu kebaikan kosmetik buatan
sendiri.
Lipstick can be produced at home. State one advantage of homemade cosmetics.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / [1 mark]

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(c) Perkembangan pesat bidang nanoteknologi membawa pelbagai manfaat kepada


manusia. Gambar rajah 4.3 menunjukkan satu topi keledar berbasikal yang dihasilkan
dengan menggunakan sebatian X.
Rapid development of nanotechnology brings many benefits to human being. Diagram
4.3 shows a cycling helmet manufactured by using compound X.

Sebatian X
Sebatian X
Compound X

Gambar rajah 4.3


Diagram 4.3
(i) Apakah maksud nanoteknologi?
What is the meaning of nanotechnology?

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(ii) Berdasarkan gambar rajah 4.3, namakan sebatian X.


Based on Diagram 4.3, name the compound X.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]
\
(iii) Nyatakan satu sifat spesifik bagi sebatian X yang membolehkannya digunakan
dalam pembuatan topi keledar berbasikal.
State the one specific characteristic of compound X that make it suitable to be
used in making cycling helmet.

……………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah / 1 mark]

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5. (a) Gambar rajah 5.1 menunjukkan pembuangan air sisa kilang ke dalam sistem perparitan.
Diagram5.1 shows releasing of industrial wastewater to the drainage system.

Gambar rajah 5.1


Diagram 5.1

Teknologi hijau memainkan peranan yang penting dalam pengurusan air sisa.
Green technology plays an important role in the wastewater treatment.
(i) Apakah maksud teknologi hijau?
What is the meaning of green technology?

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

…………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah/ 1 mark]

(ii) Nyatakan satu kepentingan teknologi hijau.


State one importance of green technology.

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(iii) Air sisa kilang mungkin mengandungi ion Ni2+. Cadangkan satu cara dalam
pengurusan air sisa bagi menyingkirkan ion Ni2+.
Industrial wastewater may contain Ni2+ ions. Suggest one way in the treatment
of wastewater to remove the Ni2+ ions.

……………………………………………………………………………………………….
[1 markah / 1 mark]

(b) Nyatakan satu factor yang menyebabkan penambahan dalam sisa.


State one factor causing the increase in waste.

..……………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah/ 1 mark]

(c) Jelaskan bagaimana teknologi hijau dalam industri pengangkutan dapat mengurangkan
kesan rumah hijau.
Explain how Green technology in automobile industry can reduce the greenhouse
effect.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[2 markah / 2 marks]

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(d) Gambar rajah 5.2 menunjukkan kesan negatif olahan larutlesapan tapak pelupusan yang
gagal.
Diagram 5.2 shows the negative impact of unsuccessful landfill leachate treatment.

Gambar rajah 5.2


Diagram 5.2

Berdasarkan gambar rajah 5.2,


Based on Diagram5.2,
(i) perihalkan secara ringkas bagaimana larutlesapan tapak pelupusan berlaku.
describe briefly how the landfill leachate is formed.

………………………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[2 markah / 2 marks]

(ii) Nyatakan kesan negative olahan larutlesapan tapak pelupusan yang gagal.
state the negative impact of the unsuccessful landfill leachate treatment.

………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1 markah/ 1 mark]

(e) Apakah yang patut dilakukan untuk membaiki olahan sisa dalam hidupan seharian kita?
What should be done to improve the waste management in our daily lives?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………
[1 markah/ 1 mark]

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BAHAGIAN B / SECTION B

6. (a) Rajah 6.1 menunjukkan senarai bahan kandungan untuk sejenis makanan.
Diagram 6.1 shows a list of ingredients for a type of food.

Rajah 6.1 / Diagram 6.1

Daripada senarai bahan kandungan, pilih dua bahan yang digunakan sebagai bahan
tambah makanan. Nyatakan fungsi setiap bahan tambah makanan yang anda telah
pilih.
From the list of ingredients, select two subtances used as food additives. State the
function of each food additive that you have selected.
[4 markah]
[4 marks]

(b) Rajah 6.2 menunjukkan perbualan antara Aida dan May Ling.
Diagram 6.2 shows a conversation between Aida and May Ling.

Saya sakit kepala. Doktor menasihatkan saya Saya dijangkiti bakteria. Doktor
makan ubat ini dan mengikut preskripsi beliau. menasihati saya supaya mengikut
I have a headache. preskripsi dengan ketat.
The doctor advised me to take this medicine I have a bacterial infection. The
and follow his prescription. doctor advised me to follow his
prescription strictly.

Gambar rajah 6.2


Diagram 6.2

Kedua-dua orang murid ini berjumpa dengan doktor dan beberapa ubat telah
dipreskripsi kepada mereka. Bagi setiap ubat, nyatakan nama, jenis dan cara
penggunaan yang betul.
These two students met a doctor and some medicine were prescribed to them. For
each medicine, state its name, type and the correct usage.
[6 marks]
[6 marks]

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(c) Aplikasi nanoteknologi membawa banyak kebaikan kepada kehidupan manusia.


Nyatakn satu aplikasi nanoteknologi dalam bidang perubatan dan pertanian.
Application of nanotechnology brings advantages to human’s life.
State one application of nanotechnology in medical and agriculture field.
[2 marks]
[2 marks]
(d) Seorang pelajar menjalankan empat eksperimen untuk mengkaji keberkesanan
tindakan pencucian sabun dan detergen terhadap kotoran minyak di dalam air lembut
dan air liat. Jadual 6.3 menunjukkan penyusunan alat radas, jenis air yang digunakan
dan pemerhatian bagi Eksperimen I, II, III dan IV.
A student carried out four experiments to investigate the cleaning effects of soap and
detergent on oily stains in soft water and hard water. Table 6.3 shows the setup
apparatus, types of water used and the observations for Experiment I, II, III and IV.

Eksperimen I II III IV
Experiment
Penyusunan
Sabun + air Detergen + air Detergen + air
alat radas lembut Sabun + air liat lembut liat
Setup of Soap + soft Soap + hard Detergent + Detergent +
apparatus water water soft water hard water

Kain Kain Kain Kain


berkotoran berkotoran berkotoran berkotoran
minyak minyak minyak minyak
Cloths with Cloths with Cloths with Cloths with
oily stains oily stains oily stains oily stains
Pemerhatian Kotoran Kotoran Kotoran Kotoran
Observation minyak hilang minyak kekal minyak hilang minyak hilang
Oily stain is Oily stains Oily stain is Oily stain is
removed remain removed removed
Jadual 6.3 / Table 6.3

Bandingkan keberkesanan tindakan pecucian antara


Compare the cleansing effects between

(i) Experimen I and II


Experiment I and II
(ii) Experimen II and IV
Experiment II and IV
[8 markah]
[8 marks]

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BAHAGIAN C / SECTION C

7. (a) Nyatakan two jenis perisa yang boleh digunakan sebagai pangawet di rumah dan
jelaskan bagaimana mereka berfungsi sebagai pengawet.
State two food flavourings that can be used as food preservatives at home and explain
how they work as food preservatives.
[4 markah]
[4 marks]
(b) Rajah 7.1 menunjukkan Puan Anni sedang mencuci baju dengan agen pencuci X.
Diagram 7.1 shows Madam Anni is washing cloth with cleaning agent X.

Agen pencuci X
Cleaning agent X
Gambar rajah 7.1
Diagram 7.1

Tentukan agen pencuci X. Jelaskan tindakan pencucian agen pencuci X terhadap gris
pada baju.
Identify cleaning agent X. Explain the cleansing action of cleaning agent X on the
grease on cloth.
[8 marks]
[8 marks]
(c) Rajah 7.2 menunjukkan sekumpulan pengakap sedang mendirikan khemah di tepi
pantai.

Rajah 7.2 / Diagram7.2

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Berdasarkan perbualan pada Rajah 7.2, kenal pasti agen pencuci A dan B. Rancang
satu eksperimen makmal untuk mengkaji keberkesanan agen tersebut dalam air liat.
Based on conversation in Diagram 7.2, identify cleaning agent A and B. Plan a
laboratory experiment to study the effectiveness of agents in hard water.
[8 marks]
[8 marks]

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SKEMA JAWAPAN / ANSWER SCHEME

NO RUBRIC SUB TOTAL


MARK MARK
1.(a) Molekul lemak yang mengandungi ikatan tunggal antara karbon. 1 1
A molecule of fat that contains carbon-carbon single bond.
1(b)(i) Penghidrogenan 1 1
Hydrogenation
1(b)(ii) Mangkin Catalyst: Nickel / platinum 1 2
Suhu Temperature: 180oC / 200oC 1
1(b)(iii) P1 Formula kimia bahan tindak balas dan hasil tindak balas yang 1 2
betul
Correct chemical formulae of reactants and product
P2 Persamaan kimia yang seimbang 1
Balanced chemical equation

O
||
C3H5[O – C (CH2)7CH = CH(CH2)7CH3]3 + 3 H2

O
||
C3H5[O – C (CH2)16CH3]3
1(b)(iv) Minyak zaitun // minyak kelapa // minyak bunga matahari 1 1
Olive oil // coconut oil // sunflower oil
[any suitable vegetable oil]
1(c) P1 Lemak haiwan mengandungi banyak lemak tepu. 1 4
Animal fat has high content of saturated fat.
P2 Lemak haiwan meningkatkan kolesterol. 1
Animal fat has high level of cholesterol.
P3 Penggumpalan lemak / kolesterol pada dinding arteri 1
menyebabkan salur darah tersumbat.
Deposition / coagulation of fat / cholesterol on the wall of
artery cause the blockage.
P4 Kurangkan pengambilan // makan sedikit 1
Cannot take regularly // take in small amount
TOTAL 11

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NO RUBRIC SUB TOTAL


MARK MARK
1.(a)(i) Saponifikasi 1 1
Saponification
1(a)(ii) Ester 1 1
1(a)(iii) Natrium hidroksida // kalium hidroksida 1 1
Sodium hydroxide // potassium hydroxide
1(a)(iv) Natrium palmitat / Kalium palmitat 1 1
Sodium palmitate / potassium palmitate
1(a)(v) Tambah natrium klorida kepada campuran 1 1
Add sodium chloride to the mixture
1(a)(vi) 1 1

(b)(i) J: Detergen / Detergent 1 2


K: Sabun / Soap 1
(ii) P1 Air laut mengandungi ion Ca2+ dan Mg2+. 1 3
Sea water contains Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions.
P2 Anion J dapat bertindak balas dengan ion Ca2+ dan ion Mg2+ 1
untuk membentuk garam terlarut / tidak membentuk kekat.
Anion of J can react with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions to form soluble
salt / does not form scum.
P3 Anion K bertindak balas dengan ion Ca2+ dan ion Mg2+ untuk
membentuk garam tidak terlarut / kekat. 1
Anion of K reacts with Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions to form insoluble
salt / scum.
TOTAL 11

NO RUBRIC SUB TOTAL


MARK MARK
3(a)(i) Merawat penyakit kulit // melegakan luka pada kulit 1 1
Treat skin diseases / treat wounds
3(a)(ii) Hancur dan sapu pada kulit 1 1
Smash and apply on skin
3(a)(iii) Kurang kesan sampingan 1 1
Less side effect
3(b)(i) X: Analgesik / analgesics 1 3
Y: Antialergi / anti allergies 1
Z: Antimikrob / Antimicrobials 1
3(b)(ii) Menyebabkan pendarahan dalaman 1 1
Cause internal bleeding
3(b)(iii) Supaya semua bakteria dibunuh. 1 3
Jika tidak, bakteria menjadi imun kepada ubat Z. 1
Dos yang lebih tinggi diperlukan untuk merawat penyakit yang 1
sama.
To ensure all the bacteria are killed.
Otherwise, bacteria will become immune to the antibiotics.
Higher dose is needed to cure the same disease.

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3(c)(i) Pembangunan bahan atau peranti dengan memanfaatkan ciri-ciri 1 1


zarah nano.
Development of substance or gadgets using the properties of
nanoparticles.
3(c)(ii) Grafen / Graphene 1 1
3(c)(iii) Kuat dank eras / Strong and hard 1 1
Ringan / Light
TOTAL 13

NO RUBRIC SUB TOTAL


MARK MARK
4(a)(i) P: Aspartam / sorbitol / stevia 1 3
Aspartame / sorbitol / stevia
Q: Natrium nitrit / natrium nitrate 1
Sodium nitrite / sodium nitrate
R: Cuka 1
Vinegar
4(a)(ii) Kelebihan: Bahan tambah makanan akan memanjangkan hayat / 1 3
kelihatan cantik / rasa kekal.
Advantage: Food additives can prolong the life span / enhance
the appearance / taste of food

Keburukan: Bahan tambah makanan akan menyebabkan kesan 1


sampingan seperti kanser / keracunan makanan / alahan
Disadvantage: Food additives can cause adverse/side effect /
cancer / food poisoning / allergy

Kesimpulan: Kita masih boleh guna bahan tambah makanan //


bahan tambah makanan dikatakan selamat dalam makanan kita 1
jika ikut Akta Makanan 1983/ Peraturan Makanan 1985 //
guna ikut kuantiti dan jenis yang betul //
Tidak boleh makan selalu
Conclusion: We can still use food additive //
Food additive can be considered safe in our diet if follow Food
Act 1983 / Food Regulation 1985 //
Use the correct quantity and type.
Cannot take regurlarly
4(b)(i) Kosmetik rias / Makeup cosmetics 1 1
4(b)(ii) Pelembap / Pewarna / Pemekat 2 2
Moisturisers / Dyes / Thickeners
4(b)(iii) Mudah dihasilkan // easy to produce 1 1
Selamat // safe
Tiada bahan kimia berbahaya // free from harmful chemicals
Kos yang murah // low cost
[Mana-mana satu / Any one]
TOTAL 10

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NO RUBRIC SUB TOTAL


MARK MARK
5(a)(i) Teknologi yang dibangunkan untuk mengurangkan impak aktiviti 1 1
manusia terhadap alam sekitar.
Development of technology to reduce the impact of human
activities on the environment.
5(a)(ii) Membantu memperlahan pemanasan global 1 1
Mitigating global warming

Sumber tenaga yang lebih bersih


Cleaner source of energy

Pengurusan sisa buangan yang lebih berkesan


More effective waste management

Kualiti hidup meningkat


Improving standards of living

Memacu inovasi baru


Spearheading innovation

[Mana-mana satu / Any one]


5(a)(iii) Elektrolisis / biopenapisan 1 1
Electrolysis // biofiltration
5(b) Penambahan populasi Increase in population // 1 1
Penukaran dalam cara hidup Change in lifestyle //
Perkembagan infrastruktur Infrastructure development //
Perkembagan ekonomi Economic development
5(c) Kenderaan tenaga solar 1 2
Mengurangkan pembebasan karbon dioksida ke atmosfera. 1
Solar energy vehicles
Reduce the release of carbon dioxide to atmosphere
5(d)(i) Air hujan masuk tapak pelupusan 1 2
Cecair meresap ke dalam tanah 1
Rainwater enter the land
Liquid diffuse into the soil
5(d)(ii) Mencemarkan air tanah 1 1
Contaminate the underground water
5(e) Mengurangkan penggunaan // Reduce the usage 1 1
Guna semula // Reuse
Kitar semula // Recycle
Memulihkan dengan menukarkan sisa kepada tenaga
Recover by converting waste into energy
TOTAL 10

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NO RUBRIC SUB TOTAL


MARK MARK
6.(a)
Bahan tambah Fungsi
makanan Function
Food additives
Etil butanoat / sukrosaSebagai perisa / manambahkan rasa /
Ethyl butanoate / bau harum 2
sucrose As flavouring // add flavor / fragrant
smell
Asid sitrik Sebagai pengantioksida /
Citric acid melambatkan pebgoksidaan lemak 2 4
dalam makanan
As antioxidant // slow down the
oxidation of fats in food.
Gelatin Sebagai pemekat / memekatkan
cecair. 2
As thickener // to thicken liquid.
Natrium benzoate Sebagai pengawet /
Sodium benzoate menghalang/melambatkan
pertumbuhan bakteria 2
As preservative // prevent / retard the
growth of bacteria
[Mana-mana dua / Any two]
(b)
Aida Parasetamol Analgesik Dos yang
Paracetamol Analgesics dipreskripsi 3
Prescribed
dose 6
May Ling Penisilin Antimikrob Dihabiskan
Penicillin // Antimicrobials Fully 3
Streptomisin consumed
Streptomycin

(c) Perubatan / Medicine


Peranti ujian yang lebih sensitive
Highly sensitive testing devices //
1
Sistem penyampaian ubat yang lebih berkesan
More effective drug delivery system

[Mana-mana satu / Any one]


2
Pertanian / Agriculture
Racun perosak yang lebih efektif 1
More effective pesticides. //

Pembajaan yang lebih cekap


Highly efficient fertilizer

[Mana-mana satu/Any one]

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(d)
Eksperimen I Eksperimen II
Experiment I Experiment II
Kain menjadi bersih Kain tidak bersih 1
Cloth is cleaned Cloth is not cleaned
Tiada ion Ca2+ / Mg2+ Mengadungi ion Ca2+ / Mg2+
No Ca2+ / Mg2+ ion Contain Ca2+/Mg2+ ion 1
Anion sabun tidak membentuk Anion sabun membentuk kekat
kekat Anion of soap forms scum 1
Anion of soap does not form
scum

Eksperimen II Eksperimen IV
Experiment II Experiment IV
Kain tidak bersih Kain bersih
Cloth is not cleaned Cloth is cleaned 1
Mengandungi ion Ca2+ / Mg2+ Mengadungi ion Ca2+ / Mg2+
Contain Ca2+ / Mg2+ ion Contain Ca2+/Mg2+ ion 1
Anion sabun membentuk kekat Anion detergen tidak
Anion of soap forms scum membentuk kekat
Anion of detergent does not 1
form scum
Sabun berkesan di dalam air lembut tetapi tidak berkesan di dalam
air liat. Detergen berkesan di dalam air lembut and air liat. 1
Soap is effective in soft water but not in hard water. Detergent
effective in both soft water and hard water.

Detergen ialah agen pencuci yang lebih sesuai untuk


menanggalkan kotoran minyak. 1 8
Detergent is more suitable as clensing agent to remove oily stains.

TOTAL 20

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NO RUBRIC SUB TOTAL


MARK MARK
7.(a)
Pengawet Cara berfungsi
Food preservatives Methods work
Garam / gula Mengeluarkan air daripada sel
Salt / sugar mikroorganisma /
Menghalang / melambatkan 1
pertumbuhan bakteria //
Draw the water out of cells of
microorganisms /
Retard the growth of 2
microorganisms
Cuka Menyediakan medium acid
Vinegar yang menghalang 1
pertumbuhan mikroorganisma
//
Provides an acidic condition
that inhibits the growth of
microorganism

(b) P1 Agen pencuci X: sabun 1


P2 Agen pencuci X / Sabun mengurangkan ketegangan permukan
air dan air membasahi permukaan kain. 1
P3 Bahagian hidrofilik larut dalam air. 1
P4 Bahagian hidrofobik larut dalam gris. 1
P5 Pengocakan menanggalkan gris daripada permukaan kain. 1
P6 Gris terapung di permukaan air. 1
P7 Gris berpecah kepada titisan kecil dan membentuk emulsi. 1
P8 Apabila dibilas dengan air, gris akan tertinggal di dalam air. 1 8

P1 Cleaning agent X: soap


P2 Cleaning agent X / Soap reduce the surface tension of water
and water wets the surface of cloth.
P3 Hydrophilic part dissolves in water.
P4 Hydrophobic part dissolves in grease.
P5 Srubbing detach the grease from the surface of cloth.
P6 Grease suspend in water.
P7 Grease breaks into small droplet and form emulsion.
P8 When rinse with water, grease stay in water.
(c) P1 Agen pencuci A: Sabun 1
P2 Agen pencuci B: Detergen 1
P3 Sukat dan tuang [50-200] cm3 air liat ke dalam bikar. 1
P4 Tambah sabun ke dalam bikar. 1
P5 Letak sekeping kain yang berkotoran minyak ke dalam bikar. 1
P6 Cuci/Kacau/Kocak/Gosok kain itu. 1
P7 Rekod pemerhatian. 1
P8 Ulangi eksperimen dengan menggunakan detergen. 1 8

P1 Cleaning agent A: soap


P2 Cleaning agent B: detergent

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P3 Measure and pour [50-200] cm3 of hard water into a beaker.


P4 Add soap into the beaker.
P5 Put a piece of stained cloth into the beaker.
P6 Wash/Stir/ Rub/Brush the cloth.
P7 Record the observation.
P8 Repeat the experiment by using detergent.
TOTAL 20

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