Quadratic

Equations

1.

 Quadratic Equations

Quadratic Polynomial:
y = ax2 + bx + c; a ≠ 0
a = leading coefficient
b = coefficient of linear term
c = absolute term
y = f(x) = ax2 + bx + c
In case

a = 0, b ≠ 0 ⇒ y = bx + c is linear polynomial
a = c = 0, b ≠ 0 ⇒ y = bx is odd linear polynomial

Cubic Polynomial:
y = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d; a ≠ 0
a = leading coefficient
d = absolute term
ax2 + bx + c = 0
b
Roots of quadratic equation: Sum of roots = −
a
y = ax2 + bx + c = 0
c
−b ± b2 − 4ac Product of roots =
x= a
2a
D = b2 – 4ac
Where D = b2 – 4ac is called discriminant.

Different graphs of Quadratic Expression:

(i) Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c; (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)
when a > 0, D < 0

a > 0 ⇒ Mouth facing upward

D < 0 ⇒ Parabola neither touch nor cut
x– axis (no real root)
y > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
Quadratic Equations

2.
 Q. Plot y = x2 + 2x + 2

A. y = x2 + 2x + 2 = (x + 1)2 + 1

D = 22 – 8 = –4 < 0

For x = –1, y is minimum

x 0 1 2 3 4 –1 –2 –3 –4 –5 ∞ -∞

y 2 5 10 17 26 1 2 5 10 17 ∞ ∞

(ii) Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c; (a 0, a, b, c, ∈ R) when a > 0, D = 0

a > 0 ⇒ Mouth facing upward,

D = 0 ⇒ Parabola touches the x–axis (one real root)
y = 0 for only one value of x (root)
y > 0, x R – {root}

Q. Plot y = x2 – 4x + 4

A. y = x2 – 4x + 4 = (x–2)2

D = 0 ⇒ y ≥ 0, x ∈ R

Leading coefficient > 0

x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 –1 –2 ∞ –∞

y 4 1 0 1 4 9 16 9 16 ∞ ∞
Quadratic Equations

3.
 (iii) Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c; (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)
when a > 0 and D > 0

a > 0 ⇒ Mouth facing upward parabola.

D > 0 ⇒ Parabola cuts the x–axis at 2
distinct points (two distinct real roots)

Q. Plot y = x2 – 3x + 2

A. D = 32 – 4(2) = 1 > 0

x 0 1 2 3 4 3/2 ∞ –∞

y 2 0 0 2 6 –1/4 ∞ ∞

y > 0 ⇒ x ∈ (– ∞ , 1) ∪ (2, ∞ )

y < 0 ⇒ x ∈ (1, 2)

y = 0 ⇒ x ∈ {1, 2}

(iv) Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c; (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)

when a < 0 and D < 0

a < 0 ⇒ Mouth facing downward

D < 0 ⇒ No real root
y < 0, ∀ x ∈ R

Q. Plot y = –x2 – 2x – 2

A. y = – (x + 1)2 – 1
D<0
Leading coefficient < 0

x 0 1 2 3 –1 –2 –3 ∞ –∞

y –2 –5 –10 –17 –1 –2 –5 –∞ –∞
Quadratic Equations

4.
(v)  Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c; (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)
when a < 0 and D = 0

a < 0 ⇒ Mouth facing downward

D = 0 ⇒ Equal roots, i.e., parabola touches x–axis
y ≤ 0, ∀ x ∈ R

Q. Plot y = – x2 + 4x – 4

A. = – (x – 2)2

D=0

Leading coefficient < 0

x 0 1 2 3 4 –1 ∞ –∞

y –4 –1 0 –1 –4 –9 –∞ –∞

(vi) Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c; (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)

when a < 0 and D > 0

a < 0 ⇒ Mouth facing downward

D > 0 ⇒ Two distinct real roots parabola

cuts x– axis at two distinct points

Q. Plot y = –x2 + 3x – 2

A. y = – (x – 1) (x – 2)

D>0

Leading coefficient < 0

x 0 1 2 3 4 –1 –2 ∞ –∞
Quadratic Equations

y –2 0 0 –2 –6 –6 –12 –∞ –∞

5.
 Co–ordinate of vertex:
y = ax2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)

b
x  =  −
2a

D
y  =  −
4a

Nature of roots
y = ax2 + bx + c, (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R) Know the facts

D > 0 ⇔ roots are real and distinct (unequal) If p + iq is one root of a quadratic
equation then the other root must
be the conjugate p –iq and vice
D = 0 ⇔ roots are real and coincident (equal)
versa (p, q ∈ R and i = −1 )
provided coefficients are real.
D < 0 ⇔ roots are imaginary

Point to Remember!!!

Nature of roots
Consider the quadratic equation
ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, c ∈ Q
and a ≠ 0 then
(i) If D is perfect square, then roots
are rational.
(ii) If α = p + q is one root in this

case (where p is rational and

q is a surd) then other root
Quadratic Equations

will be p − q .

6.
Examples:

Q.  oth the roots of the equation (x – b) (x – c) + (x – c) (x – a) + (x – a) (x – b) = 0

B
are always
(A) Positive (B) Negative (C) Real (D) None of these

A. (C)
Given equation is
3x2 – 2 (a+ b+ c)x + (ab + bc + ca) = 0
Now D = 4 (a + b + c)2–4 × 3 (ab + bc + ca)
= 2 {(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2}
Clearly, D ≥ 0 ⇒ both roots are always real.

Q. The number of real solutions of the equation |x|2 – 3|x| + 2 = 0 is

(A) 4   (B) 1   (C) 3 (D) 2

A. (A)
Let |x| = t
∴ given equation is t2 – 3t + 2 = 0
(t – 1) (t – 2) = 0
t = 1, t=2
|x| = 1, |x| = 2
x = ± 1 , x=±2

Q. Let f(x) be a quadratic expression which is positive for all real values of x.
If g(x) = f(x) + f’(x) + f”(x) then for any real x :
(A) g(x) < 0 (B) g(x) > 0    (C) g(x) = 0 (D) g(x) ≥  0

A. (B)
Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c (a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R)
Also, f(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R ⇒ a > 0 and D < 0
Hence b2 – 4ac < 0 …(i)
Now g(x) = (ax2 + bx + c) + (2ax + b) + 2a = ax2 + (b + 2a)x + (b + c + 2a)
D = (b + 2a)2 – 4a (b + c + 2a)
= b2 + 4a2 + 4ab – 4ab – 4ac – 8a2
= b2 – 4a2 – 4ac
= (b2 – 4ac) – 4a2 < 0 {from (i)}
Hence for g(x); D < 0, a > 0
⇒ g(x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R

Q. Let α , β be the roots of the equation (x – a) (x – b) = c, c ≠ 0. Then the roots of

the equation (x – α ) (x – β) + c = 0 are
(A) a, c (B) b, c (C) a, b (D) a + c, b + c
Quadratic Equations

A. (C)
As α, β are roots of equation (x – a) (x – b) – c =0
hence (x – a) (x – b) – c = (x – α) (x – β)
⇒ (x – a) (x – b) = (x – α) (x – β) + c
Clearly, roots of equation (x – α) (x – β) + c = 0 are a, b

7.
 True/False
Q. If a < b < c < d then the roots of the equation
(x – a) (x – c) + 2(x – b) (x – d) = 0 are real and distinct

A. True
Let f(x) = (x – a) (x – c) + 2(x – b) (x – d)
Now f(a) = 2(a – b) (a – d) > 0
f(b) = (b – a) (b – c) < 0
f(c) = 2(c – b) (c – d) < 0
f(d) = (d – a) (d – c) > 0
Also, graph of f(x) is upward parabola.
Clearly, both roots of f(x) = 0 are real and distinct.

Q.  he number of points of intersection of two curves y = 2sinx and

T
y = 5x2 + 2x + 3 is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) ∞
A. A
y = 5x2 + 2x + 3
D = 22 – 4(5) (3) = – 56 < 0
a = 5 > 0 ⇒ y > 0 ∀ x ∈R
 −b −D   −1 14 
Vertex  , = , 
 2a 4a   5 5 
14
Clearly, y = 5x2 + 2x + 3 ≥ and y = 2sinx ≤ 2
5
Hence, both curves do not intersect at any point.

Q. For all x; x2 + 2ax + 10 – 3a > 0 then interval in which a lies is:

(A) a < – 5 (B) – 5 < a < 2     (C) a > 5 (D) 2 < a < 5

A. B
D<0
(2a)2 – 4 (10 – 3a) < 0
4(a2 – 10 + 3a) < 0
a2 + 5a – 2a – 10 < 0
a(a + 5) – 2(a + 5) < 0
(a – 2) (a + 5) < 0
⇒ a ∈ (–5, 2)

Q. If b > a then the equation (x – a) (x– b) – 1 = 0 has

(A) Both roots in (a, b)
Quadratic Equations

(B) Both roots in (– ∞ , a)

(C) both roots in (b, ∞ )
(D) one root in (– ∞ ,a) and the other in (b, ∞ )

8.
A. D
Let f(x) = (x – a) (x – b) – 1
Now f(a) = – 1
f(b) = –1
As f(x) is a upward parabola
Clearly, f(x) = 0 have one root in (–∞, a) and
other in (b, ∞ )

Q. If a, b, c ∈ odd integers then prove that ax2 + bx + c = 0 can’t have

rational roots.
A. Let D = b2 – 4ac = m2 (m ∈ odd integer)
⇒ b2 – m2 = 4ac
⇒ (2k2 +1)2 – (2k+1)2 = 4ac
⇒ (2k2 + 2k + 2) (2k2 – 2k) = 4ac
⇒ 4 (k2 + k + 1) (k2 – k) = 4ac
Clearly, LHS is multiple of 8 while RHS is not a multiple of 8
hence, D cannot be m2, so roots cannot be rational.

Q. Prove that x – 24x – 18x + 39x + 1155 = 0 doesn’t have integral roots.
8 7 5 2

A. (x

+ 39x ) – 6(4x + 3x ) +1155 = 0
8

For x ∈ I
2 7 5
…(i)

x8 + 39x2 ⇒ even
6(4x7 + 3x5) ⇒ even
∴ equation (i) cannot be true.

Q. If the equation sin4x – (K+2) sin2x – (K+3) = 0 has a solution then K
must lie in the interval
(A) (–4, –2)    (B) [–3, 2)    (C) (–4, –3)    (D) [–3, –2]

A. D 2
(K + 2) ± (K + 2) + 4 (K + 3 )
sin2x =  
2
(K + 2) ± (K2 + 8K + 16

=
2
(K + 2) ± (K + 4)

=
Quadratic Equations

2

K + 3, – 1
Clearly sin2x ≠ – 1 hence the equation to have a solution sin2x = K + 3
0 ≤ K + 3 ≤ 1
– 3 ≤ K ≤  – 2

9.
 Q. If a, b ∈ R, a ≠ 0 and the quadratic equation ax2 – bx + 1 = 0 has imaginary
roots then a + b+ 1 is
(A) Positive (B) Negative
(C) zero (D) Depends on sign of b

A. A
∵ roots are imaginary of given equation.
∴ D < 0 ⇒ b2 – 4a < 0
Now let f(x) = ax2 – bx + 1
for which D < 0, f(0) = 1 > 0
Hence graph of f(x) is
⇒ f(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
∴ f(– 1) > 0
a+b+1>0

Multiple Objective Type

Q. The graph of the quadratic polynomial; y = ax2 + bx + c is as shown in the
figure then:
(A) b2 – 4ac > 0     (B) b < 0     (C) a > 0      (D) c < 0

A. ABCD
 Graph cuts x –axis at two distinct point
∴ D > 0 ⇒ b2 – 4ac > 0
Graph is upward parabola
⇒ a>0
Graph cuts negative y– axis
⇒ f(0) = c < 0
Also, vertex lies in IV quadrant
−b
⇒ >0
2a

b
⇒ < 0
2a
⇒ b<0

Relation between roots and coefficient of quadratic equation

ax2 + bx + c = 0; a ≠ 0, a, b, c ∈ R
Know the facts
Quadratic Equations

⇒ ax2 + bx + c = a (x– α ) (x– β ) = 0

−b c
⇒ α + β = and αβ =
a a b c
x2 +   x +   = (x – α ) (x – β )
a a

10.
Formation of quadratic equation
x2– (sum of roots)x + (product of roots) = 0

Q. Form a quadratic equation with rational coefficients whose one root is tan75°

A.  one root α = tan 75° = 2 + 3

∴ other root β = 2 – 3 as coefficients are rational.

( 3)
2
Now α + β = 4, αβ = 22 − = 1 required equation is
x2 – ( α  + β ) x + αβ = 0
x2 – 4x + 1 = 0

Q. Form a quadratic equation with rational coefficients whose one root is cos 36°

A. (1 + 5 )  
 one root α = cos 36° =
4

∴ other root β =
(1 − 5 ) as coefficients are rational
4

( )
2
1 12 − 5 1
Now α  + β = , αβ
  = =−
2 16 4
Required equation is:
x2 – ( α  + β ) x + αβ
  =0
1 1
x2 − x − = 0
2 4
⇒ 4x2– 2x– 1=0

Q. Form a quadratic equation with rational coefficients whose one root is tan
π
8

A.  one root α = tan

π
= ( −1) + 2
8
∴ other root β = ( −1) − 2 as coefficient are rational

( 2)
2
Now α + β = – 2, αβ = ( −1) −
2
= −1
Required equation is:
Quadratic Equations

x2 − ( α + β ) x + αβ = 0
x2 + 2x – 1 = 0

11.
 Q. If α, β are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 2x + 5 = 0 then form a
quadratic equation whose roots are α + α − α + 22 and β + 4β − 7β + 35
3 2 3 2

A. α2 − 2α + 5 = 0 , β − 2β + 5 = 0
2

(
α3 + α2 − α + 22 = α2 − 2α + 5 ( α + 3 ) + 7 = 7 )
3 2
(
β + 4β − 7β + 35 = β − 2β + 5 ( β + 6 ) + 5 = 5
2
)
 equation with roots 7, 5 is x2 – 12x + 35 = 0

Q. n+ 2
 2 – 17x – 6 = 0, has roots α and β . Let an = α + β
x
n− 2
find the value of
a 10 − 6a8
a9

A. ( (
a 10 − 6a8 = α 12 + β8 − 6 α 10 + β6 ) )
= ( α − 6α ) + ( β − 6β )
12 10 8 6

a 10 − 6a8 = α 10 ( α − 6) + β (β − 6)
2 6 2
…(i)
 α2 − 17α − 6 = 0 ⇒ α2 − 6 = 17α
Similarly, β − 6 = 17β
2

From (i) a 10 − 6a8 = α ( 17α ) + β ( 17β )

10 6

11 7
(
= 17 α + β = 17a9 )
a10 − 6a8
Hence = 17
a9

Q. x2 – ax + b = 0, α, β are its roots. Vn = αn + βn then show that

Vn+1 = aVn– b vn– 1

A.  α2 − aα + b = 0
n− 1
Multiply by α then αn+ 1 = aαn − bαn− 1 … (i)
Similarly βn+ 1 = aβn − bβn− 1 … (ii)
(i) + (ii)
(α ) ( ) ( )
Quadratic Equations

n+ 1
+ βn+ 1 = a αn + βn − b αn− 1 + βn− 1
Vn+ 1 = a Vn − b Vn−1

12.
Q. Find monic cubic polynomial with f(1) =1, f(2) =4, f(3) = 9

A. f(1) = 12, f(2) = 22, f(3) = 32

Then cubic is f(x) = (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3) + x2

Q. Solve (x – 7) (x – 3) (x + 5) (x + 1) = 1680

A. (x – 7) (x + 5) (x – 3) (x + 1) = 1680
(x2 – 2x – 35) (x2 – 2x – 3) = 1680
Let x2 – 2x – 3 = α

Then ( α − 32 ) α = 1680

α2 – 32α – 1680 = 0
(α – 60) (α + 28) = 0
α – 60 = 0, α + 28 = 0
x2 – 2x – 63 = 0 x2 – 2x + 25 = 0
(x – 9) (x + 7) = 0 D<0
x = – 7, 9

Q. ( ) ( )
x2 − 3 x2 − 3
Solve 5 + 2 6 + 5−2 6 = 10

A. (5 + 2 6 )(5 − 2 6 ) = 1
1
∴ (5 + 2 6 )
x2 − 3
= = t (let)
(5 − 2 6 )
x2 − 3

1
Now equation t + = 10 ⇒ t2 – 10t + 1 = 0
t
10 ± 96
t= =5±2 6
2
t = 5±2 6 ,

(5 + 2 6 ) ( )( ) ( )
x2 − 3 x2 − 3 −1
= 5+2 6 , 5+2 6 = 5+2 6

x2 – 3 = 1, x2 – 3 = – 1
x = ± 2, x=± 2
x = {±√2, ± 2}
Quadratic Equations

13.
 Inequalities
Rule:
1. Adding positive number both sides inequality remains same.
Ex. 2 > 1 ⇒ 3 > 2

2. Subtracting both sides by positive number inequality remains same.

Ex. 2 > 1 ⇒ 1 > 0

3. M
 ultiply and divide by positive number doesn’t affect inequality but
multiplying or dividing inequality with negative number changes sign of
inequality.
Ex. 4 > 2 ⇒ – 2 < – 1

Type – 1: Expression which can not be factorized

Q.1 x2 + x + 1 > 0

A.  D = 12– 4 (1) (1) < 0 and a=1>0

∴ x2 + x + 1 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
∴x∈R

Q.2 x2 – 3x + 4 < 0

A. D = (– 3)2 – 4 (1) (4) < 0 and a=1>0

∴ x2 – 3x + 4 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
∴ x∈ϕ

Q.3 3. 3x2 – 7x + 6 > 0

A. Sol. D = (–7)2 – 4(3)(6) < 0 and a=3>0

∴ 3x2 – 7x + 6 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
∴x∈R

Q.4 4. – x2 – 2x – 4 > 0

A. Sol. D = (–2)2 – 4 (–1) (–4) < 0 and a = – 1 < 0

∴ – x2 – 2x – 4 < 0, ∀ x ∈ R
∴x∈ϕ
Quadratic Equations

14.
Type–2: Expression which can be factorized:
Steps:
(i) Factorize in linear as much as possible.

(ii) M
 ake coefficient of x as 1 in all linear by multiplying and dividing by
appropriate number.

(iii) Mark zeroes of linear on number line.

(iv) Give sign to respective area on number line.

Q.1 (1– x) (4 + 2x) (x– 2) (x– 7) > 0

A. (x– 1) 2(x + 2) (x– 2) (x– 7) < 0

(x– 1) (x + 2) (x– 2) (x– 7) < 0 + + +
• − • • − •
x ∈ (–2, 1) ∪ (2, 7) −2 1 2 7 x

Q.2 (x2 – x – 6) (x2 + 6x) > 0

A. (x – 3) (x + 2) x(x + 6) > 0
x ∈ (– ∞, – 6) ∪ (– 2, 0) ∪ (3, ∞) + +
• − • • − • +
−6 −2 0 3 x

Q.3 (x + 1) (x – 3) (x – 2)3(x + 7/3) < 0

A. (x + 1) (x – 3) (x – 2)(x + 7/3) < 0

+ + +
 7  • − • • − •
x ∈  − , −1  ∪ ( 2, 3) −7 −1 2 3 x
 3 
3

Type – 3:

Q.1 (x2 – 5x + 6) (x2 – 6x + 5) ≤ 0

A. (x– 2) (x– 3)(x– 1)(x– 5) ≤ 0 + • − •

+ • − • +
x ∈ [1, 2] ∪ [3, 5] 1 2 3 5 x
Quadratic Equations

Q.2 2– x– x2 ≥ 0

A. x2 + x – 2 ≤ 0
(x + 2) (x – 1) ≤ 0
+ •
− • +
−2 1 x
x ∈ [–2, 1]

15.
 Q.3 3x2 – 7x + 4 ≥ 0

A. 3x2 – 3x – 4x + 4 ≥ 0 + •
− • +
3x(x – 1) – 4 (x – 1) ≥ 0 1 4 x
3
(3x – 4) (x – 1) ≥ 0
4 
x ∈ ( −∞, 1] ∪  , ∞ 
3 

Type–4: Repeated Linear factor

Rules:
(i) Factors with even power doesn’t affect sign.
(ii) Factors with odd power affect sign as linear.

Q.1 (x + 1) (x – 3) (x – 2)2 > 0

A. x ∈ (– ∞, – 1) ∪ (3, ∞) + • − • − •
+
−1 2 3 x

Q.2 x(x + 6) (x + 2)2 (x – 3) > 0

A. x ∈ (– 6, – 2) ∪ (– 2, 0) ∪ (3, ∞) −
•
−6
+ •
−2
+ •
0
−
•
3
+
x

Q.3 (x – 1)2 (x + 1)3 (x – 4) < 0

A. x ∈ (– 1, 1) ∪ (1, 4) + • − • − •
+
x
−1 1 4

Type–5: Rational Inequality

( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 )
Q. ( x − 4) ( x − 5)
<0

A. x ∈ ( −∞, 1) ∪ ( 2, 3) ∪ ( 4, 5 ) −
1
• +
2
• − •
3
+ •
4
−
5
• +
x

2x − 3
Q. 3x − 7
<0

2 ( x − 3 / 2) + − +
Quadratic Equations

A.
• •
<0 3 7 x
3 ( x − 7 / 3)
2 3
( x − 3 / 2) 3 7
< 0 ; x ∈  , 
( x − 7 / 3) 2 3

16.
Q. 2x − 3
3x − 7
≥0

+ +
A.  3 • − •
2x −  3 7 x
 2  ≥0
2 3
 7
3x − 
 3
( x − 3 / 2)
≥0
( x − 7 / 3)
 3  7 
x ∈  −∞,  ∪  , ∞ 
 2  3 

2 6
x3 ( 2x − 3) ( x − 4 )
Q. 3 4
≤ 0 
( x − 3) ( 3x − 8)

A.  8 8 
x ∈ 0,  ∪  , 3  ∪ {4}
+ •
0
− •
3
− • − •
3
+
•
4
+
x
 3 3  8
2 3

x2 − 5x + 12
Q. x2 − 4x + 5
>3

A. For x2 – 4x +5 + • − •
+
x
D = 16 – 4(5) < 0, a = 1 > 0 ⇒ always positive 1 3
Hence By cross multiplication 2
x2 – 5x + 12 > 3x2 – 12x + 15
2x2 – 7x + 3 < 0 ⇒ 2x2 – 6x – x + 3 < 0
(2x – 1) (x – 3) < 0
1 
x ∈  , 3
2 

x2 − 5x + 6
Q. x2 + x + 1
< 0 

A. For x2 + x + 1
D = 12 – 4.1.1 < 0, a > 0 ⇒ always positive.
+
2
• − •
3
+
x
Hence given inequality reduces to x2 – 5x + 6 < 0
(x – 2) (x – 3) < 0
Quadratic Equations

X ∈ (2, 3)

17.
 Q.
2 3
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
<0
x4 ( x − 2)

A. x ∈ (– 1, 0) ∪ (0, 1) ∪ (1, 2) + • − • − • − • +
x
−1 0 1 2
x+1 x+5
Q. ≥
x−1 x+1

A. x+1 x+5
− ≥ 0 
− •
−1
+ •
1
− •
3
+
x
x−1 x+1
2
( x + 1) − ( x − 1) ( x + 5 )
⇒ ≥ 0 
( x − 1) ( x + 1)

⇒
(x 2
+ 2x + 1) − ( x2 + 4x − 5 )
≥0
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
−2x + 6
⇒ ≥0
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
−2 ( x − 3 )
⇒ ≥0
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
( x − 3)
⇒ ≤0
( x − 1) ( x + 1)
x ∈ (-∞, –1) ∪ (1,3]

Q. 2 ( x − 4)
≥
1
( x − 1) ( x − 7 ) ( x − 2)

A. 2 ( x − 4)
−
1
≥0 − • + • − • +
x
( x − 1) ( x − 7 ) ( x − 2) 1 2 7
2 ( x − 4 ) ( x − 2 ) − ( x − 1) ( x − 7 )
⇒ ≥0
( x − 1) ( x − 7 ) ( x − 2 )
 x2  –  4x +  9
⇒ ≥0
(x − 1) (x − 7) (x − 2)
Consider ( x − 4x + 9) :2
Quadratic Equations

D = 16 – 4(9) < 0, a = 1 > 0 ⇒ Always positive.

Hence inequality becomes
1
≥0
( x − 1) ( x − 7 ) ( x − 2 )
x ∈ (1, 2) ∪ (7, ∞)

18.
Q. x2 + 6x − 7
<0
x+4

A. Clearly x + 4 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R − {−4} + • − •+

x
−7 1
Hence the inequality becomes
x2 + 6x − 7 < 0, x ≠ −4
( x + 7 ) ( x − 1) < 0, x ≠ −4
x ∈ (–7, 1) – {–4}

( x + 1) ( x − 3 )
Q. Let y =
( x − 2)
. Find the real values of x for which y takes real values.

A. ( x + 1) ( x − 3 ) − • + • − •
+
y to be real ≥0 x
( x − 2) −1 2 3
x ∈ [–1, 2) ∪ [3, ∞)

Q. Find the set of all x for which

2x
≥
1
2x + 5x + 2 x + 1
2

A. 2x
−
1
≥0 + • − • + • − • +
2x + 5x + 2 x + 1
2
−2 −1 −2 −1 x
2x ( x + 1) − ( 2x + 5x + 2 )
2 3 2

⇒ ≥0
(2x 2
+ 5x + 2 ) ( x + 1)
( 3x + 2)
⇒ ≤0
(2x + 1) ( x + 2) ( x + 1)
 −2 −1 
x ∈ ( −2, −1) ∪  , 
3 2

Q. Solve x2 + 4x + 3 + 2x + 5 = 0

+ − +
A. Consider x2 + 4x + 3 = ( x + 1) ( x + 3 )   •
−3 −1
•
x
Case– I:
Let x2 + 4x + 3 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −3] ∪ [ −1, ∞ )
Quadratic Equations

So, given equation becomes x2 + 4x + 3 + 2x + 5 = 0

x2 + 6x + 8 = 0
(x + 2) (x + 4) = 0
⇒ x = –2, x = –4 but x ∈ (–∞, –3] ∪ [–1, ∞)
⇒ x = –4 …(i)

19.
 Case– II:
Let x2 + 4x + 3 < 0 ⇒ x ∈ ( −3, −1)
then equation becomes − ( x2 + 4x + 3 ) + 2x + 5 = 0

−2 ± 4 + 4 ( 2)
x= = −1 ± 3
2

x = −1 + 3 , x = −1 − 3 but x ∈ ( −3, −1)

(
⇒ x = −1 − 3 ) …(ii)
Now, (i) U (ii)
{
So, x = −4, −1 − 3  }

Q. (x 2
+ 3x + 1) ( x2 + 3x − 3) ≥ 5

A. Let x2 + 3x = α + • − •
+ • − • +
x
−4 −2 −1 1
( α + 1)( α − 3) − 5 ≥ 0 ⇒ α 2
− 2α − 8 ≥ 0

⇒ (α - 4) (α + 2) ≥ 0
⇒ ( x2 + 3x − 4 ) ( x2 + 3x + 2 ) ≥ 0
⇒ (x + 4) (x –1) (x + 1) (x + 2) ≥ 0
x ∈ (–∞, –4] ∪ [–2, –1] ∪ [1, ∞)

Q. 1<
3x2 − 7x + 8
x2 + 1
≤2

A.  x2 + 1 > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
∴ given inequality is
x2 + 1 < 3x2 − 7x + 8 ≤ 2x2 + 2
⇒ x2 + 1 < 3x2 − 7x + 8 and 3x2 − 7x + 8 ≤ 2x2 + 2
2x2 − 7x + 7 > 0 and x2 − 7x + 6 ≤ 0
2x − 7x + 7 > 0 and ( x − 1) ( x − 6 ) ≤ 0
(For 2x2–7x + 7 > 0; D < 0, a > 0)
∴ x ∈ R ∙ x ∈ [1,6]
x ∈ [1, 6]
Quadratic Equations

20.
Q. Find the set of values of ‘a’ for which the quadratic polynomials
(i)  ( a + 4 ) x2 − 2ax + 2a − 6 < 0, ∀x ∈ R

(ii) ( a − 1) x2 − ( a + 1) x + ( a + 1) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R

A. (i)
Case–I: a + 4 ≠ 0
D < 0 and (a + 4) < 0
4a − 4 ( a + 4 ) 2 ( a − 3 ) < 0 and a < –4
2

a2 − 2 ( a2 + a − 12) < 0
a2 + 2a − 24 > 0
(a + 6) (a – 4) > 0
a ∈ (–∞, –6) ∪ (4, ∞)
Also, a < – 4
Hence a ∈ (–∞, –6) …(i)
Case–II: a + 4 = 0 ⇒ a = –4
then given inequality becomes
(0) x2 + 8x − 14 < 0,  ∀  x ∈ R
Which is not possible ⇒ a ∈ ϕ …(ii)
(i) U (ii)
∴ a ∈ (–∞, –6)
(ii) Case–I: a – 1 ≠ 0
then D < 0 and a – 1 > 0
(a + 1)2 – 4(a – 1) (a + 1) < 0 and  a > 1
(a + 1) {(a + 1) – 4(a – 1)} < 0
(a + 1) (5 – 3a) < 0
(a + 1) (3a – 5) > 0
5 
a ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪  , ∞ 
3 

5 
Also, a > 1 ∴ a ∈  ,  ∞        …(i)
3 
Case–II: a – 1 = 0 ⇒ a = 1
given inequality becomes
(0)x2 – 2x + 2 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
which is not possible  ⇒ a ∈ ϕ     …(ii)
(i) ∪ (iii)
Quadratic Equations

5 
∴  a ∈  , ∞   
3 

21.
 Q.  ind the least integer value of ‘m’ for which the angle between the two vectors
F
  ˆ is acute for every x ∈ R
v 1 = x2ˆi − 4ˆj + ( 3m + 1) k̂ and v 2 = m î − xĵ + k 

A.    
If there is the acute angle between v 1  and   v 2 then v 1 .v 2 > 0
mx2 + 4x + (3m + 1) > 0 ∀ x ∈ R
Case–I: If m ≠ 0
then D < 0 and m > 0
16 – 4m (3m + 1) < 0 and m > 0
4 - 3m2 – m < 0 and m > 0
3m2 + m – 4 > 0 and m > 0
(3m + 4) (m – 1) > 0 and m > 0
 −4 
m ∈  −∞,  ∪ ( 1, ∞ ) and m > 0
 3 
∴ m ∈ (1, ∞) … (i)
Case–II: If m = 0
then given inequality become
(0)x2 + 4x + 1 > 0, ∀ x ∈ R
which is not possible
hence m cannot be zero ⇒ m ∈ ϕ     … (ii)
(i) ∪ (ii)
∴ m ∈ (1, ∞)

Q.  he set of values of ‘a’ for which the inequality (x–3a) (x–a–3) < 0 is satisfied
T
for all x ∈ [1, 3] is
1   1
(A)  , 3      (B)  0,      (C) (–2, 0)    (D) (–2, 3)
3   3

A. B
Let f(x) = (x – 3a) (x – a – 3)
f(x) < 0, ∀ x ∈ [1, 3]
f(1) < 0 and f(3) < 0
(1 – 3a) (1 – a – 3) < 0 and (3 – 3a) (3 – a – 3) < 0
(3a – 1) (a + 2) < 0 and 3(a – 1) a < 0
 1
a ∈  −2,  and a ∈ (0, 1)
 3

𝑎𝑎 ∈ (−2,1/3) & 𝑎𝑎 ∈ (0,1)

Quadratic Equations

a ∈(0,1/3)

22.
 TRUE / FALSE
Q. y
(i) For given graphW of y = ax2 + bx + c we have a > 0

A. False

Clearly, for downward parabola, a < 0

Q. (ii) For given graph of y = ax2 + bx + c we have c > 0

y

A. True
y
Clearly, y-intercept > 0 ⇒ c > 0
(0,c)

Q. (iii) For given graph of y = ax2 + bx + c we have D > 0 y

A. True

Distinct real roots ⇒ D > 0

Quadratic Equations

23.
 Q. (iv) For given graph of y = ax2 + bx + c, we have −
b
>0
y
a

A. True y (–b/2a, –D/4a)

−b −b
 >0⇒ >0
2a a

Q. (v) For given graph of y = ax2 + bx + c , y

c
we have >0
a

A. Flase

∵ c > 0 and a < 0

Q. For given graph of y = ax2 + bx + c, we have b > 0 y

A. True

−b b
 >0⇒ <0
a a
Quadratic Equations

24.
 D
Q. For given graph of y = ax2 + bx + c, we have
4a
>0 y

A. False
D D
Ordinate of vertex = − >0⇒ <0
4a 4a

Q. Quadratic Equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has no real roots then show

that c ( a + b + c ) > 0

A. Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c

now given D = b2 – 4ac < 0 ∵ roots of f(x) = 0 are imaginary
hence f(x) > 0, ∀ x ∈ R or f(x) < 0, ∀ x ∈ R
∴ f(0).(1) > 0
c(a + b + c) > 0

Q.  et a and b be the roots of equation x2 – 10cx – 11d = 0 and those

L
of x2–10ax–11b=0 are c, d Then find the value of a + b + c + d when
a ≠ b ≠ c ≠ d.
A. ∵ a + b = 10c …(i)
and c + d = 10a …(ii)
(i) + (ii)
⇒ a + b + c + d = 10 (a + c) …(iii)
(i)–(ii)
⇒ (a – c) + (b – d) = 10(c – a)
⇒ (b – d) = 11(c – a) …(iv)
Now ∵ a is root of first equation,
a2 –10ac – 11d = 0 …(v)
Also, c is root of second equation,
c2 – 10ac – 11b = 0 …(vi)
(vi)–(v) gives
c2– a2 = 11b – 11d
(c – a) (c + a) = 11(b – d)
(c – a) (c + a) = 11 × 11 (c – a) [from (iv)]
Quadratic Equations

⇒ (c + a) = 121
Put in (iii)
a + b + c + d = 10(121) = 1210

25.
 α
Q. Let α, β be the roots of the equation x2 – px + r = 0 and
2
, 2β be the roots
of the equation x2 − qx + r = 0 . then the value of r is
2 2
(A) (p − q) ( 2q − p ) (B) ( q − p ) ( 2p − q)
9 9
2 2
(C) (q − 2p) (2q − p) (D) ( 2p − q)( 2q − p)
9 9

A. D
x2 – px + r = 0 ...(1);
x2 − qx + r = 0 ...(2)

α + β = p, αβ = r  (from equation 1)
α
+ 2β = q (from equation 2)
2

( 2p − q) = 32α ⇒ α = 23 ( 2p − q)
( 2q − p) = 3β ⇒ β = 31 ( 2q − p)
now αβ = r
2 1
hence ( 2p − q) . ( 2q − p ) = r
3 3

Fill in the blank

Q. If 2 + i 3 is a root of the equation x2+px+q=0, where p and q are real then
(p, q)..........

A. (–4, 7)
If coefficients are real then complex roots are in conjugate pair
∴ roots α = 2 + i 3 and β = 2 − i 3
α + β = –p ⇒ p = –4
( )
2 2
α.β = q ⇒ q = (2) − i 3 = 4+3= 7
(p, q) = (–4, 7)

Q. If the product of real roots of the equation x2 − 3kx + 2e2logk − 1 = 0 is 7, then
k = ..........
Quadratic Equations

A. 2
2
Product of roots = 2elogk − 1 = 7
⇒ 2k2 = 8 ⇒ k = ± 2
but for k = –2, log k is not defined
Now, for k = 2 equation is x2 – 6x + 7 = 0 ⇒ D ≥ 0.
So, k = 2
26.
Q. If x, y and z a re real and different and u = x2 + 4y 2 + 9z2 − 6yz − 3zx − 2xy , then
u is always
(A) non-negative   (B) Zero   (C) non-positive    (D) positive

A. A
2 2
u = x2 + ( 2y ) + ( 3z ) − ( 2y ) ( 3z ) − ( x ) ( 3z ) − ( 2y ) ( x )
1
u=
2
{( x − 2y )
2 2
+ ( 2y − 3z ) + ( 3z − x )
2
}
u > 0 ⇒ u is positive as x, y, z are different.
x = 6, y = 3, z = 2 for these values u = 0

Q. If one root is square of the other root of the equation x2 + px + q = 0 then the
relation between p and q is
(A) p3 − (3p − 1) q + q2 = 0 (B) p3 − q (3p + 1)  + q2 = 0

(C) p3 + q (3p − 1) + q2 = 0 (D) p3 + q (3p + 1) + q2 = 0

A. A
Let root α, α2
α + α2 = −p, α.α2 = q ⇒ α3 = q

( α + α ) = (–p)
3 3
2

(
⇒ α3 + α6 + 3α. α2 α + α2 = −p3 )
⇒ q + q2 + 3q ( −p ) = −p3

⇒ p3  –  q ( 3p − 1) + q2 = 0

Q. The sum of the all the values of ‘m’ for which the roots x1 and x2 of the quadratic
equation x2 – 2mx + m = 0 satisfy the condition x31 + x23 = x21 + x22 , is
3 9 5
(A)   (B) 1 (C) (D)
4 4 4
A. D
x1 + x2 = 2m, x1x2 = m
 x31 + x23 = x21 + x22
∴ (x1 + x2)3 – 3x1x2 (x1 + x2) = (x1 + x2)2 – 2x1x2
⇒ 8m3–3m(2m) = 4m2 – 2m
Quadratic Equations

⇒ 8m3–10m2 + 2m = 0
⇒ 2m(4m2 – 5m + 1) = 0
⇒ 2m(4m2 – 4m – m + 1) = 0
⇒ 2m(4m – 1) (m – 1) = 0
1 1 5
m = 0 , , 1 ⇒ sum = 0 + + 1 =
4 4 4
27.
 Q. If α, β are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then the sum of the roots of
( ) ( )
the equation a2 x2 + b2 − 2ac x + b2 − 4ac = 0 in terms of α and β is given by

( )
(A) − α − β   (B)  ( α + β ) − 2αβ   (C)  α β + β α − 4αβ   (D)  − α + β ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

A. D
−b c
α+β = , αβ =
a a
 b2 − 2ac 
Sum of roots of second equation = −  
 a2 
2
 −b  c
= −  + 2 
 a  a

(
= − ( α + β ) + 2αβ = − α2 + β2 )
2

Q. ( )
If α and β are the roots of a x − 1 + 2bx = 0 then, which one of the following are
2

the roots of the same equation?

1 1 1 1 1 1
(A) α + β, α − β (B) 2α + , 2β + (C) α + , β + (D)  α + ,β −
β α β α 2β 2α

A. B
Given equation ax2 + 2bx − a = 0
2b
α+β = − , αβ = −1
a
 1  1 α+β
 2α +  +  2β +  = 2 ( α + β ) + = 2 ( α + β) − ( α + β) = α + β
 β  α αβ
 1 1 1
 2α +   2β +  = 4αβ + 2 + 2 +
 β  α  αβ
= – 4 + 2 + 2 – 1 = –1

Q. If x = 3 + 5 then find the value of x4 − 12x3 + 44x2 − 48x + 17

A. x = 3+ 5 ⇒ x−3 = 5
Quadratic Equations

2
( x − 3) = 5 ⇒ x2 − 6x + 4 = 0
Now, x4 – 12x3 + 44x2 – 48x + 17
= (x2 – 6x + 4) (x2 – 6x + 4) + 1
=0×0+1=1

28.
Q. If p(q – r)x2 + q(r – p)x + r(p – q) = 0 has equal roots. Show that
2 1 1
= +
q p r
A. Clearly x = 1 satisfies the given eqn then other root is also 1
r ( p − q)
Now, Product of roots = 1 =
p (q − r )

p(q – r) = r(p – q) ⇒ pq – pr = pr – qr
⇒ 2pr = pq + qr
divide by pqr
2 1 1
= +
q r p

MULTIPLE C0RRECT QUESTION

1
Q. If x2 +
x2
= 14; x > 0 then

(A) x3 + x −3 = 62  (B)  x3 + x −3 = 52  (C)  x5 + x −5 = 624  (D)  x5 + x −5 = 724

A. BD
2
 1 1
 x +  = x + 2 + 2 = 16
2

 x  x
 1
⇒  x +  = 4  (∵ x > 0)
 x 
3
1  1  1
x + 3 = x +  − 3x + 
3

x  x  x
= 64 – 3(4) = 52
1  1  1   1
now x5 + 5 =  x3 + 3   x2 + 2  −  x + 
x  x  x   x 
= 52 × 14 – 4 = 724

Q. If ,m are real  ≠ m then the roots of the equation

(  − m) x 2
− 5 (  + m) x − 2 (  − m) = 0 are

(A) Real and equal (B) Complex    

(C) Real and unequal    (D) None of these
Quadratic Equations

A. C
D = 25 (  + m) + 4 (  − m)  . 2 (  − m)
2

2 2
= 25 (  + m) + 8 (  − m) > 0

∴ roots real and unequal

29.
 Let a, b, c be real numbers with a ≠ 0 and let α, β be the roots of the
Q.
equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 . Express the roots of a3 x2 + abcx + c3 = 0 in terms
of α, β .

A. α+β =
−b
, αβ =
c
a a
for second equation
abc bc  b   c 
Sum of roots = − 3 = − 2 =  −    = ( α + β ) .αβ = α β + αβ …(i)
2 2

a a  a a
 

3
c3  c 
= ( αβ ) = α2β . αβ2    …(ii)
3
Product of roots = 3 =  
a a
Clearly from (i) and (ii)
roots are α β, αβ
2 2

If α and β are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0 and γ, δ are the roots of

Q.
x2 + rx + s = 0 then evaluate (α-γ) (β-γ) (α-δ) (β-δ) in terms of p, q, r and s.

A. α + β = –p, αβ = q
γ + δ = – r, γδ = s
now (α-γ) (β-γ) (α-δ) (β-δ)
( ) ( αβ − ( α + β) δ + δ )
= αβ − ( α + β ) γ + γ 2 2

= ( q + pγ + γ )( q + pδ + δ )
2 2

= (q + pγ – s – rγ) (q + pδ – s – rδ)
= {(q – s) + (p – r) γ} {(q – s) + (p – r)δ}
2
= ( q − s ) − r (p − r ) ( q − s ) + s (p − r )
2

Identity:
Know the facts
If ax2 + bx + c = 0 is identity, then number of
3 distinct real roots of quadratic
roots are infinite and a = b = c = 0
⇒ Infinite roots
Quadratic Equations

30.
Q. Find the value of p for which the equation
(p + 2) (p − 1) x2 + (p − 1) (2p + 1) + x (p2 − 1) = 0 has infinite roots.
A. It must be an identity
hence (p + 2 ) (p − 1) = 0 and (p − 1) ( 2p + 1) = 0 & (p2 − 1) = 0
1
p = –2, 1 and p = 1, − and p = 1, –1
2
∴ common value is p = 1

Q. Let a, b, c be different real numbers then prove that

( x − a ) ( x − b) ( x − b) ( x − c ) ( x − c ) ( x − a )
+ + = 1 is an identity.
( c − a ) ( c − b ) ( a − b ) ( a − c ) (b − c ) (b − a )
A. (a − b) (a − c )
Put x = a 0+ +0= 1 true Point to Remember!!!
(a − b) (a − c )
(i) Quadratic with one roots zero
(b − c ) (b − a ) ⇔c=0
put x = b 0+0+ = 1 true
(b − c ) (b − a ) ax2 + bx + c = 0
c
Product of roots   = = 0
a
⇒c=0
(c − a ) (c − b)
put x = c +0+0 = 1 true
(c − a ) (c − b) (ii) Quadratic with both roots zero
⇔ b=0, c=0

 three values x = a,b, c satisfies above ax2 + bx + c = 0
Sum of roots
two degree equation has 3 roots = Product of roots = 0
⇒ It is an identity. ⇒ b = 0, c = 0

(iii) Quadratic with exactly one root

infinite
⇔ a = 0, b, c ≠ 0

(iv) Quadratic with both roots

infinite ⇔ a = 0, b = 0, c ≠ 0

Q. If ( 2p − q) x2 + (p − 1) x + 5 = 0 has both roots infinite. Find p and q

Quadratic Equations

A. 2p – q = 0
q = 2p
and p–1=0
p=1
hence p = 1, q = 2

31.
 Symmetric function:

If f(α, β) = f(β, α) ∀ α, β
Then f(α, β) is called symmetric function
of α, β

Q. Check if f ( α, β ) is symmetric or not

(i) f(α, β) = α2β + αβ2 (ii) f (α, β) = cos(α – β)

(iii) f(α, β) = sin(α – β) (iv) f (α, β) = (α2 – β)

A. (i) f(β, α) = β2α + βα2

     = f(α, β) Yes
(ii) f(β, α) = cos(β – α)
     = cos(α – β)
     = f(α, β) Yes
(iii) f(β, α) = sin(β – α)
     = –sin(α – β)
     ≠ f(α, β) No
(iv) f(β, α) = (β2 – α)
     ≠ α2 – β
     ≠ f(α, β) No

Condition of common roots:

(I) Condition for both roots common:
a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0
a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0
a1/a2 = b1/b2 = c1/c2

(II) Condition for one root common:

a 2 c 1 − a 1 c 2 b 1 c 2 − b2 c 1
=
a 1b2 − a 2b1 a 2 c1 − a 1c2

Q.  ind k for which equations x2 –3x + 2 = 0 and 3x2 + 4kx + 2 = 0 have a

F
common root.

A.  5
− , − 
7
Quadratic Equations

 4 4
x2 – 3x + 2 = 0 ⇒ (x – 1) (x – 2) = 0
x = 1, 2
If x = 1 is common root then
3(1)2 + 4k (1) + 2 = 0

32.
 5 + 4k = 0
⇒ k = – 5/4
If x = 2 is common root then
3(2)2 + 4k(2) + 2 = 0
14 + 8k = 0
⇒ k = – 7/4

Q.  ind p and q if px2 + 5x + 2 = 0 and 3x2 + 10x + q = 0 have both roots in

F
common

A. p
=
5
=
2
3 10 q

3
⇒p= ,q = 4
2

 ind the value of a and b if x2 – 4x + 5 = 0, x2 + ax + b = 0 have a common

F
Q. root where a, b ∈ R

A. x2 – 4x + 5 = 0
D = 16 – 4(5) < 0 ⇒ Imaginary roots.
Also, coefficients of second equation are real hence only one root cannot
be common
1 a b
⇒ = =
1 −4 5
⇒ a = –4, b = 5

Let a, b, c be distinct real numbers. If 4x2sin2 θ − ( 4sinθ ) x + 1 = 0 and

Q.
a2 (b2 − c2 ) x2 + b2 ( c2 − a2 ) x + c2 ( a2 − b2 ) = 0 have a common root and the
second equation has equal roots then find possible value of θ where
θ ∈ ( 0, π )

A. Clearly, x = 1 satisfies second equation

hence, second equation has both roots 1.
⇒ 1 is common root of both equations,
Now 4 ( 1) sin θ − ( 4sinθ ) 1 + 1 = 0
22

⇒ ( 2sinθ − 1) = 0
2

⇒ 2sinθ − 1 = 0
Quadratic Equations

1
⇒ sinθ =
2
π 5π
⇒ θ= ,
6 6

33.
 Q. If the quadratic equation x2 + bx + c = 0 and x2 + cx + b = 0 , b ≠ c have a
common root then prove that their uncommon roots are roots of the
equation x2 + x + bc = 0

A. Let common root be α

x2 + bx + c = 0 (α, β are its roots)
x2 + cx + b = 0 (α, γ are its roots)
now α + β = −b, αβ = c

α + γ = −c, αγ = b
 α is common root
∴ α2 + bα + c = 0 …(i)
_ α 2 + cα + b = 0 …(ii)
– –
0 + (b − c ) α + ( c − b ) = 0 ⇒ (b − c ) α = (b − c ) ⇒ α = 1

1.β = c ⇒ β = c 
now    uncommon roots
1.γ = b ⇒ γ = b 
required equation, x2 – (b + c)x + bc = 0
x2 – (–1)x + bc = 0 {put α = 1 in (i)}
x2 + x + bc = 0 Hence proved.

Q. x2 + ax + 12 = 0, x2 + bx + 15 = 0 and x2 + ( a + b ) x + 36 = 0 have a common

positive root. Find a, b & common root of equation.

A. Let α be the common root.

α2 + aα + 12 = 0 ...(i)
α2 + bα + 15 = 0 ...(ii)
α + ( a + b ) α + 36 = 0
2
...(iii)
(i) + (ii) – (iii)
α2 − 9 = 0 ⇒ α = 3 ( α > 0)
from (i): 9 + 3a + 12 = 0 ⇒ a = −7 
from (ii): 9 + 3b + 15 = 0 ⇒ b = −8

Q. If one root of quadratic equation x2 − x + 3a = 0 is double of one root of the

Quadratic Equations

equation x2 − x + a = 0 then find a

A. x2 – x + a = 0 (α, β are its roots) ⇒ α2 – α + a = 0    … (i)

x2 – x + 3a = 0 (2α, γ are its roots) ⇒ 4α2 – 2α + 3a = 0  … (ii)

34.
 (ii) – 4 × (i):
a
2α –a = 0 ⇒ α =
2
a2 a
from (i): − +a =0
4 2
⇒ a2 − 2a + 4a = 0 ⇒ a(a + 2) = 0
⇒ a = 0, –2

Q. If Q1 ( x ) = x2 + (k − 29) x − k
Q2 ( x ) = 2x2 + ( 2k − 43) x + k
both are factors of a cubic polynomial then find k.

A. Q1(x) = 0 and Q2(x) = 0 have atleast one common root but both roots cannot
be common (  coeff. are not in proportion)
hence
x2 + (k – 29)x – k = 0
2x2 + (2k – 43)x + k=0 have only one common root (let α)
∴ α2 + (k – 29)α – k = 0 …(i)
2α2 + (2k – 43)α + k = 0 …(ii)
(ii) – 2 × (i)
−k
15α + 3k =0 ⇒ α =  
5
from (i)
k2 k2 29k
− + −k = 0
25 5 5
4 2 24
⇒ k = k ⇒ k = 0, 30
25 5

Q. If x2 + abx + c = 0 & x2 + acx + b=0 have only one common root then show
that quadratic equation with roots as their other uncommon roots is a(b +
c)x2 +(b + c)x – abc = 0

A. Let common root = α

x2 + abx + c = 0 (α, β are its roots)
x2 + acx + b = 0 (α, γ are its roots)
now α + β=– ab, αβ = c
α + γ = – ac, αγ = b
∵ α is common root
Quadratic Equations

∴ α2 + abα + c = 0 …(i)
α + acα + b = 0
2
…(ii)
(i) – (ii)
1
0 + a(b – c)α +(c – b) = 0 ⇒ a(b– c)α = (b – c) ⇒ α =  
a

35.
 1 
 . β = c  ⇒ β   = ac 
a 
Now  uncommon roots
1
 .  γ = b ⇒ γ = ab
a 

required equation x2 – a(b + c)x + a2bc = 0

1 2
x − (b + c ) x + abc = 0 …(iii)
a

1
put α = in (i)
a
1 1
+b+c = 0 ⇒ = −a (b + c )
a 2
a
⇒ a (b + c ) x2 + (b + c ) x − abc = 0 Hence Proved.

A value of b for which the equations x2 + bx – 1 = 0, x2 + x + b = 0 have one

Q. root in common, is
(A) − 2      (B) −i 3       (C) i 5      (D) 2

A. B
Let α be the common root then
α2 + bα − 1 = 0  …(i)
α2 + α + b = 0 …(ii)
(i) – (ii)
(b − 1) α = ( 1 + b) ⇒ α = bb +− 11
2
b + 1 b + 1
from (ii)   + +b = 0
 b − 1  b − 1
2 2
(b + 1) + (b + 1) (b − 1) + b (b − 1) = 0
⇒ ( 2b2 + 2b ) + (b3 − 2b2 + b ) = 0
⇒ b3 + 3b = 0
⇒ b = 0, ± 3i
Quadratic Equations

36.
 Fill in the blank:
Q. If the quadratic equations x2 + ax + b = 0 and x2 + bx + a = 0 (a ≠ b) have a
common root, then the numerical value of a + b is ….......

A. –1
Let common root be α
x2 + ax + b = 0 (α, β are its roots)
x2 + bx + a = 0 (α, γ are its roots)
now α + β = −a, αβ = b 
α + γ = −b, αγ = a
 α is common root
∴ α2 + aα + b = 0 …(i)
α2 + bα + a = 0 …(ii)
(i) – (ii)
0 + (a – b)α + (b – a) = 0 ⇒ (a – b)α = (a – b)⇒ α = 1
put α = 1 in (i) gives.
a+b=–1

Q. If every solution of the equation 3cos2 x − cosx − 1 = 0 is a solution of the
equation acos2 2x + bcos2x − 1 = 0 . Then the value of (a + b) is equal to

(A) 5 (B) 9 (C) 13 (D) 14

A. C
∵ 3cos2 x − 1 = cosx
∴ ( 3cos2 x − 1) = cos2 x
2

2
 ( 1 + cos2x )  1 + cos2x
⇒ 3 − 1 =
 2  2
2
( 3cos2x + 1) 1 + cos2x
⇒ =
4 2

⇒ 9cos2 2x + 6cos2x + 1 = 2 ( 1 + cos2x )

⇒ 9cos2 2x + 4cos2x − 1 = 0
from comparison of given equation, we get
a = 9, b = 4 ⇒ a + b = 13
Quadratic Equations

37.
 Q. If x2 + 3x + 5 = 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0 have common root/roots and a, b,
c ∈ N then find minimum value of a + b + c

A. x2 + 3x + 5 = 0
D = 9 – 4(5) < 0 ⇒ imaginary roots also coefficient of equation are real
hence only one root cannot be common
∴ both roots will be common
a b c
⇒ = =
1 3 5
for minimum a = 1, b = 3, c = 5
∴ (a + b + c)min = 9

Q.  etermine the value of m for which the equation 3x2 + 4mx + 2 = 0 and
D
2x2 – 3x –2 = 0 may have a common root.

A. 2x2 − 3x − 2 = 0 ⇒ ( 2x + 1) ( x − 2 ) = 0   x = −
1
,2
2
1
If x = − is common root, then
2
2
 1  1
3  −  + 4m  −  + 2 = 0
 2  2
11
–8m + 11 = 0 ⇒ m =
8
If x = 2 is common root, then
7
14 + 8m = 0 ⇒ m = −
4
 11 −7 
⇒ m= , 
8 4 

Q. For what value of a is the difference between the roots of the equation
(a − 2) x2 − (a − 4) x − 2 = 0 equal to 3?

A. Let roots α, β
a−4 −2
α+β = , αβ =
a−2 a−2
now α − β = 3
Quadratic Equations

⇒ ( α − β ) = ( α + β ) − 4αβ = 9
2 2

2
(a − 4) 8
⇒ + =9
(a − 2)
2
(a − 2)

38.
 2 2
⇒ 9 (a − 2) − 8 (a − 2) − (a − 4) = 0
⇒ 8a2 − 36a + 36 = 0
⇒ 4 ( 2a2 − 9a + 9) = 0
⇒ 2a2 − 6a − 3a + 9 = 0
⇒ ( 2a − 3) ( a − 3) = 0
3
⇒ a= ,a = 3
2

Find all values of a for which the sum of the roots of the equation
Q. x2 − 2a ( x − 1) − 1 = 0 is equal to the sum of squares of its roots.

A. x2 – 2ax + 2a – 1 = 0 (α, β are its roots)

α + β = 2a, αβ = 2a − 1
2 2
given α + β = α + β
α + β = ( α + β ) − 2αβ
2

⇒ 2a = 4a2 − 2 ( 2a − 1)
⇒ 2a = 4a2 − 4a + 2
⇒ 4a2 − 6a + 2 = 0
⇒ 2a2 − 3a + 1 = 0
⇒ ( a – 1) (2a – 1) = 0
1
⇒ a = 1,
2

Q.  or what values of ‘a’ equations x2 + ax + 1 = 0 and x2 + x + a = 0 have a root

F
in common.

A. Let α be the common root then

α2 + aα + 1 = 0 …(i)
α2 + α + a = 0 …(ii)
(i) – (ii):
(a − 1) α = (a − 1) ⇒ a = 1, α = 1
Quadratic Equations

if α = 1 , then from (ii):

1 + 1 + a = 0 ⇒ a = −2
hence, a = 1, – 2

39.
 Maximum and minimum value of Quadratic Expression:

b
y = ax2 + bx + c attains its maximum or minimum at point where x = −
2a
as a < 0 or a > 0, respectively.
Maximum and Minimum value can be obtained by making a perfect
square.

p ( x ) = ax2 + bx + 8 is quadratic. If the minimum value of p(x) is 6 when x = 2.

Q.
Find a and b

A. b = –2, a =
1
2
−b
Clearly = 2 ⇒ b = −4a
2a
now, p ( 2) = 6 ⇒ 4a + 2b + 8 = 6

−b + 2b + 8 = 6 ⇒ b = −2
−b 2 1
a= = =
4 4 2

Q. y = 2x2 − 3x + 1 , find minimum value of y

A. −b − ( −3) 3
= =
2a 2 (2) 4
3
y is minimum if x =
4
2
3 3 9 9 −1
hence ymin = 2   − 3   + 1 = 2 ⋅ − +1=
4
  4
  16 4 8

Q. y = 7 + 5x − 2x2 , find maximum value of y

A. −b
=
−5
=
5
2a 2 ( −2) 4
5
y is max. if x =
4
Quadratic Equations

2
5 5
hence ymax = 7 + 5   − 2  
4 4
25 25 81
= 7 + − =
4 8 8

40.
Q. For x ≥ 2 smallest possible value of log 10 ( x3 − 4x2 + x + 26 ) − log 10 ( x + 2 )

A. x3 − 4x2 + x + 26 = ( x + 2 ) ( x2 − 6x + 13 )

hence, given expression is

log 10 ( x + 2 ) + log 10 ( x2 − 6x + 13 ) − log 10 ( x + 2 )

= log 10 ( x2 − 6x + 13 ) = y (let )

now ymin = log 10 ( x2 − 6x + 13 )

min
= log 10 {( x − 3)
2
}
+4

ymin = log 10 4

Range of Linear:
y = ax + b; a ≠ 0 is y ∈ R

Q. y = f(x) = x + 1

A. ∵ f(x) is linear
∴y∈R

linear ax + b a 
Range of : y = is R −  
linear cx + d c 

2x + 3
Q. y=
x+1
, Find range of y ?

A. ∵ y=
Linear
Linear
hence, y ∈ R – {2}

1
Q. y=
3x − 1
,Find range of y ?

( 0) x + 1
A. y=
3x − 1
0 
y ∈ R −   ⇒ y ∈ R − {0}
3

Q. ( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 3 )
Quadratic Equations

y= , Find range of y ?
( x − 2) ( x − 3)
A. y = ( x − 1) ; x ≠ 2, 3
At x = 2, x − 1 = 1
At x = 3, x − 1 = 2
Hence, y ∈ R − {1, 2}
41.
 Linear Quadratic Quadratic
, ,
Quadratic Quadratic Linear

Type 1: If common factors are there

Linear

If common factors are there then solve by range of by taking
Linear
care of domain

Type 2: If common factors are not there

Step I: Cross multiply and make quadratic in x
Step II: Apply D ≥ 0 (since x is real)
Step III: Solve inequality in y and hence find the range

Note:
Always Cross check for coefficient of x2 equal to zero.

Q. Find range of
x2 − x + 1
x2 + x + 1

A. Let y =
x2 − x + 1
x2 + x + 1

y ( x2 + x + 1 ) = x2 − x + 1
( y − 1) x2 + ( y + 1) x + ( y − 1) = 0 …(1)
Case–I: y − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1
(1) is a quadratic and x ∈ R
⇒ it has real roots
∴ D ≥ 0
( y + 1 + 2y − 2 ) ( y + 1 − 2y + 2 ) ≥ 0

( 3y − 1) ( 3 − y ) ≥ 0 ⇒ ( 3y − 1) ( y − 3 ) ≤ 0
1 
y ∈  , 3  ∩ y ≠ 1
3 
1 
Hence, y ∈  , 3 − {1} …(2)
3 
Case–II: y – 1 = 0 ⇒y=1
in (1) put y = 1
Quadratic Equations

( 0) x2 + 2x + 0 = 0 ⇒ x = 0, which is real

∴ y can be 1 …(3)
(2) ∪ (3)
1 
y ∈  , 3
3 

42.
 x2 + 2x − 11
Q. Find range of
2 ( x − 3)

A. Let y =
x2 + 2x − 11
2 ( x − 3)
⇒ 2yx – 6y = x2 + 2x – 11
⇒ x2 + 2(1 – y)x + (6y – 11) = 0
∵x∈R
∴ roots of above equation are real hence D ≥ 0
2
4 ( 1 − y ) − 4 (6y − 11) ≥ 0
⇒ 4 {y 2 − 8y + 12} ≥ 0
⇒ (y 2
− 8y + 12 ) ≥ 0
⇒ ( y − 6) ( y − 2) ≥ 0
hence y ∈ ( −∞, 2] ∪ [6, ∞ )

x2 − 3x + 4
Find range of following
x2 + 3x + 4

x2 − 3x + 4
Let y =
x2 + 3x + 4
⇒ ( y − 1) x2 + 3 ( y + 1) x + 4 ( y − 1) = 0 …(a)

Case–I: y – 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1
then D ≥ 0
9(y + 1)2 – 4 ×(y – 1) × 4(y – 1) ≥ 0
⇒ ( 3y + 3 + 4y − 4 ) ( 3y + 3 − 4y + 4 ) ≥ 0

⇒ ( 7y − 1) ( 7 − y ) ≥ 0

⇒ ( 7y − 1) ( y − 7 ) ≤ 0
1 
⇒ y ∈  , 7  ∩ y ≠ 1
7 

1 
hence y ∈  , 7  − {1} …(1)
7 
Case–II: y − 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 1
Quadratic Equations

Put in (a)
(0)x2 + 6x + 0 = 0 ⇒x = 0 ∈ R
hence y can be 1 …(2)
(1) ∪ (2)
1 
y ∈  , 7
7 
43.
 Q. ( x + 1) ( x − 2 )
Find range of
x ( x + 3)

A. Let y =
x2 − x − 2
x2 + 3x
⇒ ( y − 1) x2 + ( 3y + 1) x + 2 = 0 …(a)

Case–I: y − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1
then D ≥ 0
2
( 3y + 1) − 8 ( y − 1) ≥ 0

⇒ ( 9y 2 + 6y + 1) − 8y + 8 ≥ 0

⇒ 9y 2 − 2y + 9 ≥ 0 (a > 0, D < 0)

⇒ y ∈ R − {1} … (1)

Case–II: If y – 1 = 0 ⇒ y=1
from (a)
−1
( 0) x2 + 4x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x =
∈R
2
∴ y can be 1 …(2)
(1) ∪ (2)
y ∈ R

Q. Find range of
x2 + 2x − 2
x2 + 2x + 1

A. Let y =
x2 + 2x − 2
x2 + 2x + 1
⇒ ( y − 1) x2 + 2 ( y − 1) x + ( y + 2) = 0 …(a)

Case–I: ( y − 1) ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1

then D ≥ 0
2
4 ( y − 1) − 4 ( y − 1) ( y + 2 ) ≥ 0

⇒ 4 ( y − 1) {( y − 1) − ( y + 2 )} ≥ 0

⇒ ( y − 1) ≤ 0
⇒ y ∈ (– ∞, 1) …(1)
Quadratic Equations

Case–II : If y – 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 1
from (a)
(0) x2 + (0) x + 3 = 0 (not possible)
∴ y cannot be 1 …(2)
hence, y ∈ (– ∞, 1)

44.
 x2 + 14x + 9
Q. Find range of following
x2 + 2x + 3

A. Let y =
x2 + 14x + 9
x2 + 2x + 3
⇒ ( y − 1) x2 + 2 ( y − 7 ) x + 3 ( y − 3 ) = 0 …(a)

Case–I: y − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1
then D ≥ 0
2
4 ( y − 7 ) − 4 ( y − 1) .3 ( y − 3 ) ≥ 0
⇒ 4 {y 2 − 14y + 49 − 3y 2 + 12y − 9} ≥ 0
⇒ 2y 2 + 2y − 40 ≤ 0
⇒ y 2 + y − 20 ≤ 0 ⇒ ( y + 5 ) ( y − 4 ) ≤ 0
⇒ y ∈ [–5,4] ∩ y ≠ 1
⇒ y ∈ [–5,4] – {1} … (1)
Case–II: y – 1 = 0 ⇒ y = 1
Put in (a)
(0)x2 – 12x – 6 = 0 ⇒ x = – ½ ∈ R
hence, y can be 1 …(2)
(1)∪(2)
y∈[– 5, 4]

x2 − 5x + 6
Q. Find range of
x2 − 4x + 3

A. ( x − 2) ( x − 3)
y=
( x − 3 ) ( x − 1)
x−2
= ,x ≠ 3
x−1
Range = R – {1, y(3)}
 1
Range = R – 1, 
 2

Q. Find the least value of

6x2 − 22x + 21
= y ∀ x ∈ R
5x2  − 18x + 17
Quadratic Equations

A. (5y − 6) x2 + 2 ( 11 − 9y ) x + ( 17y − 21) = 0 …(a)

45.
 Case–I:  5y − 6 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 6 / 5
then D ≥ 0
2
4 ( 11 − 9y ) − 4 ( 5y − 6 ) ( 17y − 21) ≥ 0

⇒ {121 + 81y 2 − 198y − 85y 2 + 207y − 126} ≥ 0

⇒ 4y 2 − 9y + 5  ≤ 0
⇒  ( 4y − 5 ) ( y − 1) ≤ 0
 5
⇒ y ∈ 1,  ∩ y ≠ 6 / 5
 4

 5  6 
⇒ y ∈ 1,  −   …(1)
 4  5 

Case–II: 5y – 6 = 0 ⇒ y = 6/5
Put in (a) we get
 54  102
2  11 − x + − 21 = 0
 5  5
2x 3
⇒ − =0
5 5
3
⇒ x = ∈ R
2

∴ y can be 6/5 …(2)

(1)∪(2)
 5
y ∈ 1, 
 4
hence ymin = 1

ax2 − 7x + 5
Q. Find all possible values of ‘a’ for which the expression
5x2 − 7x + a
may be

capable of taking all values where x being any real quantity.

A. Let y =
ax2 − 7x + 5
5x2 − 7x + a
⇒ ( 5y − a ) x2 − 7 ( y − 1) x + ( ay − 5 ) = 0
Quadratic Equations

∵ x ∈ R ⇒ D ≥ 0
49(y – 1)2 – 4(5y – a)(ay – 5) ≥ 0 ∀ y ∈ R
49y2 – 98y + 49 – 20ay2 + 100y + 4a2y – 20a ≥ 0 ∀ y ∈ R
⇒ (49 – 20a)y2 + 2(2a2 + 1)y + (49 – 20a) ≥ 0 ∀ y∈ R

46.
 Which implies
D ≤ 0 and 49 – 20a >0
49
4(2a2 + 1)2 – 4(49 – 20a)2 ≤ 0 and a < 
20
49
(2a 2
+ 1 + 49 − 20a ) ( 2a2 + 1 − 49 + 20a ) ≤ 0 and a < 
20

49
(2a − 20a + 50) ( 2a2 + 20a − 48) ≤ 0 and a < 
2

20
+ • − • + •
+
−12 2 5
49
(a2 − 10a + 25) (a2 + 10a − 24) ≤ 0 and a < 20
2 49
(a − 5) (a + 12) (a − 2) ≤ 0 and a < 
20
49
a ∈ [– 12, 2] ∪ {5} and a < 
20
a ∈ [– 12, 2]
but for a=– 12 and a=2, Nr and Dr have common factors which implies y  ∉ R
hence, a∈(– 12, 2)

Q. Find the domain and Range of f ( x ) = x2 − 3x + 2

A. Domain:
x2 − 3x + 2 ≥ 0
( x − 1) ( x − 2 ) ≥ 0
x ∈ ( −∞, 1 ]∪[ 2, ∞ ) = Df
Range:
−D
(x 2
− 3x + 2 )
min
=
4a
− 9 − 4 ( 2 )  −1
= =
4 4
 1 
∴ x2 – 3x + 2 ∈  − , ∞ 
 4 

hence, x2 − 3x + 2 ∈ [0, ∞ ) = Range

Quadratic Equations

47.
 General second degree in x and y
f(x, y )=ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c

Condition of general second degree in x & y

to be resolved into two linear factors

abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0

Steps for factorization:

Step 1: Factorize second degree homogeneous part.
Step 2: Add constant to both the linear.
Step 3: Compare coefficient of x & coefficient of y and absolute
term if needed.

 rove that expression 2x2 + 3xy + y2 + 2y + 3x + 1 can be factorized into two

P
Q. linear factors and find them

A. a = 2, 2h = 3, b = 1, 2g = 3, 2f = 2, c = 1
Condition for factorization, abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2
2 2
 3  3  3  3 9 9 9
= 2 ( 1) ( 1) + 2 ( 1)     − 2 ( 1) − 1   − 1   = 2 + − 2 − −
2

 2  2  2  2 2 4 4
= 0 Hence Proved.
For factorization, 2x2 + 3xy + y2 = (2x + y)(x + y)
(2x + y + a)(x + y + b) = 2x2 + 3xy + y2 + 2y + 3x + 1
comparing coefficient of x ⇒ a + 2b = 3
→a=b=1
comparing coefficient of y ⇒ a + b = 2 
Factors are 2x + y + 1, x + y + 1

Q.  rove that the expression x2–3xy+2y2–2x–3y–35 can be factorized into two

P
linear factors & find them

A. a = 1, 2h = – 3, b = 2, 2g = – 2, 2f = – 3, c = – 35
Condition for factorization, abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2
2 2
 3  3  3  3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
=1(2) –35 + 2  −   −1  −  − 1  −  − 2 −1 – −35  − 
 2  2  2  2

9 9 315 27 315
= −70 − − −2+ = −72 −
Quadratic Equations

+
2 4 4 4 4
= 0 Hence Proved.

48.
 For factorization, x2 – 3xy + 2y2 = (x – 2y)(x – y)
(x – 2y + a)(x – y + b) = x2 – 3xy + 2y2 – 2x – 3y – 35
comparing coefficient of x ⇒ a + b = – 2 
   → b = 5, a = −7
 comparing coefficient of y ⇒ −a − 2b = −3

Factors are x − 2y − 7,  x − y + 5

Q. If the equation x2 + 16y 2 − 3x + 2 = 0 is satisfied by real values of x and y then

 1 1
show that x ∈ [1, 2] and y ∈  − , 
 8 8

A. Given equation can be expressed as

x2 − 3x + ( 16y 2 + 2 ) = 0

∵ x∈R⇒D≥0
9 − 4 × ( 16y 2 + 2 ) ≥ 0

(9 − 64y 2
− 8) ≥ 0
⇒  64y 2 − 1 ≤ 0
1 1
(8y + 1) (8y − 1) ≤ 0 ⇒ y ∈  − ,
 8 8 
Now, given equation,
16y 2 = − ( x2 − 3x + 2 )
∵ LHS ≥ 0 ⇒ − ( x2 − 3x + 2 ) ≥ 0
x2 − 3x + 2 ≤ 0
(x − 1) (x − 2) ≤ 0 ⇒ x ∈ 1, 2 Hence Proved.

Theory of Equation
Cubic:
ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d = a ( x − α )( x − β )( x − γ )

−b
Sum of roots taken one at a time = α + β + γ =
a
−d
Product of roots = αβγ =
Quadratic Equations

a
c
Sum of product of roots taken two at a time = αβ + βγ + γα =
a

49.
 Bi Quadratic:
ax + bx + cx + dx + e = a ( x − α )( x − β )( x − γ )( x − δ )
4 3 2

c
Sum of product of roots taken two at a time = αβ + αγ + αδ + βγ + βδ + γδ =
a
−d
Sum of product of roots taken three at a time = αβγ + αβδ + αγδ + βγδ =
a

a1
In General: ∑ α1 = −
a0
If α 1 , α2 , α3 , … , αn are the roots of the equation: a
∑ α 1α 2 = + 2
a0 xn + a1 xn−1 + a2 xn−2 + ... + an−1 x + an = 0 , where a0 ≠ 0 a0
a
∑ α 1α 2 α 3 = − 3
Note: a0
2
 ( a + b + c ) = ∑ a2 + 2 ∑ ab  
n an
( )
α 1 α 2 α 3  αn =   −1
a0

Q.  ind sum of squares of roots and sum of cubes of roots of the cubic equation
F
x3 − px2 + qx − r = 0

A. Let roots are α, β, γ then

α+β+γ=p
αβ + βγ + γα = q, αβγ = r
sum of squares of roots = α + β + γ = ( α + β + γ ) − 2 ( αβ + βγ + γα )
2 2 2 2

= p2 − 2q
sum of cubes of roots
{ }
α3 + β3 + γ 3 = ( α + β + γ ) α2 + β2 + γ 2 − ( αβ + βγ + γα ) + 3αβγ

{ }
= p (p2 − 2q) − q + 3r

= p (p2 − 3q) + 3r

= p3 − 3pq + 3r

Q.
Quadratic Equations

Solve the cubic 4x3 + 16x2 − 9x − 36 = 0 where sum of two roots is zero.

A. Let roots α, −α, β

−16
now α + ( −α ) + β = ⇒ β = −4
4

50.
 also α ( −α )( β ) = −
( −36) ⇒ −α
4
2
( −4 ) = 9
9 3
α2 = ⇒α=±
4 2
3 3
∴ roots = −4, − ,
2 2

1 1 1
Q. If a, b, c are roots of cubic x3 − x2 + 1 = 0 find
a 2
+ 2 + 2 
b c
A. a +b+c = 1
ab + bc + ca = 0, abc = −1
( ) − 2abc ∑ a
2
1 1 1 a2b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ∑ ab
+ + = =
a2 b2 c2 (abc) (abc)
2 2

0 − 2 ( 1) ( −1)
= 2
( −1)
=2

π 
Q. If α, β, γ, δ are roots of the equation tan  + x  = 3tan3x then find the value
4 
of tanα + tanβ + tanγ + tanδ

A. 1 + tanx 3 ( 3tanx − tan x )

3

=
1 − tanx 1 − 3tan2 x
let tanx = t then
1 + t 9t − 3t3
=
1−t 1 − 3t2
⇒ 1 − 3t2 + t − 3t3 = 9t − 3t3 − 9t2 + 3t 4

⇒ 3t 4 − 6t2 + 8t − 1 = 0

above equation roots tanα, tanβ, tanγ, tanδ

⇒ sum of roots = 0

If roots of x3– 5x2 + 6x –3 = 0 are α, β, γ . Tell equation whose roots are

Q.
Quadratic Equations

α + 1, β + 1, γ + 1

A. Let α + 1 = x ⇒ α = x − 1
also α is root of given equation
∴ α3 − 5α2 + 6α − 3 = 0

51.
 3 2
⇒ ( x − 1) − 5 ( x − 1) + 6 ( x − 1) − 3 = 0
⇒ ( x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 1) − 5 ( x2 − 2x + 1) + 6 ( x − 1) − 3 = 0
⇒ x3 − 8x2 + 19x − 15 = 0
which is required equation.

Q. Find the cubic whose roots are cubes of the roots of x3 + 3x2 + 2 = 0

A. If roots of given equation α, β, γ then required equation will have roots

α 3 , β3 , γ 3
1
now let α3 = x ⇒ α = x 3
3 2
 1  1
⇒  x3  + 3  x3  + 2 = 0
   
2
⇒ −3x 3 = x + 2
2 3
  3
⇒  −3x 3  = ( x + 2 )
 
2
⇒ −27x2 = x3 + 3x2 ( 2) + 3x ( 2) + 23
⇒ x3 + 33x2 + 12x + 8 = 0
which is required equation.

Q. The length of sides of a triangle are roots of the equation

x3 − 12x2 + 47x − 60 = 0 and ∆ is area of the triangle then find ∆2

A. Let sides of triangle are a, b, c

then a + b + c = 12
ab + bc + ca = 47
abc = 60
Now, ∆2 = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)
a +b+c
  = 6 (6 − a ) (6 − b ) (6 − c ) s= =6
2
{ 2
  = 6 63 − 12 (6 ) + 47 (6 ) − 60 }
  = 6 ( 216 − 432 + 282 − 60)
Quadratic Equations

  = 36

52.
Location of roots:
Type–1: 
Both roots of a quadratic equation are greater than a specified number,
i.e., α, β > d
Step–1: Make leading coefficient positive
Step–2: Apply conditions

(i) D ≥ 0

−b
(ii) > d
2a
(iii) f(d) > 0   

Find the value of d for which both roots of the equation

Q. x2 − 6dx + 2 − 2d + 9d2 = 0 are greater than 3

A. Step–1: a > 0 =>  Let f ( x ) = x2 − 6dx + 2 − 2d + 9d2

Step–2:
(i) D ≥ 0⇒ 36d2 − 4 ( 2 − 2d + 9d2 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ 8d − 8 ≥ 0 ⇒ d ≥ 1
−b 6d
(ii) > 3 ⇒ >3⇒d>1
2a 2
f ( 3) > 0 ⇒ 9 − 18d + 2 − 2d + 9d2 > 0 ⇒ 9d2 − 20d + 11 > 0
(iii)

⇒ 9d2 − 9d − 11d + 11 > 0 ⇒ 9d ( d − 1) − 11 ( d − 1) > 0

 11 
⇒ ( 9d − 11) ( d − 1) > 0 ⇒ d ∈ ( −∞, 1) ∪  , ∞ 
9 
(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii) gives
 11 
d ∈  , ∞
9 

Q.  ind all the values of ‘a’ for which both roots of the equation x2 + x + a = 0
F
Quadratic Equations

exceed the quantity ‘a’.

Step–1: A > 0 ⇒ Let f(x) = x2 + x + a

A. Step–2:
(i) D ≥ 0 ⇒ 12 – 4a ≥ 0 ⇒ 4a ≤ 1 ⇒ a∈ (– ∞, 1/4]

53.
 −B −1  −1 
(ii) >a⇒ > a ⇒ a ∈  −∞, 
2A 2  2
(iii) f ( a ) > 0 ⇒ a2 + a + a > 0 ⇒ a2 + 2a > 0 ⇒ a ( a + 2) > 0 ⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, −2) ∪ ( 0, ∞ )
(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii) gives
a ∈ ( −∞, −2 )

Q. Q. Determine the values of ‘a’ for which both roots of the quadratic equation
(a2 + a − 2) x2 − (a + 5) x − 2 = 0 exceed the number minus one.
A. Step–1: Divide by ( a2 + a − 2 )

(a + 5) 2
A > 0 ⇒ Let f ( x ) = x2 − x−
(a 2
+ a − 2) (a + a − 2)
2

Step–2:
( a + 5 ) + 8 ( a2 + a − 2 )
2 2
(a + 5) 8
(i) D ≥ 0 ⇒ + ≥ 0     ≥0
(a 2
+ a − 2)
2
( a2 + a − 2 ) ( a 2
+ a − 2 )
2

2
9a2 + 18a + 9 9 ( a + 1)
⇒ 2 2
≥0⇒ 2 2
≥ 0 ⇒ a ∈ R– {– 2, 1}
( a − 1) ( a + 2 ) ( a − 1) ( a + 2 )
(ii)
−B (a + 5) a+5
+1>0
> −1 ⇒ > −1 ⇒
2A 2 (a + a − 2)
2
2 (a + a − 2)
2

2a2 + 3a + 1
 > 0 ⇒
(2a + 1) (a + 1)
⇒ >0
2 ( a + 2 ) ( a − 1) 2 ( a + 2 ) ( a − 1)

 1 + − + − +
⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪  −1, −  ∪ ( 1, ∞ ) • • • •
 2 −2 −1 −1 1
2

(a + 5) 2
(iii) f ( −1) > 0 ⇒ 1 + − >0
(a 2
+ a − 2) (a + a − 2)
2

2
a2 + 2a + 1 ( a + 1)
⇒ >0⇒ >0
a +a−2
2
( a − 1) ( a + 2 )
Quadratic Equations

⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ ( 1, ∞ )

Now, (i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii) gives

a ∈ (–∞, –2) ∪ (1, ∞)

54.
Type–2:
Both root lies on either side of a fixed number,
say d, i.e., α < d < β
Step–1: Make leading coefficient positive
Step–2: Apply condition f(d) < 0

Q. Find k for which one root of the equation x2 – (k + 1)x + k2 + k – 8 = 0 is

greater than 2 and other is less than 2

A. Step–1: a > 0
Let f ( x ) = x2 − (k + 1) x + (k2 + k − 8)
Step–2:
f (2) < 0

⇒ 4 − (k + 1 ) 2 + (k 2 + k − 8 ) < 0

⇒ k2 − 3k + 2k − 6 < 0

⇒ k (k − 2 ) + 2 (k − 3 ) < 0

⇒ (k + 2 ) (k − 3 ) < 0
⇒ k ∈ ( −2, 3)

Q. Find the set of values of ‘a’ for which zeros of the quadratic polynomial
(a2 + a + 1) x2 + (a − 1) x + a2 are located on either side of 3.
A. Step–1: Making leading coefficient positive

Let f (x ) = x2 +
(a − 1) x+
a2
a2 + a + 1 a2 + a + 1

Step–2: f(3) < 0

3 ( a − 1) a2
⇒ 9 + + <0
a2 + a + 1 a2 + a + 1
Quadratic Equations

⇒ 9 ( a + a + 1) + 3 ( a − 1) + a < 0
2 2

( a2 + a + 1)

55.
 10a2 + 12a + 6
⇒ <0
a2 + a + 1
2 ( 5a2 + 6a + 3 )
⇒ <0
(a 2
+ a + 1)
⇒ a ∈ ϕ

Q. Find a for which one root is positive and other root is negative for
−x2 − ( 3a − 2) x + a2 + 1 = 0

A. Step–1: Making leading coefficient positive

Let f ( x ) = x2 + ( 3a − 2) x − ( a2 + 1) then

Step–2: f ( 0) < 0

⇒ − ( a2 + 1) < 0
⇒a∈R

Q. Find a for which both root lie on either side of – 1 of quadratic equation
(a2 − 5a + 6) x2 − (a − 3) x + 7 = 0
A. Step– 1: Making leading coefficient positive
(a − 3) x 7
Let f ( x ) = x2 − +
a − 5a + 6
2
a − 5a + 6
2

Step– 2: f ( −1) < 0

(a − 3) 7
⇒ 1 + + <0
(a 2
− 5a + 6 ) (a − 5a + 6)
2

⇒
(a 2
− 5a + 6 ) + ( a − 3 ) + 7
<0
(a 2
− 5a + 6 )

⇒
(a 2
− 4a + 10)
<0
(a − 2) (a − 3)
⇒ a ∈ (2, 3)
Quadratic Equations

56.
Type–3:
Both roots lies between two fixed number,
i.e., d < α < β < e
Step–1: Make leading coefficient positive
Step–2: Apply conditions

(i) D ≥ 0
(ii) f(d) > 0
(iii) f(e) > 0
b
(iv) d < − < e 
2a

Q. If α, β∈(–6, 1) then find k for which x2 + 2 (k − 3 ) x + 9 = 0 has roots α, β.

A. Step–1: As leading coefficient is positive

Let f(x) = x2 + 2(k – 3)x + 9
2
(i) D ≥ 0 ⇒ 4 (k − 3 ) − 4 × 9 ≥ 0 ⇒ (k − 3 + 3 ) (k − 3 − 3 ) ≥ 0
⇒ k (k − 6 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ k ∈ ( −∞, 0 ]∪[ 6, ∞ )
 27 
f ( −6 ) > 0 ⇒ 36 − 12 (k − 3 ) + 9 > 0 ⇒ 81 − 12k > 0 ⇒ k ∈  −∞,
(ii) 
 4 
(iii) f(1) > 0 ⇒ 1 + 2(k – 3) + 9 > 0 ⇒ 2k + 4 > 0 ⇒ k > – 2
−2 (k − 3)
(iv) −6 < < 1 ⇒ −12− < 2 (k − 3) < 2 ⇒ 6 > (k − 3) > −1 ⇒ k ∈ (2,  9)
2
(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii) ∩ (iv)
 27 
k ∈ 6, 
 4 

Q.  t what value of ‘a’ do all the zeroes of the function ( a − 2 ) x2 + 2ax + a + 3

A
lies in the interval (–2, 1)

A. Step–1: Making leading coefficient positive

Let f ( x ) = x2 +
2ax (a + 3)
+
(a − 2) (a − 2)
Quadratic Equations

Step–2:
4a2 4 (a + 3)
(i) D≥0⇒ − ≥0
(a − 2)
2
(a − 2)

57.
 a2 − ( a + 3 ) ( a − 2 ) − (a − 6)
2
≥0⇒ 2
≥ 0 ⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, 6] − {2}
(a − 2) (a − 2)
4a (a + 3)
(ii) f ( −2) > 0 ⇒ 4 − + >0
(a − 2) (a − 2)
4 ( a − 2 ) − 4a + ( a + 3 ) a−5
>0⇒ >0
(a − 2) a−2

⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, 2 ) ∪ ( 5, ∞ )

2a (a + 3)
f ( 1) > 0 ⇒ 1 +
(iii) + >0
(a − 2) (a − 2)
(a − 2) + 2a + (a + 3) 4a + 1
>0⇒ >0
(a − 2) a−2

 1
⇒ a ∈  −∞, −  ∪ ( 2, ∞ )
 4

−2a −a
(iv)  − 2 < < 1 ⇒ −2 < <1
2 (a − 2) a−2
−a a a−4
−2 < ⇒ −2<0⇒ > 0
a−2 a−2 a−2

∴ a ∈ ( −∞, 2 ) ∪ ( 4, ∞ )

−a
< 1⇒
a
+1>0⇒
2 a−1
> 0
( )
a−2 a−2 a−2

∴  a ∈ ( −∞, 1) ∪ ( 2, ∞ )

Intersection of all conditions is x ∈ ( −∞ − 1 / 4 ) ∪ (5,6]

Type–4:
Both roots lies on either side of two fixed numbers,
i.e., α < d < e < β

Step–1: Make leading coefficient positive

(i) f(d)<0
Quadratic Equations

(ii) f(e) < 0

Step–2: Apply conditions

58.
 Q. Find k for which one root of the equation (k − 5) x2 − 2kx + (k − 4) = 0 is
smaller than 1 and the other root is greater than 2.

A. Step–1: Making leading coefficient positive.

2kx (k − 4 )
Let f ( x ) = x2 − +
(k − 5 ) (k − 5 )
Step–2:
(i) f (2) < 0
4k k−4 4 (k − 5 ) − 4k + (k − 4 )
4 − + <0⇒ <0
(k − 5 ) k − 5 (k − 5 )
k − 24
⇒ < 0 ⇒ k ∈ ( 5, 24 )
k−5
f ( 1) < 0
(ii)
2k k−4 (k − 5) − 2k + (k − 4)
1− + <0⇒ <0
k−5 k−5 (k − 5 )
−9
< 0 ⇒ k ∈ ( 5, ∞ )
k−5
(i) ∩ (ii)  
⇒ k ∈ (5, 24)

Types–5:
Exactly one root lies in the interval (d, e)
Step–1: Make leading coefficient positive.
Step–2: Apply condition f ( d) f ( e ) < 0

 ind the set of values of m for which exactly one root of the equation
F
Q. x2 + mx + (m2 + 6m) = 0 lie in (– 2, 0)

Step–1: Making leading coefficient positive.

A.
Let f ( x ) = x2 + mx + m2 + 6m
Step–2:
Quadratic Equations

Case–I: When no root is – 2 or 0

f(–2) f(0) < 0
⇒ ( 4 − 2m + m2 + 6m) (m2 + 6m) < 0 ⇒ (m2 + 4m + 4 ) (m2 + 6m) < 0

2
⇒ (m + 2 ) m (m + 6 ) < 0 ⇒ m ∈ ( −6, 0) − {−2}

59.
 Case–II: When one of the root is – 2 or 0
(i) if f(–2) = 0 ⇒ 4 – 2m + m2 + 6m = 0
     ⇒ m2 + 4m + 4 = 0 ⇒ m = –2
For m= – 2 equation: x2 – 2x– 8=0 ⇒ x = 4, –2 ⇒ No root in (–2, 0)
(ii) If f ( 0) = 0 ⇒ m2 + 6m = 0 ⇒ m = 0, −6
For m = 0 equation: x2 = 0 ⇒x = 0,0 ⇒ No root in (–2, 0)
Hence, m∈(–6, 0) – {–2}

Find a for which exactly one root of the equation x2 − ( a + 1) x + 2a = 0 lies

Q.
in (0, 3)

A. Step–1: Making leading coefficient positive

Let f ( x ) = x2 − ( a + 1) x + 2a
Step–2:
Case–I: When no root is 0 or 3
f ( 0) .f ( 3 ) < 0
⇒ ( 2a ) ( 9 − 3 ( a + 1) + 2a ) < 0
⇒ 2a(6 – a)<0 ⇒a(a– 6)>0
a ∈ ( −∞, 0) ∪ (6, ∞ ) …(i)

Case– II: when one of the root is 0 or 3

(a) If f(0)=0⇒2a=0⇒a=0
For a=0 equation : x2– x=0 ⇒x = 0, 1 ⇒ one root in (0,3)
hence, a can be 0 …(ii)
(b) If f(3) = 0 ⇒ 9 – (a + 1)3 + 2a = 0 ⇒ a = 6
For a = 6 equation: x2– 7x + 12 = 0 ⇒ x = 3, 4 ⇒ No root in (0,3)
(i) U (ii)
hence, a ∈ ( −∞, 0] ∪ (6, ∞ )

Note: If f(p) f(q) < 0, then

Exactly one root lies between (p, q)

Quadratic Equations

60.
 Miscellaneous Examples

Q. If a < b < c < d show that quadratic (x – a)(x – c) + λ(x – b)(x – d) = 0 has real
root for all real values of λ except –1.

A. Let f(x) = (x – a)(x – c) + λ(x – b)(x – d)

now
f ( a ) = λ ( a − b )( a − d)
f (b ) = (b − a ) (b − c ) < 0
f ( c ) = λ ( c − b )( c − d)

f ( d) = ( d − a ) ( d − c ) > 0
now f(b)f(d)<0⇒exactly one root in interval (b, d)
∵ coefficient real ⇒ other root must be real for ∀ λ ∈ R–{–1}

Q. Find p for which the expression x2 − 2px + 3p + 4 < 0 is satisfied for atleast one
real x.

A. Clearly D > 0
(–2p)2 – 4(3p + 4) >0
⇒ p2 – 3p – 4 > 0
⇒ (p – 4)(p + 1) > 0
⇒ p ∈ (– ∞, – 1) ∪ (4, ∞)

Q. Find the value of m for which x2 − 4x + 3m + 1 > 0 is satisfied for all positive x.

A. x2 − 4x + 4 > 3 − 3m
for x > 0, (x – 2)2 ∈ [0,∞)
hence 3 – 3m < 0 ⇒ m > 1

Q. Show that ( a2 + 3 ) x2 + ( a + 2 ) x − 5 < 0 is true for at least one negative x for any
real value of a .

A. Let f ( x ) = ( a2 + 3 ) x2 + ( a + 2 ) x − 5
clearly f(x) is upward parabola and f(0) < 0
⇒ it is negative for atleast one negative x, ∀ a∈R
Quadratic Equations

61.
 If f ( x ) = 4x2 + ax + ( a − 3 ) is negative for atleast one negative x, find all values
Q.
of a.

A. f(x) = 0 have atleast one root negative

Case–I: Both roots < 0 (distinct roots)
(i) D > 0
⇒ a2 − 16 ( a − 3 ) > 0  ⇒ a2 − 16a + 48 > 0 ⇒ ( a − 12) ( a − 4 ) > 0

⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, 4 ) ∪ ( 12, ∞ )
B
(ii)
− <0
2A
−a
⇒ <0⇒a>0
8

(iii) f(0) > 0

⇒ a – 3 > 0 ⇒a > 3
(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii)
a ∈ ( 3, 4 ) ∪ ( 12, ∞ ) …(1)
Case–II: One root > 0 and other root < 0
f(0) < 0
⇒ a – 3 < 0 ⇒ a < 3 …(2)
Case–III: One root < 0 and other root = 0
f(0) = 0 ⇒ a = 3
for a = 3 equation is 4x2 + 3x = 0
3
x = 0,  x = − (negative)
4
∴ a = 3 …(3)
(1) ∪ (2) ∪ (3)
a ∈ ( −∞, 4 ) ∪ ( 12, ∞ )

Q. Find a for which x2 + 2 ( a − 1) x + a + 5 = 0 has at least one positive root.

A. Let f ( x ) = x2 + 2 ( a − 1) x + a + 5
Case–I: Both roots > 0
(i) D ≥ 0
⇒ 4 ( a − 1) − 4 ( a + 5 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ ( a2 − 2a + 1) − ( a + 5 ) ≥ 0
2
Quadratic Equations

⇒ ( a2 − 3a − 4 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ ( a − 4 ) ( a + 1) ≥ 0

⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, −1 ]∪[ 4, ∞ )

62.
 −B
(ii)   >0
2A
−2 ( a − 1)
⇒ >0⇒a−1<0⇒a <1
2
(iii) f(0)>0
a + 5 > 0 ⇒ a > −5
(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii)
⇒ a ∈ (–5, –1) …(1)
Case–II: one root < 0, other root > 0
f(0) < 0
a + 5 < 0 ⇒ a < –5 …(2)
Case–III: one root=0, other root > 0
f(0)=0
a+5=0⇒a=–5
for a = – 5 equation is x2 – 12x = 0 ⇒ x = 0, x = 12 (positive)
∴a = – 5 …(3)
(1) ∪ (2) ∪ (3)
a ∈ (–∞, –1)

Q. Find p for which the least value of 4x2 − 4px + p2 − 2p + 2 for x ∈ [0, 2] is
equal to 3

A. Let f ( x ) = 4x2 − 4px + p2 − 2p + 2

b 4p
Case–I:  − ≤0⇒ ≤0⇒p≤0
2a 8
then f(0) is minimum in x ∈ [0, 2] , hence,
2± 8
⇒ f(0)=3⇒ p2– 2p– 1=0⇒p =
2

p = 1 − 2 , p = 1 + 2 (rejected, as p ≤ 0)

⇒ p = 1 − 2 ( ) … (1)

−b 4p
Case–II: 0 < <2⇒0< < 2 ⇒ p ∈ (0,4)
2a 8

In this case f(x) is minimum at vertex
−D
hence, =3
Quadratic Equations

4a

{
− 16p2 − 16 (p2 − 2p + 2) }=3
16

63.
 –2p + 2 = 3
1
⇒ p = − (rejected, as p ∈ (0,4))
2
⇒ p ∈ ϕ … (2)
−b 4p
Case–III:   ≥ 2 ⇒ ≥2⇒p≥4
2a 8
In this case f(x) is min at x=2 hence, f(2) = 3
⇒ 16 – 8p + p2 – 2p + 2 = 3 ⇒ p2 – 10p + 15 = 0
10 ± 100 − 60 10 ± 2 10
⇒ p = = = 5 ± 10
2 2
⇒ p = 5 + 10, p = 5 − 10 (rejected, as p ≥ 4)

⇒ p = 5 + 10 … (3)

(1) ∪ (2) ∪ (3)

{
hence, p = 1 − 2,  5 + 10 }
Q. Find k for which the equation x4 + x2 ( 1 − 2k ) + k2 − 1 = 0 has
(i) No real solution (ii) one real solution
(iii) Two real solutions (iv) Three real solutions
(v) Four real solutions.

A. Let f(x) = x4 + x2 ( 1 − 2k ) + k2 − 1 = 0 , x2 = t

Also, let g ( t ) = t2 + ( 1 − 2k ) t + (k2 − 1)

(i) For equation f(x) = 0 to have no real solution, equation g(t)=0
must have either both roots < 0 or imaginary roots.
Case–I: both roots < 0
D ≥ 0 ⇒ ( 1 − 2k ) − 4 (k2 − 1) ≥ 0
2
(i)

⇒ ( 4k2 − 4k + 1) − 4k2 + 4 ≥ 0
 5
⇒ 4k ≤ 5 ⇒ k ∈  −∞, 
 4

−b (2k − 1)  1
(ii) < 0 ⇒ < 0 ⇒ k ∈  −∞, 
2a 2  2
g ( 0) > 0 ⇒ k2 − 1 > 0 ⇒ k ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( 1, ∞ )
(iii)
Quadratic Equations

(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii)

⇒ k ∈ (– ∞, – 1) …(1)

64.
 Case–II: Imaginary roots
5 
D < 0 ⇒ k ∈  , ∞  …(2)
 4 
(1) ∪ (2)
5 
k ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪  , ∞ 
 4 
(ii) For equation f ( x ) = 0 to have one real solution equation g(t) = 0
must have one root = 0 and other root < 0
hence, g(0) = 0 ⇒ k = ± 1
Put k = 1 in f(x) = 0: x2 [x2 – 1] = 0 giving three solutions so not possible
put k = –1 in f(x) = 0: x2[x2 + 3] = 0 giving one solution so possible.
k = {–1}

(iii) For equation f ( x ) = 0 to have two real solution equation g(t) = 0 can be
equal and positive roots or have one root > 0 and other root < 0
Case–I:
5
D=0⇒k=  
4
3 9
(x2)2 – x2 + =0
2 16
9 3
⇒ x2 = ⇒ x = ±   giving exactly 2 solutions.
16 4
5
⇒ k = … (1)
4
Case–II:
g(0)< 0
k2 – 1 < 0⇒ k∈(– 1, 1) … (2)
(1) ∪ (2)
5 
⇒ k ∈ (–1, 1) ∪  
4

(iv) For equation f ( x ) = 0 to have 3 real solution equation g(t) = 0

must have one root = 0 and other root > 0
hence g ( 0) = 0 ⇒ k = ±1
If k=1 then equation: t2 − t = 0 ⇒ t = 0, 1 gives 3 solutions for f(x) = 0.
Quadratic Equations

So, accepted
If k= – 1 then equation: t2 + 3t = 0 ⇒ t = 0, −3 gives only 1 solution for
f(x) = 0.
So, Rejected
Hence k = 1

65.
 (v) For equation f ( x ) = 0 to have 4 real solution equation g(t) = 0
must have unequal and positive roots. Hence,
(i) D > 0 ⇒ ( 1 − 2k ) − 4 (k2 − 1) > 0
2

⇒ ( 4k2 − 4k + 1) − 4k2 + 4 > 0

 5
⇒ 4k < 5 ⇒ k ∈  −∞, 
 4
(ii) g(0) > 0 ⇒k2– 1 > 0
⇒ k ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( 1, ∞ )

b 2k − 1 1
(iii) − >0⇒ >0⇒k >
2a 2 2
(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii)
 5
⇒ k ∈  1, 
 4

Q. Find all values of the parameter ‘a’ for which the inequality 4x − a.2x − a + 3 ≤ 0

which must be satisfied for atleast one real x.

A. Let f ( t ) = t2 − at − a + 3 , t > 0 then at least one root of f ( t ) = 0 must be

positive
Case–I: both roots > 0 (smaller can be 0)
(i) D ≥ 0 ⇒  a2 − 4 ( −a + 3 ) ≥ 0

a2 + 4a − 12 ≥ 0
(a + 6) (a − 2) ≥ 0 ⇒ a ∈ ( −∞, −6 ]∪[ 2, ∞ )
−B a
(ii)   > 0 ⇒ > 0 ⇒ a > 0
2A 2
(iii) f ( 0) ≥ 0 ⇒ ( −a + 3 ) ≥ 0 ⇒ a ≤ 3

(i) ∩ (ii) ∩ (iii)

a ∈ [2, 3] …(1)
Case– II: one root > 0, other root < 0
f(0) < 0 ⇒ a > 3 …(2)
Quadratic Equations

(1) ∪ (2)
a ∈ [2, ∞)

66.
 Q. (x + x + 2 ) − ( a − 3 ) ( x2 + x + 1) ( x2 + x + 2 ) + ( a − 4 ) ( x2 + x + 1) = 0 has
2 2
If 2

atleast one real root, then find the complete set of value of a.

A. 3 
Let x2 + x + 1 = t ∈  , ∞ 
4 
Given equation becomes:
t(2 – a + 3) + 1 = 0
1 3
⇒ t= ≥
a−5 4
1 3
⇒ − ≥0
a−5 4
4 − 3a + 15
⇒ ≥0
4 (a − 5)
19 − 3a
⇒ ≥ 0
a−5
 19 
⇒ a ∈  5, 
 3

Modulus Inequality
For α, β > 0 
(i) x < α ⇒ x ∈ ( −α, α )
(ii) x > β ⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −β ) ∪ ( β, ∞ )

Q. ( x − 1 − 3) ( x + 2 − 5) < 0
A. Case–I:
x − 1 − 3 < 0 and x + 2 − 5 > 0

x − 1 < 3 and x + 2 > 5

x − 1 ∈ ( −3, 3) and x + 2 ∈ ( −∞, −5 ) ∪ ( 5, ∞ )

x ∈ ( −2, 4 ) and x ∈ ( −∞, −7 ) ∪ ( 3, ∞ )
x ∈ (3,4) …(1)
Quadratic Equations

Case–II:
x − 1 − 3 > 0 & x + 2 − 5 < 0

x − 1 > 3         & x + 2 < 5

67.
 x ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ ( 4, ∞ ) & x ∈ ( −7, 3 )

x ∈ ( −7, −2) …(2)

(1)∪(2) ⇒  x ∈ ( −7, −2 ) ∪ ( 3, 4 )

Q. x2 + 4x + 2 =
5x + 16
3
A. Case–I:
5x + 16
≥0
3
5x + 16
x2 + 4x + 2 =
3
3x2 + 12x + 6 = 5x + 16,
3x2 + 7x − 10 = 0 
( 3x + 10) ( x − 1) = 0

−10 16
x = (rejected as x > − ), x = 1
3 5
x = 1 …(1)
5x + 16
Case–II: <0
3
(5x + 16)
x2 + 4x + 2 = −
3
3x2 + 12x + 6 = −5x − 16
3x2 + 17x + 22 = 0

( 3x + 11) ( x + 2 ) = 0
−11 16
x = , x = −2 (rejected as x < − ) …(2)
3 5
(1) ∪ (2)
 −11 
x = 1, 
 3 

Q. x − 5 > x2 − 5x + 9
Quadratic Equations

A. Squaring both sides

> ( x2 − 5x + 9)
2 2
( x − 5)
⇒ ( x2 − 5x + 9 + x − 5 ) ( x2 − 5x + 9 − x + 5 ) < 0

68.
 ⇒ ( x2 − 4x + 4 ) ( x2 − 6x + 14 ) < 0
2
⇒ ( x − 2) < 0

⇒ x∈φ

Q. x2 − 5x + 4
x2 − 4
≤1

A. x2 − 5x + 4 ≤ x2 − 4 , ( x ≠ ±2 )

(x − 5x + 4 ) ≤ ( x2 − 4 ) ( x ≠ ±2 )
2 2 2

(x 2
− 5x + 4 + x2 − 4 ) ( x2 − 5x + 4 − x2 + 4 ) ≤ 0, ( x ≠ ±2 )

⇒ ( 2x2 − 5x ) ( 8 − 5x ) ≤ 0, ( x ≠ ±2)

⇒ x ( 2x − 5 ) ( 5x − 8) ≥ 0, x ≠ ±2
 8 5 
x ∈ 0,  ∪  , ∞ 
 5  2 

Q. | x2 − 3x − 1 |< 3 | x2 + x + 1 |

A. | x2 − 3x − 1 |< 3 | x2 + x + 1 |

Squaring both sides

(x − 3x − 1) < ( 3x2 + 3x + 3 )
2 2 2

⇒ ( 4x2 + 2 ) ( 2x2 + 6x + 4 ) > 0

⇒ 4 ( 2x2 + 1) ( x2 + 3x + 2 ) > 0
⇒ ( x + 1) ( x + 2 ) > 0
⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −2 ) ∪ ( −1, ∞ )

Q. x−1 −1 ≤1
Quadratic Equations

A. −1 ≤ x − 1 − 1 ≤ 1
0≤ x−1 ≤2
⇒ −2 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 2
⇒ −1 ≤ x ≤ 3 ⇒ x ∈ [ −1, 3]

69.
 Q. x−1 −2 = 1

A. x − 1 − 2 = 1, −1

( x − 1) = 3, −3, 1, −1
x = 4, –2, 2, 0

Q. 3x − 9 + 2 > 2

A. 3x − 9 + 2 < −2 or 3x − 9 + 2 > 2

⇒ 3x − 9 < −4 or 3x − 9 > 0

⇒ x ∈ φ or x ∈ R − {3}

⇒ x ∈ R − {3}

Q. Find the set of solutions of the equation 2 y − 2y −1 − 1 = 2y −1 + 1

A. Zeroes of modulus:
(i) for y is y = 0

(ii) for 2y −1 − 1 = 0 is y = 1

Case–I: y ≥ 1 ⇒ y ∈ [1, ∞)
⇒ 2y − ( 2y −1 − 1) = 2y −1 + 1

⇒ y ∈ R
⇒ R ∩ [1, ∞ ) = [1, ∞ ) … (1)

Case–II:  0 ≤ y < 1

2y + ( 2y −1 − 1) = 2y −1 + 1

⇒ 2y = 2 ⇒ y = 1
Quadratic Equations

⇒ y = 1 ∩y ∈ [0, 1)

⇒ y ∈ ϕ …(2)

70.
Case–III:  y < 0

2− y + ( 2y −1 − 1) = 2y −1 + 1

2− y = 2

⇒ y = −1

y = – 1 ∩ (–∞ , 0)
⇒ y = – 1 …(3)
(1) ∪ (2) ∪ (3)
y ∈ [1, ∞ ) ∪ {−1}

Log–Inequality

(i) log a x > log a y ⇒ x > y > 0 , If a > 1

(ii) log a x > log a y ⇒ 0 < x < y , If 0 < a < 1

Q.  2x − 6 
log 7  >0
 2x − 1 

A.  2x − 6 
log 7   > log 7 1
 2x − 1 
2x − 6 2x − 6
>1⇒ −1>0
2x − 1 2x − 1
−5
⇒ > 0 ⇒ 2x − 1 < 0
2x − 1
1
hence, x <
2

Q. log 3 ( 2x − 1) < 2

A. 0 < ( 2x − 1) < 32
0 < 2x − 1 < 9
Quadratic Equations

1 
1 < 2x < 10 ⇒ x ∈  , 5 
2 

71.
 Q. log 3 2x − 1 > 2

A. 2x − 1 > 32
2x − 1 > 9
2x − 1 < −9 or 2x − 1 > 9
2x < −8 or 2x > 10
x< − 4 or x > 5
⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −4 ) ∪ ( 5, ∞ )

Q. log 3
x2 − 4x + 3
≥0
x2 + x − 5

x2 − 4x + 3
A. ≥ 1 
x2 + x − 5

⇒ x2 − 4x + 3 ≥ x2 + x − 5
zeroes of modulus are 0,  4 , 5

Case–I: x ≥ 5 …(i)
⇒ x2 – 4x + 3 ≥ x2 + x – 5
⇒ 5x ≤ 8
⇒ x ≤ 8/5 …(ii)
From (i) and (ii) x ∈ ϕ …(1)
Case–II: 4 ≤ x < 5 …(iii)
⇒ x2 – 4x + 3 ≥ x2 + 5 – x
⇒ 3x ≤ –2
⇒ x ≤ – 2/3 …(iv)
From (iii) and (iv) x ∈ ϕ …(2)
Case–III: 0 ≤ x < 4 …(v)
⇒ 4x – x2 + 3 ≥ x2 – x + 5
⇒ 2 x2 – 5x + 2 ≤ 0
⇒ (2x – 1) (x – 2) ≤ 0
1 
⇒ x ∈  , 2 …(vi)
2 
1 
Quadratic Equations

From (v) and (vi) x ∈  , 2 …(3)

2 
Case–IV: x ≤ 0 …(vii)
⇒ x2 – 4x + 3 ≥ x2 – x + 5
⇒ 3x ≤ –2

72.
 ⇒ x ≤ –2/3 …(viii)
 2
From (vii) and (viii) x ∈  −∞,  −  …(4)
 3
(1) ∪ (2) ∪ (3) ∪ (4)
 −2   1 
x ∈  −∞,  ∪  , 2
 3  2 

Q. log 0.2 ( x2 − x − 2 ) < log 0.2 ( −x2 + 2x + 3 )

A. 0 < −x2 + 2x + 3 < x2 − x − 2

⇒ −x2 + 2x + 3 > 0 and x2 − x − 2 > −x2 + 2x + 3
⇒ ( x + 1)  ( x − 3 ) < 0 and 2x2 − 3x − 5 > 0
⇒ x ∈ (–1, 3) and (2x – 5) (x + 1) > 0
5
⇒ x ∈ (–1, 3) and ( −∞, −1) ∪  ,  ∞ 
2 
5 
⇒ x ∈  , 3
2 

Q.
 3x +6 
log 1  log 2 2
(0.3) 3
 x +2 

>1

A.  3x + 6 
log 1  log 2 2 <0
3  x +2
 3x + 6 
⇒ log 2  2 >1
x +2
3x + 6
⇒ > 2 ⇒ 3x + 6 > 2x2 + 4
x2 + 2
⇒ 2x2 − 3x − 2 < 0
⇒ ( x − 2 ) ( 2x + 1) < 0
 −1 
⇒ x ∈  , 2
2 

Q. (2 (log x ) 3
2
)
− 3log 3 x − 8 ( 2log 23 x − 3log 3 x − 6 ) ≥ 3

A.
Quadratic Equations

Let log 3 x = t , then

(2t 2
− 3t − 8) ( 2t2 − 3t − 6 ) ≥ 3

Again let 2t 2 − 3t = α

73.
 ⇒ (α – 8)(α – 6) ≥ 3
⇒ α2 − 14α + 48 − 3 ≥ 0

⇒ α2 − 14α + 45 ≥ 0

⇒ ( α − 9)( α − 5 ) ≥ 0

⇒ α ≤ 5 or α ≥ 9
⇒ 2t − 3t − 5 ≤ 0 or
2
2t2 − 3t − 9 ≥ 0
⇒ ( 2t − 5 ) ( t + 1) ≤ 0 or (2t + 3) ( t − 3) ≥ 0

 5  −3
⇒ t ∈  −1,  or t ∈  −∞, ]∪[ 3, ∞ 
 2  2 

 −3   5 
⇒ t ∈  −∞,  ∪  −1,  ∪ [3,  ∞ )
 2   2
−3 5
   
⇒ x ∈  3−∞ , 3 2  ∪ 3−1 , 32  ∪ 33 , 3∞ )
   
 1  1 
hence, x ∈  0,  ∪  3 , 9 3  ∪ [27, ∞ )
 3 3   

Q. log 2x + 3 x2 < log 2x + 3 ( 2x + 3)

A. Case–I: 2x + 3 > 1 ⇒ x > – 1

So, given equation: 0 < x2 < 2x + 3
0 < x2 & x2 < 2x + 3
x ≠ 0 & x2 – 2x – 3 < 0
x ≠ 0 & (x –3) (x + 1) < 0
x ≠ 0 & x ∈ (–1,3)
x ∈ (–1,0) ∪ (0,3)
Now, x ∈ (–1,0) ∪ (0,3) ∩ (–1, ∞)
x ∈ (–1,0) ∪ (0,3) …(1)
 −3 
Case–II: 0 < 2x + 3 < 1 ⇒ −3 < 2x < −2 ⇒ x ∈  , −1 
 2 
So, given equation: x2 > 2x + 3
Quadratic Equations

x2 − 2x − 3 > 0
( x + 1) ( x − 3) > 0
⇒ x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( 3, ∞ )

74.
  −3 
Now, x ∈ ( −∞, −1) ∪ ( 3, ∞ ) ∩  , −1 
 2 
 3 
⇒ x ∈  − , −1  …(2)
 2 
(1) ∪ (2)
 3 
x ∈  − , −1  ∪ ( −1, 0) ∪ ( 0, 3 )
 2 

Quadratic Equations

75.