8 Science

Mendelian Genetics

Quarter 4 - Module 3
Science- Grade 8
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4 - Module 3 : Mendelian Genetics
First Edition, 2021

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Bohol
Schools Division Superintendent: Bianito A. Dagatan, EdD, CESO V 
Education Program Supervisor: Generosa T. Castillo PhD

Development Team of the Module

Author : April Marie T. Suello

Reviewers : Martin C. Ramis, PhD
Ma. Cecilia B. Vitor
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Chairperson : Bianito A. Dagatan, EdD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent
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: Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
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 Science
8
Quarter 4 - Module 3
MENDELIAN GENETICS

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What This Module is About

Introductory Message
Welcome to the Science 8 Alternative Delivery Mode (ADM) Module on Cellular
Reproduction and Genetics
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by educators
from public schools to assist you, the teacher or facilitator, in helping the learners
meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal,
social, and economic constraints in schooling..

To the facilitators:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

To the parents:
As a vital partners in education, your support to your children’s learning at home, is
a great factor to ensure that they will become succesful in what they do. As a
parents, you are expected to monitor your children’s progress while they are
accomplishing the tasks in this module while at the same time, ensuring that they
learn independently.

The objectives set for this learning material will be certainly accomplished with your
steadfast guidance and support.

To the learners:
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into consideration their
needs and circumstances.
Furthermore, it is our objective that you will have fun while going through this
material. Take charge of your learning pace and in no time, you will successfully
meet the targets and objectives set in this module which are intended for your
ultimate development as a learner and as a person.
How to Learn from this Module
To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
• Take your time reading the lessons carefully.
• Follow the directions and/or instructions in the activities and exercises diligently.
• Answer all the given tests and exercises.

Icons of this Module

This part contains learning objectives that
What I Need to are set for you to learn as you go along the
Know module.

This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
What I know
meant specifically to gauge prior related
Knowledge
This part connects previous lesson with that
What’s In of the current one.

An introduction of the new lesson through

various activities, before it will be presented
What’s New
to you

These are discussions of the activities as a

way to deepen your discovery and under-
What is It
standing of the concept.

These are follow-up activities that are in-

tended for you to practice further in order to
What’s More
master the competencies.

Activities designed to process what you

What I Have
Learned have learned from the lesson

These are tasks that are designed to show-

case your skills and knowledge gained, and
What I can do
applied into real-life concerns and situations.
 This is a task which aims to evaluate your
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Assessment
competency.

In this portion, another activity will be

Additional given to you to enrich your knowledge or
Activities skill of the lesson learned. This also tends
retention of learned concepts.
This contains answers to all activities in
the module.
Answer Key

At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in developing this

module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module.
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included
in the module.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
7. If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate
to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do
 SCIENCE 8 LIVING THINGS AND THEIR
Q4 Module3
ENVIRONMENT
Mendelian Genetics
Lesson 1

What I Need To Know

After going through this module, you are expected to:

Learning Competency:
1.Predict phenotypic expressions of traits following sample patterns of inheritance
(S8LT-IVf-18)

Objectives:
1. Differentiate phenotype and genotype
2. Explain the principle of dominance
3. Predict the outcomes of crosses using a Punnett square

What’s In
Decode the word being described.

1. P_ _ _ _ TY_ E- It is the observable characteristics of an organism.

2. _E_O_Y_ E- It is the genetic make-up of an organism
3. HO_OZ_ _O_S- It is having identical alleles.
4. _ET_ _OZ_ _ O_S- It is having different alleles.
5. A_L_L_S- These are genes that occur in the same locus.

What’s New
How is the behaviour of the chromosomes during meiosis related to heredity? In
order to answer this, let us look back on the garden experiments of Gregor Mendel which
laid down the foundations of Modern Genetics.

What Is It
Mendel’s Discovery of the Principles of Heredity
Gregor Mendel an Augustinian monk in a monastery in Brünn, Austria-Hungarian
Empire (now Brno, Czech Republic). He was interested in investigating how individual traits
were inherited. He wanted to find out whether both parents contributed equally to the traits of
the offspring. He also wanted to know if the traits present in the offspring were produced by
the blending of the traits of the parents.

Mendel chose the garden pea (Pisum sativum) for his experiments. Mendel first
produced pure- breeding plants, allowing it to self pollinate for many generations until all the
offspring had the same features as the parents, generation after generation.

When he has pure-breeding plants, Mendel began cross-pollinating peas with

contrasting traits. The pure-breeding peas constituted the parental or P1 generation. All
offspring of these crosses resembled one another. The offspring of parental cross are called
first filial F 1 generation which are also called hybrids because they resulted from a cross
between two pure-breeding plants with contrasting traits. Table 1 shows the seven pure
breeding crosses that he made based on seven characters of the plant and the resulting
traits of the F 1 generation.
Table 1. Results of Mendel’s crosses between pure-breeding pea plants.
Characters First Filial (F1)
Studied Parents Generation
Seed shape Round Wrinkled Round
Seed color Green Yellow Yellow
Seed coat color Colored White Colored
Pod shape Inflated Constricted Inflated
Pod color Green Yellow Green
Flower position Axial Terminal Axial
Stem length Long Short Long

When the plants from the F 1 generation were croosed with each other or self-pollinated, the
offspring ( F 2 or second filial generation) were of two types. Table 2 summarizes the
results on Mendel’s second set of experiments.

Table 2. Results of Mendel’s crosses between hybrid plants.

Characters Hybrid F 2 Generation Produced by Self Observed
Studied Pollinating F 1 Hybrids Ratio
Seed shape Round Round Wrinkled 2.96:1
Seed color Yellow Green Yellow 3.01:1
Seed coat color Colored Colored White 3.15:1
Pod shape Inflated Inflated Constricted 2.95:1
Pod color Green Green Yellow 2.82:1
Flower position Axial Axial Terminal 3.14:1
Stem length Long Long Short 2.84:1

Based on the results of his experiments, Mendel hypothesized that there was a factor in the
plants which controlled the appearance of a trait. These factors are what we call genes
today.

Since two alternative expressions of a trait were possible, he hypothesized that traits
were controlled by a pair of genes, now called alleles. Mendel’s first hypothesis was: in each
organism, there is a pair of factors which controls the appearance of a particular trait.

Mendel noted that for each trait he studied, there is one trait that dominates the
other. Based on the results for the F 1 generation, the trait for round seeds is the dominant
trait while the trait of a wrinkled seeds which did not appear is the recessive trait. Its
appearance was either prevented or hidden by the dominant trait. This is now known as the
principle of dominance: The dominant trait dominatesor prevents the expression of the
recessive trait. Today, dominant and recessive traits are represented by a capital and small
letter respectively.Table 3 shows the dominant and recessive traits of peas studied by
Mendel. (Note: Genes occur in pairs).

Table 2. Results of Mendel’s crosses between hybrid plants.

Characters Studied Dominant Trait Recessive Trait
Seed shape Round Wrinkled
Seed color Yellow Green
Seed coat color Colored White
Pod shape Inflated Constricted
Pod color Green Yellow
Flower position Axial Terminal
Stem length Long Short

Law of Segregation
Before Mendel’s time, it was believed that all traits become mixed when they are
transmitted from generation to generation, as red and blue paints mix to give a violet color.
However, when Mendel crossed pure-breeding pea plants, the pea plants did not produce
offspring with blended or intermediate traits.

In Mendel’s experiments, the pure-breeding parent plants had two identical genes for
a trait: round seed = RR, wrinkled seed = rr. Mendel hypothesized that: The pair of genes
segregate or separate from each other during gamete formation. This is now known as the
Law of Segregation.

Genes and Gametes

Following Mendel’s reasoning, a pure-breed, round-seeded parent plant has an
allelic combination or genotype of RR while a pure-breed, wrinkled-seeded parent plant has
a genotype of rr. Individuals that are pure-breeding for a particular character therefore have
identical alleles. These individuals have a homozygous genotype. For seed shape, a
homozygous dominant individual will produce round seeds while a homozygous recessive
individual will produce wrinkled seeds.

Mendel’s law of segregation states that the genes of a pair, for example RR,
separate during gamete formation. One gene goes to one gamete, while the other gene
goes to another gamete. Since the genes of this pair are alike, all the gametes produced by
this homozygous parent will be alike. All have gene R. The same is true for the other parent.
All its gametes will have gene r. (See Figure 1)
Round Wrinkled

RR rr

R R r r
Figure 1. Gamete Formation of pure-breeding round and wrinkled seed-bearing pea plants

At fertilization, when the gametes formed during gametogenesis by RR and rr plants

unite, all the zygotes will have the genotype Rr (Figure 2). Thus, all the F1 plants will have a
genotype of Rr. An individual with contrasting alleles (a dominant and a recessive allele) for
a particular character is said to have a heterozygous genotype. However, Rr individuals will
still produce round seeds because of the presence of the dominant allele R. These will be
just as round as all the seeds produced by the RR parents. The expression of the genotype
of an individual for a particular character is referred to as its phenotype.
Round Wrinkled

P RR rr

Gamete R r

F1

Rr

Figure 2. The result of crossing pure-breeding round and wrinkled seeds

Knowing the Genotype

When you observe a pea plant, you can easily see the plant’s yellow pods or its axial
flower. By simply looking at the plant, you can immediately tell a plant’s phenotype.
However, you cannot always tell its genotype. For instance, a plant with wrinkled seeds
certainly has a rr genotype. But what about a plant with the dominant trait, round seed? Its
genotype could either be RR or Rr. There is, however, a way of knowing whether the plant is
homozygous or heterozygous for a given character. Mendel applied two techniques in
determining the genotype of a pea plant. These are self-fertilization and testcross
techniques.

1. Self-fertilization Technique
When self-fertilized, homozygotes always produce pure-breeding plants. Thus,
round-seeded peas will breed only round-seeded peas. Look at Table 2 again.
Heterozygous round F1 peas produce round and wrinkled seeds in the ratio three round
seeds to one wrinkled seed. This ratio (3:1) is called a phenotypic ratio.
Self-fertilization enables us to determine whether an individual is homozygous or
heterozygous for a given trait by observing the phenotype(s) of its offspring.
Homozygotes are pure-breeding. Heterozygotes produce two kinds of offspring; three
out of four offspring show the dominant trait and one out of four excessive the recessive
trait.

2. Testcross Technique Testcross

Test cross involves a cross between the recessive parental type (rr in our sample
cross) and the individual with the dominant trait but with unknown genotype. You will
observe in Figure 3 that homozygote dominants, when crossed with recessives,
produce only one kind of offspring and all exhibit the dominant trait. Heterozygotes,
on the other hand, when crossed with recessives, produce two kinds of offspring.
About one-half of the offspring show the dominant trait while the other half exhibit the
recessive trait.
 Round Wrinkled

RR rr

If RR: If Rr

Wrinkled Wrinkled
gametes gametes

r r r r
Rr Rr Rr Rr
Round R RR Round R
gametes Rr Rr gametes rr rr
R r

F 1: All round F 1: ½ round; ½ wrinkled

Figure 3. The Testcross technique

Mendel’s crosses can be recorded in a chart called a Punnett square. The Punnett
square helps us to predict the outcome of a given cross. It allows us to determine the
possible combinations of genes in a cross.

Round Round

Rr X Rr

(Male Parent) (Female Parent)

gametes
R r
RR Rr
gametes R
Rr rr
r

Genotypic Ratio: ¼ RR: ½ Rr; ¼ rr ( 1 RR: 2 Rr: 1 rr)

Phenotypic Ratio: ¾ round: ¼ wrinkled ( 3 round: 1 wrinkled)

Figure 4. Punnett square method to solve a hybrid cross

Cross with Two Factors (Dihybrid Cross)
Mendel also studied the inheritance of two pairs of factors in an individual. A cross
between individuals that involve two heterozygous pairs of genes is called a dihybrid cross.

Mendel crossed a plant with genotype RRYY (round, yellow seeds) and a plant with
genotype rryy (wrinkled, green seeds). The F1 peas exhibited the dominant traits for the
heterozygous genotype RrYy. Assuming Mendel’s Law of Segregation, each pair will
segregate during the formation of gametes. Each gamete will therefore receive one allele
from each pair. If the pairs of alleles are found on different chromosomes, then each dihybrid
will produce four different types of gametes with ¼ probability each (Figure 5).

Round, yellow seeds

RrYy

ry
RY Ry rY

¼ ¼ ¼ ¼
Figure 5. Gametes produced by a dihybrid genotype

What’s More
I- Instructions: Predict the phenotypic expressions using a Punnett Square

Let : Y=yellow and y= green Let : C=colored and c= white

1. Yellow x Green 4. Colored x Colored
2. Yellow x Yellow 5. White x Colored
3. Green x Green 6. White x White

What I Have Learned

Instructions:Solve for the phenotypic and genotypic ratios of any given cross.
 Let D = dominant allele and d = recessive allele, while DD, Dd, and dd represent the
homozygous dominant, heterozygous dominant, and homozygous recessive genotypes,
respectively. For each type of cross, determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios,
respectively. The first cross was already done for you.

Cross Genotypic Ratio Phenotypic Ratio

1. DD x DD 100 % DD 100 % dominant
2. DD x Dd
3. DD x dd
4. Dd x Dd
5. Dd x dd
6. dd x dd

What I Can Do
Activity. Tossing coins and probability
Objective: After performing this activity, you should be able to predict the outcomes of
crosses based on the principle of probability. Materials: 2 coins, a piece of paper, and a
pencil or pen

Procedure:
1. On a piece of paper, make a chart similar to the one given below.

Head-Head Head-Tail Tail-Tail

(HH) (Hh) (hh)
Total
Percentage
Ratio of the combinations

2. Toss a coin. If a head comes up, mark column 1; if a tail, then mark column 2. Make 50
tosses of the coin.

3. Get the total number of times each face of the coin appears. Calculate the percentage of
the appearance of each face. To compute the percentage:

Percentage of appearance (face)= (total / 50) x 100 %

Q1. What is the ratio of heads to tails?

4.Let us assume that the coin represents the genotype of a parent, and each face is an
allele, with the head as the dominant allele (H) and the tail as the recessive allele (h).

Q2. What is the ratio of the gametes of this parent with heterozygous genotype?

5. On the same piece of paper, make a chart similar to the one given below.
Head-Head Head-Tail Tail-Tail
(HH) (Hh) (hh)
Total
Percentage
 Ratio of the combinations
6. Toss the two coins together. If a head-head combination appears, mark column 1; if head-
tail, mark column 2; and if tail-tail, mark column 3. Make 50 tosses of the coins.
7. Get the total number of times each combination appears. Calculate the percentage of the
appearance of each combination. To compute the percentage:
(total / 50) x 100 %
Q3. What is the ratio of a head-head, head-tail, and tail-tail combination when you make 50
tosses?

REFERENCES

Department of Education, Science 8 Learner’s Module