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Modules

This document discusses Python modules and how they can be used to organize code. It explains that modules are files containing Python code and definitions that can be imported and reused in other programs. Specific topics covered include importing modules, namespaces, built-in modules like math and random, and packages.

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108 views27 pages

Modules

This document discusses Python modules and how they can be used to organize code. It explains that modules are files containing Python code and definitions that can be imported and reused in other programs. Specific topics covered include importing modules, namespaces, built-in modules like math and random, and packages.

Uploaded by

Revanth
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Modules

Defining a module
• Modules refer to a file containing Python statements
and definitions.
• A file containing Python code, for e.g.: example.py, is
called a module and its module name would
be example.
• We use modules to break down large programs into
small manageable and organized files. Furthermore,
modules provide reusability of code.
• We can define our most used functions in a module
and import it, instead of copying their definitions into
different programs.
Let us create a module. Type the
following and save it as calc.py.
Importing Module
• We can use any Python source file as a
module by executing an import statement in
some other Python source file.
• When interpreter encounters an import
statement, it imports the module if the
module is present in the search path.
• For example, to import the module calc.py, we
need to put the following command at the top
of the script :
Import as renaming
from...import statement

• We can import specific names from a module


without importing the module as a whole.
Here is an example.
Namespaces
• Variables are names (identifiers) that map to
objects. A namespace is a dictionary of
variable names (keys) and their corresponding
objects (values).
• A Python statement can access variables in
a local namespace and in the global
namespace.
• Therefore, in order to assign a value to a
global variable within a function, you must
first use the global statement.
• The statement global VarName tells Python
that VarName is a global variable.
• Python stops searching the local namespace
for the variable.
Built-in modules

• Use the command to get all built-in modules


in python
>>>help(‘modules’)
The dir( ) Function

• The dir() built-in function returns a sorted list


of strings containing the names defined by a
module.
• The list contains the names of all the modules,
variables and functions that are defined in a
module.
The globals() and locals() Functions

• The globals() and locals() functions can be used to


return the names in the global and local
namespaces depending on the location from
where they are called.
• If locals() is called from within a function, it will
return all the names that can be accessed locally
from that function.
• If globals() is called from within a function, it will
return all the names that can be accessed globally
from that function.
Packages in Python

• A package is basically a directory with Python files


and a file with the name __init__.py.
• This file can be empty, or it can contain valid
Python code. This code will be executed when a
package will be imported, so it can be used to
initialize a package
• This means that every directory inside of the
Python path, which contains a file named
__init__.py, will be treated as a package by
Python.
• It's possible to put several modules into a
Package.
# importing built-in module math
import math

# using square root(sqrt) function


contained
# in math module
print(math.sqrt(25))

# using pi function contained in


math module
print(math.pi)

# 2 radians = 114.59 degrees


print(math.degrees(2))
# 60 degrees = 1.04 radians
print(math.radians(60))

# Sine of 2 radians
print(math.sin(2))

# Cosine of 0.5 radians


print(math.cos(0.5))

# Tangent of 0.23 radians


print(math.tan(0.23))

# 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 = 24
print(math.factorial(4))
# importing built in module random
import random

# printing random integer between 0


and 5
print(random.randint(0, 5))

# print random floating point


number between 0 and 1
print(random.random())

# random number between 0 and 100


print(random.random() * 100)

List = [1, 4, True, 800, "python",


27, "hello"]
# using choice function in random module
for choosing
# a random element from a set such as a
list
print(random.choice(List))

# importing built in module datetime


import datetime
from datetime import date
import time

# Returns the number of seconds since the


# Unix Epoch, January 1st 1970
print(time.time())

# Converts a number of seconds to a date


object
print(date.fromtimestamp(454554))
5.0
3.14159265359
114.591559026
1.0471975512
0.909297426826
0.87758256189
0.234143362351
24
3
0.401533172951
88.4917616788
True
1461425771.87
1970-01-06

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