CLASS LESSONS

Catalog
Unit 3: To the rescue..................................................................................................................................1
Listening & Speaking
Unit 3: To the rescue

Vocabulary

Heroic (adj)
showing extreme courage and admired by many people
hết sức dũng cảm và được ngưỡng mộ
a heroic figure
Rescuers made heroic efforts to save the crew.
= courageous

Search (v)
to look carefully for sth /sb; to examine a particular place when looking for sb /sth
tìm kiếm kỹ, khám xét (một nơi trong khi tìm ai/cái gì)

Rescue (v)
to save sb /sth from a dangerous or harmful situation
giải cứu, cứu hộ, giải thoát

Innovative (adj)
introducing or using new ideas, ways of doing sth, etc
có tính đổi mới/sáng tạo

sensor (n)
a device that can react to light, heat, pressure, etc. in order to make a machine, etc. do sth or show
sth
bộ phận cảm ứng, thiết bị cảm ứng

Activate (v)
to make sth such as a device or chemical process start working
kích hoạt, hoạt hoá

Site (n)
a place where sth has happened or that is used for sth
nơi xảy ra việc gì; hiện trường

Devastated (adj)
extremely upset and shocked
sốc, choáng váng

underestimate (v)

~ sth
to think or guess that the amount, cost or size of sth is smaller than it really is
đánh giá thấp (số lượng, giá, kích cỡ)
Listening Skill: Ask Questions While Listening

By asking simple Wh- questions ( questions that begin with Who, What, When, Where, How
(much/many), and why.

Speaking Skill: Give Reasons

When explaining ideas, it is important to tell not only what happens or happened, but also why.

Because + clause (reason)

Due to + noun (reason)
In order to + infinitive (reason)

Note-taking Skill: Include Only Essential Details

* numbers and statistics

* definitions of key vocal
* one example of something you find difficult to understand
* explainations of how things work
* the steps in a process
Listening Lesson

Today we are going to talk about animal heroes that is animals that help save human lives. Let's start
with man's best friend the dog. Dogs have been used for search-and-rescue since at least the 17th
century when they helped rescue the lost and travelers in the western Alps. Monks from the Saint
Bernard hospice and Monastery located in the 49 miles Saint Bernard pass between Switzerland and
Italy, kept a breed of dog with an excellent sense of direction. Due to that sense of direction the dogs
were very helpful in the heavy snow storms that would come in in the area . However the monk soon
discovered that the dogs had another equally valuable skill, they were able to find people buried
under the snow by avalanches. How? by using their sense of smell estimated to be 10,000 to 100,000
times stronger than us. Over the next two hundred years, dogs rescued more than 2,000 people in the
Saint Bernard pass. Today as you probably know dogs are among the first responders to disasters such
rescue dogs are specially trained to find survivors buried in the rubble after a disaster due to
innovative technology. search and rescue dogs are becoming even more effective. The fighter vest is
one example. It has sensors on it that dogs can be trained to activate. how does it work? well imagine
a plane crash in a mountainous area without roads, a dog wearing a fighter vest is sent out to find
survivors when the dog finds a survivor he activates a global positioning system or GPS on the vest .
The sensor sends the location to his human partner then sends help to the site. Although the vest is
still being tested in the future it could lower the cost and improve the success of such and rescue
missions in difficult to access areas .

Okay now let's move onto an unusual animal hero the rat. rats are used not in search and rescue but
rather to prevent deaths in areas devastated by war. During wartime soldiers often bury small bombs
on the ground, these bombs called landmines explode when stepped on. When the war is over, it is
very difficult to remove all of the landmines. That's why years after war, people continue to be killed.
The solution rats. Like dogs rats have an extraordinary sense of smell, they can be trained to scratch
the ground when they smelled TNT explosive chemical used in most land mines and they are fast in 20
minutes one Rack in such an area that would take a human search for days, the rats can also do it
safely because unlike humans they do not weigh enough to set off the mines after the rats indicate
the exact locations of the minds that human partners can safely explode them.

The final animal we will talk about today is the raven. do you know the expression birdbrain it's used
to refer to someone who's done something stupid because birdbrains are a very small people
assumed that they would not very smart. well this assumption has been disproven. In fac,t scientists
are learning more about bird intelligence everyday and ravens are among the most intelligent but are
they trainable? according to Emily Corey a graduate student at the University of Arizona the answer is
absolutely. She believes Ravens would make excellent such and rescue animals why? first, because of
that intelligence. Second because of that ability to form close relationships with humans. Third
because of that excellent eyesight and finally because they can cover a large distances quickly. But
how can even a trained bird rescue someone? Here is one idea ravens wearing geospatial locate his
could find people lost in the wilderness. first Raven would fly over the area where the person was last
seen absolute dating the person The Raven would return to its human partner it would use the data
from the location to send Rescuers to the site while Cory's research is just getting started she warns
us not to underestimate the Raven who knows it could become the next hero of the animal kingdom
okay I'll stop
TakenoteVocals

Today we are going to talk about animal heroes that is animals that help save human lives. Let's start
with man's best friend the dog. Dogs have been used for search-and-rescue since at least the 17th
century when they helped rescue the lost and travelers in the western Alps. Monks from the Saint
Bernard hospice and Monastery located in the 49 miles Saint Bernard pass between Switzerland and
Italy, kept a breed of dog with an excellent sense of direction due to that sense of direction the dogs
were very helpful in the heavy snow storms that would come in in the area. However the monk soon
discovered that the dogs had another equally valuable skill, they were able to find people buried
under the snow by avalanches. How? by using their sense of smell estimated to be 10,000 to 100000
times stronger than us. Over the next two hundred years, dogs rescued more than 2,000 people in the
Saint Bernard pass. Today as you probably know dogs are among the first responders to disasters such
rescue dogs are specially trained to find survivors buried in the rubble after a disaster due to
innovative technology search and rescue dogs are becoming even more effective. The fighter vest is
one example. It has sensors on it that dogs can be trained to activate. how does it work? well imagine
a plane crash in a mountainous area without roads a dog wearing a fighter vest is sent out to find
survivors when the dog finds a survivor he activates a global positioning system or GPS on the vest .
The sensor sends the location to his human partner then sends help to the site. Although the vest is
still being tested in the future it could lower the cost and improve the success of such and rescue
missions in difficult to access areas .

Okay now let's move onto an unusual animal hero the rat. rats are used not in search and rescue but
rather to prevent deaths in areas devastated by war. During wartime soldiers often bury small bombs
on the ground, these bombs called landmines explode when stepped on. When the war is over, it is
very difficult to remove all of the landmines. That's why years after war, people continue to be killed.
The solution rats. Like dogs, rats have an extraordinary sense of smell, they can be trained to scratch
the ground when they smelled TNT explosive chemical used in most land mines and they are fast in 20
minutes one Rack in such an area that would take a human search for days, the rats can also do it
safely because unlike humans they do not weigh enough to set off the mines after the rats indicate
the exact locations of the mines that human partners can safely explode them.

The final animal we will talk about today is the raven. do you know the expression birdbrain. It's used
to refer to someone who's done something stupid because birdbrains are a very small people
assumed that they would not very smart. well this assumption has been disproven .In fact, scientists
are learning more about bird intelligence everyday and ravens are among the most intelligent but are
they trainable? according to Emily Corey, a graduate student at the University of Arizona the answer
is absolutely. She believes Ravens would make excellent such and rescue animals why? first, because
of that intelligence. Second because of that ability to form close relationships with humans. Third
because of that excellent eyesight and finally because they can cover a large distances quickly. But
how can even a trained bird rescue someone? Here is one idea ravens wearing geospatial locate his
could find people lost in the wilderness. First raven would fly over the area where the person was last
seen absolute dating the person The Raven would return to its human partner it would use the data
from the location to send rescuers to the site while Cory's research is just getting started she warns us
not to underestimate the Raven who knows it could become the next hero of the animal kingdom
okay I'll stop
TEDTALK

These robots come to the rescue after a disaster

Over a million people are killed each year in disasters. Two and a half million people will be
permanently disabled or displaced, and the communities will take 20 to 30 years to recover and
billions of economic losses.

If you can reduce the initial response by one day, you can reduce the overall recovery by a thousand
days, or three years. See how that works? If the initial responders can get in, save lives, mitigate
whatever flooding danger there is, that means the other groups can get in to restore the water, the
roads, the electricity, which means then the construction people, the insurance agents, all of them
can get in to rebuild the houses, which then means you can restore the economy, and maybe even
make it better and more resilient to the next disaster. A major insurance company told me that if they
can get a homeowner's claim processed one day earlier, it'll make a difference of six months in that
person getting their home repaired.

And that's why I do disaster robotics -- because robots can make a disaster go away faster.
Now, you've already seen a couple of these. These are the UAVs. These are two types of UAVs: a
rotorcraft, or hummingbird; a fixed-wing, a hawk. And they're used extensively since 2005
-- Hurricane Katrina. Let me show you how this hummingbird, this rotorcraft, works. Fantastic for
structural engineers. Being able to see damage from angles you can't get from binoculars on the
ground or from a satellite image, or anything flying at a higher angle. But it's not just structural
engineers and insurance people who need this. You've got things like this fixed-wing, this hawk. Now,
this hawk can be used for geospatial surveys. That's where you're pulling imagery together and
getting 3D reconstruction.

We used both of these at the Oso mudslides up in Washington State, because the big problem was
geospatial and hydrological understanding of the disaster -- not the search and rescue. The search and
rescue teams had it under control and knew what they were doing. The bigger problem was that river
and mudslide might wipe them out and flood the responders. And not only was it challenging to the
responders and property damage, it's also putting at risk the future of salmon fishing along that part
of Washington State. So they needed to understand what was going on. In seven hours, going from
Arlington, driving from the Incident Command Post to the site, flying the UAVs, processing the data,
driving back to Arlington command post -- seven hours. We gave them in seven hours data that they
could take only two to three days to get any other way -- and at higher resolution. It's a game
changer.
And don't just think about the UAVs. I mean, they are sexy -- but remember, 80 percent of the world's
population lives by water, and that means our critical infrastructure is underwater -- the parts that we
can't get to, like the bridges and things like that. And that's why we have unmanned marine
vehicles, one type of which you've already met, which is SARbot, a square dolphin. It goes underwater
and uses sonar. Well, why are marine vehicles so important and why are they very, very
important? They get overlooked. Think about the Japanese tsunami -- 400 miles of coastland totally
devastated, twice the amount of coastland devastated by Hurricane Katrina in the United
States. You're talking about your bridges, your pipelines, your ports -- wiped out. And if you don't
have a port, you don't have a way to get in enough relief supplies to support a population. That was a
huge problem at the Haiti earthquake. So we need marine vehicles.
Now, let's look at a viewpoint from the SARbot of what they were seeing. We were working on a
fishing port. We were able to reopen that fishing port, using her sonar, in four hours. That fishing port
was told it was going to be six months before they could get a manual team of divers in, and it was
going to take the divers two weeks. They were going to miss the fall fishing season, which was the
major economy for that part, which is kind of like their Cape Cod. UMVs, very important.
But you know, all the robots I've shown you have been small, and that's because robots don't do
things that people do. They go places people can't go. And a great example of that is
Bujold. Unmanned ground vehicles are particularly small, so Bujold --
Say hello to Bujold.
Bujold was used extensively at the World Trade Center to go through Towers 1, 2 and 4. You're
climbing into the rubble, rappelling down, going deep in spaces. And just to see the World Trade
Center from Bujold's viewpoint, look at this. You're talking about a disaster where you can't fit a
person or a dog -- and it's on fire. The only hope of getting to a survivor way in the basement, you
have to go through things that are on fire. It was so hot, on one of the robots, the tracks began to
melt and come off. Robots don't replace people or dogs, or hummingbirds or hawks or dolphins. They
do things new. They assist the responders, the experts, in new and innovative ways.
The biggest problem is not making the robots smaller, though. It's not making them more heat-
resistant. It's not making more sensors. The biggest problem is the data, the informatics, because
these people need to get the right data at the right time.

So wouldn't it be great if we could have experts immediately access the robots without having to
waste any time of driving to the site, so whoever's there, use their robots over the Internet. Well, let's
think about that. Let's think about a chemical train derailment in a rural county. What are the odds
that the experts, your chemical engineer, your railroad transportation engineers, have been trained
on whatever UAV that particular county happens to have? Probably, like, none. So we're using these
kinds of interfaces to allow people to use the robots without knowing what robot they're using, or
even if they're using a robot or not. What the robots give you, what they give the experts, is data.
The problem becomes: who gets what data when? One thing to do is to ship all the information to
everybody and let them sort it out. Well, the problem with that is it overwhelms the networks, and
worse yet, it overwhelms the cognitive abilities of each of the people trying to get that one nugget of
information they need to make the decision that's going to make the difference. So we need to think
about those kinds of challenges. So it's the data.
Going back to the World Trade Center, we tried to solve that problem by just recording the data from
Bujold only when she was deep in the rubble, because that's what the USAR team said they
wanted. What we didn't know at the time was that the civil engineers would have loved, needed the
data as we recorded the box beams, the serial numbers, the locations, as we went into the rubble. We
lost valuable data. So the challenge is getting all the data and getting it to the right people.

Now, here's another reason. We've learned that some buildings -- things like schools, hospitals, city
halls -- get inspected four times by different agencies throughout the response phases. Now, we're
looking, if we can get the data from the robots to share, not only can we do things like compress that
sequence of phases to shorten the response time, but now we can begin to do the response in
parallel. Everybody can see the data. We can shorten it that way.
So really, "disaster robotics" is a misnomer. It's not about the robots. It's about the data.
So my challenge to you: the next time you hear about a disaster, look for the robots. They may be
underground, they may be underwater, they may be in the sky, but they should be there. Look for the
robots, because robots are coming to the rescue.
CORRECT 1:

Over a million people are killed each year in disasters. Two and a half million people will be
permanently disabled or displaced, and the communities will take 20 to 30 years to recover and
billions of economic losses.

If you can reduce the initial response by one day, you can reduce the overall recovery by a thousand
days, or three years. See how that works? If the initial responders can get in, save lives, mitigate
whatever flooding danger there is, that means the other groups can get in to restore the water, the
roads, the electricity, which means then the construction people, the insurance agents, all of them
can get in to rebuild the houses, which then means you can restore the economy, and maybe even
make it better and more resilient to the next disaster. A major insurance company told me that if they
can get a homeowner's claim processed one day earlier, it'll make a difference of six months in that
person getting their home repaired.

And that's why I do disaster robotics -- because robots can make a disaster go away faster.
Now, you've already seen a couple of these. These are the UAVs. These are two types of UAVs: a
rotorcraft, or hummingbird; a fixed-wing, a hawk. And they're used extensively since 2005
-- Hurricane Katrina. Let me show you how this hummingbird, this rotorcraft, works. Fantastic for
structural engineers. Being able to see damage from angles you can't get from binoculars on the
ground or from a satellite image, or anything flying at a higher angle. But it's not just structural
engineers and insurance people who need this. You've got things like this fixed-wing, this hawk. Now,
this hawk can be used for geospatial surveys. That's where you're pulling imagery together and
getting 3D reconstruction.

We used both of these at the Oso mudslides up in Washington State, because the big problem was
geospatial and hydrological understanding of the disaster -- not the search and rescue. The search and
rescue teams had it under control and knew what they were doing. The bigger problem was that river
and mudslide might wipe them out and flood the responders. And not only was it challenging to the
responders and property damage, it's also putting at risk the future of salmon fishing along that part
of Washington State. So they needed to understand what was going on. In seven hours, going from
Arlington, driving from the Incident Command Post to the site, flying the UAVs, processing the data,
driving back to Arlington command post -- seven hours. We gave them in seven hours data that they
could take only two to three days to get any other way -- and at higher resolution. It's a game
changer.
And don't just think about the UAVs. I mean, they are sexy -- but remember, 80 percent of the world's
population lives by water, and that means our critical infrastructure is underwater -- the parts that we
can't get to, like the bridges and things like that. And that's why we have unmanned marine
vehicles, one type of which you've already met, which is SARbot, a square dolphin. It goes underwater
and uses sonar. Well, why are marine vehicles so important and why are they very, very
important? They get overlooked. Think about the Japanese tsunami -- 400 miles of coastland totally
devastated, twice the amount of coastland devastated by Hurricane Katrina in the United
States. You're talking about your bridges, your pipelines, your ports -- wiped out. And if you don't
have a port, you don't have a way to get in enough relief supplies to support a population. That was a
huge problem at the Haiti earthquake. So we need marine vehicles.
Now, let's look at a viewpoint from the SARbot of what they were seeing. We were working on a
fishing port. We were able to reopen that fishing port, using her sonar, in four hours. That fishing port
was told it was going to be six months before they could get a manual team of divers in, and it was
going to take the divers two weeks. They were going to miss the fall fishing season, which was the
major economy for that part, which is kind of like their Cape Cod. UMVs, very important.
But you know, all the robots I've shown you have been small, and that's because robots don't do
things that people do. They go places people can't go. And a great example of that is
Bujold. Unmanned ground vehicles are particularly small, so Bujold --

Say hello to Bujold.

Bujold was used extensively at the World Trade Center to go through Towers 1, 2 and 4. You're
climbing into the rubble, rappelling down, going deep in spaces. And just to see the World Trade
Center from Bujold's viewpoint, look at this. You're talking about a disaster where you can't fit a
person or a dog -- and it's on fire. The only hope of getting to a survivor way in the basement, you
have to go through things that are on fire. It was so hot, on one of the robots, the tracks began to
melt and come off. Robots don't replace people or dogs, or hummingbirds or hawks or dolphins. They
do things new. They assist the responders, the experts, in new and innovative ways.
The biggest problem is not making the robots smaller, though. It's not making them more heat-
resistant. It's not making more sensors. The biggest problem is the data, the informatics, because
these people need to get the right data at the right time.

So wouldn't it be great if we could have experts immediately access the robots without having to
waste any time of driving to the site, so whoever's there, use their robots over the Internet. Well, let's
think about that. Let's think about a chemical train derailment in a rural county. What are the odds
that the experts, your chemical engineer, your railroad transportation engineers, have been trained
on whatever UAV that particular county happens to have? Probably, like, none. So we're using these
kinds of interfaces to allow people to use the robots without knowing what robot they're using, or
even if they're using a robot or not. What the robots give you, what they give the experts, is data.
The problem becomes: who gets what data when? One thing to do is to ship all the information to
everybody and let them sort it out. Well, the problem with that is it overwhelms the networks, and
worse yet, it overwhelms the cognitive abilities of each of the people trying to get that one nugget of
information they need to make the decision that's going to make the difference. So we need to think
about those kinds of challenges. So it's the data.
Going back to the World Trade Center, we tried to solve that problem by just recording the data from
Bujold only when she was deep in the rubble, because that's what the USAR team said they
wanted. What we didn't know at the time was that the civil engineers would have loved, needed the
data as we recorded the box beams, the serial numbers, the locations, as we went into the rubble. We
lost valuable data. So the challenge is getting all the data and getting it to the right people.

Now, here's another reason. We've learned that some buildings -- things like schools, hospitals, city
halls -- get inspected four times by different agencies throughout the response phases. Now, we're
looking, if we can get the data from the robots to share, not only can we do things like compress that
sequence of phases to shorten the response time, but now we can begin to do the response in
parallel. Everybody can see the data. We can shorten it that way.
So really, "disaster robotics" is a misnomer. It's not about the robots. It's about the data.
So my challenge to you: the next time you hear about a disaster, look for the robots. They may be
underground, they may be underwater, they may be in the sky, but they should be there. Look for the
robots, because robots are coming to the rescue.
Grammar
Unit 10: Causative Verb Patterns and Phrasal Verbs

Lesson 1: Have, Let, Make, Get and Help

Reading: Who’s the loveliest of all them?

The contest participants come from near and far. They wear gold, silver and flutter their long
eyelashes. However, this is no ordinary beauty contest. The competition takes place in a remote part
of Abu Dhabi, one of the United Arab Emirates. There are about 25,000 contestants and they all have
large heads, floppy lips, and long legs. They come from all over the Arabian Peninsula for Al Dhafra,
the annual beauty contest for camels. Yes, camels.

To prepare for the contest, experienced trainers help owners to make their camels look
their best. The camels are fed special food to make them healthy and strong. They are also washed
from top to bottom, which makes their hair shine. Sometimes the trainers get the camels to loosen
up by massaging them. Then, the camels are decorated.

The beauty contest lasts 10 days. Each day, the trainers have the camels walk in front of the
judges. The judges evaluate the size of the camel’s head, the length of the neck, and the size and
shape of the hump. The owners of top-scoring camels win millions of dollars. The most exciting day is
the last one, when the judges choose the most beautiful camel of all.

A winning camel brings a lot of prestige to an owner; however, the contest is about much
more. Historically, the camel provided people of the desert with food, clothing, and transportation. Al
Dhafra lets this community celebrate their traditional relationship with camels, the much loved
“ships of the desert.”
Analysing grammar: Lesson 1

The contest participants come from near and far. They wear gold, silver and flutter their long
eyelashes. However, this is no ordinary beauty contest. The competition takes place in a remote part
of Abu Dhabi, one of the United Arab Emirates. There are about 25,000 contestants and they all have
large heads, floppy lips, and long legs. They come from all over the Arabian Peninsula for Al Dhafra,
the annual beauty contest for camels. Yes, camels.

To prepare for the contest, experienced trainers help owners to make their camels look
their best. The camels are fed special food to make them healthy and strong. They are also washed
from top to bottom, which makes their hair shine. Sometimes the trainers get the camels to loosen
up by massaging them. Then, the camels are decorated.

The beauty contest lasts 10 days. Each day, the trainers have the camels walk in front of the
judges. The judges evaluate the size of the camel’s head, the length of the neck, and the size and
shape of the hump. The owners of top-scoring camels win millions of dollars. The most exciting day is
the last one, when the judges choose the most beautiful camel of all.

A winning camel brings a lot of prestige to an owner; however, the contest is about much
more. Historically, the camel provided people of the desert with food, clothing, and transportation. Al
Dhafra lets this community celebrate their traditional relationship with camels, the much loved
“ships of the desert.”
Review: Passive Grammar
Reading: Who’s the loveliest of all them?

The contest participants come from near and far. They wear gold, silver and flutter their long
eyelashes. However, this is no ordinary beauty contest. The competition takes place in a remote part
of Abu Dhabi, one of the United Arab Emirates. There are about 25,000 contestants and they all have
large heads, floppy lips, and long legs. They come from all over the Arabian Peninsula for Al Dhafra,
the annual beauty contest for camels. Yes, camels.

To prepare for the contest, experienced trainers help owners to make their camels look
their best. The camels are fed special food to make them healthy and strong. They are also washed
from top to bottom, which makes their hair shine. Sometimes the trainers get the camels to loosen
up by massaging them. Then, the camels are decorated.

The beauty contest lasts 10 days. Each day, the trainers have the camels walk in front of the
judges. The judges evaluate the size of the camel’s head, the length of the neck, and the size and
shape of the hump. The owners of top-scoring camels win millions of dollars. The most exciting day is
the last one, when the judges choose the most beautiful camel of all.

A winning camel brings a lot of prestige to an owner; however, the contest is about much
more. Historically, the camel provided people of the desert with food, clothing, and transportation. Al
Dhafra lets this community celebrate their traditional relationship with camels, the much loved
“ships of the desert.”

Reading: Looking Good in Ancient Egypt

Thanks to the work of archeologists, today we know a great deal about ancient Egyptian life.
Consider, for example, four small jars on exhibit at the Louvre Museum in Paris. Expers first thought
that the jars had contained the internal organs of a pharaoh. It was common for Egyptians to store
the organs of the dead this way. However, then official at the museum had the jars examined by
chemists, they discovered that the jars had actually contained cosmetics. In fact, a great many comb,
brushes, mirrors, cosmetic containers, and different types of makeup have been found in tombs and
temples. Ancient Egyptians clearly cared a lot about appearance.

Queen Cleopatra is one ancient Egyptian who is known for her beauty. Cleopatra had her
own beauticiens, as many wealthy Egyptians did. Research shows that she had her hair dyed and
styled into complex hairdos. She also had her nails polished. Her hands were decorated with henna, a
reddish-brown dye. Another famous beauty was Queen Nefertiti. Her husband had large images of
her painted on the walls of tombs and temples. This let him share his wife’s beauty with the people
and communicate her power at the same time.

Concern with appearance was not limited to women. Both men and women wore eye
makeup to beautify themselves and prevent eye disease. (It seems that the chemicals in the makeup
could fight infection.) Men also had their hair cut, and boys got their heads shaved. Evidently, the
ancient Egyptians’ focus on appearance was not very different from own own.
Lesson 2: Passive Causative

Reading: Looking Good in Ancient Egypt

Thanks to the work of archeologists, today we know a great deal about ancient Egyptian life.
Consider, for example, four small jars on exhibit at the Louvre Museum in Paris. Expers first thought
that the jars had contained the internal organs of a pharaoh. It was common for Egyptians to store
the organs of the dead this way. However, then official at the museum had the jars examined by
chemists, they discovered tht the jars had actually contained cosmetics. In fact, a great many comb,
brushes, mirrors, cosmetic containers, and different types of makeup have been found in tombs and
temples. Ancient Egyptians clearly cared a lot about appearance.

Queen Cleopatra is one ancient Egyptian who is known for her beauty. Cleopatra had her
own beauticiens, as many wealthy Egyptians did. Research shows that she had her hair dyed and
styled into complex hairdos. She also had her nails polished. Her hands were decorated with henna, a
reddish-brown dye. Another famous beauty was Queen Nefertiti. Her husband had large images of
her painted on the walls of tombs and temples. This let him share his wife’s beauty with the people
and communicate her power at the same time.

Concern with appearance was not limited to women. Both men and women wore eye
makeup to beautify themselves and prevent eye disease. (It seems that the chemicals in the makeup
could fight infection.) Men also had their hair cut, and boys got their heads shaved. Evidently, the
ancient Egyptians’ focus on appearance was not very different from own own.
Analysing grammar

Thanks to the work of archeologists, today we know a great deal about ancient Egyptian life.
Consider, for example, four small jars on exhibit at the Louvre Museum in Paris. Experts first thought
that the jars had contained the internal organs of a Pharaoh. It was common for Egyptians to store
the organs of the dead this way. However, then official at the museum had the jars examined by
chemists, they discovered that the jars had actually contained cosmetics. In fact, a great many comb,
brushes, mirrors, cosmetic containers, and different types of makeup have been found in tombs and
temples. Ancient Egyptians clearly cared a lot about appearance.

Queen Cleopatra is one ancient Egyptian who is known for her beauty. Cleopatra had her
own beauticiens, as many wealthy Egyptians did. Research shows that she had her hair dyed and
styled into complex hairdos. She also had her nails polished. Her hands were decorated with henna, a
reddish-brown dye. Another famous beauty was Queen Nefertiti. Her husband had large images of
her painted on the walls of tombs and temples. This let him share his wife’s beauty with the people
and communicate her power at the same time.

Concern with appearance was not limited to women. Both men and women wore eye
makeup to beautify themselves and prevent eye disease. (It seems that the chemicals in the makeup
could fight infection.) Men also had their hair cut, and boys got their heads shaved. Evidently, the
ancient Egyptians’ focus on appearance was not very different from own own.
Lesson 3: Phrasal Verbs
Reading: Funny looking or beautiful?

It is often said that beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. That is certainly true for zoologist
Lucy Cooke. While most people prefer cute pandas and kittens to odd-looking rogs and sloths, Cooke
does not. Instead of being turned off by less attractive creatures, she is fascinated by them. She looks
beyond their appearance and tries to find out as much as possible about how they behave and adapt
to their environments.

Consider the sloth. This slow-moving animal lives in the tropical forests of South and Central
America. It often hands upside-down in trees, holding on with its long claws. Most people think that
the sleepy sloth is lazy, dirty, and stupid. However, Cooke is quick to point out that sloths have been
greatly misunderstood. In fact, their behavior helps them out in the wild. Their slow metabolism helps
protect them from poisons in the leaves they eat, and moving slowly keeps them hidden from
predators.

Cooke is concerned that attractive animals get all the attention. It troubles her that there is
much less resesarch on “uncute” animals such as sloths and frogs, yet many of these animals are in
danger of dying out. Cooke wants to show the world how some of the strangest-looking creatures
deserve attention and protection. To get her message across, she takes advantage of the Internet.
People can watch humorous videos online about her adventures with the unloved species of the
world. Just watch Cooke’s video about sloths-you will probably loving them as much as she does.
Analysing Grammar

It is often said that beauty is in the eyes of the beholder. That is certainly true for zoologist Lucy
Cooke. While most people prefer cute pandas and kittens to odd-looking rogs and sloths, Cooke does
not. Instead of being turned off by less attractive creatures, she is fascinated by them. She looks
beyond their appearance and tries to find out as much as possible about how they behave and adapt
to their environments.

Consider the sloth. This slow-moving animal lives in the tropical forests of South and Central
America. It often hands upside-down in trees, holding on with its long claws. Most people think that
the sleepy sloth is lazy, dirty, and stupid. However, Cooke is quick to point out that sloths have been
greatly misunderstood. In fact, their behavior helps them out in the wild. Their slow metabolism helps
protect them from poisons in the leaves they eat, and moving slowly keeps them hidden from
predators.

Cooke is concerned that attractive animals get all the attention. It troubles her that there is
much less resesarch on “uncute” animals such as sloths and frogs, yet many of these animals are in
danger of dying out. Cooke wants to show the world how some of the strangest-looking creatures
deserve attention and protection. To get her message across, she takes advantage of the Internet.
People can watch humorous videos online about her adventures with the unloved species of the
world. Just watch Cooke’s video about sloths-you will probably loving them as much as she does.
Active Recall
1. What does ‘have, let, make, get, and help’ indicate?
2. What are the structures of these?
3. what is a causative verb?
4. Structure of a passive causative?
5. how many types of phrasal verbs?
6. what are the differences between them?