Fish By-Product

Fish By-Products
A by product is a secondary product derived from a manufacturing process or chemical reaction.
Fishes are consumed as food in fresh condition. Some of them are also utilized after the preservation.
During preservation and processing, some materials of fish and prawn are discarded as waste.
Similarly some trash and distasteful fishes are unsuitable for human consumption. These waste
material and above fishes become an important source to produce fish by-products, which in turn are
used to produce different useful fish by-products.
These Products include:

A) Fish Meal
B) Fish Protein Concentrates (FPC)
C) Isinglass
D) Fish Glue
E) Fish Maws and fish oils etc.
Fish Meal:
Fish meal is a commercial product made from both whole fish and the bones and offal from processed
fish.
It is a brown powder or cake obtained by rendering, processing the cooked whole fish or fish
trimmings to remove most of the fish oil and water and then ground.
Fish meal is highly concentrated nutritious feed of high quality protein, mineral and vitamins.
Composition of Fish Meal:-

The range of proximate analysis generally obtained is as follows:
Protein: 50-70%;
Fat: 05-10%;
Ash: 12-33%;
Moisture: 06-10%.
Fish meal is rich in all the essential amino acids, B- group vitamins and minerals particularly
phosphorus and calcium.
Manufacturing process:-
Fish can be reduced to fish meal by 2 general processes: Dry-rendering and wet-rendering
1) Dry-rendering:
Dry rendering or dry reduction is the process employed to process fishmeal from non-oily fish
e.g. silver-bellies, jew fish, ribbonfish, sole, anchoviella and carcasses of shark, fish offal and
filleting waste.
In this process if quantity of fish processed is very small, it is dries to moisture content of 10% and
pulverized. If quantity to be handled is sufficiently large, a steam-jacketed cooker-dryer equipped
with power-driven stirring device is used. Being a batch operation, the process will have only limited
capacity and labour costs will be high. However, water-soluble materials are retained in meal.
2) Wet-rendering:
Wet-rendering or wet reduction process is normally applied to fatty fish or offal where simultaneous
production of fish meal and fish-body oil is envisaged.
The process consists of: Grinding---cooking to soften flesh and bones and to release oil,---- pressing to
expel liquor and oil,----fluffing press-cake,----drying,---- grinding---- and packing meal (moisture
8%),----- centrifuging press liquor to remove suspended particles and to separate oil and
concentrating stick water.
The process requires elaborated equipments and is normally a continuous one and therefore
adaptable to reduction of large quantities of fish.
Uses of Fish Meal:-
The principal use of fish meal is as an ingredient in the livestock feed.

(The importance of improving quality for better use was felt, and the Ministry of Food and Agriculture
has, as early as in 1959, laid down specifications regarding quality fish meal. Later the Bureau of
Indian Standards (BIS) has brought out the specification for fish meal as livestock feed for facilitating
proper quality control.)
Fish meal is often supplemented at the following levels in the ratios of animals and poultry:
Cattle - 907/ g/ day/kg live weight
Pig - 113-127 g/ day according to weight
Sheep - 45-91 g/ day 45.4 kg live weight
Poultry - Not more than 10 per cent of the total ration for hens and more than 5 per cent for chicks
Fishmeal is fed to farm animals, not only to improve productivity, but also to protect health and
welfare and reduce dependence on antibiotics and other drugs.
Fishmeal has low antigenicity, making it easy for young animals to digest. Fishmeal has anti-
inflammatory properties which improve animal’s disease resistance
Fishmeal and fish oil can claim to be the first “functional feeds” – offering, through their high
omega-3 content, specific health and welfare benefits to both farmed livestock and to the human
population eating the animal products.
Very small amount of specially processed meals have been in prepared foods for humans, and fish
meal is also used in the preparation of certain antibiotics for the pharmaceutical industry.
Fish protein concentrate (FPC):
Fish protein concentrate (FPC) is any stable fish preparation, intended for human consumption, in
which protein is more concentrated than in original fish.
FAO defines following 3 types of FPC:

Type A: It is virtually odourless and tasteless powder having a maximum total fat content of
0.75%.
Type B: Powder having no specific limits as to odour of flavour, but definitely having a fishy flavour
and a maximum fat content of 3%.
Type C: Normal fish meal produced under satisfactorily hygienic conditions.
Uses of FPC:
Though FPC is intended for human consumption it is not relished for consumption as such. It is
therefore incorporated as a protein supplement in human diet. 5%-10% level FPC in bread and biscuit
is considered the acceptable limit. 35 g per person per day is a recommended level of use of FPC.
Fish Protein Concentrate has primarily been used in specialized feeding applications with
monogastric animals, such as, in milk replacers or starter feeds.
Fish Protein Hydrolysate (FPH):
Fish hydrolysate, in its simplest form, is ground up fish carcasses. After the usable portions are
removed for human consumption, the remaining fish body (generally the guts, bones, cartilage, scales
and remaining meat) is put into water and ground up.
Some fish hydrolysate is ground more finely than others so more bone material is able to remain
suspended.
Enzymes may also be used to dissolve bones, scale and meat. If the larger chunks of bone and scales
are screened out, calcium or mineral content may be lacking in the finished product form.
Uses of FPH:
There are many uses of fish hydrolysate - from fish-based fertilizer, to its use as an animal food, or
even for human consumption applications which are developing.
Potential application as functional ingredients in different foods such as geriatric products, high
energy food products, weight reduction supplements, therapeutic or enteric diets etc.
FPH hold several significant and unique functional and antioxidant properties facilitating their
potential application in food systems.
Fish Silage: -
Fish silage is produced by acidification of fish waste using organic acids such as formic acid which is
added at rate of about 3.5 percent(w/w) or mineral acids such as sulfuric acid which is added at
slightly lower levels. The use of acid is necessary to inhibit spoilage bacteria which could produce off
odours, flavours such as trimethylamine or ammonia and/or toxins such as histamine if left to ferment
at neutral PH.
The enzymes present in the acidic medium breakdown the fish proteins into smaller soluble units
while the acid helps to speed up their activity and prevent bacterial spoilage.
Fish and shrimp silage is highly nutritious and is traditionally fed as a protein supplement to swine,
mink, and poultry.
Fish silage is an excellent protein source having high biological properties for animal feeding.
The raw material is first minced; suitably small particles can be obtained by using a hammer mill
grinder fitted with a screen containing 10 mm diameter holes. Immediately after mincing, 3·5 per cent
by weight of 85 per cent formic acid is added, that is 35 kg or about 30 litres of acid to one tonne of
fish. It is important to mix thoroughly so that all the fish comes into contact with acid, because pockets
of untreated material will putrefy. The acidity of the mixture must be pH 4 or lower to prevent
bacterial action. After the initial mixing, the silage process starts naturally, but occasional stirring
helps to ensure uniformity.
Benefits of Fish Silage: Fish silage is a liquid where proteins are pre-digested, but with a nutrient
composition similar to fishmeal. The process is simple and does not require huge investments. The
product can be preserved for long periods, even years. Since the silage is liquid, it can easily be
pumped into storage tanks or tanks for transport by road or sea. By making silage a waste problem
can be converted into profit.

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Fish By-Products

A by product is a secondary product derived from a manufacturing process or chemical reaction.

These Products include:

Composition of Fish Meal:-

Uses of Fish Meal:-

The principal use of fish meal is as an ingredient in the livestock feed.

FAO defines following 3 types of FPC:

Fish Protein Hydrolysate (FPH):

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