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Hydrogen: (I) From Water

Hydrogen lies in Group I of the periodic table and is the most abundant element in the universe. It occurs freely in the sun and stars, and in compounds on Earth like water. Hydrogen can be prepared from water by reacting metals like lithium or magnesium with it, from acids by displacing hydrogen with metals like zinc, and from alkalis by reacting metals like zinc with sodium hydroxide. Industrially, hydrogen is mainly produced via the water gas shift reaction, where steam is reacted with hot coal to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide, followed by conversion of the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. Hydrogen can also be produced through electrolysis of water, where an electric current splits water into hydrogen and

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47 views3 pages

Hydrogen: (I) From Water

Hydrogen lies in Group I of the periodic table and is the most abundant element in the universe. It occurs freely in the sun and stars, and in compounds on Earth like water. Hydrogen can be prepared from water by reacting metals like lithium or magnesium with it, from acids by displacing hydrogen with metals like zinc, and from alkalis by reacting metals like zinc with sodium hydroxide. Industrially, hydrogen is mainly produced via the water gas shift reaction, where steam is reacted with hot coal to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide, followed by conversion of the carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. Hydrogen can also be produced through electrolysis of water, where an electric current splits water into hydrogen and

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HYDROGEN

▪ Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table:


a) Hydrogen lies in Group I and first period of the Periodic Table.
b) Some basic parameters of Hydrogen are given below:-
➢ Atomic symbol – H
➢ Atomic mass – 1.00784 u
➢ Atomic number – 1
➢ Electronic configuration – 1s1
▪ Occurrence of Hydrogen:
a) Traces in the Earth’s atmosphere in free state.
b) In combined state, it occurs in water, organic and inorganic matters.
c) It is abundant in the Sun and Bright Stars.
▪ Preparation of Hydrogen:
Three major sources of Hydrogen are: (i) Water, (ii) Acids, and (iii) Alkalis.
(i) From Water:
Water contains 11% (by mass) of Hydrogen. It is most easily available and cheapest source of
Hydrogen. Following are some sources of the methods used for preparing Hydrogen from water.

Different active metals can displace Hydrogen from water under different conditions.
Examples:-
Room temp
a) 2M + 2H2O 2M(OH) + H2 (g) + Very very high heat is produced
M = metals = Li, Na, K
Boiling
b) Mg (s) + H2O (l) MgO (s) + H2 ( ) (g)

c) 3Fe (s) + 4H2O (l) Fe3O4 (s) + 4H2 (g)

(ii) By action of Acids on Metals:


Acids contain replaceable Hydrogen. Metals such as Zinc, Magnesium etc. can displace Hydrogen
from room temperature conditions.
Room temp
a) Zn (s) + H2SO4 (dil.aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)
Room temp
b) Mg (s) + H2SO4 (dil.aq) MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)

(iii) By action of Alkali on Metals:


Metals such as Zinc, Alumunium, Tin etc. react with boiling Sodium Hydroxide (or Caustic Soda) to
produce Hydrogen.

Boiling
Zn (s) + 2NaOH (aq) Na2ZnO2 + H2

▪ INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN


H2 is produced industrially from the process known as Bosch’s Process. It is also known as water
gas shift reaction. This process consists of three processes.
a) Production of Water Gas (a mixture of CO and H2):
In this step steam is passed through a mass of red-hot coke or a lower hydrocarbon (>1000°C). A
mixture of equal volumes of Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide, known as Water Gas is formed.
1270K
(i) C + H2O CO + H2
Water Gas

b) Water gas is mixed with excess of steam and passed over a heated catalyst, ferric oxide and little
chromium oxide at 450°C. Carbon Monoxide is oxidized to CO2.
Fe2O3 + Cr2O3
CO + H2O CO2 + H2

c) The mixture of CO2 and H2 is passed through water under a pressure of 25-30 atm, when CO2 gets
dissolved in water and Hydrogen is collected.

25-30 atm.
H2O + H2 + CO2 H2CO3 + H2 (g)

▪ By Electrolysis of Water:
The process of decomposition of an electrolyte with help of electricity is known as Electrolysis.
➢ Pure water is a bad conductor of electricity
➢ It can only be electrolysed if some ionizable compounds are dissolved in water. [Examples of
ionizable compounds – HCl, H2SO4, KCl, NaCl, NaOH, LiOH.]
• Important Points in Electrolysis:
 Electrolyte – A substance which gives ions in a solution or when melted is called an electrolyte.
 Cation – Positively charged ion is called cation.
 Anion – Negatively charged ion is called anion.
 Electrolysis – The process of splitting of an electrolyte with the help of electricity is called
electrolysis.
 Electrode – A metallic wire, rod (with the liquid) or plate through which electric current enters or
leaves an electrolyte is called an Electrode.

At Cathode At Anode
+
H +e H 4OH - 2H2O + O2 + 4e
H+H H2 Oxidation occurs
Reduction occurs
▪ LABORATORY PREPARATION OF H2:
In laboratory H2 gas is generally prepared by the action of dilute H2SO4 or HCl on granulated Zinc.

Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 (g)


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