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Module 1 Lesson 9

Let's think step-by-step: - The differences between consecutive terms are: 3, -2, 3, 2, 3 - This suggests the differences are alternating between +3 and -2 - The last difference was +3 - Therefore, the next difference should be -2 - The previous term was 12 - 12 - 2 is 10 Therefore, the next number in the sequence is 10.

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41 views

Module 1 Lesson 9

Let's think step-by-step: - The differences between consecutive terms are: 3, -2, 3, 2, 3 - This suggests the differences are alternating between +3 and -2 - The last difference was +3 - Therefore, the next difference should be -2 - The previous term was 12 - 12 - 2 is 10 Therefore, the next number in the sequence is 10.

Uploaded by

derp perd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mathematics in the Modern World

Module 1 – Lesson 9
Inductive and Deductive
Reasoning
Edgar M. Adina
Lesson 1: Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
Problem solving entails inferring from previous
occurrences of similar circumstances with emphasis on
identifying patterns that can suggest possible solutions.
Inference may be obtained by using either the inductive
process or the deductive process.
Intended Learning Outcomes: At the end of the section, students
should be able to:
1. distinguish inductive reasoning from deductive
reasoning;
2. give examples of inductive and deductive processes of
inference; and
3. use either the inductive reasoning or deductive
reasoning to solve practical problems.
Introduction

Advertisements in television are results of marketing


strategy designed to address prevailing or foreseen
problems in sales brought about by competition or other
problems. These TV ads basically try to persuade the
viewers to patronize the product by conveying that the
product has been used by many people, usually
prominent ones. Such strategy actually uses one
principle of reasoning.
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

General Theory on
Principles Centrifugal and
Centripetal Force

Deductive

Specific Cases Road Designs


Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

General Law of Conservation


Principles of Energy

Deductive

Water
Specific Cases to
Electricity
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Law of Conservation
General of Energy
Principles

Deductive

In Billiard/Pool:
Specific Cases The energy exerted
on the cue ball
causes all the other
balls to move
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Males are more


General
susceptible to CoVid-
Principles
19 virus

Inductive

In March: 70% of CoVid-19


patients are males Specific Cases
In April: 65% are males
In May: 68% are males
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Characteristic of General
Population Principles

Inductive

In Statistics: Specific Cases


Study the sample group
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Deductive Approach Inductive Approach

Theory Theory

Hypothesis Hypothesis

Observation Pattern

Confirmation Observation
Example
• Deductive Approach
The sum of two odd integers is an even number.
𝑚 and 𝑛 are odd numbers.
So, 𝑚 + 𝑛 is even.

• Inductive Approach
3 and 5 are odd and 3 + 5 = 8 is even
7 and 11 are odd and 7 + 11 = 18 is even
Therefore, the sum of two odd numbers is even.
Example: Deductive Reasoning

Premise 1: In a right triangle, the two acute angles are


complementary.
Premise 2: Triangle ABC has B = 90°.
Conclusion: Therefore, A + C = 90°.

In this example Premise 1 cites a known property of right triangle.


Premise 2 implies that the given triangle ABC is a right triangle.
The conclusion is now just a specific case of Premise 1.
Example: Inductive Reasoning
Consider the following series of operations: Multiply your age by 8,
add 6 to the result, then divide the sum by 2, and finally subtract 3
from the quotient. Note that the series of operations simply
corresponds to getting 4 times your age.

Try verifying this: What is the final result of the operations if your
age is 12 years?
Example: Inductive Reasoning
Consider the following series of operations: Multiply your age by 8,
add 6 to the result, then divide the sum by 2, and finally subtract 3
from the quotient. Note that the series of operations simply
corresponds to getting 4 times your age.

Try verifying this: What is the final result of the operations if your
age is 35 years?
Example: Inductive Reasoning
Consider the following series of operations: Multiply your age by 8,
add 6 to the result, then divide the sum by 2, and finally subtract 3
from the quotient. Note that the series of operations simply
corresponds to getting 4 times your age.

Try verifying this: What is the final result of the operations if your
age is any arbitrary age, say 𝑥 years?
Historical Example

One classic example of inductive


inference is Galileo’s characterization of
the pendulums that led to the
development of pendulum clocks.
Briefly put, he showed that the time it
takes for a pendulum to take one full
swing (called period) is dependent on
the length of the pendulum. In
particular, the period is the square root
of the length. The establishment of this
property was not solely inductive. It
took a while for the deductive approach
to be applied before the conclusion was
accepted as an absolute truth.
Remark

• Inferences made by inductive process do not render


absolute truth (only conjecture).
• Conjectures can be proven as valid (or true) by deductive
process.
• Conjectures can be proven as false by contradiction.
• Once proven true (or as an absolute truth), a conjecture
becomes a theorem (or postulate, proposition, lemma,
corollary)
Remark

Fermat’s Conjecture (1637): The equation


𝑥𝑛 + 𝑦𝑛 = 𝑧𝑛
has no solution when 𝑛 > 2.

This became a theorem (Fermat’s Last Theorem) in 1995,


with a proof provided by Andrew Wiles.
Example

Observe that: 2 + 4 = 6 and (2)(4) = 8


6 + 8 = 14 and (6)(8) = 48
12 + 10 = 22 and (12)(10) = 120
Conjecture: If the sum of two numbers is even, then their
product is also even.

Is the conjecture “True” or “False”?


Example: Using inductive reasoning

Name the 6 fishes shown on the right. Use


the following conditions:
• Pirena thinks her stripes are the most
beautiful
• Alena always swims between her two
spotted friends, Ibrahim and Akil
• Danaya is helping Akil remember the
routine and swims in front of him
• Ybarro is upset because he doesn’t have
any dots or stripes.
Example: Using inductive reasoning

Pirena thinks her stripes


are the most beautiful
==> three possible choices
for Pirena
Example: Using inductive reasoning
Ibrahim?/Akil?

This must be Alena!

• Pirena thinks her stripes are the most beautiful


• Alena always swims between her two spotted friends, Ibrahim and Akil
Example: Using inductive reasoning

This must be Akil!

This must be Ibrahim!


Danaya must be swimming
ahead of a spotted fish

• Pirena thinks her stripes are the most beautiful


• Alena always swims between her two spotted friends, Ibrahim and Akil
• Danaya is helping Akil remember the routine and swims in front of him
Example: Using inductive reasoning

This must be Ybarro

• Pirena thinks her stripes are the most beautiful


• Alena always swims between her two spotted friends, Ibrahim and Akil
• Danaya is helping Akil remember the routine and swims in front of him
• Ybarro is upset because he doesn’t have any dots or stripes.
Example: Using inductive reasoning

Name the 6 fishes shown on the right.


• Pirena thinks her stripes are the most
beautiful
• Alena always swims between her two
spotted friends, Ibrahim and Akil
• Danaya is helping Akil remember the
routine and swims in front of him
• Ybarro is upset because he doesn’t have
any dots or stripes.
Example: Using inductive reasoning
Find the next number in the sequence
7, 10, 8, 11, 9, 12, ?

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