(Sh e G a m e l o t G l a s s ie s .

ED ITED E R N E S T R H YS
“
BY .

S H E LL EY S
’
E S S AY S A N D L E T T E R S .
E S SA Y S A ND L ET T ER S

P E R C Y BYS S H E S H E L L E Y .

E D I T ED , WI T H I NTR O D U CTOR Y N O T E,

E RN ES T R HYS .

L ON D O N
W A LT E R S C O T T, 2 4 WARWI CK L A N E,
P AT E R N OS T E R R OW .

1 8 87 .
 CONT ENTS .

M I XE D E S S AYS AN D F R AG M EN T S P AG E

of P t y
A D e fe nce oe r

A Di on t h M n of th
sc o u r se e an e rs e A n i nt
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su ec o e

O t h S ym p i m ;
n e P f t os u o r, r e a ce o n
t he Ba q u e t of Pl a to

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On a F u t u re S t a t e

on C h i t i i ty
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n e e t a o e r a u re

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e e o o s e o r : (y

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LET T E R S

A P PE N D I X
 S H E L L E Y S PRO S E
’
W R IT I N G S .

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ss e to t u rn S to
’

t he un t oubl e d i n j u dg m e n t t h a t w e
r t e re s t a n d .

s u m m on i n t h e c a s e of m o s t a u t ho r s e sp e c i a ll y ,

t ho se who a e onl y o m a i nl y p r os e wri t e s

r ,
r ,
- r .

S h e ll e y s m a rk a s a p o e t in t he n arr o we r s e n se
’
.

, ,

t h a t is of a w i t e of v e se is s o w e ll known t h a t a l m o s t e ve ry
, r r r ,
-
,

o n e who t u n s t o his p o s e wi ll b r ing t o it a s e t o p in i on i m p l y ing

r r ,

m o e o r l e s s of e n t hu s i a s m o r unin t e e s t o r e v e n p e h a p s
r r ,
r

a n t a goni s m b as e d up on t he a l e a dy fa m i l i a r g oun d s of his

,
r r

ve s e a n d t he s t ory of his life T he first i n t e re s t o f t he

r .

book wi ll t h e re fo e b e a re l a t i ve o ne t o b e re fe rr e d t o p e
r ,
r

vion s ide a s of it s a u t ho r s g e n i u s a n d pe rson a li t y ; a d know’

n

i ng wha t wa rm t h of d i s cu s s ion t h e se h a v e con st a nt ly c ll d a e

fo rt h it will b e w e ll fo r u s t o a pp o a ch a ny n e w s ign s o f t h e i r
,
r

q u a li t y s uch a s a e o ffe e d h e e in t h e u b a n e s t a n d m o s t
,
r r r , r

r e a s on a bl e t e m p e w e ca n b ing t o b e a r
r F o rt un a t e l y j u dg d
r .
,
e

fo t h e m s e l v e s a lon e t h e s e p ro s e w r i t i ng s o f S h e ll e y a e
'

r ,
ot -
r n

h a d t o ju d g e T h e i r li t e a y s e t ti ng is s o p e rfe c t a d
r . r r n

d e ligh t ful t h a t if t h e y ha d no o t h e r i n t e e s t th e y coul d n o t

, ,
r ,

fa i l t o be s oug h t a t l a s t s i m p ly f r a rt i s t i c qu a li t y a n d p l a ce d
'

o ,

h igh a m ong m a t e p i e ce s of t y l e a c c o rd ingl y B u t t he in t e t

s r s . re s

t h e y b e a r is hig h e r s t ill a n d h a v ing r e g a d t o it w e s houl d b

,
r e

m i s t a k n in n o t p ofi t ing b y t h e z e s t a l e a d y cr e a t e d i n u b y t he
e r r s

p e t s g a ce fo r a n y t hing fu t h e co m ing fro m him a n d h e l p ing

’
o r r r

t o in t erp re t t he fi n e a n d d e e p s e c re t s o f h i s n a t u re .
 S H E LLE Y S P R OS E ’
.

T h e se se cre t s a s we t h i nk t h e m o v e r e a si l y re s olve t h e m
, ,

s e lve s i n t o o n e t he s e c re t o f S h e ll e y s p e r s on a l fa s c i n a t i on fo r
’
,

s o m a n y of u s i n e s p e ci a l a t a c e rt a in p e io d of o u r g row t h
,
It r .

woul d be u se l e s s t o t ry a nd a ccoun t ve y e xa c t ly fo r s o s ubt le r

a n i nflu e nc e T he i d e a l a t m o sp h e re t h a t fill s t he p o e m s t h a t
.
,

s e e m s t o ling e r in t he v e r colloc a t ion of t h e i ll a bl e s a ffe c t s r s

y y ,

u s we h a rd l y kno w how o r why a n d c re a t e s t he fe e l i ng wh i ch

, ,

is m o re t h a n a ny r e a s on e d t h e o y of a pp e ci a t ion A g a in st t hi s r r .

fe e l i ng once c re a t e d wi t h it s c h iva l rou s fa i t h a n d boun dl e ss

, ,

e n t hu s i a s m s ci e n t i fi c a n a l ys i s
, e q u a ll y w i t h m a t t e r o f fa c t d e,
- -

t r a c t i on is p owe l e s s
, I t is a fe e l i n g a ki n t o a ll t h a t is i d e a l
r .

a n d h e ro i c i n us wh e n t h e ho p e s o f you t h m o s t i rra di a t e t he

s u rr oun di ngs a n d di re c t ion of life .

T he wo l d g r gin n w
’
s re at a e
g be s a e ,

Th g l d n y
e o t n e e a rs re u r ,

Th th d t h l i k
e e ar nk nw o e a s a e re e

H wint w d o t wo n
er er ee s u r .

H v n sm il
ea e d f i ths d m pi es, a n a an e res l
g e am

L i k wr k of d i olving d
”
e ec ms a ss re a .

I n this m usi c we h a ve
ve ry t on e a n d e cho Va gu e it it s .

m a y b e b u t m o s t m a gi c a l a n d s t r ong n e v t h e l e s s a n d of
, er ,

t h e i d a l e n t e rp i s e it in s p i re s S h e ll e y is t he s p i ri t i nc a rn a t e
e r ,
.

H e inh a bi t s wi t h a p r inc e l y if s o m e wh a t t ra n s lun a r s p l e n d ou r a

t ow e r of h is own on t h e m oun t of vi s i on wh i ch is p e culi a l y r

d e d ic a t e d t o his c e n t u r y T h e e w e h a ve known how t o . r

p ic t u r e h im g a i ng o u t u p on wh a t i d e a l vi s t a s of t he l a n d o f
,
z

p o m i s e i m a gi n e d a ft e t he h a lf r e a li s e d a ccoun t s of t he I t a l y he
r r -
,

love d T h e re wi t h him i n s pi it looki ng o u t wi t h his e ye s we

.
, r , ,

h a ve s e e n t he m yst i c vi i on of th e fu t u re a s i n a s un se t who e
s , s

clou d ve il unclo si ng a m o m e n t ha s p e rm it t e d a gli m p se of p e r

-

fe e t ra di a nc e wi t hin T h a t gli m p se onc e ca ugh t l e a ve s fo r

.
, ,

e ve r a ft e wa r d s a r e s t l e ss long i ng t o full y s e e wh a t w a s so
r

n e a l y re ve a l e d ; fo wi t hin w e fe l t we e it b t t h roughl y
r r , ,
r u

p e n e t a t e d l y t he s e c r e t of t he g re a t p rog e s s ion t h ough p a c e

r , a r r s

a d t i m e i n which t he s t a rs m o v e s o s e re n e l y a n d m e n w i t h
n , ,

s uch t ra g ic e n d e a vou a d d i s u p t ion I t is t he o ld s t o y

r n r . r
 S H E LLE Y S P R OS E ’
.

of t heQ u e s t o f t h e G r a il an d m a n y a no t h e r since ;
, an d

it s gl i m p se o f t he p e rfe c t a n d it s a ft e r long i ng an d s p i ri t u a l
,
-

un re s t a re all c e n t re d in t he fe e ling wh i ch is a s s oci a t e d wi t h

,

t he ve ry n a m e o f S h e ll e y S o m uch o f t hi s fe e l i ng as it is w e ll
.

fo r us t o k e e p p e r h a p s i n a w o l d t h a t is m a t e ri a l a s we ll a s
, ,
r

i de al t h e se E ssay s a nd Let ters will h e lp t o e m body a n d m a ke

,

su e T he p r oof t h e y gi v e of t h e i r a u t ho r s hu m a ni t y is a
r .
’

ca p i t a l a n t i d o t e t o a nyt h i ng e x t re m e i n o ur wo rshi p of him a s

an a cc e s s ion t o t h e s a in t s S o h a vi ng b e fo r e e n d a ng e r e d his
.
,

ri gh t fam e b y h a iling h im a s of t he go ds w e s h a ll e s ta bl i s h him ,

m o re su re l y no w l e t u s ho p e b y d i scove ring ho w t ho r ou g hl y i n
, , ,

vi rt u e a n d de fa ul t he wa s a m an , .

T he i d e a l S h e ll e y ha s lon g be e n known t o u s a n d l a t e l y we ,

h ave b e e n p re s e n t e d wit h a so c a ll e d R e a l S h e ll e y fo r -
“
,
”

coun t e rbl a st a s m uch p a i n t e d a s e ve r wa s t he fi st s e e i n g t h a t it

, r ,

ha s onl y b e e n a m a t t e r o f p a i n t i ng bl a ck wh a t wa s b e fo re a
s o m e wh a t t o o un r e li e v e d whi t e T h i s m e t ho d o f d i si llus i on i ng
.

is highl y ch a ra ct e i st i c o f t he do wn ri gh t B ri t i s h t e m p e r of m i n d
r ,

wh i ch d o e s s o like t o d e a l a b s olu t e judgm e nt s ; but it is

p e cul i a r l y i n a p p l i c a bl e i n t he ca se of a n a t u e l i k e S h e ll e y s
’
r .

T he s a m e m e t h o d a p p l i e d t o a s e r i e s of h e r o e s an d p o e t s of
m uch m o re d e fin i t e qu a li t y t h a n h is co ul d n o t fa i l t o u t t e l y r

d e t o y a l l ri gh t knowl e d g e a n d love of t h e m
s r C onc e ive t he .

a sp e c t o f le t u s s u gg e s t S ir P h i l ip S idn e y o r t o b e bol d e r S a i n t
, , , ,

F a nc i s of As s i s i o o t h e r s m o re s p i i t u a ll y e m i n e n t s t ill un de r
r ,
r r
,

s u h m a l e vol e n t t re a t m e n t
c T he ju d g m e n t u p on S h e ll e y in t r u th
.
, ,

will a lw a ys b e ve y m uch a m a t t e r of s ta n dp o in t T ho se t o
r .

who m t he con v e n t ion a li t i e s a re m o re t h a n t he i de a l p ri ncip l e s o f

w h ich t h e y a e t he oft e n wo rn o u t clo t h e s wi ll n e c e ssa ril y fa il
r -
,

i n sym p a t hy fo r s uch a n at ure a s his wi t h it s i n s is t e n t re l a t i on ,

of v yt h ing t o t he i de al i n a wa y l e t it b e a dm it t e d a l it t l e
e er , , ,

obli v iou a pp are n t l y a t t i m e s t o t he w a m t ou ch of hum a n

s , ,
r

d p e n d e ncy
e B u t t he gr o wt h of h u m a ni t y i n his n a t u re w a s a s
.

s t ong a d s u re a
r n h is l i t e ra ry g ow t h ; t h e re is a n in t i m a t e
s r

re l a t ion b e t w e e n t h e t w o in a l l t r u e n a t u re s I t m a y w e ll he .
,

t h e re fo re t h a t t he E ss a ys nd Le t t ers in which t h i s is s o cl e a l y
,
a r

s h e wn m a y fo rm a n o p e n i ng t o a pp r e c i a t i on b y t hos e who fr o m
 xii S H E L LE Y S P R OS E ’
.

o ne c a u s e o r a no t h e r h a ve n o t b e e n hi t h e rt o gre a t l y a tt ra c t e d
b y t h e p o e t o r h is w r i t ing s S t u dy ing t he s i m p l e e v i de nc e of
. r

p o
r s e t h,e y will fi d t h a t n e i t h e n
a ng e ls n o r e vi l s p i i t s cl a irm r

h im a w a y f o m t h e d i fficul t hu m a n m e a n wh e e he e xi s t e d wi t h
r ,
r

o u r e v e ryd a y s u s c e t ibili t i e s onl

p y h e ig h t e n e d an d m o di fi d by ,
e

t h e p o e t s t e n fol d g e at e li a bili t y t o t he d ra wing s of p l e a su re

’ -
r r

a n d of p a i n R e a l S h e ll e y n e i t h e r s e lfish dre a m e r ”
T he r e l . a ,

n o r un t e m p t e d sa in t b u t o n e l i ke ou rs e l v e s w i t h a d d e d qu a li t i e s
, ,

of g e niu s which he a r t h e i a p p o i n t e d d e f c t s is cl e a ly se e n in a
r e ,
r

hun d d p a s s a g e s of h is l e t t e s a n d h ow m uch m o re in t e re s t
re r

ing i n t h i s re a li t y of b ro a d s un s hin e t h a n a s oft e n b e fo re s h own , ,

un d h a z e of m oon shin e o r e l dri t ch s m oke

er .

H e re is s c ar c e l y t he p l a c e a n d t i m e ho we ve r fo r l e ng t h y , ,

a n a l y s i s of S h e ll e y s l i fe a n d in d i vi d u li t y T hi s ha s a l e a d y
’
a . r

b e e n a dm i ra bl y d on e i n m e m oi s by M s S h e ll e y a n d La dy r r .

S h e ll e y b y M r Willi a m M R os s e t t i a n d M r J A d d ingt on
, . . . .

S ym ond s a n d i n q ui t e a nu m b e r of s ho rt e r e s s a y s by o t h e r
,

wri t e s w i t h o n e o r t he o t h e r of whi c h w e a re a ll w e ll fa m ili r

r ,
a .

I t w i ll b e b e s t p e h a p s t h e n t o t ouc h onl y u p on o n e o r t wo
r , ,

p oin t s wh i ch h a v e s p e c i a l s i g ni fi c a nc e in t he ligh t of t h e se p o se r

w i t ing s a d h a v ing s o fa r e st e d a cl a i m fo r S h e ll e y s fun d of

r ,
n r
’

e v e ryd a y hu m a ni t y we ough t fi rs t o f a ll t o t u r n t o t h e b o a d
,
r

b a s i s of h is c h a ra c t e O ne of t he fi t t h ings t h a t o c cu r t o u
r. rs s

in r e a ding t he Le t t e rs o ne l a i d s t re s s u p on by s e ve ra l wri t s is
,
er ,

t h e i a b s olu t e con s i s t e ncy w i t h t h e p o e t y fo rm ll y p re p a re d b y

r r a

S h e ll e y w i t h a n e ye t o t he p ubl i c d u i n g h is life t i m e T h i s is r .

m o s t j m p o t a n t fo r it t ouch e s u p on t h e qu e s t ion of S h e ll e y s
’
r ,

m a in s inc e i ty whi c h c ll e d in qu e s t i on ha s fo m e d t h e t u rning

r , ,
a , r
‘

p oin t of m o e t h a n n e e l arbo a t e d a t t a o
c k u p on h im B ru t in h is .

p o s e w e a e t a ke n b e hin d t h e s c e n e s of h is p o e t s t h e a t re
’
r r

t o fi n d w on d e ful t o t e ll t h a t a l l t h e
,
r e a ll y i wh a t it a t i
,
re r s r s

t i c a ll y g a v e i t e lf o u t t o b e s T he co robo a t ion b y t h e l e t t e rs of
. r r

h i d lib e ra t e v e rs e u t t e n ce is in d e d e m a r ka bl e a n d a
s e ra e r ,

s uffici e n t a gu m e n t i n i t e lf fo S h e ll e y u t t e r t ho roughn e s s ’
r s r s

a d n hon e s t y of p u rp o se F o a s a no t h e r p o e t who e . r, ,
s

d ign ifi e d lo ya l t y t o S h e ll e y t h ough a l ong lif m u s t h a v e b e e n r e

c a u s e e nough i n i t s e lf fo r b e li e f t o m a n
y ha s conclu s ive l y ,
 S H E LL E Y S P R O S E ’
.

as ke d H o w s h a ll w e h e l p b e li e v ing i n him wh e n w e find

e v e n h is c a rn a l s p e e ch t o a gr e e fa i t hfull y wi t h t h e t on e a n d

rh y t h m of his m o s t o ra cul a r u t t e r a nc e s ? Wi t h t h i s q u a li t y is ”

c lo s e l y a lli e d a no t h e r which d id m o e t h a n a n yt hing t o w e ck r r

t he h a p p i n e s s of S h e ll e y s l i fe his e gr e g i ous p ra c t i ca l e n e g y
’ “
r
, ,

as it h a s b e e n w e ll c a ll e d b y M r H B uxt on F o rm a n . W e all . .

know h o w di sa s t rou sl y it e s ul t e d l a ckin g t he h igh e r p ru de n ce

r ,

wh i ch coul d a lon e m a ke s uch a t e n de ncy nobl y va lu a bl e bu t a t

t he s a m e t i m e it is b y no m e an s a co m m on o r a b a s e q u a l i t y t h e ,

unh a l t ing re a d in e s s t o a ct o u t on e s t h e o rie s a n d S h e ll e y ha d ’

,

t h i s i nnoc e n t cou a g e o f his o p i nion s wi t h a ve ng e a nc e

r Poi nt .

o u t a g re a t i d e a o r a c ry i ng n e e d t o h im a n d a s s oon a s h e fe l t ,

s u re of it h e woul d r u s h o ff a t onc e wi t h a qu i t e co m i c a l
, ,

u g e ncy t o a p p l y it If howe ve r it p rove s a c e rt a in gr eenness it

r , .
, , ,

is a g re e nn e ss t h a t so m e t i m e s r i p e n s in t o gol d A t a n y ra t e it is .

qui t e inco m p a t i bl e wi t h a ny s uch i nh e re n t d e ce p t ive n e s s a s t he

w it e r of T he R e a l S h e ll e y ha s i m p u t e d t o him A t ouch
r
“ ”
.

m o r e of t h a t d i s s i m ul a t i ve conc e n fo r t he w o rl d s o p i n i on wh i ch
’
r

oft e n p a ss e s fo r p ru de nc e a nd give s a n a sp e ct o f vi tu e t o wh a t
, r

is m e e l y soc i a l a s t u t e n e ss w oul d h a ve s ave d h im fr o m m a n y

r ,

fa l se a n d d i s honou a bl e i n d ic t m e n t s s uch a s t ho s e which wrun g

r ,

a c ry f o m r him i n a m e m o ra bl e l e t t e r t o his wife My

g e a t e s t con t e n t woul d b e u t t e ly t o d e s e rt a ll hum a n soci e ty
r r

I woul d re t i re wi t h y o u a n d o u r chil d t o a s ol i t a y i s l a n d i n t he r

se a w oul d bu i l d a bo a t a n d s hu t u p on m y r e t re a t t he fl o o d ga t e s
, ,
-

of t he wo l d r .
”

R e v e l a t i on s of t he m o t ive s a n d i n t e re s t s of S h e ll e y s l i fe ’

n a t u ra ll y a boun d i n t he Le t t e rs a n d a ft e r h a vi ng e a d t h e m in
, r

c onjunc t ion wi t h t h e p o e m s it s e e m s t o m e i m p o s s ibl e t h a t a n

, y
o e s houl d t u rn a w a y w i t h a n y t hing b u t a
n
p ofoun d b e l i e f i n r

t h e i r w r i t e s inh e e n t nobili t y a n d t ru t h of i n s p i ra t i on B u t if
’
r r .

t hi s is t o b e so fo r t he unb e li e ve r how a re t h e y t o b e e n vi e d ,

who b ring t o t he book t h e i r fi rs t e n t hu si a s m un a l t e re d A .

m o e d e l i gh t ful l i t e r a ry e x p e i e nc e c a n s ca r c e l y b e conc e ive d

r r
,

I t h i nk t h a n t h a t o f t h i s book whil e t he m u si c of S h e ll e y s s ong

, ,
’

is s t ill f e s h in t he e a rs fill i ng o n e wi t h quick d e s i re t o kno w m o e

r , r

of t he king of b e a u t y a n d fa ncy a s T re l awn ey ch arm ingl y

“
,
”
xiv S H E L LE Y S P R O S E ’
.

ca ll e d him I m p at i e n t ly fo re going t he o de r o f t he book a n d

. r ,

t u ning fi rs t t o t he Le t t e rs t o g e t t he sp i i t a n d a t m o sp h e re o f
r r

S h e ll e y s su rr oun di ng s a t o n e t i m e a n d a no t h e r w e coul d n o t
’
,

f il t o b e fas cin a t e d by t he gli m p s e s a ffo de d o f t he ye a r of

a r

m a rv e l s wh i ch s a w t he bi rt h of t he P r o m e t /ze u s Un bo u nd a n d
o t h e r g re a t p o e m s s howing ho w i de a ll y e nvi on e d t he p o e t s
,
r
’

da ys t h e n w e e W e c a n choo se a l m o st a t ra n d o m f o m t he
r . r

l e t t e s o f t h a t t im e h e re is a p a s sa ge fro m o n e w ri t t e n fro m
r ,

R o m e t ow a d s t h e e n d of M a r ch wh e n t he P r o m e t lze u s Un bo u n d
r ,

w a s i n p roc e s s of co m p o s i t ion
“
I w a lk fo rt h i n t he p u rp l e a n d gol de n l i gh t of a n I t a li a n
e v e ning a n d r e t ur n b y s t a r o r m oonligh t t h r ough t hi s s c e n e
, ,
.

T he e l m s a re ju s t bu ddi ng an d t he wa m sp r ing w i n d s b ri ng ,
r

unknown o dours a ll s we e t f o m t he coun t ry I s e e t he ra di a n t

,
r .

O i on t h r ough t he m igh ty c olu m ns o f t h e t e m p l e o f C onco r d

r ,

a d t he m e llow fa ding l i gh t s oft e n s d own t he m o d e n bu i ldings

n r

of t he ca p i t ol t he only on e s t h a t i n t e rfe e wi t h t he s ubli m e

,
r

d e s ol a t i on o f t he s c e n e O n t he s t e p s of t he c a p i t ol i t s e lf s t a n d
.

t w o coloss a l s t a t u e s o f C a s t o r a n d P ollux e a ch wi t h his ho s e ,

r ,

fin e ly e xe cu t e d t hough fa r i nfe io r t o t ho s e r M on t e C a v a llo

,
r o ,

t he c a s t of o n e of whi c h y o u know w e s a w t og e t h e r i n L on d on .

T hi s w a lk is clo se t o o u r lo d gin g a n d t h i s is m y e ve ning w a lk , .

”

Whil e we a re a t R o m e wi t h S h e ll e y in t he sp i i t o ne o th e r r ,

p a s s a g e w e m u s t t a k e d e s c ri bing t he bu yi ng p l a c e wh i c h r -
,

r e c e ive d a ll t h a t e m a in e d of him a ft e r t h e d e a t h s o r d e a l of fi e
’
r r

a n d w a t e r so m e t h re e y e a s l a t e a n d w h i c h by t h a t t i m e t o
r r, ,
o,

h e l d t he bo dy o f K e a t s H e b e gin s in t h e sa m e p a a g a p h by
. r r

s p e a king of R o m e a s a ci t y a s it w e re of t he d e a d o ra t h e r
“
, , ,
r

of t ho s e who c a nno t d ie a n d who s u rvi v e t he p un y ge n e a t ion s

,
r

which inh ab it a nd p a ss o ve t he sp o t w hi c h t h y h v e m a de r e a

s a c re d t o e t e rn i t y ; a n d t h e n a ft d e s c i bi ng t h e fi e l d s a d t h e
”
,
er r n

g a s sy l a n e s a n d co p e s win d ing a m ong t he u i n a n d t he

,
“ ”
r s r s,

g a d e n s of t he p a l a c e s a n d t he g e a t g re e n hill lon e l y a d
r ,
“
r ,
n

b a e which o v e rh a ng t he T ibe r he w i t e s
r ,
s ,
”
r

T h e E ngl i s h bu yi ng p l c e i a g e n s lo p e n e a r t he w a ll
“
r -
a s r e s,

un de r the p yra m i da l t o m b of C e s t iu s a d is I t hink t he m o st ,

n , ,

b e a u t iful an d sol e m n ce m e t e ry l e ve r b e h e l d T o s e e t he su n .
 S H E L L E Y S P R OS E ’
. xv
s hining on it s b ri gh t g a s s f e sh wh e n w e fi s t v i s i t e d it wi t h
r ,
r ,
r ,

t he a u t u m n a l d e w s a n d h e a t h e wh i p e ing of t he win d a m ong

,
r s r

t he l e a v e s of t he t r e e s w hich h a ve o v e g own t he t o m b of r r

C e s t iu s a d t he s oil which is s t i i ng i n t h e su n w a rm e a t h
,
n
‘
rr -
r ,

a n d t o m a k t h e t o m b s m o s t l y of wo m e n a n d y oung p e o p l e
r ,

who we e bu i e d t h e e o ne m igh t i f o ne we re t o d ie de s ire t he

r r r , , ,

s l e e p t h e y s e e m t o sl e e p
”
.

Wi t h t h i s p a ssa ge m a y w e ll b e p l a c e d t ho s e t wo we ll known -

ve rse s of the A do n s de s c ibing t he sa m e s ce n e

az ,
’

Go t h ou t o R m e , —a to on ce t h e p a ra d i se,

T he g ra v e, t he c i ty , a nd t he wild er n e ss

And wh w k l ik h tt d m nt i i
e re it s re c s e s a e re ou a n s r se ,

A d flow i g w d
n d f g
er n t p d ee s, a n ra ra n co se s re s s

T h b on e of d l t io n k dn
es e so a n s
’
a e e ss,

Pa ss ,t i ll th S p i i t of t h e p t h ll l d r e s o s a ea

T hy f o t t p t o l p of g n
s e s o a s o e re e a cce s s,

Wh l ik inf nt m il ov th d d
e re , e an a
’
s s e, er e ea

A l ight f l gh ing flowo au lo g th g i p d e rs a n e rass s S rea .

A d g y w ll m
n re ld o nd on wh i h d ll t im
a s ou er r u , c u e

F d l ik
ee l w fi p n h o y b nd
s, e s o re u o a ar ra

A d
n k n py m id wi th w dg bl i m
o ne ee ra e e su e,

P v i l i ning t h d t of him wh p l nn d
a o e us o a e

T hi f g f hi m m y d t h t d
s re u e or s e or , o s an

Li k fl m t n f m d t m b l
e a e ra d b n th
s or e o ar e an e ea

A fi ld i p d on w h i h n w b nd
‘

e s s re a , c a e er a

H v p i t h d in h v m il t h i m p of d th
’
a e c e ea en s s e e r ca ea ,

W l m i g him w l
e co n wi t h xt i g i h d b
e o se s c a rce e n u s e re a t h .

O n e is t e m p t e d t o go on e n dl e s l y q uo t ing d d i s c u s s ing s ,
an

t he b u
e a t y a n d fa sci n a t ion of t he Le t t e s e m bo dying s o r ,

m u c h a s t h e y d o of a ll t hing s t u e a n d lo v e l y O f t h e r .

c h a nging in t e e s t s of t a v e l t h e y a e
r in e s p e c i a l full a d
r r , n

t h e e i n a l a n d who se
s in t e re s t s a e s o i re s i s t i bl e a n d r r ,

wi t h a li t t l e b a n d of t ra v e ll e rs w h o se w a ys i de a d ve n t u e s r

and e xci t e m e n t s a e s o t ouc h e dr b y t he t hough t of t he

-

nobl e c e a t i on s i n p o e t y t h a t t h e y h e l p e d t o fo m
r r r .

Wi t hou t t roubling ou rse l v e s m uch a bou t p os sibl e re p ro a ch e s

xvi S H E L L E Y S P R OS E ’
.

of “
wo rd p ai n t ing s a t i s fie d t h at t he a t o f w ri t ing is
-
, r

t he h a n dm a i de n of a ll t he o t h e r a t s who wh i l e she r ,

re t a in s t he n aive te a n d m o de s ty t h a t a e p e culi a l y he r r r

own c a nno t ge t fa r a s t a y w e s h a ll n o t fa il t o follow wi t h r ,

d e ligh t t ho se e xcu r s i ons i m m o t a ll y a s s oci a t e d n o w w i t h V e nic e r

a d F lo re nc e a n d R o m e a d N a p l e s t h e p l a in s of Lo m b a d y
n n , r ,

t he E u g a n e a n H ill s a n d m a n y a no t h e r e gion of t he
, P a ra d i e r s

of E xi l e s I n all t he li st of p o e t s fri e n ds a n d lo v e rs t h e re
.
” ’
,

n ve r w a s s u e l y co r e s p on de n t so fa v o u e d a s P e a co c k t o ~
e ,
r ,
r r ,

re ce i v e a s h e d id oft e n i n t h e e nh a ncing con t a s t e d d ulln e ss of

,
r

t h e In d i a n H ou s e t h e s e l e tt e rs f o m I t a l y
, W h a t a gli m p s e is r .

t hi s t o b e r e c e i v e d b y p os t in a Lon d on o ffic e m a lo d o r ou s wi t h ,

c o a l s m ok e
-
a nd fo o l s c a p l— S h e ll e y is d e s c ibing a jou rn e y r

t h ough t he Ap e nn i n e s t o wa d s S a l e rno wh e n a fte r a d a y of

r ,
r , ,

ra in s t o m a n d t e m p e s t a m i d t he m oun t a i n s t h e y c a t ch s igh t
,
r , , ,

of t he s e a illu m in e d by t he s u dde n bu rst of s un s e t b e t w e e n

,

t h e o ra ng e a n d l e m on g o v e s of a lov e l y vi ll a g e : A bu rs t o f “
r -

t h e d e cl i n i ng sunl i gh t illu m in e d it he w i t e s T he r o a d l e d ” “
,
r .

a lon g t he b ri nk of t he p re c i p i c e t ow a rd s S a l e rno N o t hi n g .

coul d b e m o re glo i ous t h a n t he s ce n e T he i m m e n s e r .

m oun t a in s cover e d w i t h t he r a re a n d di vin e v e g e t a t i on of t his

cli m a t e wi t h m a n y fol d ing v a l e s a nd de e p d a rk re c e s s e s
,
-
, , ,

wh i ch t he fa ncy s ca rc e l y c oul d p e n e t ra t e de s ce n de d fro m t h e i r ,

m a n y s u m m i t s p re ci p i t ou l y t o t he s e a B e fo e u s w a s S a l e r no
s . r

buil t in t o a d e cl in ing p l a i n b e t we e n t he m oun t a in s a n d t he s e a , .

B e y on d t he o t h e r s ho r e o f s ky cl e a v ing m oun t a in s t h e n d im
,
-
,

wi t h t he m i st of t e m p e s t Un de rn e a t h f o m t he b a s e of t he .
, r

pr e c i p ic e w h e e t h e o a
r d con d uc t e d r ocky p r o m on t o i e s j u t t e d
r ,
r

i n t o t he s e a cove re d wi t h oli ve a nd il e x woo ds o r wi t h t he

, ,

r uin e d b a t t l e m e n t s of s o m e N o m a n o r S a a ce n fo t re s s We r r r .

s l e p t a t S a l e no a n d t he n e x t m o ning b e fo re d a yb e a k p ro
r ,
r r

c e e d e d t o P o s i d on i a T he nigh t h a d b e n t e m p e s t uou s a n d
. e ,

o u r w a y l a y b y t he s e a s a n d I t w a s u t t e l y d a k e xc e p t wh e n
-
. r r ,

t h e long lin e of w a v e bu rs t w i t h a s oun d like t hun de r b e n e a t h , ,

t he s t a l e s s s ky an d c a s t u p a kin d of m i s t of col d w h i t e
r ,

lu s t re Wh e n m o ning c a m e we foun d ou rs e lve s t ra ve lling in

. r ,

a wi de d e s e rt p l a i n p e p e t u a ll y in t e rru p t e d b y wi l d i rr e gul a r
,
r
 S H E L LE Y S P R OS E ’
.

gl e n s, and boun d e d on a ll s i de s b y t he Ap e nnin e s a nd t he

”
sea .

If k ch e s of hu m a n life a n d ch a ra c t e r in t he Le t t e rs
t he s e t
‘

m igh t e x p e c t knowing S h e ll e y s co m p a a t i v e
’
a e r , as o ne ,
r

l ck of clo s e r s ym p a t h y wi t h a ve ra g e hu m a n p e s on a li t y
a r ,

a d t h e g re a t e r a bun d a nc e in a l a n d lik e I t a l y of N a t ure s ’

n

in t e e s t l e s s fre qu e n t t h a n his sk e t c h e s of N a t u e t h e y a e
r ,
r ,
r

n e ve rt h e l e s s full of ch a r m G li m p se s of Byron a n d of t he .

o t h e rs who h e lp e d t o fo m t he S h e ll e y ci r cl e a t diffe e n t r r

t i m e s a boun d ; a d wi t h s uch v a i e t y of ch a a c t e r a s B y on
n r r r ,

Le i gh H un t t h e G is b o n e s t he W il l ia m s s E m ili a V iv i a ni
,
r ,
’
, ,

a n d o t h e rs a ff o d it woul d b e s t ra ng e i n d e e d i f w e w e e n o t
, r , , ,
r

in t e e st e d a p rt f o m t h e viv i d re fle c t i on of S h e ll y s ir a dia t
r ,
a r e
’
r

i ng con s c iou s n e s s W e t h ink of t h a t unu s u a l li t t le s oci e ty

.
,

s t a t ion e d on t he lon e l y s ho r e s of t h e M e d i t e ra n e a n a n d t he r

A d i a t ic w h e e t he v oic e s of N a t u e a re a p p a e n t a t a ll t i m e s
r ,
r r r ,

wi t h cu i ou s im agin a t ion now of t ho se d ays of m e m o a ble

r r

a s s oci a t ion — d a y s oft e n a s t i v i a ll y o r g re a t l y t r oubl e d h o w

,
r ,

e ve r, a s m a n y o t h e r s wh i ch in m e m o ry a e onl y b ri gh t S t ill r .

m o e in t e e s t ing a e t he occ a s ion a l l i t t l e d e s c r i p t ion s of S h e ll e y

r r r

h i m e lf a t his p o e t wo k s o c h a a ct e i s t ic m a n y of t h e m
s
’
s r , r r , ,

of t he m a ke r of P o m e t h e u s a d t he Wi t c h o f A t l a s
“
r n
“
.
”

H e re is n e s uch a ccoun t w i t t e n t o Pe a c o c k f o m Liv o no

o ,
r r r
“
I h a ve a s t u dy h e re in a t owe r s o m e t hing like S c yt h p , ro
’
s,

wh e e I a m ju st b e ginn i ng t o e cove r t he fa cul t i e s of e d ing

r r r a

a d w i t ing F o m m y t o we I s e e t he s e a wi t h it s ’

n r . r r ,

i s l a n ds G o gon a C a p aj a E lba a n d C o ic on o e s i d e a n d
,
r ,
r , ,
rs a, n ,

t h e A p e nnin e s on t h e o t h e T he l e t t e r f o m whi c h t h i s is ”
r . r

quo t e d is da t e d Jul y ot h 1 8 1 9 a n d b y t u ning t o t he o ne follow, ,

r

ing w e ge t a n e x a c t a ccoun t of t he hou rs of e v e ry da y a t t h a t

,

t i m e — a t i m e b e it e ca ll e d w h e n S h e ll e y s g e niu s wa s on e v e ry
’
,
r ,

s i d e s p l e n d i d l y a c t i v e a d v a ncing y e t a g a in i n t o t h e s oci a l a d
, n

p oli t ic a l fi e l d a s w e ll a s d a ri ngl y fu t h e r i n t o t h a t of p o e t ry
,
r .

A n d 5 0 t h r oughou t we fi n d t h e Le t t e rs a m o t d e l i gh t ful a n d s

lum inou s co m m e n t a ry u p on t h e p o e t ry ; w e s e e i n t h em t he
p oe m in t he m a king l it u p by a h un d e d gl i m ps e s of t he
s ,
r
l u iq e life o u t of wh i ch t h e p o e m s g re w a n d w e t u rn f o m t h e m
n u , r

5
 xviii S HE LLE Y S P R OS E ’
.

wi t h l g a ar h e n si on a l t og e t h e r of t h e i r w i t e O n t he
e r a p p re r r .

p u e l y li t e a ry s i d e w e s h a ll onl y b e a bl e t o a p p a i e S h e ll y
r r ,
r s e

wi t h com p l e t e cri t ica l a pp ra i s a l wi t h a v i e w t o his p a ct i ce in ,

r

v e s e a n d p o se wh e n his wri t ings of bot h kin ds h a v e b e e n

r r ,

p a a ll e l e d a n d co m p a e d a s w a s
r ugge s t e d b y t he R e r ,
s v .

S t 0 p fo rd B ook e in h is e lo q u e n t a dd e s s a t t h e i n a ugu a l
r ,
r r

m e e t in g of t h e S h e ll e y S oc i e t y .

S oon e r o r l a t e in e a d ing t he Le t t e rs s o m e s ignifi ca n t

r, r ,

r e fe e nc e o r o t h e
r t o p o e t ic a i m s is s u e t o r e ca ll t he w i s h t o
r r

know m o e full y wh a t S h e ll e y s t h e o ry of p o e t ry re a ll y wa s a n d
r
’
,

in t h i s we h a v e t he s ingul a r goo d fo t un e t o b e i n p o s se s ion of r s

e x a c t e v i d e nc e in t h e e s s a y on T he D e fe nc e of P o e t ry whi c h “ ”
,

p re se n t s u s wi t h so i m p o s i ng a s t a t e m e n t o f t he p o e t ic i d e a l .

A ft e r s e a rc h ing t h r ough a l l S h e ll e y s u t t e a nc e s a bou t l i fe a n d ’

r

t houg h t a n d t h e i r e x p e s s i on in fo m s of p o e t ry on co m ing
,
r r ,

t o t h e i r e p i t o m e in t hi s e s sa y w e s oon fi n d t h a t t h e i re a l b a i s ,
r s

is of t he s i m p l e s t o n e t h a t it n e e d s no ca e ful knowl e dg e of
,
r

m e t a p h y ic s t o co m p e h e n d b e ing in d e e d no t hing m o e
s r ,
r r o

l e s s t h a n LOVE i t s e l f Up on t h i s s i m p l e b a s i s how e v e .
,
r,

he buil t a p hilo s o p hic a l s u p e s t uc t u re t h a t a s t i m w nt r r , ,

e e

on p o m i s e d ha d he onl y live d t o fo m a v e ry e l a bo t e
, r , ,
r ra

a d nobl e t e m p l e of t hough t
n Wh e t h e r it woul d h a v e e v e r .

r e a ch e d co m p l e t ion is a no t h e r m a t t e ; t he m a in s ch e m e r

of it w a s fa i l y cl e a r t o him b u t he re cogni se d i f s o m e wh t
r , , a

t a d il y t he in s u ffi c i e nc y of t h e m a t e i a l s a n d t h e p ow e s a t o u r
r ,
r r

c o m m a n d a n d h is p o e t s in s t inc t woul d p ob a bl y h a v w ne d
’
,
r e ar

him in t i m e fr o m b i n d i ng hi m se lf t o a n y fi n a l s t a t e m e n t of
m a t t e r s infini t e who s e e x p e s s ion m u s t a lw a y s b e a p rog e s s iv e
,
r r

o e n A s fo r p o e t y wh i ch S h ll e y e g a d e d a s t h e n a t u l
. r ,
e r r ra

v o i ce of o u r de e p e s t i n igh t in t o t he i de a s wi t h whi ch p h ilo s o p h y

s

con ce rn s i t se lf his t e a t m e n t in t he D e fe nce is won d e full y

,
r
“ ”
r

luci d a n d p e rs p icuou s e p e c i a ll y fo r o n e h o v e ing on t he d a n ,

s r

g er o u s e d g e of m e t a h
p y s i c s a h e d o e H i w h ol e s t a n d p oin ts s . s

is a d m i a bl y e x p e se d i n t h e following p a s a g e f o m t h e e s a y
r r s s r s

b y R ob e rt B owning a l re a dy quo t e d f o m r w h i c h fo m a n
,
r ,
r s

i n c o m p a a bl e p e lu de t o t h e E s y s d Let t r s T a ki ng S h e ll e y
r r s a an e .

as a t yp e of t he s ubj e c t i ve p o e t t h e p a s s a g e d il a t e s H e gift e d, ,
 S H E LL E Y S P R OS E ’
.

like obj e ct ive p o e t wi t h t he full e r pe r ce p t ion of n a t ure a n d

t he
ma n, is i m p e ll e d t o e m bo dy t h e t hing he p e r c e i v e s n o r s m u h , o c

wi t h re fe re nce t o t he m a n y b e lo w a s t o t h e m e a bo v him e ,

t h e s u p re m e In t e llig e nc e wh i c h a pp e h e n d s a ll t hing s in t h e i r r

a b olu t e t r u t h — a
s ul t i m a t e v i e w e ve r a sp ire d t o if b u t p a t i a ll y
n ,
r

a t t a in e d b y t h e p oe t s own s oul
,
N o t wh a t m a n s e e s bu t w h a t
’
.
,

G o d se e s— t he I de a s of P l a t o s e e d s o f c re a t ion l y ing bu rningl y ,

on t he D iv in e a n d it is t owa rd s t h e s e t h a t he s t uggl e s
H — r .

N o t wi t h t he c o m bin a t ion of hu m a ni t y i n a c t ion b u t wi t h t he ,

p ri m a l e l e m e n t s of hu m a ni t y h e h a s t o do a d h e d ig s wh e e
,
n r

h e s t a n d s — p re fe r ing t o s e e k t h e m i n his own s oul a s t he

,
r

n e a re st re fle x of t h a t a b s olu t e M i n d a cco d ing t o t he in ,

r

t ui t i on s of which h e d e si re s t o p e r c e iv e an d s p ea k
”
T he .

e x a c t t e r m s of t h i s e x p o s i t ion S h e ll e y h i m s e lf m igh t h a ve
q u e t ison e d b u t it s t a t e s h is p o s i t i on n e ve rt h e l e s s v e ry p e fe c t l y
,
r .

P o e t ry w a s t o h im a n yt h i ng b u t a p l a y t h i ng e ve n t he d i v in e ,

p l a yt hing t h a t it w a s t o H e i n e a cco d in g t o a fa m ou s con ,

r

fe s i n of t h a t s ubli m e c yn i c i n t he ve i n o f wh i ch B yr on t he
s o ,

o p p o s i t e p ol e i n t hi s t o S h e ll e y i o u r m o st fa m ou s e xp on e n t ,
s

a n d it w a s c e t a in l y a n y t h ing b u t a n i n di ffe re n t a l t e rn a t i v e t o
r

o t h e r uncon v e n t ion a l s o i a l e x e ci s e s o r fa shion a bl o r u n c r , e

f s h ion a bl e p a t i m e s T o S h e ll e y it wa s t he v oic e of a
a s .

re ligion an in s t u m e n t which re sp on d e d t o t he e t e rn a l v i t i e s
,
r er ,

m a k ing h a rm on y f t he d ull e a r of m an o u t of a ll
or
ppa e nt a r

d i co ds
s r A p oe m
.
“
h c i e s i t he v e y i m g e of life
,
”
e r ,
“
s r a

e x p e s s e d i n it s e t e n a l t u t h D e fe nc e of P o e t y
“
a n d his
”
r r r , is r
”

t h oughou t i m bu e d wi t h a s p i i t of p a s s ion a t e b e li e f i n t he p o e t s
’
r r

t a n c e n d e n t func t ion s
r s Us ing t h e d i ffe e n t i a t ion e nfo c e d b y
. r , r

R u ki n of t he t e m s d s t lze t e a n d t it r t e S h e ll e y w a s n o t a t
' '

s r z eo e z ,
,

a ll c on t e n t t o con s i d e t hing s ae s t h e t ic a ll y onl y a n d a cco d ing t o

r , r

s e n uou s i m p r s s a n d g a t i fi c a t ion
s e he wa s d e t e m in e d l y t h e o
r r

r e t ic a ll t h ough Wh e n t hing s of b e a ut y s e i e d his i m a gi n a t ion

r . z

it w a s con s ciou l y a s i m a g e s of t he e ve l a s t ing p in c i p l e of

s r r

b e u t y a n d t he p e fe ct h a m on y whi ch lie b e hin d t hough o f

a r r ,

cou e he w a s t o o t ru e a p o e t t o v a gu e l y a b a n don t he p o e t s
rs
’

sa f gu a d s of t h e conc e t e
e r E x a m p l e s o f t hi t h e o re t ic e l a t i ng
r . s r

of his s ubj e c t m a t t e a boun d e ve n in his p oe t ry a n d t h i s e s sa y

-
r ,
xx S H E LLE Y S P R OS E ’
.

is co m p l e t e l y i n t e rp e n e t ra t e d wit h it s s p i ri t N o r n e e d it m a t t e r .

g e a t l y t h a t S h e ll e y n e ve r re a ch e d a n y d og m a t i c p o sit i on a s
r

t o t h e ul t i m a t e of t h e s e r e l a t i on s it is e nough t h a t h e i de a ll y
re c ogn i s e d t hi s ul t i m a t e e ve n if h e d id n o t d o s o c a t e go ic a ll y
,
r .

In t hi s p ofoun d r e ligi ou s w a y he ke e p s re t u rnin g a g a i n a n d

r

a g a i n t o e xcl a i m u p on t he high o igin a d d e st i n y of h is r n

s ubj e c t P o e t ry is i n de e d s o m e t h i ng d i v in e he in si s t s it is ” “
, ,

a t onc e t h e c e n t r e a n d c i r cu m fe re nc e o f knowl e d g e it is t h a t
which co m p re h e n ds a ll s ci e nc e a n d t h at t o wh i ch a ll s ci e nce ,

m u s t b e r e fe r e d I t is a t t he s a m e t i m e t he r oo t a n d t he
r .

blo s o m of a ll o t h e r sys t e m s of t hough t ; it is t h at f o m whi c h

s r

a ll s p ri ng a n d t h a t which a do rn s a l l ;
,
a n d t h a t which if ,

bl i gh t e d de ni e s t he f ui t a n d t he se e d an d wi t hhold s from t he
,
r ,

ba e n wo l d t h e nou ri shm e n t a n d t he s ucc e s s ion o f t he s cion s

rr r

of t he t re e o f li fe I t i s t he p e rfe c t a n d consum m a t e s u rfa c e a d

. n

bloo m of all t hings it is a s t he odour a n d t he colou r of t he ro se

t o t h e t e x t u re of t h e e l e m e n t s wh i ch co m p o se it a s t h e fo m a n d ,
r

s p l e n d ou r of unfa d e d b e a u t
y t o t he s e cr e t s of a n a t o m y a n d
-

c o rr u p t i on W e h a ve b u t t o con t inu e wi t h c i t a t i on s f o m
”
. r

t he i m m e di a t e l y succ e e d i ng p a r a gra p h s t o fo r e ve r con v e t r ,

s u e l y a ll w ho d i s b e l i e ve i n t he high func t i on of p o e t y
r , We r .

g in f om t h e m t o o a n i nci de n t a l a ccoun t of t he m y s t e iou s

a r
, , r

co m i ng of in sp i a t ion wh i ch n a t u ally re l a t e s i t s lf t o t he p o
r ,
r e r

c e s s e s of im gin a t i on i n S h e ll e y s own m ind

a We a re a wa e ’
.
“
"

r ,
”

h e sa y s of e va n e c e n t vi si t a t ion s of t hough t a n d fe e l i ng s o m e
,
“
s

t i m e s a s s oci a t e d wi t h p l a c e o r p e rson s o m e t i m e s r e g a r d i ng u r , o

own m in d a lon e a d a lw a ys a i sing unfo re s e e n a n d d e p a t ing

,
n r r

unbi dde n b u t e l e va t ing a n d d e ligh t ful b e y on d a ll e xp re ss ion ;

,

s o t h a t e v e n i n t h e d e s i re a n d t he r e g re t t h e y l e a ve t h e e c a nno t ,
r

b u t b e p l e a s u re p a t i c i p a t ing a s it d o e s i n t he n a t u e of it s
,
r r

obj e ct I t is a s it w e e t he i n t e p e n e t a t ion of a d i v in e n a t u e
.
,
r ,
r r r r

t h ough o u r o wn b u t it s foo t s t e p s a e lik e t ho s e of a win d o v r

r r e

t he s e a which t he co m i ng ca l m e a s e s a n d who e t a e s
s r , s r c

r m a in onl y a s on t h e w r inkl e d s a n d which p a v e s it

”
e T he .

fi s t p a rt of t h i s p a s s a ge s ugge s t s wh a t ha s a l wa ys s e e m e d t
r o

m e o e of t h e m o s t c h a r a c t e i s t ic e p i s o d e s i n S h e ll e y s l i fe a s ’
n r ,

r e l a t e d b y M s S h e ll e y— his s ol i t a ry e xcu rs i on t o M on t e S a n
r .
 S H E L L E Y S P R OS E
'
’
. xx i
Pe ll e g ri no i n t he Au gu s t of 1 8 2 0 re t u rning t o re p r oduc e t he ,

a tm o s p h e e an d i d e a l e s s e nc e of t h e d a ys of t h i s p ilg i m a g e in
r r

T he W i t c h of A t l a s —ch a a c t e ri s t i c ou t co m e ! e x q ui i t e
.

“ ”
,
r s

m ou s e of fa ncy b r ough t fo rt h by wh a t m oun t a in of S h e ll e y a n

_

i m a gin a t ion I
P r oc e e d i ng t h r ough t he r e s t of t he E ss a y s i n t he l i gh t of t h e
D ef en ce of P o et ry it is n o t n e e d e d t o e x a m i n e t h e m h e e in
"
r
,

e x a c t d e t a il t he i conn e c t i on wit h t he di ffe re n t id e s o f

r s

S h e ll e y s g e niu s a n d l i t e r a ry d e v e lo p m e n t a r e
. , ,

e a d il y s e e n
’
r

T he D is co u r s e on A t h e ni a n life a n d m a nn e r in e s p e c i a l e l a t i on
,

s, r

t o t h e s ubj e c t of Lo v e wh i ch unfo rt un a t e l y b re a k s o ff at t he
,

p oin t of e n t e r ing u p on t h e m o s t i n t e e s t ing p a rt of it s subj e c t is r ,

y e t ve ry s ign i fic a n t in it s b e a r in g u p on S h e ll e y s H e ll e ni c
’
‘

s ym p a t h i e s H o w m uch w e h a v e lo s t b y h is h a vi ng l e ft it a
.

fra gm e n t we ca n only gu e ss ru e full y w h e n we re m e m b e r t he

i m p a s s ion e d u t t e ra nc e i n p a i se of lo v e by Ag a t h o n a n d hi
,

'

r s

co m a de s wi t h t he ju d ici a l d e live ra nc e b y S oc a t e s t h a t follow

r ,
r s,

in t o wh i c h S h ell e y s D i o u r se wa s in t e n d e d
’
sc

t o fo m a n i n t o duc t ion S h e ll e y s be a u t iful t a nsl a t i on of t h e ’

r r . r

Sy m p s iu m it is i n t e n d e d t o i s s u e i n a v olu m e of P l a t o in t he
o

p re s e n t s e r i s a n d it h a s t h e e fo e b e e n o m i t t e d h e e a lb e i t
e ,
r r r ,

s o m e wh a t unwillingl y t o m a k e w a y f r m o e o f h i o igin a l
,
o r s r

w i t ing s T he i m m e n s e s t i m ulu s t h a t Pl a t o g a ve t o S h e l l e y w e
r .

a re e m i n d e d of a g a i n a n d a g a in i n t he E s s a y
r a d Le t t e s a d s n r ,
n

it m u s t b e k e p t i n m in d con s t a n t l y in e s t i m a t ing e i t h e r p r os e o r

ve s e . S h ell e y s de vo t ion t o P l a t o w a s unw a v e ing fro m t he

r
’
r

d a y wh e n h e fi s t b e g a n t o r e a d t h e D i a logu e s
r H ogg i n - 1
,

d c ibing t h e p o e t s Oxfo d d ays t e ll s s o m e e xqui s i t e a n e c d o t e

’
es r r , s

of his e n t hu s i a st i c P l a t oni sm no t a bly o n e m o s t c o m i c of a n , , ,

a t t e m p t wh e n c o s s ing a b i d g e o n e d a y t o e lici t f o m a b a b y
,
r r ,
r ,

lift e d f o m t he a rm s of it s s t a r t l e d m o t h e r d i e c t e vi d e nc e a bou t
r
,
r

a st a t e of p e e xi s t e n c e T o t he e n d P l a t o con t inu e d t o
r -
.

e x e ci se
r S h e ll e y a s g e a t l y if t l e s s e c c e n t i c e s ul t
r ,
o r r .

C o r obo a t d by B e ke l e y a d o t h e i d a li s t P l a t o t a ugh t h im
r r e r n r e s,

ho w t o e c onc i l e b e a u t y a n d g oo d n e
r t he ae s t h e t i c a nd t he s s,

m o a l s i de s of life a n d o i n g e a t p a t fo m e d t he ba s is f o t he
r ,
s r r r r

S h e ll e ya n r e li gio n T h i s is t h e r e fo re i n m a n y wa ys t h e m o s t
.

.
, ,
xxi i S H E L LE Y S P R OS E ’
.

co ns i d e ra bl e i nflu e nce in a l l S h e ll e y s h i s t o ry a ccoun t ing fo r ’

,

m u c h t h a t would e l s e b e v e ry p e p l e xing r .

T he r e m a ining e s s a y s h a ve e a ch t h e i r o wn s i gn i fic a nc e ,

t h owing n e w lig h t in o n e w a y a n d a no t h e r wh i ch is s i m p l y a n d
r ,

c l e a l y in d ic a t e d a s a
r ul e by t h e i r t i t l e s In s o m e e sp e c t s
r . r

it is no d oub t b e s t t o s t u dy t h e m i n t he o rd e of t h e i r p
'
'

r. ro

d uc t ion b y S h e ll e y W e c o m e t o un d e rs t a n d t h e n t he e v olu t ion

.

of t he m o e p e fe ct e d S h e ll e y of t he l a t e ye a a n d a e a bl e
r r r rs, r

t o t a c e t he s t e p
r of his li t e ra ry a dva nc e Wa n t of s p a ce
s .

a g a in h a s p r e ve n t e d t h e i nclu s ion of m o s t of t h e e a li e r -. r

p ol e m i c a l w i t irng s which , how e v e a

, e no t lik e l y t o b er, h is r
"
.
'

l a t e st m e m o i a l a n d e nough is i nclu de d i n t he A pp en dix t o

r ,

e n a bl e ju d gm e n t of t h e i g e n e ra l wo t h S o m e e xc e rp t s of
r r .
,

s p e ci a l i n t e re s t 1n t h i s p r e
'

s e n t p oli t ic a l c i s i s a e gi v e n f o m r ,
r r

t he I ri s h A d dre s s of 1 8 1 2 s o t ouch e d wi t h cu iou s , r

a s s oci a t ion s of t h e e xci t a bl e bo yi s h lib e a t o r who w e n t r

o v e r wi t h s uch ch arm ing fa it h t o conqu e a n a t ion b y lo v e '

a n d it s t ra n s ce n d e n t a l h e o i c s
e
T/ze D ecl a r t io n of R igfi t s
r . a ,

wh i ch show s a re m a ka bl e a dva nce u p on t he t wo I ri sh p a m p hl e t s

r ,

f o m t he be n e ficia l re s t ra i n t s of t he con de ns a t i on n e c e ssa y fo r

r r

s u c h a m a nife s t o is gi ve n in full ,
T he fa m ou s L e tt er t o L o r d
.

E llen bo r o ug lt is a l s o g iv e n co m p l e t e and in t hi s whi c h , ,

a d m i ra bl y d is p l a ys a l l t h e qu a l i t i e s a n d fa ul t s of S h e ll e y s
’

e a l y p r o s e w e fi s t r e cogn i s e t h e c a p a bl e m a s t e ry of ex p e s s ion
r , r r

which it s a u tho r a ft e r wa rds a t t a in e d Tl e N eces i y of A t / s m . t s t ze z

’

Tit e Ref u t a t io n of D e is m a n d t he Ve g e t a r i a n p a m p hl e t s ligh t l y

, ,
‘

in t e re s t i ng i n t h e m se l ve s a e e m bo di e d i n t he no t e s t o Qu een
,
r

M o w h i c h ca n b e e fe e d t in a l m o s t a n y e d i t i on of t he
a ,
r rr o

p o e m s ,
a n d t h e y a e t h e for e o m i t t
re e d h e e r T h e o t h e r e a l y r . r

p oli t ic a l p a p e r s a e of t o o occ a s ion a l a n a t u e t o b e of m uch

r r

g e n e ra l in t e re st Wi t h t he e a l y f g m e n t of ro m a n c e e n t i t l e d
. r ra

Tbe A ss s sin s w e e a ch a no t h e r s i d e of S h e ll e y a l t og e t h e r a n d
a r ,

it is p e culi a l y in t e e s t i ng M r H B ux t on F o m a n ha s t ol d u s
r r , . . r ,

a s s how i ng b e h in d it s m e l o d a m a t ic c u d i t y in c e t a in p o t ion s r r r r

a m a rk e d a d va n c e in hu m a n s y m p a t h y u p on t he m e e l y in t e l le c r

t u a l e n t h u s i a s m t h a t un d e li e t h e p e v iou s juve nili a

s r In it w e r .

d e t e c t t o o t he a chi e v e m e n t a ft e rwa d s confi rm e d i n the Co lis eu m

, , ,
r
 S HE L L E Y S PR OS E ’
. xxiii
fra gm e n t o f t h a t i m a gin a t i ve a t m o sp h e re wi t hou t wh i c h
,

r o m a nc e u t t e rl y fa il s— t h a t a t m o p h e re of wh i c h H a w t h o rn e s o s

kn e w t he s e c re t An d t u rning a t t hi s p o i n t t o con i de t he
.
. s r

whol e e x ce ll e nce of S h e ll e y s p ro s e st y l e t h e re is s o m e t hing it ’

, ,

s e m s t o m e in it s i m p a l p a bl
e ,
i n div i du a l ch a rm w h i ch wi t h a e, , ,

hun dre d d i ffe re nce s is m o e li ke H a w t ho n e t h a n a n y on e l s e

,
r r e .

S e e ing how in h is p r o s e S h e ll e y a l m o s t e n t i e l y d i s p e n se d wi t h r

t h e gli t t e i ng e q ui p m e n t of m e t a p h o a d p a r t i colou e d t e e m ing

r r n -
r ,

fa ncy t h a t he wo e in his v e s e x p lo i t s it is won d e ful t h a t in h i

r r e ,
r s

v e y p l a i n e s t p o se t hi s e x q ui s i t e in d i v i du a l fla vou is a l m o s t a
r r r s

d i t inc t a s i n Tbe S ens it iv e P l n t o r P r o m e t he u s Unbo u d

s a n .

W h il e a lw a ys t o uch e d wi t h t h i s fa cil e li m p i d S h e ll e ya n n a t i ve , ,

u li o i b i of u cl as s ic e xc ll nc — e a ily
‘

q a t y t h e p
, r s e a t t s e s t s t r e e e e ,
s

c a p abl e luci d e a s on e d v igo ou un a ffe c t e d an d a t it s wo rs t

, ,
r ,
r s
,

fa il s chi e fly f o m in de fi n it e n s s a n d con s e q u e n t d i ffu s e n e s s of

r e

e x p e ss ion ; n e ve r e xc e p t p e h p s h e r e a d t h e re in t he v e y
r ,
r a n r

e a l y w r i t ing s fr o m g a v
r ,
l a ck of t a s t e o r igh t n e s s of u t t e
r er r r

a n ce . F o r e x a m p l e s of it s v a i e d e xc e ll e nc e in t h e e xp e s s ion r ,
r

of q u i t e d i ffe re n t s ubj e ct s b e s i de s m a n y such p a ss a g e s a s h a v e

,

a l e a d y be e n gi v e n f o m t h e Le t t e r s a d t h e D f e n ce of P o t y
r r n e e r ,

t h e b e t of t h e no t e s u p on t h e S cul p t u e of t h e a g e of P e i c l e s
s r r ,

a n d t he E ss y o n Cb m s t n ity ca n b e t u n e d t o A bou t t h t w o
' ’

a za r . e

l a s t m e n t ion e d wri t ing s o e m igh t wi sh t o s a y a fu t h e wo d

-
,
n r r r

wi t h re fe re n ce t o Sh e lle y s i d e a s u p on fi n e a t a n d e ligi on bu t’
-
r r ,

i n t he ca se of re ligion e nough ha s p e h a p a l re a d y b e e n s a i d r s ,

a d in t h e o t h e r if it is
n e m e m b e re d t h a t S h e ll e y li v e d a t
,
r da y a

w h e n a rt p i m e s a nd m a g a in e s did o t a bou nd t o s u pp l y
-
r r z n

e v e y bo d y wi t h r e a dy m a d e a d m i ra t ion s a n d e c t a s i e
r -
it will s s,

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d e p re ci a t e d t he nobl e t a g e d y of M i c h a e l A ng elo s a t
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r r .

T h e a a ng e m e n t of t h e E s s a ys in t h i s volu m e is in t h e m a m
rr

t h a t a d o p t e d b y M s S h e ll e y in he r fi s t e d i t ion of t he E s y s
. r r sa

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ro r a ,
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.

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t o S h e ll e y s ot h e r b e t t e r kno wn r e vi e w s a s fo i n s tance t ho e
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a
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. r r

o t h e r o m i s s ion s which t he s cop e o f a volu me such a s t hi s ha s

m a de un a vo i d a bl e bo t h in t he E s s a y s a n d t h e Le t t e rs b u t e v e n
’

, , ,

a s it is t hi s coll e c t i on of t h e p r o s e is by fa r t h e co m p l e t e st t h a t
’

h a s ye t b e e n b rough t , l i ke t he p o e m s w i t hi n m ul t i t u d inou s ,

r e a ch a n d t h e e is e nough a n d t
,
sp a e t r gi ve a p e fe c t i d e a o r o r

of t h i s s id e of S h e ll e y s g e n i u s T a ke n wi t h t he o th e r s i de of ’
.
,

his v e s e w e h a v e t h e h i gh re c o d of a nobl e life nobl e eve n in

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it s i m p e fe c t i on s w hi ch e n de d l e t u s re m e m b e a l m o s t b e fo re
“

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it w a s m a t u re a n d which w e m us t b e l ie e in if n o t on t h e
'

,
v ,

i n t e rn a l e v i d e nc e t h a t t h i s r e co d co n t a in s a t a n y r a t e on t h e
.

r ,

t e s t i m on y of so m a n y a n d s uch o pp o s i t e s n a t u e s fr o m B yr on r ,

t o H e n i B e yl e who h a v i ng known h im h a v e bo rn e wi t n e s s t o
r , , ,

t he b e a u t y a n d nobili t y of his ch a a c t e r I n t hi s w a y t he b e s t r .

of t h e s e p o s e w i t i ng s m a y b e t ru s t e d t o con t inu e in t o t i m e
r
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’
r p se t
r t e e
,
r se t , g a s t e r ,

in c o m p a a b l e e p e e n t a t ion of o n e of t ho s e d iffi cu l t ly i d a l
r r r s e

n t u e s wh i c h whil e t he ye a s go on wi ll a lwa ys d ra w m n
a r ,
r ,
e

i m p e l led b y t he Sam e i de a l d e si e s a d de fe a t e d by t he s a m e r n

e rro rs .

E R N E S T R H YS .

[N O T E .
-
T he t h nk of
h e re a s t he ed i t o r of t h i volu m
s e a re

h e a t il y give n t o a l l who h a v e h e lp e d t o m a ke t hi s e dit i on of

r

S h e ll y s P r os e s o fa r p e f c t wh e t h e r by p e m i s s ion t o u se
’
e r e ,
r

co p y igh t m a t t e r a s ha s b e e n s o f e e l y g a n t e d by S ir Pe c y
r ,
r r r

F S h e ll e y B a t o b y l i t e a y a id a n d ugg e s t ion r e ce iv e d
.
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r r r s ,

i n v a iou s wa ys from fi s t a n d fo e m o st t he S h e ll e y S o c i ty
r , ,
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g e n e lly a d t h e n f o m m a n y of it s m e m b e rs in d i v i d u a ll y
ra ,
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inclu d ing M r H B ux t on F o m a n D r F u rn iv a ll D r G a n e t t
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M Willi a m B e ll S co t t a d M T ho m a s J Wi s e
r . O f t h e se ,
n r . . .

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. r r r s

a s s i s t a n ce e n d e e d b y h im in p r ocu i ng sc a r c e S h e ll e ya n a fo
r r r r

t he p e p a a t ion of co p y ]
r r .
 MIXE D E SSAYS AND FRAGME NTS .

A D EF E N C E O F PO ET R Y .

PA RT I

C C OR D I N G t o one od e o f r e g a r d i n g t hos e t w o
m
cl a ss e s o f m e n t a l a c t i on w h i c h a r e c a ll e d r e a son
,

a n d i m a gi n a t i on t he f o r m e r m a y b e con s i d e r e d
,

a s m i nd con t e m pl a t i n g t he re l a t i ons bo r n e b y o n e t hou g h t

t o a no t h e r ho w e v e r p r oduc e d
,
a n d t he l a t t e r a s m i nd
,

a c t i n g u p on t ho s e t hou g h t s so a s t o colou r t h e m wi t h it s

o w n l ig h t a d co m po s i n g fr o m t h e m a s fr o m e l e m e n t s
,
n , ,

o t h e r t hou g h t s e a ch con t a i n i n g w i t h i n it s e l f t he p rin c i p l e

,

o f it s o w n i n t e gr it y The o n e is t he ?
. r ) w o r t he
n a re ,

p r i nc i p l e o f sy n t h e s i s a n d ha s fo r it s obj e ct s t ho se fo rm s
,

wh i c h a re co m m on t o un i v e rs a l n a t u r e a n d e xi st e nc e it s e l f ;
t he o t h e r i s t he 3 A y f w o r p r i n c i pl e o f a n a l ys i s a n d it s
7 o r e , ,

a ct i on r e g a r ds t he r e l a t i on s o f t h i n g s s i m p l y a s re l a t i on s ;

cons i d e r i n g t hou g h t s n o t i n t h e i r i n t e gr a l un i t y b u t a s t he
, ,

a l g e b ra i c a l r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s w h i ch conduc t t o c e r t a i n ge n e r a l

r e s ul t s
. R e a son is t he e nu m e r a t i on o f qu a l i t i e s a l r ea dy
2 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

kn o wn im a gi n a t i on i s t he p e r ce p t i o o f t he v a lu e o f t ho s e
n

qu an t i t i e s bo t h se p a ra t ely an d as a w hol e R e a son

, .

r e sp e ct s t he d i ff e r e nc e s a n d i m a gi n a t i on t he s i m i l i t ud e s o f
,

t h i n gs . R e a son i s t o i m a gi n a t i on a s t he i ns t r u m e n t t o t he
a ge n t , as t he bod y t o t he sp i r i t as t he sh a do w t o
,
t he
sub s t a nce .

P o e t ry in a g e n e r a l s e ns e m a y b e d e fin e d t o b e
, ,
t he
e x p r e s s i o n o f t he i m a gi n a t i on a n d po e t r i s conn a t e wi t h
y
t he o r igi n o f m a n . M a n i s a n i nst r u m e n t ov e r w hi ch a
s e rie s o f e xt e r n al a n d i n t e rn a l i m pr e ss i ons a r e d r i ve n l i k e ,

t he a l t e r n a t i on s o f a n e v e r ch a n gi n g w i nd ov e r a n ZEo lia
-
n

l yr e w h i ch m ov e it by t he i r m o t i o n t o e v e r ch a n gi n g
,
-

m e lod y .B u t t h e r e is a p r i nc i pl e wi t h i n t he hu m a n b e i n g ,

a n d p e r h a p s wi t hi n a l l s e n t i e n t b e i n gs w h i ch a c t s o t h e r
,

wi se t h a n in t he lyr e a n d pr oduc e s n o t m e lody al on e bu t

, ,

ha r m on y by a n i n t e r n a l a dj us t m e n t o f t he s o u nds o r
,

m o t i ons t hus e x c i t e d t o t he i m p r e s s i ons w hi c h e x c i t e t h e m .

I t i s a s if t he l yr e cou l d a ccom m od a t e it s cho r ds t o t he

m o t i ons o f t h a t w h i ch st r i k e s t h e m i n a d e t e r m i n e d p r o p o r
,

t i on o f s ound ; e v e n a s t he m u s i c i a n c a n a cco m m od a t e his

vo i c e t o t he sound o f t he l yr e A ch ild a t pl a y by i t s e l f
.

w i l l e x p r e s s it s d e l ight by it s vo i c e a n d m o t i ons an d e v e r
y
in fl e xio n o f t on e a n d e v e ry ge s t u r e wi ll b e a r e x a c t r e l a t i on
t o a co r r e s pond i n g a n t i t yp e in t he pl e a s u ra bl e i m p r e ss i ons
w h i c h a w a k e n e d it ; it wi ll be t he r e fl e ct e d i m a ge o f t h a t
i m pr e ss i on a n d a s t he lyr e t r e m bl e s a n d sounds a ft e r t he
wi nd has d ie d a w a y so t he ch i ld s e e ks by p r olon gi n g i n
, ,

it s vo i c e a n d m o t i ons t he d u r a t i on o f t he e ffe c t t o p r olon g ,

als o a con s c i ou s n e ss o f t he c a use I n r e l a t i on t o t he

.

obj e c t s w h i ch d e l igh t a ch i ld t h e s e e x pr e s s i ons a re w h t

, ,
a

po e t ry i s t o high e r obj e ct s The s a va ge (fo r t he s a va g e i s

.

t o a g e s w h a t t he ch i ld i s t o y e a r s ) e x p r e s s e s t he e m ot i on s
p r oduce d in him by s u rr ound i n g obj e c t s i n a s i m i l a r
 A D E F E N CE OF P OE TR Y .
3

ma nn e r ; a n d l a n gu a ge a n d ge s t u r e t o ge t h e r wi t h pl a st i c o r ,

p i ct o r i a l i m i t a t i on b e co m e t he i m a ge o f t he co m b i n e d e ffe ct
,

o f t hos e obj e c t s a n d o f his a ppr e h e ns i on o f t he m M a n i n

, .

s oc i e t y , wit h a ll h i s p a ss i ons a n d his pl e a su r e s n e xt ,

b e co m e s t he obj e c t o f t he p a ss i ons a n d pl e a s ur e s o f m a n ;
an a dd i t i on a l cl a ss o f e m o t i ons p r oduc e s a n a u gm e n t e d

t r e a su r e o f e x p r e ss i ons ; a n d l a ng u a g e g e s t u r e a n d t he , ,

i m i t a t i ve a r t s b e co m e a t onc e t he r e pr e se n t a t i o n a n d t he
,

m edi um ,
t he p e nc i l a n d t he p i c t u re t he ch i s e l a n d t he ,

st a t u e t he cho r d a n d t he h a r m on y The soc i a l sym p a t h i e s

, .
,

o r t hos e l a w s fr o m w hi ch a s fr o m it s e l e m e n t s soc i et y
, ,

r e sul t s b e gin t o d e v e lop t h e m s e lv e s f r o m t he m o m e n t t h a t

,

t w o hu m a n b e i n g s c c e xi s t t he f u t u r e is con t a i n e d w i t hi n
-

t he p r e s e n t a s t he pl a n t wi t hi n t he s e e d ; a n d e qu a l i t y
, ,

d i ve r s i t y u n i t y con t ra st m u t u a l d e p e nd e n c e b e co m e t he
, , , ,

p r i nc i pl e s a l on e c a pa bl e o f a ffor d i n g t he m o tiv e s a cco r d i n g

t o w h i c h t he wi ll o f a soc i a l b e i n g i s d e t e rm i n e d t o a c t i on ,

i n a sm uch a s he i s soc i a l ; a n d const it u t e pl e a su r e i n s e nsa

t i on v i r t u e i n s e n t i m e n t b e a u t y i n a rt t r u t h i n r e a son i n g
, , , ,

a n d l ov e i n t he i n t e r cou r s e o f k i nd H e nc e m e n e v e n in .
,

t he i n fa ncy o f soc i e t y obs e r v e a c e r t a i n o r d e r i n t h e i r

,

w o r ds a n d a ct i ons d i st i nct fr o m t h a t o f t he obj e ct s a n d t he

,

i m p r e ss i ons re pr e s e n t e d by t h e m a ll e xpr e ss i o n b e i n g s u b
,

j c e t t o t he l a w s o f t h a t fr o m w h i ch it p r oc e e ds B u t l e t us .

d i sm i s s t hos e m o r e ge n e r a l con s i d e ra t i ons w h i c h m ig h t

i nvolv e a n i nqu i ry i n t o t he pr i n ci p l e s o f soc i e t y it se l f a n d ,

r e s t r i c t o u r v i e w t o t he m a nn e r i n w hi c h t he i m a gi n a t i on i s

e x p r e ss e d upon it s f o r m s .

I n t he y ou t h o f t he w o r ld m e n d a nc e a n d s i n g a n d ,

i m it a t e n a t u ra l obj e ct s obse r v i n g i n t h e se a c t i ons a s i n a ll

, ,

o t he r s a c e rt a i n r h yt h m or o r d e r A n d a l t hou g h al l m e n
, .
,

obse r v e a S i m i l a r t h e y obs e r ve n o t t he s a m e o r de r i n t he
, ,

m ot i ons o f t he d a nc e in t he m e lod y o f t he son g i n t he

, ,
4 E S SA i s A N D F R A G M E N TS
f
.

co m b i n a t i ons o f l a n g u a ge in t he s e ri e s o f t h e i r i m i t a t i ons
,

o f n a t u ral obj e ct s F o r t he r e i s a c e r t a in o r d e r o r r hyt h m

.

b e lon gi n g t o e a ch o f t h e se cl a sse s o f m i m e t i c r e pr e s e n t a t i o n ,

fr om w h i ch t he be ar e r a n d t he sp e c t a t or re ce i ve a n i n t e ns e r
a n d pu r e r pl e a s u re t h a n fr o m a n o t h e r : t he s e ns e o f a n
y
a pp r o xi m a t i o n t o t h i s o r d e r ha s b e e n c a ll e d t a s t e by
m od er n w r i t e r s . E ve ry m a n in t he in f a n cy o f a rt obs e r v e s ,

a n o r d e r w hi ch a pp r o xim a t e s m o r e o r l e s s clos e l y t o t h a t

fr om w h i ch t hi s highe st d e l ig ht re sul t s : b u t t he d i ve r s i t y
is n o t su ffic i e n t l y m a r k e d a s t h a t it s gr a d a t i ons sho u l d b e
,

s e ns i bl e e x c e pt in t hos e i ns t a nc e s w he r e t he pre do m i n a nc e
,

o f t hi s fa cul t y o f a pp r o xi m a t i o n t o t he b e a u t ifu l (fo r so w e

m a y b e p e r m i t t e d t o n a m e t he r e l a t i on b e t w e e n t his hig h e s t
pl e a su r e an d it s ca u s e ) i s v e ry gr e a t Thos e in w ho m it .

e xi s t s in e x c e ss a r e po e t s in t he m os t u ni v e r s al s e n s e o f
,

t he w o r d ; a n d t he pl e a su r e r e sul t in g fr om t he m a nn e r i n
w h i ch t hey e x pre ss t he i nfl u e nce o f soc i e t y o r n at u re upon
t h e i r o w n m inds co m m un i c a t e s i t s e l f t o o t h e r s a n d g a t h e r s
, ,

a s or t o f re du p l i ca t i on fr o m t h a t co m m un i t y The i r .

l a n g u a ge i s v i t a ll y m e t a pho r i c a l ; t h a t i s it m a r ks t he ,

b e fo re un a pp re h e nd e d r e l at i ons o f t hi n gs a n d p e rp e t u a t e s
t h e i r a p p re h e n s i on u n t i l t he w o r ds w h i ch r e p r e s e n t t h e m
, ,

b e co m e t h r ou gh t i m e s ig ns fo r por t i ons o r cl a sse s o f

, ,

t hou g h t s i ns t e a d o f p i c t u r e s o f i n t e gr a l t hou g h t s and t he n

if no n e w po e t s should a r i se t o cr e at e a fre sh t he a ssoc i a

t i ons w h i c h h a v e b e e n t hus d i so r g a n i s e d l a n g u a g e wi ll b e
,

d e a d t o a ll t he nobl e r pu r po se s o f hu m a n i n t e r cou r se .

T h e se s i m i l i t ud e s o r r e l a t i ons a r e fin e l y s a i d by L o r d
B a con t o b e “
t he s a m e f oo t s t e p s o f n a t u r e i m p r e ss e d u pon
t he v a r i ous s u bj e c t s o f t he w o r ld — a n d he cons i d e r s t he
fa cul t y w hi ch pe r ce i ve s t h e m a s t he st o r e hous e o f a xi om s
co m m on t o all kno w l ed g e I n t he i n fa ncy o f so ci et y e ve ry
.

D Augm n t S ci en t c p 1 l ib iii
e e . .
, a .
, . .
 A D E F E N CE OF P OE TR Y .
5

a u t ho r i s n ec e ssa r i l y a poe t be c a u se l a n g u a ge it s e l f is
,

p o e t r
y a n d t o b e a poe t is t o a pp r e h e nd t he t r u e an d t he

b e a u t iful in a w o rd t he g ood wh i ch e xi s t s in t he r e l a t i on
, , ,

subs i st in g fi r s t b e t w e e n e xi s t e nc e a n d p e r c e p t i on a n d
, ,

s e co nd ly b e t w e e n p e r ce p t i on a n d e xpr e ss i on E ve ry .

o r igin al l a n gu a ge n e a r t o it s sou r c e i s in i t s el f t he ch a os
o f a cycl i c po e m : t he cop i o u sn e ss o f l e xico gr a phy a n d t he
d i st i n ct i ons o f gra m m a r a re t he w o r ks o f a l a t e r a ge a n d ,

a r e m e re l t h c a t a lo g u e an d t he f o r m o f t he c r e a t i ons o f
y e

po e t ry .

B u t po e t s o r t hos e w ho i m a gi n e a n d e x p re ss t h i s
,

i nde s t r uct i bl e o r d er a r e n o t o nly t he a u t ho rs o f l a n g u a ge

,

a n d o f m us i c o f t he d a nc e a n d a r ch i t e ct u r e an d s t a t u a r y
, , , ,

a n d p a i n t i n g : t he a r e t he i ns t i t u t o r s o f l a w s a n d t he
y ,

found e rs o f c i v i l soc i e ty a n d t he inve nt o rs o f t he a rt s o f

,

l ife a n d t he t e a ch e r s w ho d r a w i n t o a ce r ta i n p r op i nqu i t y
, ,

wi t h t he b ea u t if ul a n d t he t r u e t h a t pa r t ia l a pp r e h e n s i on
,

o f t he a ge nc i e s o f t he i n v i s i bl e w o r ld w hi ch i s c a ll e d
r e l igi on . H e nc e all o r igi n a l r e l igi ons ar e a ll e g o r i c a l o r ,

susce p t i bl e o f a ll e go ry a n d l i k e Ja nus ha ve a do u ble fa ce

, , ,

o f fa l s e a d t r u e P o e t s a cco r d i n g t o t he c ir c u m s t an c e s o f
n .
,

t he a ge a n d n a t i on in w h i ch t h e y a pp e a r e d w e r e c a ll ed in , ,

t he e a r l i e r e p oc hs o f t he w o r ld l e gi s la t o r s o r p r oph e t s : a
, ,

poe t e ss e n t i a ll y co m p r i s e s a n d u n i te s bo t h t h e s e ch a ra c t e r s .

F o r he n o t on l y b e holds i n t e ns e l y t he p r e s e n t a s it is a n d ,

d i scove r s t ho se l a w s a cco r d i n g t o w hi ch pre se n t t h i n gs

ou g h t t o b e o r de r e d b u t he b e holds t he f u t u r e i n t he
,

p r e se n t a n d h i s t ho ugh t s a r e t he g e r m s o f t he fl o w e r a n d
,

t he f r u i t o f l a t e s t t i m e N o t t h a t I a ss e rt po e t s t o be
.

p r oph et s in t he gr oss se ns e o f t he w o r d o r t ha t t he y ca n ,

for e t ell t he for m as su r e ly as t h e y fore kno w t he s p ir it o f

e v e n t s : s u ch is t he p r e t e n ce of s u pe r s t i t io n w hi ch w ould
,

m a k e p o e t r a n a t t r i bu t e o f p r oph e c r a t h e r t ha n p r oph e c
y y , y
6 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

an a t t r i bu t o f p o t y A po t p t i c i p t s i n t h t n l
e e r . e ar a e e e er a ,

th e i nfin i t d th e, an
; f e l t s t h i s con
one as ar as re a e o

ce pti t im
o n s, d pl c e d nu m b
an a t e Th an er are no . e

g m m t i c l fo m s w h i h x p s t h m oods o f t i m
ra a a r c e d re s e e, a n

t h d i ff
e nc o f p ons d t h d i t i nct i on o f pl c
ere e ers ,
an e s a e , a re

c onv t i bl wi t h
er e p ct t t h h igh t po t y w i t hou t
r es e o e es e r

i nj u i n g it po t y ; d t h cho u s o f ZE hyl
r as e r an d e r se sc u s, a n

t h book o f J b d D nt d i s w ould ffo d m o ’

e o P ,
an a e s a ra e, a r ,
re

th an a n
y o t h w i t i n g s er x m pl s o f
r t h i s f c t ,
if t h e l iam it s e a ,
e

o f t hi s ss y d i d e t f o b i d c i t t i on
a no Th c t i ons o f
r a . e rea

scul p t u p i n t i n g d m us i
re, a i llu t t i ons s t i l l m o
,
an c are s ra re

d ci i v
e s e .

L n g g colou f o m
a ua e, d l igi ous d c i v i l h b i t s o f
r, r ,
an re an a

a ct i on ,
ll t h i n t u m n t s
are a d m t i ls o f po t y ;
e s r e an a er a e r

th y m y b
e c ll d p o t y by t h t fi g u o f sp ch w h i h
a e a e e r a re ee c

con i d s t h ff c t
s er e sy non ym o f t h c us
e e as a B t e e a e . u

po t y i n m o
e r a t i c t d s ns re xp ss s t hos
res r e ng e e e re e e a rr a e

m nt s o f l n g u g
e a d sp c i ll y m t i c l l n g u g w hi ch
a e, a n e e a e r a a a e,

a re c t d by t h t i m p i l f cul t y w hos t h on i s
re a e a er a a ,
e r e ou r

t i d wi t hi
a ne th i nv i s i bl n t u o f m
n e A d t h is e a re an . n

S p i n
r gs f o m t h n r t u i t s l f o f
e l n g au g w reh i ch i s m
e o a a e, a re

d i c t p s t t i on o f t h ct i ons d p ss i ons o f
re re re e n a e a an a our

i n t l b i n g d i s usc p t i bl o f m o v i ous d d l i
e rna e , an s e e re ar an e

c t co m b i n t i ons t h
a e a colou f o m ,
m o t i on
an d is r, r , or ,
an

mo pl st i c d ob d i n t t t h con t ol o f t h t f cul t y o f
re a an e e o e r a a

w h i ch it i s t h c t i o F l n g u g i s bit ily p e re a n. or a a e ar ra r ro

d u ce d by t h i m gi t i on e d h a l t i o t t hou g h t s
na ,
an as re a n o

a lon ; b t ll o t h m t i ls i ns t u m n t s d cond i t i ons

e u a er a er a , r e ,
an

of t h v ar l t i ons m on g
a e re a h oth w h i ch l im it d
a e ac e r, an

in t po er b tw se conc p t i o
e d x p ss i on
een e Th f o m n an e re . e r er

i s as m i o w h i ch
a rr fl cts t h l t t
r re cloud w h i c h
e , e a er as a

e n f bl s t h l ight o f w hi ch bo t h
ee e ,
e m d i u m s o f co m m un i a re e

c t i on
a H nc
. th f m o f sculp t o s p i n t s
e e e a e d r ,
a er ,
an
 A D E F E N CE OF P OE TR Y .

m u s i c i a ns a l t hou g h t he in t r i n s i c p o w e r s o f t he g re a t
,

m s t e rs o f t h e se a r t s m a y y i e ld i n no d e gr e e t o t h a t o f
a

t hos e w ho h a v e e m plo ye d l a n g u a g e a s t he h i e r o g l yp h i c o f
t h e i r t hou g h t s has n e v e r e qu a ll e d t h a t o f p o e t s i n t he
,

r e s t r i c t e d s e ns e o f t h t e rm ; a s t wo
e f e qu a l
s k il l will p r odu c e u n e qu a l e n d a ha r p .

The fa m e o f l e gi s l a t o r s a n d f ound e r s o f r e l igi ons s o lon g a s

,

t h e i r ins t i t u t i ons l a s t a lon e se e m s t o e x c e e d t h a t o f p o e t s

,

in t he r e st r i c t e d s e n s e ; b u t it c a n s c a r c e l y b e a qu e s t i on ,

w he t h e r if w e de duc t t he c e l e b r i t y w h i ch t he i r fl a t t e ry o f
,

t he g r o s s O p i n i ons o f t he vu l g a r u s u a ll y co n c i l ia t e s t o g e t he r
,

wi t h t h a t w h i ch b e lon ge d t o t h e m i n t h e i r hig h e r ch a ra ct e r
o f p o e t s a n y e x c e s s wi ll r e m a i n
, .

W e ha v e t hus c i r cu m scr i b e d t he w o r d po e t r y wi t h i n t he
l i m i t s o f t h a t a rt w h i ch i s t he m o st fa m i l i a r a n d t he m o s t
p e r fe ct e x p r e s s i o n o f t he f a cu l t y i t s e l f
,
. I t i s n e ce s sa ry ,

ho w e ve r t o m a k e t he c i r cl e s t i ll n a r r o w e r a n d t o d e te r
, ,

m i n e t he di s t i nc t i on be t w ee n m ea s u r e d a n d u n m e a su r e d

l a n gu a g e ; fo r t he p o p u la r d i v i s i on in t o p ro s e a n d v e r s e i s
'

i n a d m i ss i bl e in a ccu r a t e phil osoph y .

S ounds a s w e ll as t hou g h t s ha v e r e l a t i on bo t h b e t w ee n
e a ch o t h e r a n d t o w ar ds t ha t w hi ch t h e re p r e se n t an d a
y ,

p e r ce pt i on o f t he o r d e r o f t hos e r e l a t i ons has a l w a y s b e e n

found c onn e c t e d w i t h a pe r ce pt i o n o f t he ord e r o f t he
r e l a t i ons o f t hou g h t s H e nc e t he l a n g u a ge o f po e t s ha s
.

e v e r a ffe c t e d a c e r t a i n u n if o r m a n d h a r m on i ous r e cu r r e nc e

o f s ound wi t hou t w h i c h it w e r e n o t po e t ry a n d w h i c h i s
, ,

sc a r ce l y le ss ind i sp e n sa bl e t o t he co m m u n i c a t i o n o f it s
i n fl u e nc e t ha n t he w or ds t he m se l v e s wi t hou t r e fe re nce t o
, ,

t h a t p e cu l i a r o r d e r . H e nc e t he v a n i t y o f t r a nsl a t i o n ; it
w e r e a s w i s e t o c a st a v i ol e t i n t o a cr uc i bl e t ha t yo u m ig h t
d i scove r t he fo r m al p rinc i pl e o f it s colou r an d odou r a s ,

s e e k t o t ra n s fuse fr o m o n e l an g u a ge i n to a no t he r t he
8 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

cre at i ons o f po t Th pl n t m u st sp i n g g i n f om it
a e . e a r a a r s

s d
ee it wi l l b
,
or no fl w — d t h i s i s t h bu t h n o f
e ar o er an e r e

t h cu s o f B b l
e r e a e .

A b v t i on o f t h g ul m od o f t h
n O se r a cu nc o f e re ar e e re r re e

h m on y i n t h l n g u g o f p o t i c l m i nds t o g t h wi t h
ar e a a e e a ,
e er

it s re al t i on t o m us i p oduc d m t c t in y t m
c, r e e re, o r a er a s s e

o f t d i t i on l fo m s o f h m ony d l n gu g Y t it i s by
ra a r ar an a a e . e

no m n ss n t i l t h t po t hould cco m m od t hi
ea s e e a a a e s a a e s

l ng u g t t h i t d i t i on l fo m so t h t t h h m on y
a a e o s ra a r ,
a e ar ,

w h i h i it pi it b ob v d Th p c t i c i i nd d
c s s S r , e ser e . e ra e s ee

conv n i n t d p opul
e e d t b p f
an d p c i ll y i n
ar, a n o e re e rr e , es e a

s uch co m pos i t i on i ncl ud s m uch ct i on b t v y g t as e a : u e er re a

po t m ust i n v it bly i nnov t upon t h x m p l o f h i s

e e a a e e e a e

p red c sso e i n teh x c trs t c t u o f h i s p cul

e e i ifi
a s ru re e a r v e rs ca

t i on Th d i s t i nct i o b t w n po t s
. e d p os w i t s i sn e ee e an r e r er a

v ul g o T h d i st i nc t i on b t w n p h i losoph s d
ar e rr r . e e -
ee er an

p o t s
e h b n n
as t i c i p t d ee P l t o w a ss n t i ll y po t
a e . a as e e a a e

t h t ut h
e rd spl ndou o f h i s i m g y
an d t h m lody o f
e r a er ,
an e e

hi l n g u g
s a th am o t i nt n
e, t h t it i s p o i bl
a re e t s e se a ss e o

conc i v H
e j c t d t h m su o f t h p i c d m t i c
e . e re e e e ea re e e ,
ra a ,

an d l y i c l fo m r b c u h ou g h t t k i dl
a r s, h m ony
e a se e s o n e a ar

i n t hou gh t s d i v st d o f h p d c t i on d h f b t e e s a e an a , an e ore o re o

i v n t y gu l p l n o f hyt h m w h i ch would i n lud

n e an re ar a r c e,

u nd d t m i n t fo m s t h v i d p u
er e er a e o f hi t y l
r , e ar e a se s s s e .

C i c o ou g h t t
er s i m i t t t h c d n o f h i s p i od b t
o a e e a e ce er s, u

wi t h l i t t l succ s Lo d B con w e e sp o t . H i l r a as a e .
*
s an

g u g h s w t d m j st i c h y t h m wh i ch s t i fi s t h
a e as a ee an a e r ,
a s e e

se n no l se , th n th l m o t sup hu m n w i sdo m o f h i s
e ss a e a s er a

ph i lo ophy s t i fi s t h i n t ll c t ; it i s
s a s t i w h i c h di
e e e e a s ra n s

t nd
e d t h n bu t s t h
s, an cu m f nc o f t h
e rs d e Ci r e re e e re a er s
’

m nd i d pou s i t l f f o t h t o g t h
,
an r wit h it i n t o t h
se r e er e

un i v s l l m t wi t h w h i ch it h p p t u l sy m p t hy
er a e e en as er e a a .

S t h F i l u m L by i t h i
ee e d th E y D a h p ti l ly
r n ,
an e s sa on ea t ar cu ar .
 A D E F E N CE OF P OE TR Y. 9

A l l t he u t hor s o f re volu t i ons i n op i n i on a r e n o t o n l y

a

n e ce ss a r ily po e t s a s t h e y a r e i nv e n t o r s n o r e v e n a s t h e i r
,

w o r ds unve il t he p e rm a n e n t a n a lo gy o f t h i n g s by i m a g e s
wh i ch p a rt i c i p a t e in t he l ife o f t r u t h b u t as t h e i r p e r i ods
a r e h a r m on i ous a n d r h t hm i c a l a n d con t a i n i n t h e m s e l v e s
y ,

t he e l e m e n t s o f v e r s e ; b e i n g t he e cho o f t he e t e r n l m u s i ca .

N o r a r e t hos e su p re m e po e t s w ho h a v e e m ploy e d t ra d i t i on a l
,

for m s o f r hyt h m on a ccoun t o f t he fo rm a n d a ct i on o f t h e i r

s ubj e ct s l e ss c a a bl e o f p e r c e i v i n g a n d t e a ch i n g t he t r u t h
, p
o f t h i n gs t h a n t hos e w ho ha v e o m i t t e d t h a t fo r m S h a k e
,
.

s pe a r e , D a n t e a n d M i l t on (t o con fin e ou r s e lv e s t o m od e r n
,

wr i t e r s) a re ph i losoph e r s o f t he v e ry lo ft i e st po we r .

A po e m i s t he v e ry i m a ge o f l ife e x p r e sse d in it s e t e r n a l
t r ut h. T h e r e i s t h i s d i ffe r e nc e b e t w e e n a s t o r y a n d a po e m ,

t h a t a s t o r y i s a c a t a lo g u e o f d e t a ch e d fa c t s w h i ch h a v e no
,

o t h e r co n n e c t i on t h a n t i m e pl a ce c i r cu m s t a nc e ca u se a n d
, , ,

e ffe ct t he o t h e r i s t he c re a t i on o f a c t i ons a cco r d i n g t o t he

un c h a n g e a bl e fo r m s o f hu m a n n a t u r e a s e xi s t i n g i n t he
,

m i nd o f t he C r e a t o r wh i ch i s i t se l f t he i m a g e o f a l l o t h e r
,

m i nd s . The o n e i s p a r t i a l a n d a ppl i e s onl y t o a d e fin i t e

,

e r i od o f t i m e a n d a c e r t a i n co m b i n a t i on o f e v e n t s w h i ch
p ,

c a n n e v e r a ga i n r e cu r ; t he o t h e r i s un i v e r s a l a n d c on t a i ns
,

wit h i n i t se l f t he ge rm o f a r e l a t i on t o w h a t e ve r m o t i v e s o r
a c tions h a v e pl a c e i n t h e pos s i bl e v a r i e t i e s o f hu m a n n a t u r e .

T i m e w hi ch d e s t r o y s t he b e a u t y a n d t he u se o f t he s t o y o f
, r

a r t i cul a r fa c t s s t r i p e d o f t he po e t r w h i h should i n t
p , p y c v e s

t h e m a u g m e n t s t h a t o f poe t ry a n d fo r e v e r d e v e lo p s n e w
, ,

a n d w ond e r f ul a ppl i c a t i ons o f t he e t e r n a l t r u t h w h i ch it

con t a i ns H e nce e p i t o m e s h a v e b e e n c a ll e d t he m o t hs o f
.

j ust h i s t o ry ; t h ey e a t o u t t he po e t ry o f it A s t o ry o f.

p a r t i cul a r fa ct s i s a s a m i rr o r w h i ch obscu r e s a n d d i s t o r t s
t h a t w hi ch shoul d b e b e a u t if u l : poe t ry i s a m i rr o r w h i ch
m k e s b e a u t if u l t h a t w h i ch i s d i s t o r t e d
a .
Io E SS A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

The pa r t s o f a co m po s i t i on m a y be po e t i ca l wi t ho u t t he,

co m po s it i on a s a w hol e b e i n g a p o e m A s i n g l e s e n t e n ce
. .

m a y be co n s i d e r e d a s a w hol e t hou gh it m a y be f ound in

,

t he m i ds t o f a s e r i e s o f un a s s i m i l a t e d po rt i ons ; a s i n g l e
w or d e ve n m ay be a sp a r k o f i n e xt i n g u i s h a bl e t hou gh t .

A n d t hu s a l l t he gre a t h i s t o r i a ns H e r odo t us P lu t a r ch
, , ,

Li vy w e r e po e t s ; a n d a l t hou gh t he pl a n o f t h e s e w r i t e r s
, ,

e sp e c i a ll y t h a t o f Li vy , re st ra i n e d t h e m fr om d e v e lop i n g
t h i s fa cul t y in it s h ig h e s t d e gr e e t he y m a d e c 0 p io u s a n d
,

a m pl e a m e nds fo r t h e ir s ubj ec t i on by fill i n g a ll t he

,

i n t e r st i c e s o f t he ir subj e c t s wit h l i v i n g i m a ge s .

H a v in g d e t e r m i n e d w h a t i s po e t r y a n d w ho a re po e t s
, ,

l e t u s p r oc e e d t o e s t i m a t e it s e ffe ct s upo n soc i e t y .

P o e t ry i s e v e r a cco m p a n i e d wi t h p l e a su r e a l l sp i r i t s on

w h i ch it fall s op e n t h e m s e lve s t o r e ce i v e t he wi s do m w hi ch
i s m i n g l e d wi t h it s de l ig h t I n t he in fa n cy o f t he w o r ld
. .
,

n e it h e r po e t s t h e m se l ve s n o r t h e i r a ud i t o rs a r e f u ll y a w a re
o f t he e x c e ll e nc e o f po e t ry fo r it a ct s in a d i vin e a n d u n
a
pp re h e n d e d m a nn e,r be y ond a n d a bov e con s c i ousn e ss ; a n d
it i s r e s e r v e d fo r f u t u re ge n e ra t i ons t o con t e m p l a t e a n d
m e a s u r e t he m ig h t y ca us e a n d e ffe ct i n a ll t he s t re n gt h a n d
spl e ndou r o f t h e ir un i on E ve n i n m od e r n t i m e s no l i vi n g
.
,

po e t e ve r a r r i ve d a t t he f uln e s s o f his fa m e ; t he j u ry w h i ch
s i t s i n j ud gm e n t u pon a po e t b e lon gi n g a s he d o e s t o a l l
,

t i m e m us t b e co m pos e d o f h i s p e e r s : it m us t be im p a n n e l e d
,

by T i m e f r o m t he se l e ct e st o f t he wi s e o f m a n y g e n e ra t i on s .

A p o e t i s a n ig h t i n ga l e w ho s i t s i n d a r kn e ss an d s i n g s t o
,

ch e e r it s o w n sol i t ud e wi t h s w e e t s ounds ; h i s a u d i t o r s a r e
as m e n e n t ra nc e d b y t he m e lody o f a n u ns e e n m us i c i a n ,

w ho fe e l t h a t t h e y a re m ove d a n d so ft e n e d ye t kno w n o t ,

w h e nce o r w hy The po e m s o f H o m e r an d his con t e m po

.

r a r i e s w e r e t he d el ig h t o f i n fa n t G r e e c e ; t h e w e re t he
y
e l em e n t s o f t ha t soc i a l s s t e m w hi ch i s t he co l u m n upon
y
 A D E F E N CE OF P OE TR Y . I t

w h i ch ll succ d i n g c i v ilis t i o h
a ee pos d H o m m a n a s re e . er e

bod i d t h i d l p f ct i on o f h i s g i n hu m n ch
e e ea er e t ; a e a a r ac e r

nor w doub t t h t t hos w ho

ca n e d hi v s s w a e rea s er e e re

a w k n d t
a e em b it io o f b co m i n g l i k t A ch i ll
o an a n e e o e s,

H ct o e d U l yss s t h t t h
r , an d b u t y o f f i ndsh i p
e : e ru an ea r e ,

p t i o t i sm
a r d p s v i n g d vo t i on t
,
an obj c t w
er e er e o an e ,
ere

u nv i l d t t h d p t hs i n t h s i m m o t l c t i ons t h
e e o e e e e r a re a : e

s nt i m n t s o f t h ud i t o s m us t h v b n fin d
e e e a d r a e ee re e an

e nl g d by sy m p t h y wi t h such g t d lo v l y i m p
ar e a a rea an e er

so n a ti un t i l f o m dm i in g t h y i m i t t d
o n s, r d f om a r e a e , an r

i m i t t i on t h y i d n t i fi d t h m lv wi t h t h obj c t o f
a e e e e se es e e s

th i e r d m i t i on N
a l t it b
ra obj ct d t h t t h
. or e e e e ,
a e se

ch c t sara m ot f o m m o
er l p f ct i on d t h t t h y
a re r e e r ra er e ,
an a e

ca n by no m ns b con i d d ea d ifyi n g p t t ns f e s e re as e a er or

g n l i m it t i on E v y poch und n m s m o
e era a . l s er e , er a e re o r es

sp c i ous h d i fi d it p cu l i
e ,
as o s ; R v n g is t h
e e s e ar e rr r e e e e

n k d i dol o f t h w o shi p o f s m i b b ous g ; d

a e e r a e -
ar ar a e an

S l f d c i t is t h v i l d i m g
e -
e e o f u nkno w vil b fo
e e e a e n e , e re

w h i ch l u x u y d s t i t y li p os t t B t p o t
r an a e e r ra e . u a e co n

s i d s t h v i c s o f hi con t m p o i s
er e e th t m po y s e ra r e as e e ra r

d ss i w hi ch h i s c t i ons m ust b
re n
y d d w h i chrea e a rra e , an

cov wit hou t onc l i n g t h t

er l p opo t i ons o f t h i
c ea e e e rn a r r e r

b u ty A pi
ea . d m t i p son g i s u d st ood t
n e c or ra a c er a e n er o

w t h m ound hi soul h m y t h nc i n t m ou
ear e ar s , as e a e a e ar r or

t h m od n u if o m
e ou nd hi body ; w h i lst it i s y t
er n r ar s e as o

conc i v d ss m o g c f ul t h n i t h
e e a re Th b u t y o f
re ra e a e er . e ea

t h i nt n l n t u
e c n o t b so f conc l d by it cc i
er a a re a n e ar ea e s a

d n t l v st u b t t h t t h sp i i t o f it fo m sh ll m
e a e re , u a e r s r a co

m n i c t it s l f t t h v y d i sg u i s
a a e e d ind i c t t h
o h p
e er e, a n a e e s a e

it h i d s f o m t h m e n i w h i ch it i s w o n A m j t i
r e an er n r . a es c

fo m d g c f l m ot i ons will x p s t h m s lv s t h ou gh
r an ra e u e re s e e e r

t h m ost b b ous
e d t s t l ss cos t m
ar ar F w po t s o f an a e e u e. e e

t h h ig h s t cl ss h v chos n t
e e xhib it th b ut y o f t h i
a a e e o e e ea e r
 E SSA YS A N D F R A GM E N TS .

c onc e p t i ons i n it s n a k e d t r u t h a n d spl e ndo ur ; a n d it is

doub t f u l w he t he r t he a ll oy o f cost u m e h a b it e t c b e n o t
, , .
,

n e ce ss a ry t o t e m p er t h i s pl a n e t a ry m us i c fo r m ort a l e a r s .

The w hol e obj e ct i on ho w e v e r o f t he im m or a l i t y o f

, ,

p o e t ry re s t s upon a m i sconc e p t i on o f t he m a nn e r i n w h i ch
p o e t ry a ct s t o p r oduce t he m o r a l i m p r ov e m e n t o f m a n .

E t h i c a l sc i e nce a r r a n ge s t he e l e m e n t s w h i ch po e t ry ha s
c r e a t e d a n d p r o p ou nds sche m e s a n d p r opos e s e xa m pl e s o f
,

c i v i l a n d do m e s t i c l ife : n o r i s it fo r w a n t o f a d m i ra bl e
doct r i n e s t h a t m e n ha t e a n d d e sp i s e a n d c e nsu re a n d
, , ,

d e c e i ve a n d s u b ju ga t e o n e a n o t h e r B u t po e t ry a ct s in
, .

a no t h e r a n d d i v i n e r m a nn e r . I t a w a k e ns a n d e nl a r g e s t h e
m i n d i t s e l f by r e nd e r in g it t he r e c e p t a cl e o f a t hous a nd
u n a pp re h e nd e d co m b in a t i ons o f t hou ght P o e t ry l ift s t he
.

v e i l fr o m t he hi dde n b e a u t y o f t he w or ld a n d m a k e s ,

fam il i a r obj e ct s be a s if t he y w e re n o t fa m il i a r ; it r e pro

duc e s all t h a t it r e p r e s e nt s a n d t he i m p e r son a t i ons clo t h e d
,

in it s E l y s i a n l ig h t s t a nd t h e nc e f or w a r d i n t he m i nds o f
t hos e w ho ha v e onc e con t e m pl a t e d t h e m a s m e m o r i a ls o f
,

t h a t g e n t l e a n d e x a l t e d con t e n t w hi ch e x t e nds i t s e l f ov e r
a l l t hou g h t s a n d a c t i ons wi t h w h i c h it co e xi s t s The gr e a t
.

s e cr e t o f m or al s i s l ove ; o r a g o in g o u t o f o u r n a t u re a n d ,

an i d e n t i fica t i on o f ou r se lve s wi t h t he b e a u t if ul w h i ch
e xi s t s in t hou g h t a c t i on
, ,
o r p e r so n n o t o u r o w n
,
A m an .
,

t o b e g r e a t l y g ood, m u s t i m a gi n e i n t e ns e l y a n d co m p r e
he n siv e ly ; he m us t p u t hi m s e l f i n t he pl a ce o f a no t h e r a n d
o f m a n y o t he rs ; t he p a i ns a n d pl e a su re s o f h i s sp e c i e s
m us t b e co m e h i s o w n . The g r e a t ins t r u m e n t o f m o ra l g ood
i s t he i m a gi n a t i o n a n d po e t ry a d m i n i st e rs t o t he e ffe c t by
a c t i n g upon t he c a u s e . P o e t ry e nl a r ge s t he cir cu m fe r e nc e
o f t he i m a gi n a t i o n by r e pl e n i shi n g it wi t h t ho ught s o f e v e r
n e w d e light w hi c h ha v e t he po w e r o f a t t r act in g an d a ssim il
,

a t i n g t o t h e ir o w n n a t u r e a l l o t he r t h ou g ht s a n d w h i ch f o r m
,
 A D E F E N CE OF P OE TR Y . 13

ne w i n t v ls d in t s t i c s whos vo i d f v c v
er a an er e e or e er ra es

f sh food P o t y st n gt h s t h f cu lt y w hi ch i t h
re . e r re en e a s e

o g of t h m o l n t u o f m
r an e i n t h s m m nn
ra a re an , e a e a er as

e x c i s st n gt h ns l i m b A po t t h fo w ou ld do
er e re e a . e ere re

il l t m body hi
o e w conc pt i ons o f ig h t d w on g
s o n e r an r ,

w hi ch usu ll y t hos o f h i s pl c
are a d t im i n hi s e a e an e,

po t i c l c t i ons whi ch p t i c i p t i n n i t h
e a re a By t h i s
,
ar a e e er .

as s um pt i o o f t h i n f io offi c o f i n t p t i n g t h ff c t
n e er r e er re e e e ,

i w hi ch p h p
n ft ll h m ight cqu it h i m s l f b t
er a s a er a e a e u

im p f c t l y h
er e wou ld s ig n ,
glo y i n p t i ci p t i o
e re a r a ar a n

i t h c us
n e Th w
a l it t l d n g t h t H o m
e . e re
y as e a er a e r, o r a n

o f t h t n l po t s should h v so f m i su d s t ood
e e er a e , a e ar n er

t h m s lv s
e t h v
e bd i c t d t h i s t h on o f t h i wi d st
e as o a e a a e r e e r e

do m i n i on Thos i n w ho m t h po t i c l f cul t y t hou g h

. e e e a a ,

g t i s l ss in t n
rea ,
E u i p i d s L uc n T s o S p
e e se , as r e ,
a ,
a s , en se r,

h v f qu t l y ff t d m o l im
a e re en d th a ff c t o f
ec e a ra a ,
an e e e

th i po t y i s d i m i i sh d i n x c t p opo t i o t t h
e r e r n e e a r r n o e

d g e i n whi ch t h y co m p l us t dv t t t h i s
ree e e o a er o

pu r pose .

H o m e r a n d t he cy c ic po e t s w e r e follo w e d a t a c e r t a i n .

i n t e r va l by t he dra m a t i c a n d l yr i ca l p o e t s o f A t h e ns w ho ,

fl ou rish e d con t e m po ra n e ousl y wit h a ll t h a t i s m ost pe r fe c t

in t he k i nd r e d e x p re ss i ons o f t he po e t i c a l fa cul t y ; a r ch i
t e c t u r e p a i n t i n g m u s i c t he d a nc e sculp t u r e p h il osoph y
, , , , , ,

a n d w e m a y a dd t he f o r m s o f c i vil l ife , F o r a l t hou g h t he .

sch e m e o f A t h e n i a n soc i e t y w a s d e for m e d by m a n y

i m p e r fe ct i ons w h i ch t he po e t ry e xi st in g in ch i va l ry a n d
C h r i st i a n i t y ha s e ra s e d fr o m t he h a b i t s a n d i nst i t u t i on s o f
m od e r n E u r op e ; y e t n e v e r a t a n y o t h e r p e r i od has so m uch
e n e r gy b e a u t y a n d v i r t u e b e e n d e ve lop e d ; n e ve r w a s
, ,

bl i nd st r e n gt h an d st ubbo rn fo r m so d i sc i pl i n e d a n d
r e nd e r e d s u bj e ct t o t he w ill o f m a n o r t h a t wil l l e ss ,

r e pu g n a n t t o t he d i c t a t e s o f t he b e a u t if ul a n d t he t r u e a s
,
 SSA YS A N D F RA G M E N TS
E .

du i g t h c n t u y w hi ch p c d d t h d t h o f S oc t s
r n e e r re e e e ea ra e .

Of no o t h p o h i t herhi s t o y o f
e c sp c i s h v w
n e r our e e a e e

re co ds d f gm n t s st m p d so v i s i bl y wi t h t h i m g o f
r an ra e a e e a e

t h d i vi n i t y i n m
e B t it i po t y lon i f o m i na n. u s e r a e, n r ,

a c t i on i l n g u g w h i h h
, or n a nd d t hi s poch m m
a e, c a s re e re e e or

a bl bov l l o t h s
e a e d t h s t o ho u s o f x m pl s t
a er ,
an e re e e a e o

e v l st i n g t i m
er a F w i tt n po t y xi t d t t h t
e . or r e e r e s e a a

e poch s i m ul t n ously wi t h t h o t h a e ts d it i s i dl e er ar , an an e

inqu i y t d m nd w h i ch g v
r o e d w h i ch
a c iv d th a e an re e e e

l ig h t w hi c h l l
,
f o m com m o focus h v sc t t d
a , as r a n ,
a e a e re

ov t h d k st p i ods o f s u c d i n g t i m
er e ar e W kno w no
er c ee e . e

mo o f c us
re d ff c t t h
a e cons t n t conj unct i on o f
an e e an a a

e v n t s po t y i s v found t
e : e r xist wi t h w h t v
e er o co - e a e er

o th er t s con t i bu t
ar t th h pp i n ss
r d p f ctio of
e o e a e an er e n

m a n. I pp l t w h t h a l dy b
ea ot bl i h d t a as a re a een es a s e o

d i st i n g i sh b t w n t h c us
u e d th ff ct
ee e a e an e e e .

It w t t h p i od h
as a dv t d t t h t t h d m
e er e re a er e o, a e ra a

h d it b i t h ;
a s d ho w v r succ d i n g w i t m y h v
an e er a ee r er a a e

e qu ll d a u p ss d t hos f w g t sp c i m ns cf t h
e or s r a e e e rea e e e

A t h ni n d m e aw h i ch h v b p s v d t us it i
ra a a e een re e r e o ,
s

i d i sp u t bl t h t t h t it l f n v w und st ood
n a e a e ar se e er as er or

p ct i s d cco d i n g t t h t u p h i losoph y o f it
ra e a r o t e r e ,
as a

A t h ns e F t h A t h n i ns
. or m p lo y d l n g u g
e ct i on e a e e a a e, a ,

m us i c p i n t i n g t h
,
a d nc d l igi ous i nst it u t i on t
, e a e, an re s, o

p odu c co m m on ff c t i n t h p s n t t i on o f t h h ig h t
r e a e e e re re e a e es

i d l i m s o f p s i o d o f pow ; ch d i v i s i on i n t h t
ea s a s n an er ea e ar

w as m d p f ct i n it k i nd by t i st s o f t h m ost con
a e er e s ar e

su m m t sk ill d w d i sc i pl i n d i n t o b u t if ul p opo t i o
a e ,
an as e a ea r r n

an d u n it y t o w ds t h o t h
one O t h m od n s t g
ar e e r. n e er a e a

f w o l y of t h
e n l m n t s c p bl o f xp s i n g t h i m g o f
e e e e a a e e re s e a e

th e po t s conc p t i o
e
’
m plo y d e t onc W h v
n a re e e a e . e a e

t g d y wi t hou t m us i
ra e d d nc i n g ; d m u ic c d an a an s an

d nc i n g wi t ho u t t h high st i m p son t i ons o f w h i ch t h y

a e e er a e
 A D E F E N CE 0 F P OE TR Y . 15

are t he fi t a ccom p a n i m e n t a n d bot h wi t hou t r e l igi on a n d

,

s ol e m n i t R l igi ous i ns t i t u t i o n ha s ind e e d b e e n u s u a ll

.
y e y
ba n i s h e d fr o m t he st a ge O u r sy st e m o f d i ve st i n g t he
.

a c t o r s f a c e o f a m a sk on w h i ch t he m an y e x p re ss i ons
’
,

a r op r i a t e d t o his d r a m a t i c ch a r a c t e r m ig h t b e m ou ld e d
pp
i n t o o n e pe r m a n e n t a n d unch a n gi n g e xpre ssi on i s fa vou r ,

a bl e o nl t o a p a r t i a l a n d in ha r m on i ous e ffe c t ; it i s fi t fo r
y
not h i n g bu t a m onolo gu e w h e r e a ll t he a t t e n t i on m a y be
,

d i re c t e d t o som e gr e a t m a s t e r o f i d ea l m i m i cry The .

m od e r n p ra c t i c e o f bl e nd i n g co m e dy wi t h t ra g e dy t ho ug h
.

l i a bl e t o gr e a t a bu s e in po i n t o f p r a c t i ce i s u n do u bt e dlfi fi m
,

e x t e n s i on o f t he d r a m a t i c c i r cl e ; b u t t he co m e d should
y
b e a s m K i n g Le a r u n i v e r s al i d e a l a n d subl i m e
, , ,
I t is .

p e r h a ps t he i n t e r ve n t i on o f t h i s p r i nc i pl e wh i ch de t e r m i n es
t he b a l a nc e i n fa vou r o f K i n g Le a r a g a i ns t t he (Edip u s
Tyra nnus o r t he A ga m e m non o r if y o u wi ll t he t ri lo gi e s
, , ,

w i t h w h i ch t h e y a r e conn e ct e d unl e ss t he i n t e nse p o w e r o f

t he chor a l p o e t ry e spe c i a ll y t h a t o f t he l a t t e r should b e
, ,

cons i d e r e d a s re s t or i n g t he e qu i l i br i u m Ki n g Le a r if it
.
,

c a n su s t a i n t h i s co m p a r i so n ,
m a y b e j ud ge d t o be t he m os t
e r fe ct s p e c i m e n o f t he d r a m a t i c a r t e xi s t i n g i n t h e w o r ld
p
i n sp i t e o f t he n a r r o w cond i t i ons t o w h i ch t he po e t w a s
s ubj e c t e d by t he ig no r a nc e o f t he ph i lo s o p h y o f t he d ra m a

w h i ch ha s pr e va i l e d in m od e r n E u r op e Ca ld e r o n i n his.
,

r e l igi ous A u t os ha s a t t e m t e d t o f ul fil so m e o f t h h ig h
, p e

cond it i on s o f d ra m a t i c r e pr e s e n t a t i on n e g l e ct e d by
S h a k e s p e a r e ; suc h a s t he e st a bl i s h i n g a r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n
t he d ra m a a n d re l igi on a n d t he a c co m m od a t i n g t h e m t o
,

m us i c a n d d a nc i n g ; b u t he o m i t s t he ob s e r v a t i on o f

cond it i ons st i ll m o r e i m po r t a n t a n d m o r e i s lost t h a n

,

ga in e d by t he sub st i t ut i o n o f t he r igi dly de fi n e d a n d e ve r-

r e e a t e d i d e a l i s m s o f a d i s t o r t e d sup e r s t i t i o n fo r t he l i v i n g
p
i m p e rson a t i ons o f t he t ru t h o f hu m a n p a ss i on .
 E SSA YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

B ut I d ig s
re s — The conn e ct i on o f sc e n i c e x h i b i t i ons wi t h
t he i m p r ov e m e n t o r co rr up t i on o f t he m a n n e r s o f m e n has ,

b e e n u n i ve r sal l y r e co gn i s e d ; i n o t h e r w or d s t he p e s e nc e
,
r

o r a bs e nc e o f po e t ry i n it s m o s t p e r fe ct a n d un i v e rs al f o r m

ha s b ee n f ound t o be conn e c t e d wi t h g ood a n d e v i l i n

conduct o r h a b i t The co r r up t i on w h i ch ha s b e e n i m pu t e d
.

t o t he d ra m a a s a n e ffe c t be gi ns w h e n t he po e t ry e m p lo y e d
, ,

i n it s const it ut i on e nds : I a pp e a l t o t he h i s t ory o f m a nn e r s

w h e t h e r t he p e r i od s o f t he gr o w t h o f t he o n e a n d t he
d e cl i n e o f t he ot he r ha ve n o t co rr e sponde d wi t h a n
“

e x a c t n e ss e qu a l t o a n y e x a m pl e o f m or a l c a us e a n d
e ffe c t
.

The d r a m a a t A t he ns o r w he r e so e v e r e ls e it m a y h a v e
,

a pp r o a c he d t o it s p e r fe ct i on e v e r cc e xi s t e d wi t h t he
,
-

m o r a l a n d in t el l e c t u al gr e a t n e ss o f t he a ge . The t r a ge d i e s
o f t he A t he n ia n po e t s a re a s m i rr or s i n w h i ch t he sp e ct a t o r
b e holds h i m se l f und e r a t h i n d i s gu i s e o f c ir cu m st a nc e
, ,

s t ript o f a ll bu t t h a t i de a l p e rfe ct i on a n d e n e r gy w h i ch
e v e ry o n e f e e ls t o be t he in t e r n a l t y p e o f a l l t ha t he lov e s ,

a d m i r e s a n d w ould b e co m e
,
The i m a gi n a t i on i s e nl a r ge d
.

by a sym p a t h y wi t h p a i ns a n d p a ss i ons so m ig h t y t h a t ,

t h e y d i s t e nd i n t h e i r conc e p t i on t he c a p a c i t y o f t h a t
b y w h i c h t h e y a r e c onc e i v e d ; t he g ood a ffe c t i on s a re
s t r e n gt h e n e d b y p i t y i nd ig n a t i on t e r r o r a n d s o rr ow
, , a nd

an e xa lt e d calm i s pr ol on ge d fr om t he s a t i e t y o f t h i s
h ig h e xe r c i s e o f t h e m i n t o t he t u m ul t o f fa m i l i a r l ife e v e n
c r i m e i s d i s a r m e d o f h a l f it s ho r r o r a n d a l l it s con t a gi o n by
b e i n g r e pre se n t e d a s t he fa t a l con se qu e nce o f t he un fa t ho m
a bl e a ge nc i e s o f n a t u r e ; e rr or i s t hus d i ve s t e d o f it s
w il fu l n e ss m e n can no lon ge r che ri s h it a s t he cr ea t i o n o f
t h e i r cho i c e. I n a d r a m a o f t he h ig h e s t o r d e r t h e re i s
l i t t l e f ood fo r c e nsu re o r ha t r e d ; it t e a ch e s ra t h e r s e l f
kno w l e d ge an d se l f re sp e ct N e i t he r t he e ye n o r t he m i nd
-
.
 A D E F E N CE OF P OE TR Y . 17

ca n s ee it s l f u nl ss fl c t d u p o t h t w h i ch it s m bl s
e ,
e re e e n a re e e .

Th d m e raso l on g it con t i nu s t
a, xp s p o t y i s
as e o e re s e r ,

as p i sm t i
a r d m n y s i d d m i o w h i ch coll c t t h
a c an a -
e rr r, e s e

b ig h t t ys o f hu m n n t u
r es ra d d i vi d d a
p du a re a n es an re ro ce s

t h m f om t h
e r sim p l icity of t h e l m n t y fo m d e se e e e ar r s, a n

t ou h s t h m wi t h m j s t y
c e e d b u ty d m lt ip l i
a e ll an ea ,
an u es a

t h t ita fl c t s d ndo ws it wi t h t h po w o f p o p g t i n g
re e ,
an e e er r a a

it l i k w h
s e v it m y f ll e re er a a .

B t i n p i ods o f t h d c y o f so i l l if
u er th d m e e a c a e, e ra a

sy m p t h i s s wi t h t h t d c y T g dy b co m s
a e a cold e a . ra e e e a

im it t i on o f t h fo m o f t h g t m st p i c s o f n t i qu i t y
a e r e re a a er e e a ,

d i v s t d o f ll h m on i o u s cco m p n i m nt o f t h k i nd d
e e a ar a a e e re

ar s t ; d o ft an t h v y f o m m i sund st ood
en e er w k r er ,
or a ea

a tt m pt te t ch c t in doc t in w h i ch t h w it con
o ea er a r e s, e r er

s i d s m o l t u t hs d w h i ch u u ll y no m o t h n
er as ra r an a re s a re a

s
p c
e i ous fl t t i o f so m a g oss v i
er es c w kn wi t h w h
e i c h r e or ea e ss ,

th e u t ho i co m m on wi t h hi ud i t o s
a r, n i n f ct d s a r ,
are e e .

H nc w h t h b
e e c ll d t h cl i c l d do m st i c d m
a as een a e e a ss a an e ra a .

A dd i on s C to sp c i m n o f t h w ould
”
i
’
s i a ; s ad t e e e o ne an

w ere t su p fl uous t
no c it x m p l s o f t h o t h ! T
er o e e a e e er o

s u h p u pos p o t y c nno t b m d sub v i n t P o t y

c r es e r a e a e se r e . e r

i s sw o d o f l ight i n g v u n h t h d w h i ch o u m s
a r n ,
e er s ea e , c ns e

th c bb d t h t w ould on t i n it A d t h us w ob v
e s a ar a c a . n e se r e

t h t l l d m t i c w i t i n g s o f t hi s n t u
a a ra a run i m gi n t i v a re a r e a a e

i n s i n g ul d g ; t h y ff ct n t i m n t d p i on
a ar e ree e a e se e an as s ,

whi h d i t d o f i m gi n t i on ot h n m s f c p ic
'

c ,
v es e a a ,
a re er a e or a r e

an d pp t i t
a Th p i od i n
e e . w h i t o y of t h
e er our o n s r e

g o t d g d t i o o f t h d m i s t h ig o f C h l
r s se s e ra a n e ra a e re n ar es

I I w h n ll f o m s i w h i ch p o t y h d b ccu t o m d '

.
,
e a r n e r a ee n a s e

t o b xp s d b c m h ym ns t t h t i u m ph o f k i n gl y
e e r e se e a e o e r

p o w ov
er li b t y d
er v i t u M i l t
er o s t ood an lon ill m i r e . n a e u n

a ti g n g anun w o t h y ao f hiem ‘ A t u h p ri ods t h . s c er e

ca c l ul t i n g p i n i p l p v d
a ll t h
r c fo m o f d m t i c
e er a es a e r s ra a

83
 18 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

e xh ibit i o n, a n d po e t ry c e a s e s t o b e e x p r e ss e d u p on t he m
C o m e dy los e s it s i d e a l un i v e r s a l i t y w it su ce e ds t o hu m o ur
w e l a u gh f r o m s e l fffco m p l a ce n cy a n d t r i u m ph i ns t e a d o f
"
,

pl e asu re ; m a l ig n i t y s a r ca s m a n d con t e m pt succ e e d t o

, ,

sym p a t h e t i c m e rr i m e n t ; w e ! ha r dl y la u gh bu t w e s m i l e , .

O bsc e n i t y w hich is e v e r bl a sphe m y a ga i n st t he d i v i n e

,

b e a u t y! in l ife b e co m e s fr o m t he v e ry ve il w hi ch it a ssu m e s
, , ,

m o r e a c t i v e if l e s s d i s g us t i n g it is a m ons t e r fo r w hi ch t he
co rr up t io n o f soc i e t y fo r e ve r b r i n gs for t h n e w food w hi ch
-
,

it d e vou r s i n s e c r e t .

The d ra m a b e i n g t ha t f o r m u nd e r w hi ch a gr e a t e r
n u m be r o f m od e s o f e x p r e ss i on o f po e t r susc e pt i bl e o f
5
y a r e

b e i n g co m b i n e d t h a n a n y o t h e r t he con n e xi o n o f p o e t ry
,

a n d social g ood is m o re obs e r v a bl e in t he d r am a t h a n in

w ha t e ve r o t he r form An d it is ind i spu t a bl e t ha t t he

.

h ig h e st p e r fec t i on o f hu m a n soc i e t y ha s e ve r co r re spond e d

wi th t he highes t dr a m a t i c e x ce ll e nce a n d t ha t t he co rru p
t i on o r t he e xt i nct i on o f t he dra m a in a na t i o n w h e re it
has once fl ou r i she d is a m a r k o f a c o r r u p t i on o f m a n n e s
,
[
" r ,

a n d a n e x t i nc t i o n o f t he e n e r gi e s w hi c h sus t a i n t he soul o f
‘

j
soc i al l ife B u t a s M a ch i a ve l l i sa ys o f pol i t i c a l inst it u t i ons
.
, ,

t h a t l ife m a y b e p r e s e r v e d a n d r e n e w ed if m e n sho ul d a rise

,

ca p a bl e o f b r i n gi n g b a ck t he d ra m a t o it s p rinc i pl e s A n d .

t h i s is t r u e wi th r e s e ct t o po e t ry in it s m os t e x te n d e d
p
s e nse : al l l a n gu a ge i ns t i t u t i on a n d fo r m r e qu i re n o t only
, ,

t o be p r oduc e d bu t t o b e sus t a i n e d : t he o ffi c e a n d ch a rac t e r

o f a po e t p a rt i c i p a t e s in t he d i vi n e n a t u re a s r e ga r ds
pr ovid e nce no l e ss t h a n as r e ga r ds cr e a t i on
, .

C i v i l war ' t he spo i ls o f A s i a a n d t he fa t a l p re do m i n a nc e

, ,

fir s t o f t he M ac e don i a n a n d t h e n o f t he R o m a n a rm s w e r e
, ,

so m a n y sym bol s o f t he e x t i nct i o n o r s u spe n s i on o f t he

cr ea t i ve fa c ul t y in G r e e ce The bu col i c w rit e rs w ho found
.
,

p a t ron a ge u nd e r t he l e t t e r e d t y r a n t s o f S i c i l y a n d Egyp t
.

,
 A D E F E N CE OF P OE TR Y . 19

w e re t he l a t e s t r e pre s e n t a t i v e s o f it s m os t glorious re ig n .

T h e i r po e t ry i s i n t e n s e l y m e lod i ous ; l i k e t he odou r o f t he

t u be r os e it ov e r co m e s a n d s i ck e ns t he sp i r i t wi t h e x c e s s o f
,

s we e t n e s s w h i l s t t he po e t ry o f t he pr e c e d i n g a ge w a s a s a
m e a do wiga l e o f J un e w h i ch m i n g l e s t he f r a g r a nc e o f a l l t he
,

fl o w e r s o f t he fi e ld an d a dds [a qu i ck e n i n g a n d h a r m on i si n g
,

s p i r i t o f it s o w n w h i ch e ndo w s t he s e n s e wi t h a po w e r o f

s u st a in in
g' it s e x t re m e d e l ig h t } T h e bu col i c a n d e r o t i c

d e l i c a cy i n w r i t t e n po e t r y i s co rr e l a t i v e wi t h t ha t so ft n e ss
in s ta t u a ry m u s i c; a n d t he k i nd r e d a r t s a n d e v e n in
, ,

m a nn e rs an d i ns t i t ut i o n s w h i c h d i s t in g u i sh e d t he e p och t o
,

w h i ch I no w r e fe r N o r is 1t /t he po e t i ca l fa cu l t y it s e l f o r
.
,

m l sa li a t io n o f it t o w hi ch t h i s w a n t o f h a r m on i s
an
y pp c , y
t o be i m pu t e d A n e qu a l s e ns i b i l i t y t o t he i n fl u e nc e o f
.

t he s e nse s an d t he a ffe ct i o n s i s t o be f ound i n t he w r i t i n g s

o f H om e r a n d S ophocl e s : t he fo r m e r; e s p e ci a ll y, ha s
clo t h e d s e nsu a l a n d p a t h e t i c im a ge s wit h i r r e s i st i bl e
a t t r a c t i ons. The i r sup e r i o r it y ov e r t h e s e su c ce e d i n g
wr i t e r s co ns i s t s i n t he pr e se n ce o f t hose t hou g h t s wh i ch
be lon g t o t he inn e r fa cul t i e s o f o u r n a t u r e n o t i n t he
‘

a b se n ce o f t hos e w h i ch a r e c o n n e c t e d wi t h t he e x t e r n a l

t h e ir in co m p a r a bl e p e r fe c t i on co n s i st s i n a] h a r m on y o f t he
un i on o f a l l I t 18 n o t wh a t t he e r o t i c poet s ha ve bu t w h a t
.
,

t h e y ha v e n o t i n w hi c h t h e i r i m p e r f e c t i on con s is t s
,
I t 13 .

n o t in a s m u ch a s t he y w e r e po e t s b u t in a s m uc h as t h e y w e r e
,

o e t s t h a t t h e y c a n b e co n s i d e r e d wi t h an y pl a us i b i l i t y
not
p ,

as co n n e c t e d wi t h t he co r r up t i on o f t h e ir a ge H a d t hat .

co rr upt i on a v a il e d so as t o e xt i n gu i sh in t he m t he s e ns i b i l i t y
t o pl e a su r e pa ss i on a n d n a t u r a l s ce n e r y w h i c h i s i m pu t e d
, , ,

t o t he m as ah i m p e r fe c t i on t he l a s t t r i u m p h o f e v i l w ould
/ ,

hav e be e n achi e v e d F o r t he e n d o f socia l co rr up t i on i s t o

.

d e st r oy a l l se ns ib il i t y t o pl ea su re a n d t h e r e fo r e it i s , ,

co rru p t i on I t be gi ns a t t he i m gi a t i on a n d t he in t e ll e c t
. a n
 20 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

as at cor e a n d d i s t r i b u t e s i t se l f t h e nce a s a p a ra l ys i n g
t he ,

v e no m t h r ou g h t he a ffe ct i on s i n t o t he v e ry a p p e t i t e s; unt i l :
,

a l l b e co m e a t o r p i d m a s s i n w h i ch h a ir dly ts e n s e s u r v i v e s
?
i
.

A t t he a pp r o a ch o f such a p e r i od po e t r y e v e r dd r e s se s,
a

i t s e l f t o t ho se fa cul t i e s w h i c h a r e t he l a st t o be d e s t r oy e d ,

a n d it s vo i c e i s h e a r d l i k e t he f oo t s t e ps o f A s t rae a d e a r t
, p ,

i n g f ro m t he w o r ld P o et ry e ve r co m m un i ca t e s a ll t he
.

p l e a su r e w h i ch m e n a r e c a p a bl e o f r e c e i v i n g : i t i s e v er

s t i ll t he l ig h t o f l ife
; t he sou r c e o f w h a t e v e r o f b e a u t if ul
o r g e n e r ous o r t r u e ca n h a v e pl a c e i n a n e v il t i m e I t wi ll
.

r e a di l b e con f ss e d t h t t ho m on g t h lu x u i ous c i t i e ns
y e a se a e r z

o f S y r a cus e a n d A l e x a nd r i a w ho w e re d e l igh t e d wi t h t he
,

po e m s o f T h e ocr i t u s w e r e l e ss cold c r u e l an d 8 9 1,18 “a t h a n

, , ,

t he r e m n a n t o f t h e i r t r i b e B u t co rru p t i on m u st/ 1 t t e r l y
.

3
h a ve d e st r o ye d t he fa b r i c o f hu m a n s oc i e t y b e fo r e po e t ry
c a n e ve r c e a s e T h e s a c r e d l i n ks o f t h a t c h i n h a v e n e v e r
[ . a

b e e n e n t i r e ly d i sjo i n e d w h i ch d e s ce d i n g t h r ou g h t he
,
n

m i nds o f m a n y m e n i s a t t a ch e d t o t hos e gr e a t m i nd s ,

w he nc e a s f r o m a m a g n e t t he i nv i s i bl e e ffl u e n c e is se n t
for t h w h i ch a t once conn e ct s a n im a t e s/ a d s u s t a i n s t he
, ,
n

l ife o f I t i s t he fa c ul t y w h i ch con t a i ns w i t h i n i t s e l f
|t he s e e ds a t onc e o f it s o w n a n d o f soc i a l r e nov a t i on [ A n d .

l e t us n o t c i r cu m scr i b e t he e ffe c t s o f t he bucol i c a n d

e r o t i c po e t r wi i i f e s e n s i b i l it f
”

y t h in t h e l m t s o t h y o t hos e to

w ho m it w a s a ddr e s se d Th e y m a y h a ve p e r ce i ve d t he
.

b e a u t y o f t hose i m m o rt a l com p o s i t i on s s im p l y a s fra gm e n t s

,

a n d i sol a t e d po r t i ons : t ho s e w ho a r e m o r e fin e l o r g a n is e d
y ,
I o r bo r n i n a ha pp i e r a e m a re co g n i s t h m a s e i sod s
, g , y e e p e

t o t h a t gr e a t po e m w h i ch a ll po e t s l i k e t he cc o p e r t in g
, ,
-
a

. t hou g h t s o f o n e g r e a t m i nd h a v e bu i l t up s i nce t he
,

__b e gi nn i n g o f t he w o r ld 1 .

The s a m e r e volu t i ons wi t h i n a n a rr ow e r sph e r e ha d p l a ce

in a éi e n t R o m e ; b u t t he a c t i on s a n d f o r m s o f it s soc i l
n a
 A ‘

D E F E N CE OF P OE TR Y . 2 1

l ife n e v e r se e m t o ha v e b e e n p er fe ct l y s a t u ra t e d wi t h t he
poe t i c a l e l e m e n t The R o m a ns a pp e a r t o h a ve con s i d e r e d
“

t he G r e e ks a s t he se l e ct e st t r e a s u r i e s o f t he se l e ct es t f o rm s
o f m a nn e r s a n d o f n a t u r e a n d t o ha ve a bst a in e d fr o m ,

cr e a t i n g i n m e a su r e d l a n g u a ge scul p t u re m us i c; o r a rc h i , ,

t e c t u re a n y t h i n g w h i ch m ig h t b e a r a p a r t i cul a r r e l a t i on
,

t o t he i r o w n cond i t i on w h i ls t it sho u ld b e a r a g e n e ra l o n e
,

t o t he u n l v e r sa l con st i t u t i on o f t he w o r ld B u t w e j ud ge .

fr om pa r t i a l e v i de nce a n d w e j ud ge p e r h a ps par t i ll y , a .

E nn i u s V a rr o P a c u v iu s a n d Acc i us a ll gr e a t po e t s h a v e
, , , , ,

b e e n l ost Lu cre t i us is i n t he h ig h e s t a n d V i r gi l i n a v e r y
.
,

h ig h s e nse a c r e a t o r The c ho s e n d e l i ca cy o f Ie xp re s s m n s
,
.

o f t he l a t t e r a re a s a m i s t o f l ig h t w h i ch conc e a l fr o m us
,

t he i n t e ns e a n d e x c e e d i n g t r u t h o f hi s conc e p t i ons o f
n a t u r e Li vy i s i n s t i nc t wit h p o e t ry Y e t H o ra ce
. .
,

C a t ull us Ov i d a nd ge n e r a ll y t he o t h e r gr e a t w r i t e r s o f t he
, ,

V i r gi l i a n a ge s a w m a n a n d n a t u r e i n t he m i r r o r o f G r e e c e
, .

The i n st i t u t i ons a l s o a d t he r e l igi on o f R o m e w e r e l e s s

,
n ,

p o e t i c a l t ha t t ho s e o f G re e c e a s t h e s h a dow 1 s l e ss v i v i d ,

t h a n t he subs t a nc e AH e n ce po e t r y i n R o m e s e e m e d t o
.

follo w r a t h e r t h a n a ccom p a n y t he p e r fe c t i on o f p ol i t i c a l
, ,

a n d d o m e s t i c s oc i e t y The t r u e po e t r y o f R o m e l iv e d 1
.
L n

it s in s ti t u t i ons fo r w h a t e v e r o f b e a u t if ul t r u e
, and , ,

m aj e s t i c t h e y con t a i n e d could h a v e s p r un g o n l y f r o m h
, , t e
fa cult y w h i ch c re a t e s t he or de r in w h i ch t h e y con s i s t The
.

l ife o f C a m ill us t he d e a t h o f R e g ulu s ; t he e xp e c t a t i on o f

,

t he ge n a t o rs in t h e i r g odl i k e s t a t e o f v i c t o r i ous
,
; t he
G a uls t he r e f u sa l o f t he h e p u bl ic t o m a k e p e a c e wi t h

H a nn i b a l a ft e r
,
t he b a t t l e o f C a nn ae w e r e n o t t he ,

conse qu e n c e s o f a r e fin e d c a lcul a t i on o f t he p r ob a bl e
on a l a dv a n t a ge t o r e s ul t f r o m s uch a r h t h m a n d o r d e r
p e r s
y
t he s h ws o f l ife t o t hos e w ho w e r e a t onc e t he po e t s
in
h [ ,

a n d t he a c t o r s o f t he s e i m m o r t al d r a m a s The im a gi n a t i o n .
 22 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

t o it s o wn i d e a
{
b ehol d in g t he b e a u t y o f t h i s o r de r c r e a t e d it o u t o f it se l f
,

t he cons e q u e nc e w a s e m p i r e a n d ,

n
g f am e T h
.e s e t hi n g s a r e n o t t he l e s s

po e t ry gu m car/r en t Da te sa cr o They a r e t he e p i sode s o f

, .

t ha t cy cl i c po e m w rit t e n by T i m e u pon t he m e m o r i e s
o f m e n The Pa s t l i k e a n i n sp ir e d r h a ps o d i st fi l ls
.
, ,

t he t he at r e o f e ve rla s t i n g ge n e r a t i ons wi t h t h e i r
ha r m on y .

A t l e n g t h t he a n ci e n t sy s t e m o f r e l igi on a n d m a nn e r s
ha d f u l fill e d t he c i r cl e o f it s r e vol u t i on s A n d t he w o r ld
, .

w ould h ave fa ll e n i n t o u t t e r a n a r chy a n d d a r kn e ss bu t

”

t h a t t h e r e w e re f ou nd po e t s a m on g t he a u t ho r s o f t he
C h r i s t i a n a n d chiv a l r ic sy st e m s o f m a nn e r s a n d r e l igi on
f

w ho c r e a t e d for m s o f Op i n i on a n d a ct i on n e ve r b e for e
QC onc e i v e d ; w h i ch C op i e d i n t o t he i m a gi n a t i on s o f m e n
, ,

b e c a m e a s ge n e r a l s t o t he b e wild e r e d a rm i e s o f t h e i r
t hou ght s I t i s f o r e ign t o t he p r e s e n t fp u r pos e t o t ouch
.

u po n t he e vi l pr oduce d by t h e se syst e m s : e x c e p t t h a t w e
I p r o t e st o
, n t h e g r ound o f t h e p r i nc i pl e s a l r e ad
y e st ab

I l ishe d t h a t no po r t i o n o f it ca n be a t t ri bu t e d t o t he po e t ry
,

t h e y con t a i n .

I t i s p r ob a bl e t h a t t he p o e t r y o f M o s e s Jo b D a v i d
2
5/ I
S o l o m on a n d I s a i a h ha d p r oduc e d a gr ea t e ffe ct upon t he
,
, , ,

m i nd o f J e sus a n d h i s d i sc i pl e s The sc a t t e r e d fra g m e n t s

.

p re s e r ve d t o us by t he b i o gra pher s o f t h i s e xt ra or d i n a ry
p e r son ,
a re a l l i ns t i nc t wi t h t he m o s t v i v i d po e t ry B u t .

h i s doc t rin e s s e e m t o h a ve b e e n qu i c kl y d i s t o r t e d A t .

e r io d a f t e r t he p r e v a l e nc e of a s ys t e m e f
a c e r t a ir
fp ; .

fo un ded upon t hose pr om ul gat e d by him t he t h r e e fo rm s ,

j ,in t o w h i ch P l a t o ha d d i s t r i bu t e d t he fa cul t i e s o f m i nd
‘

u nd e r we n t a so r t o f a po t h e os i s a n d b e c a m e t he obj e ct o f
’

t he w o r sh i p o f t he e iv ilise d w e rl d k H e r e it i s t o he
r ~

co n fe ss e d t h a t L igh t s e e m s t o t h i ck e n a n d
“
,
 A D E F E N CE OF P OE TR Y . 23

Th e w m ak wing t cro es o t he ro cky w o o d,

Go o d t h i g f d y b gin t d
n s o a e o ro o p an d dr o w s e,

d ni gh t b l k g n t t o t h u
'
An s ac a e s e ir p r e y s do ro se .

Bu t m ar k ho w b e a u t if u l a n o r d er ha s sp r un g fr o m t he du st
a n d blood o f t h i s fi e r c e ch a os ! ho w t he Wo r ld a s fr o m a
\

r e su rr e c t i on b a l a nc i n g i t s e l f on t he g old e n wi n gs o f kn o w
,

l e d ge a n d o f h0 p e ha s r e a ssu m e d it s y e t u n w e a r i e d fli g h t
,

i n t o t he fie a v e n o f t i m e Li s t e n t o t he m us i c u nh e a r d by
n

.
,

ou t w a r d e a r s w hi c h is a s a c e as e l e s s an d i nv i s i bl e
,

wi nd no u r i sh i n g it s e ve r l a st i n g cou rs e wi t h s t re n gt h a n d
,

s wift n e ss .

The po e t r y in t he doc t r in e s o f J e sus C h ris t a n d t he ,

m yt holo gy a n d i ns t i t u t i ons o f t he C e l t i c conqu e r o r s o f t he

R om a n e m p i re ou t l i v e d t he d a r kn e ss a n d t he co nvuls i ons
,

c onn e c t e d wi t h t h e i r gr o wt h an d v i c to ry a n d bl e nd e d ,

t he m se l v e s i n a n e w fa b r i c o f m an n e r s an d op i n i on I t is
’
.

a n e rr o r t o i mpu t e t he i gn o ra nc e o f t he d a r k a ge s t o t he

Chris t ia n pdo ct r in e s o r t he p r e do m i n a nce o f t he C e l t i c

“
n a t i ons Wh a t e ve r o f e vil t he i r a g e nc i e s m a y h a ve con
.
‘

t a in e d sp r a n g fr o m t he e x t i nc t i o n o f t he p o e t i c a l p r i nc i p l e ,

conn e c t e d wi t h t he p r o gr e ss o f d e spo t i s m a n d s u p e rs t i t i on .

M e n f r o m c a u se s t oo i n t r i ca t e t o be h e r e d i scus s e d ha d
, ,

be co m e i nse n s i bl e a n d s e lfish : t h e i r o w n wi ll ha d b e co m e
fe e bl e a n d ye t t h e y w e re it s s l a v e s a n d t hen c e t he sla v e s
, ,

o f t he will o f o t he r s u s t fe a r a v a r i c e c r u e l t f
l l ud
'

, y a n d
, ra , , ,

cha r a ct e r i se d a ra ce a m on gs t w ho m no o n e w a s t o b e f ou d n

ca p a bl e o f cr ea ting i n form l a n gu a ge o r i ns t i t u t i on The

, , .

m o ra l a no m a l i e s o f suc h a s t a t e o f soc i e t y a r e n o t j ust l y t o

be c h a r ge d u p o n a n y cl a s s o f e v e n t s i m m e d i a t e l y conn e ct e d
wit h t h e m a n d t hose e v e n t s a re m os t e n t i t l e d t o o u r a ppr o
,

b a t io n w h i ch c ou l d d i ssolv e it m o s t e x p e d i t i ou s l y I t is .

u n f o rt u na t e fo r t ho se who ca nno t d i s t i n gu i sh w o rd s fr o m
 24 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

t ho u gh t s t ha t m a n y o f t h e s e a no m a l i e s ha ve b ee n
,

i nco p o ra t e d i n t o o u r po p ul a r r e l igi on
r .

I t w a s n o t u n t i l t he e l e v e n t h cen t u r y t h a t t he e ffe c t s o f
t he po e t r y o f t he C hr i s t i a n an d e hiv a l ric s ys t e m s b e ga n t o
m a ni fe s t t h e m s e lv e s The p r i nc i pl e o f e qu a l i t y ha d b e e n
.
-

d i s cov e r e d a n d a ppl i e d by P l a t o i n h i s R e publ i c a s t he ,

t h e o r e t i ca l r ul e o f t he m od e i n w hi ch t he m a t e r i a ls o f
pl e a su r e a n d o f po w e r pr oduc e d by t he c o m m on sk il l a n d
l bou r o f hu m a n b e i n gs ou ght t o b e d i s t r i bu t e d a m on g
a .

t he m The l i m i t a t i ons o f t h i s ru l e w e r e a s s e r t e d by him t o

.

b e d e t e r m i n e d o n ly b y t he s e n s i b i l i t y o f e a ch o r t he u t i l i t y
,

t o r e s ul t t o a ll P l a t o f ollo wi n g t he doct r i n e s o f T i m ae us
. 1 ,

a d P t h a g o r a s t a u g h t a lso a m o r a l a n d i n t e ll e c t u a s y s t e m
n
y , l
o f doc t r i n e co m pr e h e nd i n g a t onc e t he pa s t t he p r e s e n t
, , ,

a n d t he f u t u r e cond i t i on o f m a n J e s us C h r i st d i vul ge d
.

t he s a c re d a n d e t e r n a l t r u t hs c on t a i n e d i n t h e s e v i e ws t o
m nk i nd a n d C h i s t i a n i t y i n it s a b s t ra c t p u r i t y b e c a m e
a ,
r ,
-
,

t he e x o t e r i c e xp r e s s i on o f t he e s ot e r i c doct r i n e s o f t he
o e t r y a n d wi sdo m o f a n t i qu i t Th e i n co r o r a t i on o f
p y .
p
t he C e l t i c n a t i ons wi t h t he e x h a u st e d pop ul a t i o n o f t he
s ou t h i m p r e sse d u p o n it t he fi gu r e o f t he p oe t r y e x i s t i n g
,
'

i n t h e i r m yt hology a n d i n st it ut i on s The r e s ul t w a s a
,
.

s u m o f t he a c t i on a n d r e a c t i on o f a l l t he c a u s e s i nclud e d
l
i n it ; fo r it m ay be a s s u m e d a s a m a xi m t h at no n a t i on
o r r e l igi on c a n su p e r s e d e a n y ot h e
/
w it ho u t in c o r p o r a t
r

i g i n t o it s e l
n a
p o r t i on o f t h at wh i ch it su p e r se d e s .

Th ebol i t i on o f p e r s on a l a d do m e s t i c s l a v e r y a n d t he
a n ,

e m a nc i p a t i on o f w o m e n f o m a gr e a t p a r t o f t he d e g a d
l
‘

r r

in g r e s t r a i n t s o f a n t i qu i t y w e r e a m on g t he c on s e qu e n ce s
,

of t h e se e v e nt s
a"
.

!
/
T he a bol i t i on o f p e rs on a l s l a v e r y i s t he b a s i s o f t he
h ig h e st pol i t i c a l ho p e t h a t it ca n e n t e r i n t o t he m i nd o f
.

m a n t o con ce iv e The fre e d o m o f w o m e n p r oduc e d t he

.
 A D E F E N CE OF P OE TR Y . 2 5

poe t r y o f s e xu a l love Lo v e b e c a m e a r el igion t he i dol s o f

.
,

w hose w or s h i p w e r e e ve r p r es e n t I t w a s as if t he st a t u e s .

o f A pol lo a n d t he M us e s ha d b e e n e ndo w e d wi th l ife a n d

m o t i on a n d ha d w a lk e d f o rt h a m on g t h e i r w o rs hi pp e r s
,
so

t h a t e art h b e ca m e p e opl e d b y t he i nh a b i t a n t s o f a d i v i n e r
w or ld The fa m ilia r a ppe a ra nc e a n d pr oce e d i n gs o f l ife
. ,

b e ca m e wond e r fu l a nd h e a v e n l y; a n d a p a r a d i s e w a s cr ea t e d
a s o u t o f t he w r e cks o f E d e n A n d as t h i s c re a t i on i t s e l f
.

is po e t r y so it s cr e a t o r s w e r e po e t s ; a n d l a n gu a ge w a s
,

t he i ns t r u m e n t o f t h e i r a rt : G al e o t t o fil il l i b r o e ch i “
,

The P r ov e n ca l Tr ou v e u r s o r i nv e n t o r s p r e
_

lo s crisse .
”
, ,

c e d e d P e t ra r ch w hos e v e r s e s a r e a s sp e ll s w h i ch un se a l
, ,

t he i n m os t e nch a nt e d f ou n t a i n s o f t he d e l ig h t w h i ch is in
t he gr i e f o f lov e I t i s i m p os s i bl e t o fee l t h e m wi t hou t
.

b e co m i n g a p o r t i on o f t h a t b e a u t y w h i ch w e con t e m p l a t e
it w e r e s up e r fl uous t o e x pl a i n ho w t he g e n t l e n e ss a n d t he
e l e v a t i o n o f m i nd conn e c t e d wi t h t h e se s a c r e d e m o t i ons c an

r e nd e r m e n m o r e a m i a bl e m e re ge n e r o u s a n d wi se a n d l ift
, ,

t he m o u t o f t h e d u l l v a pou r s o f t he l i t t l e w o r ld o f s e l f
s .

D a n t e u nd e r s t ood t he s e cr e t t hin gs o f love e v e n m o r e t h a n

w

P e t rar ch .H is Vi t a N ov a is a n in e x h a u s t i bl e f oun t a i n o f
u

u r it y o f s e n t im e n t a n d l a n g u a g e : it is t he i d e a l i s e d his
p
t o r y o f t h a t p e r i od a n d t ho s e i n t e r v a ls o f h i s l ife w h i c h
. _

w e r e d e d i c a t e d t o lov e H is a p o t he o s i s o f B e a t r i ce i
'

. n

P a r a d i s e a n d t he gr a d a t i ons o f his ow n love a n d he r l ov e

,

l i e ss by w h i c h a s by s t e ps he fe ig ns h i m se l f t o h a v e
n ,
[
a s c e nd e d t o t he t h r on e o f t he S up r e m e C a us e i s t he m o s t ,

glo r i ou s i m a g in a t i on of m ode r n p o e t ry The a cu t est cr i t i s . c

h a v e j ust l y r e v e r s e d t he j ud g m e n t o f t he vul ga r an d t he ,

o r d e r o f t he gr e a t a c t s o f t he D i vi n e D r a m a i n t he “
,
”

m e a su r e o f t he a d m i r a t i on w h i c h t h e y a cc o r d t o t he H e ll ,

P u r ga t o ry a d P a r a d i s e
,
n The l a t t e r i s a p e r p e t u a l h y m n
.

o f e v e l a s t in g l e w h ich f ou n d a w o rt h
’
r
ov e L ov f
h
y , po e t i n
I
26 E S S A Y S A N D F R A G M E N TS .

Pl a t o al on e o f a ll t he n t s ha s b e e n c e l e b ra t e d b y a
an le ,

cho ru s o f t he gr e a t e s t w r i t e r s o f t he r e nov a t e d w o r ld an d

t he m u s ic ha s pe n e t ra t e d t he ca v e r ns o f soc i e t y a n d it s ,

e cho e s s t i l l d r o w n t he d i sso n a nc e o f a rm s a n d sup e rst i t i on fl s

ha kspe a re S pe ns e r , ,

an d t he gr e a t w r i t e r s o f o u r o w n a ge ,

ha v e c e l e b r a t e d t he do m i n i o n o f lov e pl a n t i n g a s it w e r e
,

t r op hi e s in t he hu m a n m i nd o f t h a t subl i m e s t v i ct o r y ov e r
s e nsu a lit y a n d f or ce The t r u e r e l a t i on bo r n e t o e a ch o t h e r
.

b y t he s e x e s i n t o w hi c h hu m a n k i nd i s d i s t ribu t e d ha s ,

b e com e l e ss m i sunde rst ood ; a n d if t he e rr o r w h i ch con

founde d d i ve r s it y wi t h i n e qua l i t y o f t he po we r s o f t he t w o
s e xe s ha s b e e n (p a r t i a ll y re co gn i s e d i n t he op i n i ons a n d
i nst it u t i ons o f mod e r n E u r ope w e o we t h i s gre a t b e n e fi t t o
,

w h i c h éhiv alry w a s t he la w a n d poe t s t he

,

T he po e t ry o f D a n t e m a y be cons i d e r e d a s t he fihridge
t h r o w n v e r t he s t re a m o f t i m e w hi c h u n i t e s t he m od e r n
fi
W
,

a n d a n ci e n t o r ld .T he d i s t o rt e d no t i ons o f i nv i s i bl e
t h i n g s w h i c h D a n t e a n d his r i va l M i l t on h a v e i d e a l i s e d a re ,

m e re l y t he m a sk an d t he m a n t l e in w h i c h t h e s e gr e a t po e t s
w a lk t h rou g h e t e r n i t y e nv e lope d a n d d i s gu i se d I t i s a .

d i ffi cul t qu e st i o n t o d e t e rm i n e ho w fa r t h e y w e r e consc i ous

o f t he d i s t i nc t i o n w h i ch m ust ha v e subs i s t e d i n t h e ir m i nds
b et we e n t h e i r o w n c r e e ds a n d t h a t o f t he p e opl e D a n t e .

a t l e a s t a p p e a r s t o wi sh t o m a r k t he f ull e x t e n t o f it b y

pl a c in g R iphaeu s w ho m V i rgil c a lls j u s tissim u s a n u s in

, ,

P a r a d i s e a n d obs e rv i n g a m os t h e re t i c a l c a p r i e i n his d i s
,
c

t ribu t io n o f r e w a r ds a n d p u n i sh m e n t s A n d M i l t on s po e m
’
.

c on t a i ns wi t h i n i t s e l f a ph i losoph i c al re f u t a t i on o f t ha t
sy s t e m ,
o f w h i ch by a st r a n ge a n d n a t u ra l a n t i t h e s i s it
, ,

has b e e n a ch i e f popul a r sup p o rt N o t hi n g c a n e x c e e d t he

.

e ne r a n d m a gn i fi ce nc e o f t h e ch a ra ct e r o f S a t a n a s
gy
 A D E F E N CE O F P OE TR Y . 27

e xp ss d i n P d i s L t I t i m i s t k t suppos
re e
“
ara e os .
”
s a a e o e

th t h a o u ld v h v b
e c in t nd d f
e er t h popul
a e p ee n e e or e ar er

o f v i l I m pl c b l h t p t i t cun i n g d
'

so n ifi t i ca on e . a a e a e, a en n , an

a sl pl ss fin m n t o f d vi c t i fli c t t h xt m s t
ee e re e e e e o n e e re e

a n g u i sh n m y t h s t hin gs
on an e e vil ; d l t hou gh
, e e ar e e an , a

v ni l i
e a sl v n a t t b fo gi v
a e, iare t y nt ; no o e r en n a ra

a l t ho gh d m d b y m uc h t h t nnobl s hi d f t
u re ee e a e e s e ea 1n o ne

s u bdu d e m ,
k d by ll t h t d i shonou s hi conqu s t i
are ar e a a r s e n

th ev i ct o M i l t on s D v il
r . mo l b ing i’
f
e as a ra e s as ar

sup i o t hi G d
er r o
d wsho p so v s, i n soasm pu pos
ue er e e re e r e

w h i ch h h conc i v d t b x c ll t sp it o f dv s i t y
e as e e o e e e en ln e a er

an d to tu i s t o w ho t h col d s cu i t y o f undoub t d
r r e, o ne 1n e e r e

t i u m p h i n fli c t s t h m ost ho i bl
r v n g u po hi n m y
e rr e re e e n s e e ,

no t f om r
y m is t k n
an o t i o o f i nduc i
a g h im t
e p nnt o f n n o re e

a p s v nc i n m i t y b t wi t h t h l l g d d s ig o f
er e e ra e n e , u e a e e e n

e x p t i n g him t d s v w t o m n t s M i l t on h so
as e ra o e er e ne r e . as
-’
f ar v i ol t d t h popul
a e e t hi s sh l l b j ud g d t b
ar a e e o e

a v i ol t i on ) t h v ll g d no sup i o it y o f m o l v i t u
a as o a e a e e er r ra r e

t o h i s G d ov h i s D v i l A d t h i s bold n gl ct o f
o er e . n e e a

d i ct m o l pu pos i s t h m o t d c i s i v p oo f o f t h
re ra r e e s e e r e

s up m y o f M i l t on s g i us H m i n g l d
re ac
’
it w en th . e e as e re e

l m n t s o f hu m n n t u
e e e colou s u p on s i n g l p ll t
a a re a s r a e a e ,

an d n g d t h m i n t h co m pos it i o o f hi g t p i c t u
a r ra e e e n s re a re

a cco d i n g t t h l w s o f p i t u t h ; t h t i cco d n g
r o e a e c r
"
a s, a r i

t o t h l w s o f t h t p i nc i p l by w h i ch
e a a s i s o f c t i ons
r e a er e a

of t h xt e l un i v s
e e r nad o f i n t ll ig t d
er e t hic l an e en an e a

b i n g s i s c lcul t d t x c i t t h sym p t hy o f succ d i n g

e a a e o e e
’

e a ee

g n t i ons f m k i nd Th D i v i n C o m m d i
e e ra o an . d e a e a an

P ara d i s L st h v con f d upo m od

e o a
'

e my t holo gy e rr e n e rn a

syst m t i c f o m ; d w h ch n g
e a r and t im sh ll h v en a e an e a a e

a dd d e mo o ne sup s t i t i on t t h m s o f t ho w h i ch
re er o e as se

h v a e is n d d c y d upon t h
ar e an t h co m m n t t o s
e a e e ear , e a r

will b l n dly m ploy d i luc i d t i n g t h l igi on o f

e e ar e e e n e a e re
2 8 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

a nc e st r a l E u r ope onl y n o t u t t e r l y for go t t e n b e c a use it wi ll

,

h a ve be e n s t a m p e d wi t h t he e t e r n i t y o f ge n i us .

H o m e r w a s t he fi r st a n d D a n t e t he s e cond e p i c po e t
’

t h a t is t he s e cond p oe t t he s e r i e s o f w hos e cr e a t i ons bo r e

, ,

a d e fin e d a n d i n t e ll igi bl e r e l a t i o n t o t he kno w l e d g e a n d
.

b e a ge in w h i ch he li v e d a n d o f ,

d e ve lop i n g it se l f in cor r e spond

e nc e wi t h t he i r d e v e lop m e n t F o r Lu c r e t i us ha d lim e d t he 3
.

j ,

wi n gs o f h i s s wift sp i r i t i n t he d r e gs o f t he se ns i bl e w or ld
m od e s t y t h a t i ll b e c a me h i s g e n i us ha d ,

e o f a n im it a t o r 'e v e n w h ils t he c re a t e d
,

a n e w a l l t h a t he C op i e d
; a n d non e a m on g t he fl ock o f
‘

m ock b i r ds, t hou gh t h e ir not e s w e r e s w e e t A p ollon i u s

’
-
,

R ho diu s, Q u in t u s C a l a b e r N on n u s L uc a n S t a t i us o r
l

/ , , ,

C l a u dia n fihav e sou g h t e v e n t o f u lfil a s i n g l e cond i t i on o f

,

ep ic t r ut h M i l t on w a s t he t h i r d e p i c p o e t
. .F o r if t he
t i t l e o f e p i c i n it s h ig h e s t s e ns e b e r e f us e d t o t he JE n e id
, ,

s t i ll l e ss ca n it b e conce de d t o t he Or l a ndo F u r i oso t he ,

G e r us a l e m m e Li b e r a t a t he Lus i a d o r t he F a i r y Q u e e n
, ,
.

1 D a n t e an d M i l t on w e re bot h d e e pl y p e n e t r a t e d w it h t he
a n ti e n t re l igi o n o f t he c i v i l i s e d wo r ld a n d it s sp i r i t e xi s t s

i n t he i r po et ry p roba bl y i n t he s a m e pr oport i o n a s it s for m s

su r vi ve d in t he un r e fo r m e d w o r sh i p o f m od e r n E u r o p e .

The o n e p r e ce d e d a n d t he o t h e r f ollo w e d t he R e f o r m a t i on
a t a l m ost e qu a l i n t e r v a ls D a n t e w a s t he fi r s t r e l igi ous
.

r e fo r m e r a n d L u t h e r su r a ss e d him ra t h e r i n t he r ud e n e s s
, p
a n d a c r i m on t h a n i n t he boldn e s s o f h i s c e nsu r e s o f p a p a l
y ,

usu r p a t i on D a n t e wa s t he fi r s t a wa ke n e r o f e n tr a n c e d
.

E u r o p e ; he cr e a t e d a l a n gu a ge i n i t se l f m u s i c a n d pe r s u a
/
s i on o u t o f a ch a os o f i nh a r m on i ous b a r ba r i s m s He was
‘ .
,

t he c o gr e ga t o r o f t ho s e g r e a t S p i r i t s w ho p re s i d e d ove r t he
' n

r e su rre c t i on o f l e a r n i n g ; t he L uc ife r o f t h a t s t a r ry fl o c k

w hich in t he t h i rt e e n t h c e n t u ry shon e fo rt h fr o m re publ i ca n

 ff ," al l
e

D E F E N CE 0 F P OE TR Y . 29

I t a y, l f o m h v n i n t o t h d kn s o f t h b n ight d
as r a ea e ,
e ar es e e e

wo ld H i v y w o ds
r . i n t i nct wi t h p i i t ; ch
s er r are s S r ea 1s a s

a sp k bu i n g t o m o f i n xt i n gu i sh bl t h ou g h t ; d
ar ,
a rn a e a e an

m n y y t l i cov
a e d t h sh o f t h i b i t h d p g
e e re ln e a es e r r ,
an re

n n t wi t h t h l ig h t i n g w h i h h y t f ound no conduct o
a e n c as e r .

Al l hig h po t y i i nfin i t ; it i s e r t h fi st s co n w h i h e as e r a r ,
c

con t i n d ll o ks po t n t i ll y; V i l ft v il m y b
a e a a e a e a er e a e un

d w n d t h i n m ost n k d b u t y o f t h m n i n g n v
ra , an e a e ea e ea e er

e x p os d A g t p o m i s foun t i n f v ov fl ow i n g
e . rea e a a or e er er

w ith th w t s o f wi do m d d l ight ; d ft
e a er s an e an a er o ne

p er son d gan h x h u t
o ne d l l ait d
e i v i n flias e a s e a s e e u e nce

w h i h t h i p cul i
c l t i on n bl t h m t sh
e r e a r re a no t h s e a e e o are, a er

an d y t no t h succ d
e a d wer l t i ons ee v s, an ne re a a re e er

d v lop d t h sou c o f
e e e ,
un fo e s n d
e r e uncon i v d an r ee an an ce e

d el igh t x .

Th g e i m m d
a i t l y succ
e d i n g t e t h ta e o f D n t ee o a a e,

P t e ra r ch d B occ cc i o w
,
an ch ct i s d by a viv l , as a ra er e a re a
, f
o p i n t i
a n g scul p t u d ,
ch i t t u C h re , c u g htan ar ec re . au er ca

th s c d
e a re d th up t u ct u o f E n g l i sh an e s e rs r re

l i t t u i s b s d u p on t h m t i ls o f I t l i i nv n t i on
era re a e e a er a a an e .

B t l t usu t b b t y d f om
e no d f nc i n t o c i t i c l
e e ra e r a e e e a r a

h i st o y o f po t y d it i n fl u nc on soc i t y B it nou g h
r e r an s e e e . e e

t h v
o apo i n t d t t h ff ct s o f p o t s t h l g
e e ou de e e e
’
ln e ar e an

t u s ns o f t h w o d upon t h i
r e e e o w n d l l s u cc d i n g
e r , e r an a ee

t im s e .

B t po t s h v b n ch ll n g d t
u e a s ig n t h c i vi c c o w n
e ee a e e o re e r

t o son s d m ch n i t s, on
re a er an ot h p l e It i a s an er ea . s

a d m i t t d t h t t h x c i s of t h im gi n t i o i s m o t
e a e e er e e a a n s

d l ig h t f l b t it i s ll g d t h t t h t o f }
e u ,
u on i s m o
a e e a a re as re

u f l L t us x m i n
se u . t h g ound o f t h i s d i s t i nc t i on
e e a e as e r s

w h t i s h m n t by u t i l it y P l e su
a e re ea go d i . a re or o ,
n a

g n l s ns i t h t l w hi h t h consc i ousn s f ns i t i v
e e ra e e, s a c e es o a se e

an d i t ll ig n t b i n g
n e k d i n w h i ch w h n f ound it
e e se e s, an , e ,
 30 E S S A YS A N D F RA G M EN TS .

h e re a re t w o M o f pl e a su re o n e d ur a bl e
T , ,

u n i v e r s al a n d p e r m a n e n t ; t h o t h t n i t o d r
, e e r r a s r y a n p a

Ut i l i t y m a y e i t h e r e x p r e ss t he m e a n s o f p r oduc i n g
(

t icu l a r .

t he f o r m e r o r t he l a t t e r I n t he f o r m e r s e ns e w h a te v e r
.
,

s t r e n g t h e ns a n d pu r i fi e s t he a ff e c t i ons e nl a r ge st he i m a gi n a ,

t i on an d a dds sp i r i t t o s e ns e i s u s e f ul
, B e t a na r r o w e r , .

m e a n i n g m a y be a ss ign e d t o t he w o r d u t i l i t y confin i n g it
- -
~

t o e xpr es a t ha v w hie h b an ishe a t he im po rt u n it y o f t he

n
- v v

W M A MM m a m ra t he su rr ou n d i n g m e n wi t h
'

s e cu r i t y o f l ife t he d i sp e r s i n g t he gr osse r d e lus i ons of

,

s up e r s t i t i on a n d t he conc il i a t i n g such a d e gr e e o f m u t u a l
,

for b ea r an ce a m on g m e n a s m a y cons i s t wit h t he m ot i ve s o f

p e rs on a l adv a n t a ge .

U ndoub t e dl y t he p r o m o t e rs o f u t il i t y in t hi s l i m i t e d ,

s e ns e h a ve t h e i r a ppo in t e d o fli ce} i n soc i e t y T h e y f ollo w

, .

t he f oo t s t e p s o f p o e t s a n d copy t he sk e t ch e s o f t h e i r
'

c re a t i o ns in t o t he book o f co m m on l ife m a k e sp a c e .
,

a n d gi v e t i m e The i r e x e rt i ons a r e o f t he h ig h e s t v a l u e so
.

]
l on g a s t he y c onfin e t he i r a d m i n is t r a t i on o f t he conc e r ns o f
e n fe r i or po w e r s o f o u r n a t u re wi t hi n t he l i m i t s d u e t o
1 th i
j
“

t he supe r i o r on e s B u t w hi ls t t he sc e p t i c d e s t r oy s g r os s
.

supe r s t i t i ons l e t hi m sp a r e t o d e fa c e a s so m e o f t he F r e nch

, ,

w r i t e r s ha v e d e fa ce d t he e t e r n a l t r u t hs cha r a ct e re d u p o
, n

t he i m a gi n a t i ons o f m en Wh ils t t he m e ch a n is t a b r i d ge s
.
,

a n d t he pol i t i c a l e cono m i st co m b i n e s, l a bou r le t t h e m ,

b e w a r e t h a t t h e ir sp e cul a t i ons fo r w a n t o f co r re sponde nc e ,

wi t h t hos e fi r s t pr i nc i pl e s w h i ch b e lon g t o t he i m a gi n a t i on ,

do n o t t e nd a s t he y ha ve in m od e r n E n g l a nd t o e xa sp e ra t e
, ,

at on ce t he e xt r e m e s o f l ux u a n d wa nt T h ey h a ve
,
r
y / .

e x e m pl i fi e d t he s a i n g T o hi m t h a t h a t h m o r e sh a ll b e
” y , ,

gi v e n a n d fr o m him t h at ha t h n o t t he li t t l e t h a t he h a t h ,

s h a ll b e t a k e n a w a e r i ch h a v e b e co m e r i ch e r a n d
”
y T h .
,

t he poo r h a ve b e co m e poo r e r a n d t he v e s s e l o f t he s t a t e is

} A
1

{Za
l
J (l t 0
‘ l e /J
.

It w t fl
'
»! u a £ 1 1
‘
1 5 ‘ . l| r w ,
 A D E F E N CE OF P OE TR Y .

d r i v e n b e t w e e n t he S cyll a a n d C h a r y bd i s o f a n a r chy a n d L ‘

d e spot is m S uch a r e t he e ffe ct s w h i ch m us t e v e r fl o w fr o m

.

a n u n m i t ig a t e d e x e r c i s e o f t he c a lcul a t i n g fa c u l t
y .

I t is difli cu l t t o d e fin e pl e a s u r e i n it s hig h e s t s e nse ;

t he d e fin i t i on i nvolv i n g a nu m b e r o f a pp ar e n t p ar a do x e s .

F o r f r o m an i n e x pl i ca bl e d e fe c t o f h a r m on y in t he con
,

s t it u t io n o f h u m a n n a t u r e t he p a i n o f t he i n f e r i o r is
,

fre qu e n t ly conn e ct e d wi t h t he pl e a su r e s o f t he supe r i o r

port i ons o f o u r be i n g S o rr o w t e r r or a n g u i s h d e sp a i r
.
, , ,

i t s e l f; a re o ft e n t he chose n e xp re ss i ons o f a n a pp r o xi m a t i on
t o t he h ig h e s t g ood O u r s ym p a t hy in t r a gi c fic t i o n
.

d e p e nds on t h i s princ i pl e ; t ra ge dy d e l ig h t s by a ffo rd i n g

a sha do w o f t he p l ea su r e w hi ch e xi s t s i n p a in This i s t he .

sou r ce al so o f t he m e l a nchol y w hi ch i s i ns e p a r a bl e fr o m t he
sw ee t e s t m e lody The pl e as u r e t h a t i s i n sor r o w i s s we e t e r
.
,

t h a n t he pl e a su re o f pl e a su r e it s e l f A n d he n ce t he sa y i n g .
,

“
I t is b e t t e r t o g o t o t he house o f m ou rn in g t ha n t o t he ,

house o f m i rt h N o t t h a t t hi s h ig h e s t sp e c i e s o f pl e a su re
”
.

i s n ece ssa r i l y l in k e d wi t h p a i n The de l ight o f love a n d .

fri e ndshi p t he e cst a cy o f t he a d m i ra t i on o f n a t u r e t he j o y

, ,

o f t he/pe r ce pt i o n an d s t i ll m o r e o f t he cre a t i o n o f poe t ry/1s

o ft e n whol l y u na ll oye d .

The p r oduct i on a n d a ss u r a nc e o f pl ea s ur e in t his highe s t

s e nse is t ru e u t il i t y Thos e w ho pr oduce a n d p re s e rv e t his
.

pl ea s u r e a r e poe t s o r po e t i c a l ph i losoph e r s .

e x e r t i ons o f Lock e H u m e, G i bb on V ol t a i r e
’

The
{ m , , ,

a n d t he i r dis cipl e s in fa vou r o f opp r e ss e d a n d

: ouss ea u
'

R , u
f

e d hu m a ni t y a r e e n t i t l e d t o t he gr a t i t ud e o f m an k ind
afi e l u d ,

«Y e t it is ea sy t o ca l cul a t e t he d e g r ee o f m o ra l a n d
A .

in t e ll e c t u a l im p r ov e m e n t w h i ch t he w o r ld w ould ha v e
e x hib i t e d ha d t he y n e v er l i v e d
L
,
A lit t l e m o r e non s e ns e .

w n t i lly as es se a a

h v l
s

g oat . T h
e o t ers, e n V t i
e w o m a re , e re o r e r e aso n e rs.
’

fu ‘n flu 04 4s
W ”
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1
M M e s- n
32 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

w ould h v b n t lk d f c n t u y t w
a e ee a d p h pe or a e r or o an er a s

a f w mo e m
; w o m n; d h i ld n bu n t
re en h tic e an c re r as e re s .

W m ig h t
e t t t h is m om n t h v
no b n con g t ul t i n g
a e a e ee ra a

ea ch o t h on t h bol i t i o o f t h I a
er e t i a Sp in n e I l Sl Il '
n a .

B t it x c ds ll i m gi n t i o t conc i v w h t w ould h v
u e ee a a a n o e e a a e

b n t h [ m o l cond i t i on o f t h w o ld if n i t h D n t
ee e ra e r
)
e er a e,

P t e ra r ch B occ cc i o C h uc S h k p
,
a C ld on Lo d
,
a e r, a s ea r e , a er ,
r

B con M i l t on h d v xi s t d ; if R ph l d
a ,

M i ch l A n g lo h d n v
ae
;
nor

b n bo n ; if t h H b w
e a
a

e
e

er
er

ee
e e

r
a

e
ae

e
an

re

po t y h d n v b n t nsl t d if
e r a e er yi l o f t h
ee t u dy ra a e a re va e s

of G k lit t ree h d n v t k n pl c ; if no m onu

era u re a e er a e a e

m nt s of w
e
éi t cul p t u
an h d b e
en n h nd sd do n t ; re a e a e o us

d if t h po t y o f t h l igi on o f t h ffi t w o ld h d
‘

an e e r e re e an en r a

b n x t i n gu i h d t o g t h wi t h it b l i f Th hu m n
ee e s e e er s e e . e a

m i nd could n v x c pt by t h i n t v n t i on o f t h
e e r, e e e er e es e

e x c i t m n t s h v b n w k n d t t h i nv n t i on o f t h e n
e e , a e ee a a e e o e e

g o s sc i n s d t h t pp l i c t i o o f n l yt i l/ son
r s er e ce , an a a a n a a ca re a

i n g t t h b t i ons o f f i t y w hi ch it i s no w t t m p t d
o e a e rr a so c e ,
a e e

t o x l t ov t h d i ct xp ss i o o f t h i v n t i v
e a er e re d e re n e n e e an

c t i v f cul t y it l f:
rea e a se

W h v m o m o l p ol i t i c l
e a e d h i s t o i c l wi do m
re ra ,
a ,
an r a s

t h n w kno w ho w t
a e duc i n t o p ct i c w h v m o o re e ra e e a e re

s c i n t ific
e d cono m i c l kno w l d g t h n
an e b m a e e a ca n e a cco

m d t d t
o a et h j us t d i s t ibu t i on o f t h p oduc w h i ch i t
o e r e r e

m ul t i p l i Th po t y i n t h s e y t m s o f t hou g h t i s
ed e e r e s s e co n

ce a el d by t h ccu m ul t i on o f f c t s d c lcul t i n g p
e a a a an a a ro

c s Th i s no w t o f kn ow l d g
e ss e . e re sp ct i n g w h t i an e e re e a s

wi s s t d b s t i n m o l gov n m nt d pol i t i c l cono m y

e an e r a s, er e , an a e ,

or t l s t w h t i s wi
a ea ,
d b tt a t h n wh t m w se r an e er a a en no

p ct is
ra d ndu e an B t w l t e I d re t w i t u p on 1
. u e e are no a

ld l i k poo t i i th d g W w nt th ”
w ou th
, e e r ca i e a a e . e a e

c t iv f cul t y t i m gi n t h t wh i ch w kno w w w n t
rea e a o a e a e e a

t h g n ou
e e i m pu l t t t h t w hi h w i m gi ; w
er s se o ac a c e a ne e
 A D E F E N CE OF P OE TR Y .
33

w nt
a t he poe t ry o f l ife : o u r ca lcul a t i ons h a ve ou t r u n con »

c e p t io n w e h a v e e a t e n m o r e t h a n w e c a n d ige s t T he .

cul t i va t i on o f t hose sc i e nc e s w h i c h h a ve e nl ar ge d t he l i m i t s
o f t he e m p i r e o f m a n ove r t he e x t e r n a l w o r ld ha s fo r w a n t , ,

o f t he po e t i ca l fa cul t y p r opo r t i on a ll y c i r cu m scr i b e d t ho s e

,

o f t he i n t e r n a l w o r ld a n d m a n h a v i n g e nsl a ve d t he
,

e l e m e n t s r e m a i ns h i m s e l f a sl a v e
,
. To w h a t bu t a cul t i v a
t i on o f t he m e ch a n i ca l a r t s i n a d e gr e e d i sp r opo rt i on e d t o
t he p r e s e nc e o f t he c r e a t i v e fa cul t y w hi c h i s t he b a s i s o f a ll
,

kno w l e dge i s t o be a t t r i bu t e d t he a bus e o f a ll i nv e n t i on fo r

,

a b r i d gi n g a n d co m b i n i n g l a bou r t o t he e x a sp e r a t i on o f t he
,

i n e qu a l it y o f m a nk i nd ? F r o m w h a t o t h e r c a use ha s it
a r i s e n t h a t t he —dise o v e r ie s fiw h i ch should h a v e ligh t e n e d ,

h a v e a dd e d a w e igh t t o t he cu r s e i m p ose d on A d a m ?
a P o e t ry a n d t he p r i nc i pl e o f S e l f o f w hich ffho n e y is t he
r
’

"v i s i bl e i nc a r n a t i on a r e t he G o d a n d M a m m on o f t he w o r ld
, , ,

, .

The f unct i ons o f t he po e t i c a l fa cul t y a r e t w o f old ; by o n e -

it c re a t e s n e w m a t e r i a ls of kno w l e d ge a n d po w e r a n d ,
;
pl e a su r e by t he o t h e r it e n ge nde r s i n t he m i nd a d e s i r e t o
r e p r oduc e a n d a rr a n g e t h e m a cco r d i n g t o a c e r t a i n r h t h m
y
a n d o r d e r w h i c h m a y b e c a ll e d t he b e a u t if ul a n d t he g ood .

The cul t i v a t i on o f p o e t r y i s n e v e r m o r e t o b e d e s i r e d t h a n
a t p e r i ods w h e n ; fr o m a n e x c e s s o f t he s e lfi s h a n d ca l cu l a t

i n g p r i nc i p l e ; t he a ccu m ul a t i on o f t he m a t e r i a ls o f e xt e r n a l
l ife e x c e e d t he qu a n t it y o f t he po w e r o f a s s i m i l a t i n g t h e m
t o t he i n t e r n a l l a ws o f hu m a n n a t u r e The bod y ha s t h e n
.

b e co m e t o o u n wi e ldy fo r t h a t w h i ch a n i m a t e s it .

P o e t r y i s i nd e e d so m e t h in g d i v i n e I t i s a t onc e t he
.

c e n t r e a n d c i r cu m fe r e nc e o f kno w l e d g e ; it i s t h a t w h i ch
co m p r e h e nds a ll sc i e nc e a n d tha t t o w h i ch a ll sc i e nc e m u s t
,

b e r e fe rr e d I t i s a t t he s a m e t i m e t he r oo t a n d blos s o m
.

o f a ll o t h e r s ys t e m s o f t hou g h t ; it i s t h a t fr o m w h i ch a l l
spr i n g an d t h a t w h i ch a do r n s a ll a n d t h a t w h i c h; if
,
“

I
 34 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

bl igh t e d; d e n i es t he fr u it a n d t he s e e d a n d w i t hholds fr o m ,

t h e b a r e n wo ld t he nou i s h m e n t a n d t he s u cc e ss i o n o f t he
r r r

s c i ons o f t he t e e o f l if
r I t is t he p e r fe c t a n d c on s u m m a t e
e .

s u r fa c e a n d bloo m o f ll t h i n g i t i t h odou n d t he
a s s a s e r a

colou r o f t he r o s e t o t he t e xt u r e o f t he e l e m e n t s w h i ch
co m po s e it a s t he fo r m a n d ip l e do u r o f un fa d e d b e a u t y t o
,
n

t he s e c r e t s o f a n a t o m y a n d co r r u p t i on
‘

Wh a t w e re hgir t u e
.
é
,

l o v e £a t r io t is m Er ie n dship — w h a t w e re t he s c e n e ry o f t h i s
,

b e a u t if ul din iv e rs e w h i ch w e i nh a b i t ; w h a t w e r e o u r con
sol a t i ons on t h i s s i d e o f t he gr a v e f a n d w h a t w e re o u r - -

a s p i r a t i on s b e ond it if i n o t a sc e nd t o b r i n g
y B yo e,
t r d d
l igh t a n d fi r e fr o m t hose e t e r n a l re gi ons w here t o w l
wi n ge d fa cul t y o f c a lcult a t i on d ar e n o t e ve r so a r ? ,
t ry
i s n o t l i k e r e a son i n g a x r t e d a cco r d i n g t o
fi
0 o g
c w e, r t o b e e e

t he d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t he wi ll A m a n c a nnot Sa y
. I wi ll ,
“

co m p os e po et ry The gr e a t es t po e t e v e n c a nnot s a y it y
”
.

;
fo r t he m i nd i n c r e a t i on a s a fa d i n g co a l w h i c h s o m e
'

is ;
1

i n v i i bl e ,i n fl u e nce l i k e a n i ncon st a n t wi nd a wa k e ns t o
‘

s , ,

t ra n s i t o r y b r ig h t n e ss ; t h i s pow e r a ris e s f r o m wi t h i n l i k e ,

t he c olou r o f a fl o w e r w h i ch fa d e s a n d c h a n g e s a s i t i s
d e v e lo p e d a d t he consc i ous po r t i ons o f o u r n a t u re s /a r e
,
n

unp r op h e t i c e i t h e r o f it s a p p r o a ch o r it s d e p a rt u re C ould .

t h i s i n fl u e nc e b e du r ab l e i n it s o r igi n a l p u r i t y a n d f o r c e it ,

i s i m p o ss i bl e t o pr e d i ct t he gre a t n e ss o f t he r e sul t s ; bu t
w h e n co m p o s i t i on b e gin sAi n spi r a t i on i s l r e a dy on t he a

d e cl i n e a n d t he m o s t g lo r i ous p o e t ry t h a t ha s e v er b e e n
,
‘

co m m u n i a t e d t o t he w o r ld i s p r oba bl
c fe e bl e sh a do w o f
t he o r igi n a l c o n ce p t io n d h f t h e po e t
'
a ea l t o t h e
pp
g re a t “ p o e ts o f t he p re s e n t da y wh e t h e r it fl n o t a n e r r o r
,

t o a s s e r t t h a t t he fin e s t p a s s a ge s o f p o e t r y a r e p r oduc e d by
l a bou r a n d s t ud y The t o i l a n d t he d e l a y r e co m m e nd e d
.

by c r i t i cs ca n b e j us t ly i n t e r p r e t e d t o m e a n no m o r e t h a n a
c a r e f ul obse r va t i on o f t he i n sp i r e d m o m e n t s a n d a n ,
 A D E F E N C E O F P OE TR Y .
35

art i fi i l conn xi on o f t h sp c s b t w n t h i su gg st i on
c a e e a e e ee e r e s

by t h i t t x t u e n o f conv n t i on l xp s i ons
er e re n c it y
e a e re s a e e ss

onl y i m p os d by t h l i m it dn ss o f t h p o t i c l f cul t y
e e e e e e a a

i t l f } f M i l t on conc i v d t h P d i s L s t
se or e e e
“
a ra e o
”
as a

w hol b f o e h x cu t d it i n p o t i ons W h v hi w
e re e e e e r . e a e s o n

a u t ho i t y l so f t h inus h v i n g d i c t t d t him t h
r a or e e a
“
a e
”
o e

“
unp m d it t d re e gi L fl d
a e l t t h i
so n s b / ns w t
n e e an a er o

t hos wh e would ll g t h fi ft y s ix v i ous

o a e e d i n gs o f
e -
ar re a

t h fi t l in of t h O l ndo F i [ o m p o i t i on
”I
e rs e e
“
C r a u r o so . s s so

p oduc d
r t e p o t y w
a re h t m os
o i c i s te r p i n t i n g a T h i s a o a .

i ns t i nc t d i n t u it i on o f t h po t i c l f cul t y i s s t i ll m o
an e e a a re

obs v bl i n t h p l s t i c d p i c t o i l t s
er a e e a g t st t u
an r a ar a re a a e

o r/ p i t e g o
c urw s u n d t hr
/p w o f t h t
er i t e ch i ld i
o er e ar s as a n

t h m ot h
e s w o m b ; d t h v y m i nd wh i h d i ct s t h
er
’
an e er c re e

h nd i n fo m t i o i s i nc p bl o f ccoun t i g t i t s l f f
a s r a n a a e a n o e or

t h o igi n t h g d t i ons
e r ,
t h m d i o f t h p oc ss
e ra a , or e e a e r e .

Po t y is t h e r co d o f t h b t d h p p i s t m o m n t s o f
e re r e es an a e e

t h h ppi t
e a d b t m i nd
es anW es w of v n c nt s . e are a are e a es e

v i i t t i ons o f t hou g h t d f l i n g so m t i m s ssoc i t d w i t h

s a an ee e e a a e

pl c a e or
p son so m t i
erm s g d
,
i n g e o w n m e i nd re lon ar our
-
a e,

an d l w ys a i s i n g u n fo s n d d p t i n g unb idd b t
a ar re ee an e ar en , u

e el v t i n g d d l ig h t ful b y ond ll xp ss i o
a an e e th t a e re n : so a

ev e n i th d i n d th
e g t t h y l v t h c nnot
e s re an e re re e ea e, e re a

u p t i c i p t i n g it do s i t h n t u o f it
k

b t b pl
u e e as re , ar a as e n e a re s

obj ct I t i
e . it w th i n t p n t t i o o f d i vi n
s as ere e er e e ra n a er

n t u t h ou gh
a re o w n b t it foo t s t p s
r our l i k t hos o f u s e are e e

[a wi nd ov t h
e / w h i
er h t h co m i n g
se a , l m cs s d e ca e ra e , an

who t c s m i onl y
se ra e on t h w i nkl d s nds w h i h
re a n as e r e a c

p a v s eit T h s . d co s p ond
e i n g
e an cond i t i ons o f
rr e b i n g e e ar

e xp i nc d p i n i p ll y by t hos o f t h m o t d l i c t
er e e r c a e e s e a e sen

s ibil it y d t h m o t nl a g d i m gi n t i on ;
an e s e d t h st t
r e a a an e a e

o f m i nd p oduc d by t h m i s t w wi t h v y b s d i
r e e a ar e er a e e s re .

Th en t hu i m o f vi t u lov p t i ot i sm
e s as r d f i nd h i p
e, e, a r , an r e s
36 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N T S .

i s ss n t i ll y l i nk d wit h
e e a e s u ch em o t i ons ; a n d w h i l st t h e y
l st
a ,
lf
se pp a wh t e a rs as a it i s a n a t o m t o a un i ve r s e
,
.

Po et s
/ a re onl y subj e ct t o t he se ‘
no t e x e r ie n ce s a s s p i r i t s a
p
o f t he m os t r e fin e d o r ga n i sa t i on bu t t h e y c a n colou r a l l
[
,

t h a t t h e y co m b i n e w i t h t he e v a n esc e n t hu e s o f t h i s e t he r ea l
w or ld a w o r d [a t r a i t in t he r e pr e s e n t a t i on o f a s ce n e o r a
,

p a ss i o n wi ll t o u ch t he e ncha n t e d cho rd a n d r e a n i m a t e in ,fi ,

t he s e w ho h a v e e v e r e x p e r i e nc e d t h e s e e m o t i on s t he s l e e p ,

i n g t he cold t he bu r ie d i m a ge o f t he p a s t P o e t y t hu s
, ,
. r

m a k e s im m o rt a l a l l t h a t i s b e s t a n d m os t b e a u t ifu l in t he
w or ld ; it a r re s t s t he v a n i s h i n g a pp a r i t i ons w hi ch h a un t
f [ 1

t he i n t e r l un a t i ons o f l ife a n d v e i l i n g t h e m e r i n l a n g u g e
,
/ a

o r i n fo r m s e n ds t he m f o r t h a m on g m a nk i nd b e a r i n g sw e e t
/ ,

n e w s o f k i nd r e d o hos wi ho h i r s i st e r s a b i d e
j y t o t e t h w m t e

—a b i d e b e c a u s e t h e r e is no po r t a l o f e x p r e s s i on f r o m t he
,

c av e r ns o f t he S i r i t w hi c h t h e i nh a b i t i n t o t he u n i v e r s e
p y
o f t h i n gs P o e t ry r e de e m s fr o m /de ca y t he v i s i t a t i ons o f
.

t he d i v in i t y in E an .

P o e t r y t u rn s a l l t hi n g s t o lov e l i n e ss ; it e x a l t s t he
b e a u t y o f t h a t w h i ch i s m os t b e a u t if ul a n d it a dds b e a u t y
,

t o t h a t w h i ch i s m os t d e f o r m e d it m a r r i e s e x ul t a t i on a n d
ho rr o r gr i e f a n d pl e a su r e e t e r n i t y a n d ch a n ge it subdu e s
, ,

t o un i on u nd e r it s l ig h t yo ke a l l i r r e con c i l a bl e t h i n g s It .

t ra n sm ut e s a l l t ha t it t ouc he s a d e v e r y f o r m ! m ov i n g
,
n

wi t h i n t he r a d ia nc e o f it s pr e s e nc e i s ch a n ge d by w ond rous
sy m p a t h y t o a n i nc a r n a t i on o f t he s p i r i t w h i ch it b r e a t h e s ;
,

it s se c r e t a l ch e m y t u rn s t o po t a bl e g old t he p o i s onou s w t s a er

w h i ch fl o w fr om d e a t h t h r ou g h l ife ; it s t r i ps t he ve i l o f
fa m i l ia r i t y fr o m t he w o rld a n d l ays b a r e t he n a k e d a n d
,

sl e e p i n g b e a u t y w h i ch i s t he sp i r i t o f it s fo rm s
,
.

A ll t h i n g s e x is t a s t h e y a r e p e rc e i v e d : a t l e a s t in
re l a t i on t o t he p e r c i p i e n t The m i nd is it s own p l a ce
“
.

Z ,

a n d o f i t se l f c a n m a k e a h ea v e n o f iie l l a He ll o f e a v e n
u
”
, .
 A D E F E N CE OF P O E TR Y .
37

Bu t po e t ry de fe a t s t he cu r s e w h i ch b i nds us t o be subj e c t e d
t o t he a cc i d e n t o f su r r ou nd i n g i m p r e s s i o n s A n d w he t her .

it s p r e a ds it s o w n fi gu r e d cu rt a i n o r wi t hd ra w s l ife s d a r k
’

/
v e i l fr o m b e fo r e t he sc e n e o f t h i n gs it e qu al l y cr e a t e s fo r ,

us a be in g wi t h i n o u r ; b e i n g I t m a k e s us t he i n h a b i t a n t s
l .

o f a w o r ld t o w h i ch t he fa m i l i a r w o r ld i s a ch a os f I t
‘
.

r e r odu c e s t he co m m on U
p n i v e r s e o f w h i c h w e a re p o r t i ons

a n d p e r c i i e n t s , a n d it pu r ge s fr o m o u r i n w a r d s ig h t t he
p
fi l m o f fa m i l i a r i t y w h i ch obscu r e s fr o m us t he w ond e r o f
o u r b e in g I t co m p e ls us t o ife e l t h a t w h i ch
.

a n d t o i m a gi n e t h a t wh i ch w e know I t c r e a t e s a n e w t he
.

u ni ve r s e a ft e r it lhazs b e e n a nn i h i l a t e d i n o u r m i nds by t he
,

r e cu r r e nc e o f i m p r e ss i o n s blun t e d by r e it e r a t i on I t .

lfi j u st ifi e s t he bold a n d t r u e w o r d s o f Ta s s o— N o n m er ita
’

n a m e (if cr ea t or e, se /n o n I dd io ed é l P o et a
a
f
.

A po e t / as he is t he u t ho r t o ot h e r s o f t he high e s t
a

wi sdo m pl e a su r e v i rt u e a n d g lo ry s o he o ugh t pe r son a lly

, , , ,

t o b e t he h a pp i e s t t he b e s t t he wi s e s t a n d t he m os t
, , ,

i llu s t r i ous o f m e n A s t o h i s glo ry l e t tim e be ch a ll e n ge d

'

.
,

t o d e cl a r e w h e t h e r t he fa m e o f a n y o t he r i ns t i t u t o r o f
hu m a n l ife b e co m p a r a bl e t o t h a t o f a p o e t T h a t he i s .

t he wis e s t t he h a pp i e s t a n d t he b e s t i n a s m uc h a s he i s a
, , ,

po e t is equ a ll y i ncon t r ove rt i bl e : t he gr e a t e st fibe t s h a v e

,

b e e n m e n o f t he m ost s po t l e s s v i r t u e o f t he m ost co n s u m ,

m a t e p r ud e nc e a n d if w e w
, ,
ould look i n t o t he i n t e rio r o f
t h e i r l iv e s t he m os t f o r t un a t e o f m e n
,
a n d t he e x c e t i on s
p ,

a s t he r e ga r d t hos e w ho po ss e ss e d t he pa s t ie f a cul t i n
y y a

h ig h ye t i n fe i o r d e gr e e wi ll b e found on con s i d e r a t i on t o
r ,

r a t h e r t h a n d e st r o t h e r ul e L e t us fo r a m o m e n t
y .

s t oo p t o t he a r b it ra t i on o f p o p ul a r b r e a t h a n d usu r p i n g
_

a n d un i t i n g i n o u r o w n p e r son s t he i nco m p a t i bl e ch a r a c t e r s

o f a c cus e r/ wi t n e s s, j u dge ; a n d e xe cu t i on e r, le t us d e c i de
f

wi t hou t t ri a l t e s t im on y o r fo r m l t h a t c e r ta i n indt iv es
‘ '

»
, , ,
 38 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N T S .

o f t hos e w ho a r e t h e r e s i t t i n g w he r e we d a r e n o t so a r
“
,

r e p r e h e ns i bl e
a re
l L e t.us a s s u m e t ha t H o m e r w as a

d r unk a r d t h a t V i r gi l w a s a fl a t t e r e r t h a t H o ra c e w a s a
,
’ '

co w a r d t h a t Ta sso w a s a m a d m a n t h a t Lo r d B a con w a s a
,
~

p ul a t o r t h a t R a ph a e l w a s a l i b e r t i n e t h a t S p e n s r w a s
e c , ,
e a

po e t l a u r e a t e I t i s i ncons i s t e n t wi t h t h i s d i v i s i o n o f o u r
.

subj e ct t o c i t e l i v i ng po e t s bu t post e r i t y ha s don e a m pl e

,

j ust i ce to t he gr e a t n a m e s n e w r e fe r r e d t o T h e i r e r r o r s .

h a ve b e e n w e ig h e d a n d fo u nd t o h a v e b e e n du s t i n t he
b a l ance if t h e i r s i ns K w e r e a s sc a r l e t t h e y r e n o w w hi t e
“
'

,
a

a s sno w t h e y h a v e b e e n w a sh e d i n t he blood o f t he
m e d i a t o r a n d l r e de e me r T i m e Obs e r v e i n w h a t a lud i cr ous
'

/ .

ch a os t he i m pu t a t i ons o f r e al o r fict i t i ou s cr i m e ha ve b e e n
'

con f us e d i n t he con t e m p or a ry c a l u m n i e s ga i n st po e t ry a n d a

po e t s ; con s i d e r ho w l it t l e i s a s it a p p e a rs— o r a pp e a r s a s it is ;
, ,

look t o y ou r o w n / m o t iv e s a n d j ud g e n o t l e s t y e b e j ud g e d
, ,
.

Wl ogi c t h at it is n o t s ubj e ctyt o t he co n t r o f tphe a ct iv e

P o e t ry / a s ha s b e e n s a i d d iffe r s in J r e s ee t fr o m :
Ni

; l
q
po w e r s o f t he m i nd a n d t hat it s b i r t h a n d r e cu r re n c e ha z e [
,
A

no n e c e s sar y con n e ct i on wi t h t he cons ci ousn e ss o r wi ll I t .

is p re su m p t uous t o d e t e r m i n e t h a t t h e s e a re t he n e c e s sa r y
co nd it i ons o f a ll m e n t a l ca u sa t io nj w h e n m e n t a l e ffe c t s a r e
e x p e r i e nc e d unsusc e p t i b l e o f b e i n g r e fe rr e d t o t h e m T he .

fr e qu e n t r e c u r re n ce o f t he po e t i c a l p o w e r it i s obv i ous t o ,

s u pp os e m a p r oduc e i n t he m i d a nha bit o f o r d e r a n d

n
, y
h a r mon y co r re l a t i ve wi t h it s o w n n a t u r e a n d wi t h it s e ffe c t s
u p on ot h e r m i nds B u t i n t he i n t e r va ls o f i nspi ra t i on a n d
.
,

t h e y m a y b e f r e qu e n t wi t hou t b e i n g du ra bl e a fi o e t b e co m e s ,

a ma n, a n d is a b a ndon e d t o t he s udd e n r e fl u x o f t he
i n fl u e nce s u nd e r w h i ch o t h e r s h a b it u a lly l i ve B u t a s he is .

m o e d e l i c a t el y e i ga n e d t h a n o t h e e ns i bl e m
i’ m en and { s
y
’
r r ,

p a i n a n d p l e a su re bo t h his own a n d t h a t o f o t h e r s i n a
, ,

d e g re e u nkno wn t o t h e m he will a vo i d t he o n e a n d pu r s u e ff
,
 A D E F E N CE OF P OE TR Y .
39

t he o t he r wi t h do u r p r opo r t i on e d t o t h i s d i ffe r e nc e
an ar .

A n d he r e nd e s h i m s e l f obno xi ous t o ca lu m n y w h e n he
r ,

n e gl e c t s t o ob s e rv e t he c i r cu m s t a nc e s und e r w h i ch t h e s e
obj e ct s o f u n i ve rs a l pu r su i t a n d flig h t h a v e d i sg u i s e d
t h e m s e lv e s i n o n e a no t h e r s g a r me n t s
’
.

B u t t h e r e i s no t h i n g n e c e ssa r il y e v i l in t h i s e r o r a n d r ,

t hus c r u e l t y e n vy ,
r e v e n ge
,
a v a r i ce ,
and , t he p ass i on s

p u r e l y e v i l h
, a v e n e v e r f o rm e d a n
y p o r t i on o f t he po ul a r
p
i m p u t a t i ons on t he l i ve s o f po e t s .

I ha v e lt ho u ght it m os t f a vou r a bl e t o t he c a us e o f t r u t h
t o s e t do w n t h e s e r e m a r ks a cco r d i n g t o t he o r d e r i n w h i c h
t h e y w e re su gg e s t e d t o m y m i nd b y a cons i d e r a t i on o f t he
,

Subj e ct i t s e l f in s te a d l e f o b ser vi n g t he f o r m a l i t y o f a
\
a a
,

p ol e m i c a l r e pl
y 38 3 6 if t h e
1 v i e w [w h ic h l t h e
y con t a i n be
j ust t h e y wi ll b e f ound t o i n v olve a r e f u t a t i on o f t he
, \

ar g u er s a ga in s t p e e t ry so fa r a t l e a s t a s r e g a r ds t he fi r s t
~

d ivi s i on o f t he s ubj e ct I ca n r e a d i l y conj e c t u r e wh a t

.

s hould h a v e m ov e d t he g a ll o f S om e l e a r n e d a n d i n t e ll ig n t e
,g

wr it e r s w ho qu a rr e l wit h cer t a i n v e rs ifie r s ; I con fe ss m ys e l f ,

l i k e t he m, un wi ll i n g t o b e s t unn e d by t he The s e ids o f t he

'

ho a r se C o dr i o f t he da y B a v i us a n d M ae v iu s u ndoubt e dly
’ ‘

a r e a s t h e y e v e r w e r e i nsu ffe r a bl e p e r son s

, , B u t it b e lon g s
.

t o a ph i losoph i c a l c r i t i c t o d i s t i n g u i sh r a t h e r t ha n con found .

The fi r s t p a r t o f t h e se re m a r ks ha s r e l a t e d t o /po e t r y in
it s e l e m e n t s a n d p r i nc i p l e s a n d it ha s b e e n sh w n a s w e l l
d ,

a s t he n a rr o w l i m i t s a s s ig n e d t h e m w ould p e r m i t t h a t w h a t ,

i s ca ll e d p o e t ry in a r e s t r i ct e d s e nse ha s a com m on sou r c e

, ,

wi t h a ll o t h er fo r m s o f o r de r a n d o f b e a u t y a c c or d i n g t o ,

wh i ch t he m a t e r i a l s o f hu m a n l ife a r e susce p t i bl e o f b e i n g
a r r a n ge d a n d w h i ch 19 p
,
o e t ry i n a n u n i ve r s a l s e n se .

The s e cond p a rt wil l h a v e fo r it s obj e ct a n a p p l i ca t i on o f

I
t h e s e p r in c i pl e s t o t he p r e s e n t s t a t e o f t he cul t iv a t i on o f
n d a d e fe nc e o f t he a t t e m p t t o i
p yo e t r ,
a
40 E S S A YS A N D F RA G M E N TS .

fo m s o f m nn s d op i n i ons d co m p l t h m in t
r a er an , an e e o a

subo d i n t i on t t h i m gi n t i v
r a o dc e t i v f cul t y
a a F e an re a e a . or

t h lit e tu e rao f E n gl ndre n g t i c d v lop m n t o f

a ,
an e er e e e e

w h i ch h fp
as d d
e v er cco m p n i d g t d f
r e ce e or a a e a re a an re e

d v lop m n t o f t h n t i on l wi l l h
e e e e i s n it w f o m
a a ,
as a r e as ere r

a w bi t h
ne I r sp i t o f t h lo w t ho ug h t d nvy w h i ch
. n e e -
e e

w ould u nd v l u con t m po y m it er a e e o w n wi ll b rar er ,

o ur e

a m m o bl e gra i ien t ll c
a t u el c h ni v m n t s
e de w l iav a e e e ,
an e e

a m on g suc h ph i losoph s d po t s su p ss b yond m

er an e as r a e co

p i on
ar s
y w ho h v
an pp d s i nc t h l s t n t i on l
a e a e are e e a a a

t u gg l f
s r c i v i l d l igi ous l i b t y Th m os t u n f i l i n g
e or an re er . e a

h ld com p n i on
e ra , d f ollo w
a of t h w k n i n g of
,
an er e a a e a

g re at p opl t w o k e e b n fic i l h n g i n p i i on
o r a e e a c a e O n or

i nst i t u t i on i s Ti t y A t such p i od t h i s
,
f
i
oe r . m er s ere a n a ccu u

l t i on o f t h po w o f com m un i c t i n g d c i v i n g i n t n
a e er a an re e e se

an d i m p s i on d conc p t i on
as e sp c t i n g m e d n tu s re e an an a re .

Th p sons i n w ho m t h i s po w
e er s i d s m y o f t n; f er re e ,
a e as ar
)
as g d m ny p o t i ons o f t h i n t u h v l i t t l
re ar s a r e r a re, a e e

a pp n t co spond nc wi t h t h t sp i i t o f g ood o f w h i ch
are r re e e a r

th y e th m ini t
a re e B t v n w hi l t
s ers . u e e s
,
bj u t h y t co m l l d t v t h
"
a re, y e a re
p e e e o se r e, e

sea e t d t h t h on o f t h i own oul

on e r e I t i s i m p o i bl t
e r s . ss e o
,
r ea d t h co m po it i ons o f t h m o t c l b t d w it s o f t h
e s e s e e ra e r er e

p s
re e n t d y wi t hou t
a b i n g s t t l d wi t h teh l c t i l if
ar e e e e r c e

wh i ch bu ns wi t h i n t h i w o ds T h y m su t h i
r e r r . e ea re e c r

cu mf d sou nd t h d p t hs o f h u m n n t u
e r e n ce a n e wi th
e a a re a

co m p h ns i v re e d ll p n t t i n g
e an p i iat -
de t h y
e ra s r ,
an e a re

th m e lv s p h p t h m os t s i nc l y t on i h d t it
se e er a s e e re as s e a s

m n if t t i ons ; f
a es a it i l s t h i or p i it t h n t h pi it o f
s e s e r s r a e s r

th e a g P o
e .t s t h h
e i o p h n
a re t s o f eun p p h
er nd d a an a re e e

i n p i t i on ; t h m i r o o f t h gig n t i c h do w w h i ch
s ra e r rs e a s a s

f u t u it y c s t s p on t h p s n t t h w o ds w h i ch x p ss
r a u e re e e r e re

w h t t h y u nd s t nd
a e t t h t u m p t s w h i ch s i n g t
er a no e r e o
 ON TH E M A N N E R S O F TH E A N CI E N TS .
41

b a t t l e a n d fe e l n o t w h a t t he y i n spir e
, t he i n fl u nc w h i ch
e e

is m ov e d n o t b u t m ov e s un ckno w l d g d
'

, Po et s a r e . t he a e e

l e gi s l a t o r s o f t he w o r ld .

A D I S C O UR S E

O N T H E M AN N E R S O F T H E A N C I EN T S , RELATI VE T O
T H E S UB E C T o r LO VE J .

*
A F R AG M ENT .

TH E p e riod w h i ch i n t e r v e n e d b e t w e e n t he b i rt h o f Pe r i cl e s
a n d t he d e a t h o f A r i s t o t l e i s undoubt e dl y w h e t h e r con , ,

s id e r e d i n i t s e l f o r wi t h r e fe r e nc e t o t he e ffe c t s wh i c h it ha s

r oduc e d u pon t he s ubs e qu e n t d e s t i n i e s o f c i v i l i s e d m a n

p ,

t he m o st m e mo r bl e i n t he h i s t o r y o f t he w o r ld
a Wh a t .

w a s t he co m b i n a t i on o f m o r al a n d p ol i t i c al c i r cu m st a nc e s
wh i ch p oduce d so u n p a r e l l e l e d a p r o gr e s s du r i n g t h a t
r

r i od i n l i t e a t u r e a n d t he a r t s w h t h at r o g e s s so
p e r
y p r
-
,

ra pi d a n d so s us t a i n e d s o s oon r e ce ive d ch e ck a n d ‘

a , ,

be c a m e re t r o gra d e —ar e p r obl e m s l e ft t o t he w ond e r a n d

,

c onj e ct u re o f p o s t e r i t y The w rec k s a n d fr a g m e n t s o f

.

t ho se s ub t l e a n d p r o fou nd m i nds l i k e t he r u i ns o f a fi n e ,

s t a t u e ob s cu r e l y s u gge s t t o u s t he gr nd e u r a n d p e r fe c t i o n
,
a

o f t he w hol e T h e i r v e r y l a n g u ge — a t yp e o f t he
. a

und e r st a nd i n g s o f w h i c h it w a s t he cr e a t i on an d t he
i m a ge — in v a r i e t y i n s im p l i c it y i n fle xi b i l i t y a n d i n
, , ,

c o i ousn e s s e x c e l s e v e ry o t h e r l a n g u g e o f t he w e s t e r n a
p ,

w o r ld Th e i r scul pt u r e s a e such a s w e i n o u r p r e su m p
. r ,

t i on a s su m e t o b e t he m od e l s o f i d e a l t r u t h a n d b e a u t y
, ,

Th i E s y w i t d d t b a m m t y t h Sym p iu m
ss a as n en e o e co en a r on e os

B q u t f Pl t k ff t t h m m t wh n t h m i
,

or an e o b t it b a o, u re a s o a e o en e e a n

s ubj t i b ut t b di
ec s a o do e s cu ss e .
42 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

and w hi ch no t i t o f m od n t i m s
to p oduc fo m s
ar s er e ca n r e r

i n y d g com p bl T h i p i nt i n g c o d i n g t
an e ree a ra e . e r a s, a c r o

P l i ny d P u ni s wan full o f d l i c cy d h m on y ;
a sa a , ere e a an ar

an d so m v n w e e po w f ully p t h t i c so
e e re t w k n er a e , as o a a e ,

l ik t nd e m u ic
e t
er gi c po t y t h m o t ov wh l m i n g
s or ra e r , e s er e

e m o t i on W s c ust om d t conc i v t h p i n t o f
. e are a c e o e e e a e rs

t h si xt
e nt h c n t u y
ee t hos w ho h v b ou g h t t h i
e r ,
t
as e a e r e r ar

t o th hig h s t p f c t i on p ob bl y b c us
e e er eno o f t h ,
r a e a e ne e

a n i n t p i n t i n gs h v b
c e a p s v d F a ll t he een re e r e . or a e

i nv n t i v t s m i n t i n
e e ar it w sym p t h t i c con
a a ,
as ere, a a e

n ex oni b t w n ch ot h b i n g no m o t h v i ou
e ee ea e r, e re an ar s

e x p i ons o f o i n t n l p o w m odifi d by d iff n t

r e ss ne er a e r, e ere

c i cu m t nc
r i t h o f i nd iv i du l
s a e s, e o f soc i t y ; d
er an a ,
or e an

t h p i n t i n g o f t h t p i od w ould p ob bl y b
e a s a th mer r a ear e sa e

re a l t i on i s con f dly bo n by t h scu lp t u s t ll

as e sse r e e re o a

s ucc d i n g on s Of t h i m u i w kno w lit t l ; b t t h

ee e . e r s c e e u e

e ff c t s w h i h it i s i d t h v p oduc d w h t h
e c s a th y b o a e r e ,
e er e e

a t t i bu t d t t h
r ek i ll o f t h co m p o
o t h s n ibi l it y of
e s e s e r, o r e e s

hi s ud i nc
a f e mo e,
p o w f ul t
a reh n y ar w h i ch w re er a an e

e x p i nc f o m t h m u i c o f
er e e r w t im ;e d if s our o n es an ,

i nd d t h m lody o f t h i co m p o i t i on w m o t nd
ee ,
e e e r s s ere re e er

an d d lic t e d i n pi ing t h
a e, th
an m lod i s o f som r ,
an e e e s e

m od n E u op n n t i o
er th i
r u p io i ty i t h i
ea a t n s, e r s er r n s ar

m ust h v b n so m t h i n g w ond f l
a e ee d w holly b y onde er u , an e

c onc p t i on e .

T h i po t y e r ms t m i nt i n
e r v y h igh t hou g h t
se e o a a a er ,
no

so d i p op o t i on t
s r nk i n t h com p i so
r a e a P h ps ra ,
e ar n. er a

Sh k p a s f o m t h v i t y d co m p h ns i o o f hi
e are, r e ar e an re e n s

g n i us i s t b con i d d on t h w hol
e , o e th g s t te re ,
e e, a s e rea e s

i nd i v i du l m i nd o f w h i h w h v p c i m ns m i n i n g
a ,
c e a e s e e re a .

P h ps D nt c
er a t d i m gi n ti ons o f g
a e t
rea e lov l i n a a rea er e e ss

an d n gy t h e er
y t h t t b anf ound i n
an t h nc i n t a a re o e e a e

l it t u of G c
e ra re P h ps o t hi n g h re e b n d i cov d
e . er a n as ee s e re
 ON TH E M A N N E R S OF T H E A N CI E N TS .
43

in t he f gm n t s o f t h G k ly i po t qu i v l n t t t h
ra e e re e r c e s e a e o e

subl i m d ch i v l i c s ns i b i l i t y o f P t
e an a r ch — B t
e e ra r . u ,
as a

po t H o m m us t b ckno w l d g d t x c l S h k p
e ,
er e a e e o e e a s e a re

i n t h t u t h t h h m on y t h u t i n d g nd u t h
e r ,
e ar , e s s a e ra e r, e

s t i fy i n g co m pl t n ss o f h i s i m g s t h i x ct fi t n s t
a s e e e a e ,
e r e a es o

t h i llus t t i on
e ra d t th t t ,
w h i ch t h y b l o g
an o a N o e e n . or

could D n t d fic i n t i n conduc t pl n n t u v i t y d
a e, e e ,
a ,
a re , ar e ,
an

t mp
e nc h v b n b ou gh t i n t o co m p i son wi t h t h
era e, a e ee r ar e se

m b t f
en , u t hos f o t un t
or isl s l d n wi t h g old
e r a e f u it e ,
a e en r ,

w hi ch lon could t m pt y
a e t mb
e k i t h m i ty an one o e ar n e s

oc n o f hi d k d x t v g n t fic t i on
ea s ar an e ra a a .

B t o m i t t i n g t h co m p i son o f i nd i v i du l m i nds w hi ch
u , e ar a ,

can a ffo d no g n l i n f nc ho w sup i o w t h sp i it

r e e ra e re e, er r as e r

an d sy st m o f t h i po t y t t h t o f
e e r y oet h r p i od o S a an er er . o

th t h da ,
a
y o t h ang n i u qu ler i n o t h e p c t ss t e t h a er res e o e

g t st t h t v nl igh t n d t h w o ld i n i n t h t
re a e a e er e e e e r ,
a r se a

a
g h
e, would e h v b n up iao t
e ll f eeo m t h i ss c i cu m
er r o a ,
r r

t n
s a ce lon — t h t hi conc p t i ons w ou ld h v
a e a s um d e a e a ss e a

mo re h m on i ous d p f c t f o m F it i s w o t h y o f
ar an er e r . or r

obs v t i on t h t w h t v t h po t s o f t h t g p oduc d
er a ,
a a e er e e a a e r e

i a h m on i ous
s s ar d p f ct an
p oss i bl I f
er e d m f as e . a ra a, or

i n t nc w t h co m p o it i on o f p on o f i n f i o t l n t
s a e, ere e s a e rs er r a e ,

it w t i ll ho m o g
as s ous d f f o m i n qu l i t i s it w
ene an re e r e a e as

a whol cons i t n t w i t h i t l f Th co m p o i t i on o f g t
e, s e se . e s s re a

m i nd bo s t h ou g hou t t h
re r u t i n d st m p o f t h i g t e s s a e a e r re a

n ss I t h po t y o f ucc d i n g g s t h x p t t i ons
e . n e e r s ee a e e e ec a

a re o ft n x l t d on I
e e a e wi n gs d f l l t m uch d i s
ca r e a n ,
an a ,
oo

a
pp o i n t d t e gi v m
o m o y ed a n m t e t h obl ri v i ous an a a e o e

p ool i n w h i ch t h y f ll e e .

I n
p yh i c l kno s w l d g
a A i s t o t l d e T h o peh t us rh d e an e ra s a

l dy— no doub t i t d by t h l bou o f t hos o f t h i

a re a a ss s e e a rs e e r

p d
re c sso
e e s w ho m r t h y c i t i i s —m d dv
e nc s r w o t h
c
y e a e a a e r

o f t h m t u i t y o f sc i nc
e a r Th st on i h i n g i nv n t i on o f
e e . e a s e
44 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N T S .

g om
e e t ry, h a t s e r i e s o f d i scov e r i e s w h ic h h a ve e n a bl e d
t
m a n t o co m m a nd t he e l e m e n t s a n d f o r e s e e f u t u r e e v e n t s ,

b e fo r e t he subj e c t s o f h i s ig no ra n t w ond e r a n d w h i ch h a v e
,

o p e n e d a s it w e r e t he doo r s o f t he m ys t e ri e s o f n a t u r e ha d ,

a lre ad b e e n b r ou g h t t o g r e a t p e r fe c t i on M e t a p h y s i cs t he
y .
,

s c i nc e o f m a n s i n t i m a t e n a t u re a n d lo gi c o r t he gr a m m a r
e
’
, ,

r i nc i l e s o f t h a t s c i e nc e r e c e i v e d f r o m t he
.

a d e l em e nta r
n p
y p ,

l a t t e r ph i losoph e r s o f t he P e r i c l e a n a ge a fi r m b a s i s A ll
.

o u r m o r e e x a c t ph i losoph i s bu i l t u on t he l a bou r s o f t h e se
y p
gr e a t m e n a n d m a n y o f t he w o rd s w h i ch w e e m p loy i n
,

m e t a ph ys i c a l d i s t i n ct i on s w e r e i nv e n t e d by t h e m t o gi v e

a c cur a c an d s y s t e m t o t he i r r e a s on i n g s T h sc i e nc e o f
y . e

m o r a l s o r t he volu n t a ry conduc t o f m e n i n re l a t i o n t o
,

t h e m s e lve s o r o t he r s d a t e s f r o m t hi s e poc h
,
H o w in e x
.

p r e ss ib l y bold e r a n d m o r e pu r e w e r e t he doc t r i n e s o f t ho se

g e a t m e n i n com p a r i s o n wit h t he t i m i d m a xi m s w h ic h
r ,

p r e va il i n t he w r i t i n g s o f t he m os t e s t e e m e d m od e n r

m o ra l i st s . T h e y w e r e s uch a s P hoc i on a n d E p a m i nond a s

, ,

a n d T i m ol e on w ho f o r m e d t h e m se l v e s o n t he i r i nfl u e nc e
, ,

w e r e t o t he w r e t ch e d h e r o e s o f o u r own a ge .

T h e i r pol i t i ca l a n d r e l igi ous i n s t i t u t i ons a r e m o r e difli c u l t

t o b r i n g i n t o co m p a r i s on wi t h t ho s e o f o t h e r t i m e s A .

su m m a ry i de a m a y b e fo r m e d o f t he w o r t h o f a n y p ol i t i c a l
a n d r e l igi ous s ys t e m by obs e r v i n g t he co m p a r a t i v e d e gr e e
,

o f h a pp i n e s s a n d o f i n t e ll e c t p r oduc e d und e r it s i n fl u e nc e .

A n d w h i l s t m a n y i ns t i t u t i ons a n d o p i n i ons w h i c h in ,

a n c i e n t G r e e c e w e r e ob st a cl e s t o t he i m p r ov e m e n t o f t he

hu m a n ra c e h a v e b e e n a bol i s h e d a m on g m od e r n n a t i on s
, ,

ho w m a n y p e r n i c i ou s sup e r s t i t i ons a n d n e w con t r i va nc e s o f

m i sr ul e a n d unh e a r d o f co m pl i c a t i ons o f p ubl i c m i s ch i e f
,
-
,

h a ve n o t b e e n i nve n t e d a m on g t he m by t he e v e r w a t ch f ul -

sp i r i t o f a va r i c e a n d t yra n n y .

The m od e r n n a t i ons o f t he c i vil i s e d w o r ld o w e t he

 ON TH E M A N N E R S OF T H E A N CI E N T S .
45

p o gr e ss w h i ch t h e y h a ve m a d e — a s w e ll in t ho s e phy s i c a l
r

s c i e nce s i n wh i ch t h e y h a v e a l e a dy e x c e ll e d t he i r m a st e r s
r ,

a s i n t he m o r a l a n d i n t e ll e c t u a l i nqu i r i e s in w h i c h w i t h , ,

a ll t he a dv a n t a g e o f t he e x p e r i e nc e o f t he l t t e r it c a a , n

s ca rce l b e sa i d t h a t t he h a ve ye t e qu a ll e d t he m —t o
y y ,

w h a t i s c a ll e d t he r e v i va l o f l e a r nin g t h a t i s t he s t udy o f ,

t he w r i t e r s o f t he a ge w h i ch p r e c e d e d a n d i m m e d i a t e l y
follo w e d t he gov e r n m e n t o f P e r i cl e s o r o f subse qu e n t ,

w r i t e r s w ho w e e s o t o spe a k t he r i ve r s fl o wi n g fro m
,
r , ,

t ho s e i m m o r t a l f oun t a i n s A n d t hou gh t h e r e s e e m s t o b e a
.

p r i nc i pl e i n t he m od e r n w o r ld w h i ch should c i r cu m s t a nc e s
, ,

a n a lo g ous t o t hos e w h i c h m od e ll e d t he i n t e ll e c t u a l r e s ou r c e s

o f t he a ge t o w h i ch w e r e fe r i n t o so h a r m on i ous a p r o p o r
,

t i on a g a i n a r i s e w ou ld a r re s t a n d p e r p e t u a t e t h e m a d
, , ,
n

con s ig n t h e i r r e s u l t s t o a m o r e e qu a l e x t e n s i ve a n d l st i n g , ,
a

i m pr ove m e n t o f t he condi t i o n o f m a n — t hou g h just i c e a n d

t he t r u e m e a n i n g o f hu m a n s oc i e t y a r e if n o t m o r e a ccu ,

r e g e n e r a ll
ra tel
y m
,
o y u nd e r s t ood ; t hou g h p e r h a p s m e n
kno w m o r e a d t h e r e fo r e a r e m o re a s a m a ss ye t t h i s
,
n
, ,

p r i nc i pl e h a s n e v e r b e e n c a ll e d i n t o a ct i on a n d r e qu i r e s ,

i nde e d a u n i ve r sa l a n d a l m o st a p p a ll i n g c h a n ge i n t he
sys t e m o f e xi s t i n g t h i n g s The s t udy o f m od e r n h i s t o r y i s
.

t he s t ud y o f k i n g s fin a nc i e r s s t a t e s m e n a d p r i e s t s
, , T he ,
n .

h i s t o y o f a nc i e n t G r e e c e i s t he s t udy o f l e gi s l a t or s p hi lo
r
,

so p h e r s a n d p o e t s it i s t he h i s t or y o f m e co m p a r ed w i t h
, n,

t he h i st o y o f t i t l e s
r Wh a t t he G re e ks w e e w as a r e a l i t y
. r , ,

n o t a pr om i s e A n d wh a t w e a r e a n d ho p e t o b e is
.
,

d e r i v e d a s it w e re fr o m t he i n fl u e nc e a n d i nsp i ra t i on o f
, ,

t h e se g lo r i ous g e n e r a t i on s .

W h a t e ve r t e nds t o a ffo r d a f u rt h e r ill us t ra t i on o f t he

m a nn e r s a n d op i n i ons o f t hos e t o w ho m w e o we so m u c h ,

a d w ho w e re e r h a ps on t h w hol e t h e m os t p f t
n
p , e , e r e c ,

s e c i m e n s o f hu m ni t o f who m w h v u t h n t i co d
p y a e a e a e c r e r ,
46 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

w i nfin i t l y v lu bl L t us
ere e th i
a a o s th ie . e se e e r e rr r ,
e r

w kn ea th i
e s s e s,d i l y c t i on t h i f m i l i conv t i on
e r a a s, e r a ar e rs a ,

an d c t h t h t on o f t h i
a c e o i t y Wh n w d i cov
e e r s c e . e e s er

how f t h m o t d m i bl co m m u n i t y v f m d w
ar e s a ra e e er ra e ,
as

re m ov d f o m t h t p
e r f t i on t wh i ch hu m n oci t y i
a er ec o a s e s

i m p ll d by o m ct i v p ow wi t h i n h bo om t p i
e e s e a e er e ac s ,
o as re,

how g t ou gh t t b
re a ho p ho w olu t o e ours t u ggl s e s, res e o ur r e .

F or th G k o f t h P i cl n g w wi d l y d i ff n t
e re e s e er ea a e e re e ere

f o m us I t i s t b l m n t d t h t no m od n w i t h
r . o e a e e a er r er as

h it h t o d d t
er ho w t h m p c i l y
are o th y w
s e re se as e e re .

B t h el m i c nno t b d i d t h
ar e a p i s o f i nd t y d e en e e ra e us r an

s y t m
s e ; b t h n v f
u o g t s t h
e t h i e C heri t i n dr e a e s a r s a an a

F nch m n
re W i l nd i h i s d l ig h t f ul nov ls m k s
a . e a , n e e ,
a e

i nd d v y t ol bl P g n b t ch i h t m y
ee a er e ra e a a ,
u er s es oo an

p i t i c l p j ud i c s
o l a d
re f i ns f o m d i m i n i h i n g t h
e ,
an r e ra r s e

i n t t o f hi o m nc by p i n t i g n t i m n t s i w h i ch
eres s r a es a n se e n

no E u op n o f m od
r ea t im s p o i bl y y s m p
ernt h i e ca n ss a se .

Th i s no book wh i ch shows t h G ks p ci l y t h y
ere e ree re se as e

w ; t h y m ll w i t t n f ch i ld n wi t h t h c u t i o
e re e se e a r e or re , e a n

t h t no p c t i c
a ra n t i m n t h ig hl y i ncon i t n t wi t h
e or se e ,
s s e our

p s t m nn
re en hould b m n t i on d l t t ho m nn s
a e rs , s e e e ,
es se a er

should c i v ou t g re e d v i ol t i on
e B t th ra e m ny
an a . u e re a r e a

t w ho m t h G
o k l n g u g i s i n cc i bl w ho ou gh t t
e re e a a e a e ss e, no

t o b x clu d d by t h i s p ud y f o m p o sin g
e e e x ct r er r ss e s an e a

an d co m p h n i v conc p t i on o f t h h i t o y o f m
re e s e ; fe e s r an or

th i s no know l d g con n i n g w h t m h b
ere e e d ce r a an as ee n an

m y b a f o m p t k i n g o f w h i ch p on
e, r ar a d p t a e rs ca n e ar ,

wit hou t b co m i n g i o m d g e mo p h i loso p h i c l

n s e e re e re a ,

o
t le r a t , n j u st and .

On e o f t he ch i e f d i st i nc t i ons b e t w e e n t he m a nn e r s o f
a nc i e n t G r e e c e a n d m od e r n E u r op e con s i s t e d i n t he r e g ul a

t i ons a n d t he s e n t i m e n t s re s p e ct i n g se x u a l i n t e r cou r s e .

Wh e t h e r t h i s d iffe re nc e a r i se s fr o m s o m e i m p e r fe c t
 ON TH E M A N N E R S OF TH E A N CI E N T5 .
47

i nfl u n of
e ce doct r i n e s o f Je sus C hrist w ho a l l e ge s t he
t he ,

a b s ol u t e a n d u ncond i t i on a l e qu a l i t y o f a ll hu m a n b e i n g s o r ,

fro m t he i nst i t u t i ons o f ch i v l y o r fr om a c e r t a i f u nd a

a r ,
n

m e n t a l d ifi e r e n ce o f p hy s i c a l n a t u r e e xi s t i n g i n t he C e l t s ,

o r fr o m a co m b i n a t i on o f a ll o r a n y o f t h e s e c a u s e s a c t i n g ,

o n e a ch o t h e r i s a qu e s t i o n w o r t h y o f volu m i nous i nv e s t ig a
,

t i on. The fa c t i s t h a t t he m od e r n E u r o p e n s h a v e in t h i s
,
a

c i r cu m s t a nce a n d in t he a bol i t i on o f sl a ve ry m a d e a n
, ,

i m p r ove m e n t t he m o st de c i s i v e i n t he re g ul a t i on o f hu m a n
soc i e t y a d a l l t he v i r t u e a n d t he wi sdo m o f t he
n

P e r i cl e a n a ge a r os e u nd e r o t he r i ns t i t u t i ons i n s p i t e o f t he ,

d i m i nu t i on w h i ch p e r son a l s l a v e r y a n d t he i n fe r i o r i t y o f
w o m e n r e co g n i se d by la w a n d op i n i on m ust h a ve p r oduc e d
, ,

i n t he d e l i ca cy t he st r e n gt h t he co m p r e h e n s i v e n e ss a nd
, , ,

t he a ccu r a c y o f t h e i r conc e p t i ons i n m o r a l p ol i t i c a l a n d , , ,

m e t a p h y s i c a l sc i e nc e a n d p e r h a p s in e v e r y o t h e r a r t a n d
,

sc i e n ce .

T he w o m e n t hus d e g r a d e d b e c a m e s u c h a s it w a s
, ,

e x p e ct e d t h e y w ould b e co m e T h e y p oss e s s e d e x c e p t w i t h
.
,

e x t r a o r d i n a r y e x c e p t i ons t he h a b i t s an d t he qu a l i t i e s o f
,

s l a ve s . T h e y w e r e p r ob a bl y n o t e x t r e m e l y b e a u t if ul ; a t
l e a s t t h e r e w a s no such d i sp op o r t i on i n t he a t t r a c t i on s o f
r

t he e xt e r n a l f o r m b e t w e e n t he fe m a l e a n d m l e s e x a m on g a

t he G r e e k s a s e xi st s a m on g t he m od e r E u r o p e a n s
, Th e y n .

w e r e c e r t a i nly d e vo i d o f t h a t m o a l a n d i n t e ll e c t u a l l o v e l i
r

n e s s w i t h w h i ch t he a cqu i s i t i on o f kno w l dge a n d t he e

cul t iv a t i o o f se n t i m e n t a n i m a t e s a s wi t h a no t h e r l ife o f
n ,

ove r p o w e r i g gr a ce t he l i n e a m e n t s a n d t he g e s t u r e s o f
n ,

e v e r y f o r m wh i ch t h e y i n h a b i t T h e i r e y e s could n o t h a v e
.

b e e n d e e p a n d i n t r i ca t e fr o m t he wo r k i n gs o f t he m i nd ,

and could h a ve e n t a n g l e d no h e a r t i n s oul e n w ov e n -

l a b yr i n t h s .

Le t it n o t b e i m a gi n e d t h a t b e c a us e t he G re e ks w e r e
48 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

d e p r i ve d o f it s l e gi t i m at e obj e ct t h e y w e r e i nca p a bl e o f
,

s e n t i m e n t a l lov e a n d t h a t t h i s p a ss i o n i s t he m e r e ch i ld o f
,

ch i v al ry a n d t he l i t e ra t u r e o f m od e r n t i m e s T h i s obj e ct o r .
,

it s a r ch e t yp e f o r e v e r e xi s t s i n t he m i nd w h i ch s e l e ct s a m on g
, ,

t hos e w ho r e se m bl e it t h a t w h i ch m ost r e s e m bl e s it ; a n d
,

i nst i nc t i ve l y fil l s up t he i n t e rs t i c e s o f t he i m p e r fe ct i m a g e ,

i n t he s a m e m a nn e r a s t he i m a gi n a t i on m oulds a d
‘

com pl e t e s t he s h a p e s in clouds o r i n t he fi r e i n t o t he
, ,

r e s e m bl a nc e s o f w h a t e ve r form a n i m a l bu i ld i n g e t c
, , , .
,

h a p p e ns t o b e pr e s e n t t o it M a n i s in h i s wi ld e st s t a t e a
.

s oc i a l b e i n g : a c e rt a i n de gr e e o f c i v i l i sa t i on a n d re fin e
m e n t e v e r p r oduc e s t he w a n t o f s y m p a t hi e s s t i ll m o r e
i n t i m a t e a n d com pl e t e ; a n d t he gra t i fic a t i on o f t he se nse s
is no lon g e r a l l t h a t i s sou g h t in s e x u a l conn e ct i on It .

soon b e co m e s a v e ry s m a ll pa rt o f t h a t p r o f ound a n d
co m p l i c a t e d s e n t i m e n t w h i ch w e ca l l love w h i ch i s r a t h e r
, ,

t he u n i v e r s a l t hi r s t fo r a co m m un i on n o t m e r e l y o f t he
s e n s e s b u t o f o u r w hol e n a t u r e i n t e ll e ct u a l i m a gi n a t iv e
, , , ,

a n d s e ns i t i v e a n d w h i ch w h e n i nd i v i du a l i s e d b e co m e s a n
, ,

i m pe r i ous n e c e s s i t y onl y t o be s a t i sfi e d by t he co m pl e t e o r
,

p a r t i al a c t u a l o r suppos e d f ulfil m e n t o f it s cl a i m s T h i s
, ,
.

w a n t gr o w s m or e po w e r f ul i n p r op o rt ion t o t he d e ve lo p
m e n t w h i ch o u r n a t u re r e c e i v e s f r o m c i v i l i s a t i o n ; fo r m a n
n e v e r c e a s e s t o b e a soc i a l b e i n g The s e x u a l i m p ul s e
.
,

wh i ch i s on ly o n e a n d o f t e n a s m a ll pa rt y o f t hose cl a im s
, ,

s e r ve s fr o m it s obv i ous a n d e xt e r n a l n a t u r e a s a k i nd o f
, ,

t y p e o r e x p r e s s i on o f t he r e s t a co m m on b a s i s a n a ckno w
, ,

l e d ge d a n d v i s i bl e l i n k . S t i l l it is a cl a i m w h i ch e v e n
d e r i v e s a st re n gt h n o t it s o w n fr o m t he a cc e sso ry
c i r cu m s t a nc e s w h i c h su rr ou nd it a n d o n e w h i ch o u r n at u r e
,

t h i r s t s t o sa t i s fy
. T o e s t i m a t e t h i s obs e r v e t he d e gr e e o f
,

i n t e ns i t y a n d du ra b i l it y o f t he love o f t he m a l e t o w a rd s t he
fe m a l e i n a n i m a l s a n d s a v a ge s ; a n d a ckno w l e dge a ll t he
 ON TH E s YM P OS I UM 49

du r a t i on a n d i n t e ns i t y obs e r v a bl e in t he lov e o f c i vi l i se d '

b e i n gs b ey ond t h a t o f sa va ge s t o be p r oduc e d fr om o t h e r
ca us es I n t he s usc e p t i b i l it y o f t he e xt e r n a l se ns e s t he r e i s
.

p r ob a bl
y no i m po r t a n t d i ffe r e n ce .

A m on g t he a nc i e n t G re e k s t he m a l e se x o n e h a l f o f t he ,

hu m a n r a c e r e ce i ve d t he h ig h e st cu l t i va t i on a n d r e fi n e
,

m e nt w hil s t t he o t h e r so fa r as i n t e ll e ct is conc e r n e d w e r e
, ,

e duc a t e d a s sl a v e s a n d w e r e r a i s e d b u t fe w d e gr e e s i n a l l
,

t h a t re l a t e d t o m o r a l o r in t e l l e c t u al e x c e ll e n c e a bov e t he
cond i t i on o f s a va ges The gr a d a t i o n s i n t he soc i e t y o f m a n
.

r e s e n t us wi t h a slo w i m p r ove m e n t i n t h i s r e s p e c t T h
p e .

R o m a n w o m e n h e ld a h ig h e r cons i d e ra t i on i n s oc i e t y a n d ,

w e re e st e e m e d a l m o st a s t he e qu al pa rt n e rs wit h t h e i r
husb a nd s i n t he r e gul a t i on o f do m e st i c e cono m y a n d t he
e duc a t i on o f t he i r ch i ld r e n The p ra c t i c e s a n d cu s t o m s o f
.

m od e r n E u r op e a re e ss e n t i a ll y d i ffe r e n t f r o m a n d in c o m
’

p a ra b l y l e s s p e r n i c i ous t h a n e i t h e r h o w e v e r r e m o t e f r o m ,

w h at a n e nl ig h t e n e d m i nd c a nno t fa i l t o d e s i r e a s t he f u t u re
d es t i n y o f hu m a n b e i n g s .

O N T H E S Y M P O S I UM ,
O R , PR E F AC E T O T H E BA N Q UE T OF P LA T O .

A F RA G M EN T .

TH E d i a lo g u e e n t i t l e d The B a nqu e t w a s se l e ct e d by
“
,

t he t ra n s l t o r a s t he m os t b e a u t if ul a d p e r fe ct a m on g a l l
a n

t he w o r k s o f P l a t o *
H e d es p a i r s o f h a vi n g co m m u n i c a t e d
.

t o t he E n g l i sh l a n g u a ge a n y p o r t i on o f t he su r p a ss in g gr a c e s

Th R p ubl i t h u gh
e e c,p l t wi t ho n id bl re f p ul
e e co s era e e rr o rs o s ec a

tion, i in d d t h g
s, ee , t t p i t y f im p t
e rea es t t ut h
re f ll th
os or o o r an r s o a e

w k f Pl t Thi p h p i b u it i t h l g t H fi t
or
‘

s o a o. s, er a s, s e ca se s e on es e rs

d p h p l t m i t i d th t ugh t t b g v d t
.
,

an er a s as , t t
a n a ne a a s a e o o e o e rn e , no

85
50 ES S A YS A N D F R A G H E N TS .

of t he co m po s i t i on o r h a v i n g don e m o r e t h a n p re se n t a n
,
‘

im p e r fe ct s h a do w o f t he l a n g u a ge a n d t he s e n t i m e n t o f t hi s
a s t on is h i n g p r oduc t i on .

P l a t o i s e m i n e n t l y t he gr e a t e st a m on g t he G r e e k ph i lo
s op h e r s a n d f om
,
or
r ra t her
,
p e r h a p s t h r ou gh him h i s
, , ,

m a s t e r S ocr a t e s h a v e p r o ce e d e d t hos e e m a n a t i o ns o f m o r al
,

a n d m e t a ph s i c a l kno w l e d ge on w h i ch a lon g s e r i e s a n d an
y ,

i nc a lcul a bl e v a r i e t y o f popul a r sup e rst i t i ons h a v e she l t e r e d

t h e i r a bsu r d i t i e s f r o m t he s lo w con t e m p t o f m a nk i nd .

P l a t o e xh i b i t s t he ra r e u n i on o f clos e a n d sub t l e lo gi c wi t h ,

t he P y t hi a n e n t hus i a s m o f po e t r y m e l t e d by t he S p l e ndou r ,

a n d h a r m on
y o f h i s p e r i ods i n t o o n e ir re s i s t i bl e s t r e a m o f

m u s i ca l i m p r e s s i ons w h i ch hu r ry t h e p e r su a s i ons on w a r d a s
, ,

in a b r e a t hl e s s c a r e e r H is l a n g u a ge i s t h a t o f a n i m m o r t a l
.

sp i r i t r a t h e r t h a n a m a n
, L o r d B a c o n i s p e r h a p s t he onl y
.
, ,

w r i t e r w ho i n t h e se p a r t i cu l a rs c a n b e com p a re d wit h him :

, , ,

h i s i m i t a t or C i c e r o s i nks in t he co m pa r i so n i n t o a n a p e
, ,

m ock i n g t he g e s t u r e s o f a m a n H is v i e ws i n t o t he n a t u r e
.

o f m i nd a n d e xis t e nc e a r e o ft e n ob s cu re onl y b e ca use t h e y , ,

a re pr o found a n d t hou gh h i s t h e o r i e s r e s p e c t i n g t he
g ov e r n m e n t o f t he w o r ld a n d t he e l e m e n t a ry l a w s o f ,

m o r a l a c t i on a e n o t a l w a y s co r r e c t y e t t h e r e i s sc a r c e l y
,
r ,

an
y o f h i s t re a t i s e s w h i c h do n o t ho w e v e r s t a i n e d b y ,

pu e r i l e s oph i s m s con t a i n t he m os t r e m a r k a bl e i n t u i t i on s
,

i n t o a ll t h a t ca n be t he subj e c t o f t he hu m a n m in d H is .

e x c e ll e nc e cons i s t s e s p e c i a ll i n i n t u i t i on a n d i t i s t h i s
y ,

fa cul t y w h i ch r a i se s him fa r a bov e A r i s t ot l e w ho s e ge n i u s , ,

t hou g h v i v i d a n d v a r i ou s i s obscu re in co m p a r i son wi t h ,

t h at o f P l a t o .

w l hi
by t h e e a t e s t , o r t he m o s t a m b t iiu o s, o r t he m o s t c u ni g b t by
n n , u

t he w h
is e s t ; t h e m e t o d o f s e e ct n s l i g uh c l
r u e rs , a n d t he l w by w h i h
a s c

su c h l ti
a se ec on is m a d e , m u st co rres p o nd wi t h an d a r se o u i t f th o e

m o ra lf dm
re e o a n d re fi n em e nt of t he p eo p l e.
 ON L O VE .
51

T he d i al og u e e n t i t l e d The B an qu et is c al l e d Ep w x s
,
”
n o
,

o r a D i scuss i on u p on L ov e a n d is suppos e d t o h a v e t a k e n
,

pla c e a t t he hou s e o f A ga t hon a t o n e o f a s e r i e s o f

,

fe s t i va ls gi ve n by t ha t po e t on t he occa s i on o f h i s ga i n i n g
,

t he p r i e o f t r a ge d y a t t he D io n y s ia ca
z T he a ccoun t o f t he
.

d e b a t e o f t h i s oc ca s i on i s suppos e d t o ha ve be e n g iv e n by
A p ollodo r us a pup i l o f S o cr a t e s m a n y y e a r s a f t e r it ha d
, ,

t a k e n pl a c e t o a com p a n i on w ho w a s cu r i ous t o he a r it
,
.

T h i s A p ollodo r us a p p e a r s bo t h fr o m t he s t y l e i n w h i ch he
,

is r e p re s e n t e d i n t h i s p i e c e a s w e ll a s f r o m a p a s sa ge i n t he
,

P hae do n t o h a v e b e e n a p e r son o f a n im p a s s i on e d a n d
,

e n t hus i a s t i c d i s os i t i on ; t o bo rr o w a n im a g e f r o m t he
p
I t a l i a n P a i n t e r s he s e e m s t o ha v e b e e n t he S t J ohn o f
, .

t he S oc r a t i c g r ou p The d r a m a (fo r so t he l i v e l y d i s
.

t i nc t i on o f ch a r a c t e r an d t he v a r i ous a n d w e ll w r ou ght -

c i r cu m s t a nc e s o f t he s t o ry a l m o st e n t i t l e it t o b e c a l l e d)
b e gi ns by S oc ra t e s p e r su a d i n g A ris t od e m us t o sup a t
A gat hon s u n i nv i t e d The w hol e o f t h i s in t r oduc t i o n
’
.
,

a ffo r ds t he m os t l i v e ly conc e p t i o n o f r e fin e d A t h e n i a n
m a nn e r s .

[
UN F I N I S H E D
]

O N L O V E .

W H AT i s lov e ? A sk him w ho l i ve s w h a t i s l ife ? a sk h im,

w ho a do r e s w h a t is G o d ?
,

I kno w n o t t he i n t e r n a l const it u t i on o f o t h e r m e n n o r ,

e ve n t h i n e whom I n e w a ddr e ss I s e e t h a t in s om e
,
.

e xt e r n a l a t t r i bu t e s t h e y r e s e m bl e m e b u t w h e n m is l e d
, ,

by t h a t a p p e a ra nce I h a ve t hou g h t t o a pp e a l t o so m e t h i n g
,

i n co m m on a n d unbu rt h e n m y i n m os t soul t o t h e m I h a v e
, ,
 52 E S S A YS A N D F RA G M E N TS .

found m y l n g u g m isu d st o d l ik a a i n d ist n t d

e n er o , e one a a an

s vag l nd Th m o opp o t un it i s t h y h v ffo d d

a e a . e re r e e a e a r e

m ef x p i nc t h wi d h pp d t h i n t v l
or e er e e, e er as a ea re e er a

b tw n
e ee d t g t dist nc h v t h po i n t s o f
u s, a n o a rea er a e a e e

sy m p t h y b a wit hd w n W i t h sp i i t ill fi t t d t
ee n ra . a r e o

s s t i suc h p oo f t m bl i g
u a n d f bl r t h ou gh i t
, re n an ee e r s

t nd n ss I h v
e er e v ywh, sou g h t sym p t hy d h v
a e e er e re a , an a e

f ou nd only puls d d i s ppo in t m nt re e an a e .

Th d mou d t w h t i s lov ? I t i s t h t po w f ul
e an es a e a er

a t t ct i o
ra t o w ds ll t h t w
n conc i v
ar f a hop a e e e, or e a r, or e

b y ond ou lv w h n w find wi t h i n
e rse e s, o w n t hou g h t se e our

t h ch s m o f
e a i nsu ffic i n t vo i d d k t w k n i ll
an e ,
an se e o a a e n a

t h i n gs t h t co m m un it y wi t h w h t w x p i nc
a a r e, a a e e er e e

wit h i ou s lv s I f w
n r e son w w ould b u nd t ood ;
e . e rea , e e e rs

if w i m gi n w w o l d t h t t h i y h i ld n o f
e a e, e b in
u a e a r c re our ra

w bo n n w wi t hi no t h s if w f l w w ould t h t
e re r a e n a er
’
e ee ,
e a

a no t h s n v s sho u ld v i b t t
er
’
er e ow n t h t t h b m s ra e o o ur , a e ea

of t h i y e r hould k i ndl t onc

e es s d mi d m l t int o e a e an x an e

our o w n t h t l i ps o f m o t i onl ss i should t pl y t l i ps

,
a e ce no re o

qu i v i n g d bu n i n g wi t h t h h t s b st blood T his
er an r e ear
’
e .

i s Lov T h i s i s t h bond d t h s nc t i on w h i ch conn ct s

e . e an e a e

no t onl y m wi t h m b t wi t h v yt h i n g w h i ch x st s
an a n, u e er e i .

W e bo n n t o t h w o ld d t h i s so m t h i n g wi t h i
a re r i e r ,
an ere e n

us w h i ch f om t h i nst n t t h t w l i v m o
,
r e d mo a a e e, re an re

t h i t s ft
rs it l i k n ss
a er I t i s p ob bl y i co
s e spond nc
e . r a n rre e e

wi t h t h i s l w t h t t h i n f n t d i ns m i lk f o m t h boso m
a a e a ra r e

o f it m ot h ; t h i s p op ns i t y d v lops i t s l f wi t h t h
s er r e e e e e

d v lop m n t o f
e e e n t W d im ly our wit h i n a u re . e se e our

i n t ll ct u l n t u m i n i t u
e e a a it w of
re a nt i s l f a re a s e re our e re e ,

ye t d p i v d
e o f r l l t h t
e w cond m n da sp i s t h i d l
a e e or e e, e ea

p ot o t yp o f v yt h i n g x c ll n t
r e e lov l y t h t w
er e e e or e a e a re

c p bl o f conc i v i n g
a a e b lon gi n g t t h n t u o f m
e as e o e a re an .

N t onl y t h
o po t i t o f e xt n l b i n g b t
r ra o ur e er a e , u an
a ssem bl a ge o f t he m i nu t e st pa rt i cl e s o f w h i ch o u r n a t u re is
o m pos ed a m irr o r w hos e su r fa c e r e fl e c t s o nl y t he f o r m s
c
o f pu r i t y a n d b r ightn e ss a so u l wit h i n o u r sou l t ha t
_

d e scr i b e s a c i r cl e a r ound it s p r op e r p a ra d i se w h i ch p a in , ,

a n d so r r o w a n d e v i l d a r e n o t ov e r l e a p
,
To t h i s w e e a ge r l y
.

r e fe r a ll s e ns a t i ons t h ir s t i n g t h a t t h e should r e s e m ble o r

, y
corr e spond wi t h it The d i scov e ry o f it s a n t i t yp e ; t he
.

m e e t i n g wi t h a n u nd e r s t a nd in g c a p a bl e o f cl e a r l y e s t im a t
i n g o u r o w n a n i m a gi n a t i on w h i ch should e n t e r i n t o a n d
s e i z e u p on t he sub t l e a n d d e l i c a t e p e cul i a r i t i e s w h i ch w e
h a v e d e l ig h t e d t o ch e r i sh a n d u n fold i n s e c re t wi t h a fr am e
w hose n e rv e s l i k e t he cho r ds o f t w o e x qui s it e l yr e s s t r u n g
, ,

t o t he a cco m p a n i m e n t o f o n e d e l ig h t f ul vo i c e v i b ra t e ,

wi t h t he v i b ra t i ons o f o u r o w n a n d o f a com b i n a t i on o f a ll
t h e s e in s u c h p r opo r t i on a s t he t yp e wi t h i n d e m a nds ; t his
is t he in vi s i bl e an d u n a t t a i n a bl e po i n t t o w h i c h Lo v e t e nds :
an d t o a t t a i n w h i ch it u r g e s f o r t h t he pow e r s o f m an t o
,

a rr e s t t he fa i n t e s t sh a do w o f t h a t wi t hou t t he posse ss i on o f
,

wh i ch t he r e i s no r e s t n o r re s p i t e t o t he h e ar t ov e r w h i ch it
ru l e s
. H e nce in sol i t ud e o r in t ha t d e s e rt e d s t a t e w h e n
,

w e a r e su rr ound e d by h u m a n b e in g s and
y e t t hey
,

sym p a t h ise n o t wi t h us w e love t he fl o w e r s t he gr a ss a n d

, , ,

t he w a t e r s a n d t he sky
,
I n t he m o t i on o f t he v e r y l e a v e s
.

o f sp r i n g i n t he bl u e a ir t h e r e is t h e n fou nd a s e c r e t
, ,

co rr e sp ond e nc e wi t h o u r h e a r t Th e r e i s e loqu e nc e i n t he
.

t on gu e l e ss wi nd a n d a m e lod y in t he fl o wi n g b r ook s a n d t he
,

r us t l i n g o f t he r e e d s b e s i d e t h e m w hich by t h e i r in co n ce iv
,

a bl e r e l a t i on t o som e t hi n g wi t h i n t he so ul a wa k e n t he ,

sp i r i t s t o a d a n ce o f br e a t hl e ss r a p t u r e an d b r i n g t e a r s o f
,

m y s t e r i ous t e n d e r n e s s t o t he e ye s l i k e t he e n t hus i a s m o f
,

p a t r i o t i c succ e ss o r t he vo i c e o f o n e be love d s i n gi n g t o yo u
,

Th e se W d or in ff t u l
s ar e d m t ph i l
e ec a an M t w d r
e a o r ca . os or s a e

ao —N o h lp
e
 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

a lon e S t e r n e s a ys t h a t if he w e r e in a d e se rt he w ould
.
, ,

lo v e so m e cyp re s s S o soon a s t h i s w a n t o r po w e r i s d e d
. a ,

m a n b e co m e s t he l ivi n g s e pulch r e o f h i m s e l f a n d w h a t e t
y ,

s ur v i ve s i s t he m e r e husk o f w h a t once he w a s .

THE C O LI S E U M .

A F RAG M E N T .

hou r o f noon o n t he fe a st o f t he Pa s s ov e r a n old

‘

A T t he , ,

m an , a c co mp a n i e d by a gi r l a pp a r e n t l y h i s d a u g ht e r
, ,

e n t e re d t he C ol i s e u m a t R o m e T h e y i m m e d i a t e l y p a ss e d
.

t h r ou g h t he A r e n a a n d s e e k i n g a sol i t a r y ch a sm a m on g t he
,

ar ch e s o f t he sou t h e r n p a r t o f t he r u i n se l e ct e d a fa ll e n
,

colu m n fo r t h e i r s e a t a n d cl a sp i n g e a ch o t h e r s h a nds s a t e
,
’
,

a s i n s i l e n t con t e m pl a t i on o f t he sc e n e B u t t he e ye s o f
.

t he gi r l w e r e fi x e d upon he r fa t h e r s l i ps a n d h i s c o u n t e n
’
,

a nc e s u b l i m e a n d s w e e t bu t m o t i onl e s s a s so m e P ra xi t e l e a n
, ,

i m a ge o f t he gr e at e st o f p o e t s fill e d t he s i l e n t a ir wi t h
,

s m i l e s n o t r e fl e c t e d fr o m e x t e r n
,
a l fo r m s .

I t w a s t he gr e a t fe a s t o f t he R e s u r r e c t i on a n d t he w hol e ,

n a t i ve popul a t i on o f R o m e t og e t h e r wi t h a l l t he f o r e ig n e r s
,

w ho fl ock fr om a l l pa r t s o f t he e a r t h t o con t e m pl a t e it s
c e l e b r at i on w e r e a ss e m bl e d r ound t he V a t i c a n The m o st
,
.

a wf ul re l igi o n o f t he w or ld w e n t fo r t h su rr ounde d by
e m b l a z on r y o f m o r t a l g r e a t n e ss a n d m a nk i nd ha d a s s e m bl e d
,

t o w ond e r a t a n d w o r sh i p t he c re a t i on s o f t h e i r o w n p ow e r .

N o s t r a gg l e r w a s t o b e m e t wi t h in t he s t r e e t s a n d gr a ssy
l a n e s w h i ch l e d t o t he C ol i se u m The fa t he r a n d d a ug h t e r
.

ha d sou g h t t h i s spo t im m e d i a t e l y on t h e i r a rr i v a l .

A fi g u re onl y v i s i bl e a t R o m e in n ig h t o r sol i t ud e a d
, ,
n

t h e n on l y t o b e s e e n a m id t he d e sol a t e d t e m pl e s o f t he
 TH E C OL I S E UM .
5

F o r u m o r g l i d i n g a m on g t he w e e d gr o w n g a ll e r i e s o f t h e
,
-

C ol i s e u m c r o sse d t h e i r p a t h
,
H is f o r m w h i ch t hou g h
.
, ,

e m a ci a t e d d ispl a ye d t he e l e m e n t a r y ou t l i n e s o f e x qu i s it e
‘

gra ce w a s e nv e lop e d i n a n a nc ie n t c hl a m ys w h i ch h a l f
, ,

conc e a l e d h i s fa c e ; h i s sno w w h it e fe e t w e r e fi t t e d wi t h
-

i vory s a nd a l s d e l i c a t e l y sculpt u r e d i n t he l i k e n e s s o f t w o
,

fe m a l e fi gu re s w ho s e wi n gs m e t upon t he h e e l a n d w hos e
, ,

e a g e r a n d h a l f d i v i d e d l i ps s e e m e d qu i v e ri n g t o m e e t
-
It .

w a s a fa c e on c e s e e n n e v e r t o b e f o r g o t t e n
, ,
The m ou t h .
~

a n d t he m o u ld i n g o f t he ch i n r e s e m bl e d t he e a ge r a n d
i m pa ss i on e d t e nde r n e ss o f t he s t a t u e s o f A n t i nous b u t
i ns t e a d o f t he e fi e m in a t e sul l e nn e ss o f t he e ye a d t he
'

,
n

n a rr o w s m oo t hn e s s o f t he fo re h ea d shon e a n e xp r e ss i on o f ,

p r o f ound an d p i e r c i n g t hou g h t ; t he b r o w w a s cl e a r a d n

o p e n a n d his e ye s d e e p l ik e t w o w e lls o f c rys t a ll i n e

, ,

w a t e r w h i ch r e fle ct t he a l l be hold i n g h e a ve ns O ve r -
.

a ll w as s p r ea d a t im i d e xp re ss i on o f w o m a n i s h t e nd e r
~

n e ss a n d h e s i t a t i on w h i c h cont r a s t e d y e t i n t e rm i n g l e d
, ,

s t r a n ge l y wi t h t he a bst ra ct e d a n d fe a r l e s s ch a r a c t e r t ha t
,

pr e do m in a t e d i n h i s fo r m a n d ge st u r e s .

H e a vo i de d i n a n e x t r a o r d in a ry d e gr e e a ll co mm u n i c a
.

, ,

t i on wi t h t he I t a l i a n s w hos e l a n gu a ge he s e e m e d sc a r c e l y
,

t o u nd e r s t a nd b u t w a s occ a s i on a ll y s e e n t o conv e r s e wi t h
,

som e a cco m p l i sh e d for e ig n e r w hos e ge st u re s a n d a pp e a ra nc e

,

m ig h t a t t r a c t him a m i d his sol e m n h a u n t s H e s p ok e La t i n .

,

a n d e sp e c i a ll y G r e e k wi t h fl u e n c y a d wi t h a p e cul i a r b u t
, ,
n

s w e e t a cce n t ; he ha d a p p a r e n t l y a cqu i r e d a kno w l e d ge o f

he no r t h e r n l a n g u a ge s o f E u r op e T h e r e w a s no c i r cu m
t .

s t an ce conn e ct e d w i t h him t h a t ga v e t he l e a st i n t i m a t i o n o f
h i s coun t r y his o r igi n o r h i s occu p a t i on H is d r e s s w a s
, , .

s t r a n ge bu t s p l e n d i d n d sol e m n H e w a s fo r e ve r a lon e
,
a . .

The l i t e r a t i o f R o m e t hou g h t him a cu r i o s i t y bu t t h e r e w a s ,

s o m e t h i n g in h i s m a n n e r u n i n t e ll igi bl e bu t i m pr e ss i ve ,
56 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

whi c w d t h i obt us i o s i n t o dis t nc d s i l nc Th

h a e e r r n a e an e e . e

c oun t y m n w hos p t h h
r e ,
l y c oss d t u i n g by
e a e rare r e , re rn .

s t l ig h t f ro m t h i m k t t C m p o V i c l l d him
ar e r ar e a a a cc n e , a e ,

wi t h t h t t n g m ixt u o f l igi ous d hi st o i l i d s

a s ra e re re an r ca ea

so Co m m on in I ta l y H D ia v o lo di B r u t o, .

S uch w a s t he fi g u r e w h i ch i n t e r r up t e d t he c on t e m pl a t i ons ,

if t h e y w e r e so e n g a ge d o f t he s t r a n ge r s by a dd r e s s i n g
, , ,

t h e m in t he cl e ar an d e x ac t b u t u n id i o m a t i c p h ra s e s o f
, ,

t he i r n a t i v e l a n g u a ge S t r a n ge r s yo u a r e t w o ; b e hold ,

t he t hi r d i n t h i s g r e a t c i t y t o w ho m a l on e t he sp e ct a cl e o f
,

t h e s e m ig h t y r u i ns is m o r e d e l ight f u l t h an t he m o cke r 1e s o f
a s up e rs t i t i o n w hi ch d e s t r o e d t he m
y .

I s e e not h i n g s a i d t he old m an
”
, .

Wh a t do y o u h e r e t h e n ?
,
,

I l i st e n t o t he s we e t s i n gin g o f t he b i r ds a n d t he soun d ,
.

o f m y d a u g h t e r s b re a t hi n g co m pos e s m e l i k e t he s o f t
.
’

m u r m u r o f w a t e r— a n d I fe e l t he su n w a r m wi nd — a n d t hi s

i s pl e a sa n t t o m e .

“
W r e t c he d old m an kno w yo u n o t t ha t t h e se a r e t he
, ,

r u i ns o f t he C ol i s e u m

Al a s ! s t ra n ge r s a i d t he gi r l i n a vo i c e l i k e m ou rn f ul
“ ”
, ,

m us i c s p ea k n o t s e hé i s bl i nd
”
-
.
,

The s t r a n ge r s e ye s w e r e sudd e nl y fill e d wi t h t e a r s a n d

’
,

t he l i n e s o f h i s cou n t e n a nc e b e ca m e r e l a x e d Bl i nd I he “ ‘ ”
.

e x cl a i m e d i n a t on e o f su ffe ri n g w h i ch w a s m o r e t h a n a n
, ,

a polo g a d s e t e d h i m s e l f a p a r t o n a flig h t o f s h a t t e re d
y; n a

a n d m oss s t a i r s w hi ch w ou nd u p a m o n t he l a b r i n t hs o f
y g y
t he r u i n .

M y s w e e t H e l e n sa i d t he old m a n , y o u d i d n o t t el l
,
” “

m e t h a t t h i s w a s t he C ol i se u m
H o w should I t e ll yo u d e a r e st fa t h e r w h a t I kn e w , ,

n ot ? I w a s o n t he p o in t o f i nqu i r i n g t he w ay t o t h a t
‘

bu i ld in g w h e n w e e n t e re d th is c i r cl e o f r ui n s, a n d un t i l
, ,
 TH E COLI S E UM .
57

t he st ra n ge r accost e d us I re m a i n e d si l e n t s u bdu e d by t he
, ,

gre a t n e ss o f w h a t I se e .

m I t is
y ou r cus t o m s w e e t e st ch
, il d t o d e sc r i b e t o m e t he ,

obj e c t s t h a t gi ve yo u d e l ig h t Yo u a r r a y t h e m i n t he s o f t .
”

r a d i an c e o f y ou r w o r ds an d wh i ls t yo u spe a k I onl y f e e l
,

t he i nfi r m it y w h i c h holds m e in suc h d e a r d e pe nd e nc e a s ,

a b le s s i n g W hy ha v e yo u be e n s i l e n t now 1 ”
.

I kn o w n o t — fi rst t he w ond e r a n d pl e a su re o f t he
s ig ht t h e n t he w o r ds o f t he st ra n ge r a n d t h e n t h i nk i n g on
, ,

w h a t he ha d sa i d a n d ho w he ha d look e d— an d no w
, ,

b e lov e d fa t he r y ou r o w n w o r ds , .

W e ll t e ll m e no w wh a t do yo u se e ?
, ,

I s e e a g re a t c ir cl e o f a r ch e s bu i l t u p on a r ch e s a n d ,

s h a t t e re d s t o n e s lie ar o un d t h a t onc e m a d e a p a rt o f t he ,

s ol i d w a ll I n t he cr e v i c e s a n d on t he v a ul t e d r oo f s g r o w
.
, ,

a m ul t i t ud e o f sh r ubs t he wil d ol i v e a n d t he m r t l e — an d
, y
i n t r i ca t e b ra m bl e s a n d e n t a n g l e d w e e ds a n d pl a n t s I n e ve r
,

a w b e for e T h e s t on e s a re i m m e ns e l y m a ss i v e nd t he
s .
y ,
a

j u t o u t o n e f r o m t h e o t h e r T h e re a r e t e r r i bl e r i ft s in t he
.

w a l l a n d br o a d wi ndo ws t h r ou gh w hi ch yo u se e t he blu e
,

he a v e n Th e r e s e e m s t o be m o r e t h a n a t hou s a n d a r ch e s
.
"

s o m e r u in e d so m e e n t ir e an d t hey a r e a ll i m m e ns e l h ig h
, , y
a n d wi d e S o m e a r e sh a t t er e d a n d s t a nd f o r t h i n g re a t
.
,

h e a p s a n d t he und e r w o od i s t u ft e d o n t h e ir c r u m bl i n g
,

s u m m it s A r ou n d us lie e n o r m ous col u m ns s h a t t e r e d a n d

.
,

s h a p e l e ss — a n d f ra g m e n t s o f c a p i t a ls an d co r n i ce fr e t t e d ,

wit h de l i c a t e sculpt u r e s .

I t i s o p e n t o t he blu e s ky l sa i d t he o ld m a n ' ”
.

Y es W e s e e t he l i qu i d d e a t h o f h ea v e n a bov e t h r ou g h
.

t he r ift s a n d t he wi ndo w s a n d t he fl o w e r s a n d t he w e e d s , ,

an d t he gr a ss an d cr e e p i n g m oss a r e nou r i sh e d by it s
un for b i dd en r a i n The bl u e s ky i s a bov e — t he wi d e
.
,

b r ig h t blu ,e s k y
— it fl o w s t h r ou g h t he
g r e a t r e nt s o n h ig h ,
58 E S S A YS A N D F R A G TWE N TS .

an d h r ou gh t he b ar e bo u ghs o f t he m a r bl e r oot e d fi g t r e e
t - ~

a n d t hr ou g h t he l e a v e s a n d fl o w e r s o f t he w e e ds e v e n t o ,

t he d a r k a r c a d e s b e n e a t h I s e e — I f e e l it s cl e a r a n d .

p i e r c i n g b e a m s fi ll t he un i v e r s e an d i m p r e g n a t e t he j o y ,

i nsp i r i n g w i n d wi t h l ife a n d l igh t a n d c a st i n g t he v e i l o f ,

it s s pl e ndou r ov e r a l l t hi n g s — e ve n m e Y e s a n d t h r ou g h .
,

t he h ig h e st r if t t he noo n d a y w a n n g m oo n i s h a n gi n g a s it
i ,

w e re o u t o f t he sol i d sky a n d t h i s sho w s t h a t t he

, ,

a t m osp he r e ha s a l l t he c l e a rn e ss w hi c h it rej o i ce s m e t h a t

o u fe e l
”
y .

Wh a t e ls e se e yo u ?
N ot h i ng
”
.

N o t hi n g ?
O nl y t he b r ig h t gr e e n m ossy gr ound sp e ckl e d b y t u ft
-
,
s

o f d e wy clove r gr a ss t h a t r u n i n t o t he i n t e rs t i c e s o f t he
-

s h a t t e r e d a r c he s a n d r ou n d t he i sol a t e d p i nn a cl e s o f t he
,

“
i k t h l w n y d lls o f so ft sho t g s w h i ch wi nd
L e e a e r ra s

a m on g t h p i n fo st s d p c i p i c s i n t h A lps o f
e e re an re e e

S a voy
“
I nd e e d , f th a e r,
y ou r e ye ha s a vis i on m o re s e re n e t h a n
m i ne .
”

g
w ck d h s t h sh t t d m ss o f
A n d t he reat re e a rc e , e a ere a es

p c i p i t ous i n ov g o w n wi t h t h y oun gl i n g s o f t h
re ru , er r e e

fo st d m o l i k ch s m s nt by
re ,
an t hqu k am on g
re e a re an e ar a e

t h m oun t i ns t h
e l i k t h v st ig o f w h t w h u m n
a ,
an e e e e a as a

w o k m nsh i p— w h t
r a th y a a re e

Thi n g s w p g d w ond
a f ul e -1n s 1r 1n an er .

A r e t h ey ca v e r ns such a s t he u n t a m e d e l e ph a n t ‘
“
not

m ig h t choo s e a m i d t he I nd i a n wi ld e r n e ss w h e r e i n t o h i d e
, ,

he r cubs ? such a s w e r e t he s e a t o ov e r fl o w t he e a r t h t he
, ,

m ig h t i e s t m on s t e r s o f t he d e e p w ould ch an ge i n t o t h e i r
S p a c i ous ch a m b e rs ?
”
 TH E C G LI S E UM

“
F a t h e r, y ou r w o ds i m g f o t h w h
r a e r at I would h a v e
e x p r e ss e d ,
b u t ala scou l d n o t .
”

I h e a r t he r us t l i n g o f l e a v e s a n d t he soun d o f w a t e r s , ,

b u t it do e s n o t r a i n — l i k e t he fa s t d r ops o f a f ou n t a i n
,

a m o n g w oods .

I t fa ll s fr o m a m on g t he he a ps o f ru i n ov e r o u r h ea ds
it i s I su p pos e t he w a t e r col l e c t e d in t he r ift s by t he
, ,

s ho w e r s
”
.

A nu r sl i n g o f m a n s a r t a b a ndon e d by h i s ca r e a n d
’
, ,

t r a ns f o r m e d by t he e nch a n t m e n t o f N a t ur e i n t o a lik e n e ss
o f he r o w n cr e a t i ons a n d d e st i n e d t o p a r ta k e t h e i r im m o r
,

t a l i t y 1 C h a n g e d i n t o a m oun t a i n cl ove n wit h w ood y d e ll s ,

w h i ch ove r h a n g it s l a b yrint h i n e g l a de s a n d s h a t t e re d i n t o ,

t op p l i n g p r e c i p i c e s E v e n t he clouds i n t e r c e p t e d by it s
.
,

c a gg
r su m m i t f e e d i t s e t e r n a l f oun t a i ns wi t h t h e ir r a i n
y , .

By t he c olu m n on w h i ch I s it I should j ud g e t ha t it ha d ,

onc e b e e n cr o w n e d b y a t e m pl e o r a t h e a t r e a n d t h a t o n ,

s a c re d d a s t he m ul t i t ud e w ound u it s c ra gg p t h t
y p y a o

s p e ct a cl e o r t he s a c r i fic e I t w a s such i t s e l f ! He le n ,

w h a t sou nd o f wi n gs i s t h a t ?
I t i s t he wi ld p ige on s r e t u rn i n g t o t he ir y o u n g D o yo u .

n o t h e a r t he m u r m u r o f t ho s e t ha t a r e b r ood i n g i n t h e i r n e st s
”
.

A y it i s t he l a n g u a ge o f t h e i r ha p p i n e ss
,
They are a s .

ll t i f t h
N o r do e s t wh i h it m y h v b n
a r e co ec on o e u se o c a a e ee

d t i d in t f
es ne wit h t h m ti Ti m h
e r e re t h wn it p u p l ese e o o n s. e as ro s r e

sh d w t h w t t h i n d m i v i i bl t h n t h b d d
a o a ar s s ce
’

e , an no o re s s e a e r oa an

ev l t ing h t f h um n t gt h d g i t h t pl dg f l l
er a s c ar a c e r o a s re n an e n us , a e e o a

th t i t b
a d i bl
s o d l v ly i
ea g y tt
m ra m S l n t m pl
e an o e n a es e o co e. o em e es ,

wh t h e re t f t h w ld
e sen a e m bl d p l t iu p h l
o eh or ass e e , a a ce s , r m a a rc es ,

and l ud c o nd d l u m n l d d wi t h t h
-
su rr o u l p t u d nn l f
e co s, oa e e s cu re a a s o

con qu t d d m in t i n— wh t t i n d d l ib t i n h v t h y
es an o a o a ac o s an e e ra o s a e e

b n d tin d t
ee nl es d me m t ? S p
o e t it i i t wh i h
c o se an co me or a e u e rs o ns r es, c

i t h i m il d t f m ou t g
n e r n d b
es th m
or , l ra e r eas o , an o s cur e e o ra s en s e

of m k in d ; h m f wid xt nd d m u d
an sc e d d v t ti n
es or e -e e e r er, an e as a o ,
60 E S S A YS A N D F R A G ME N TS .

h a ppy a s w e a re ch i ld bu t in a di ffe r e n t m a nn e r T h e y
, , .

kno w n o t t he s e ns a t i ons w hi ch t h i s r u i n e x c i t e s wi t hi n u s .

Y e t it i s pl e a su r e t o t h e m t o i nh a b i t it a n d t he succ e ss i on
o f it s fo rm s a s t h e y p as s i s conn e ct e d wi t h a ssoc ia t i ons i n ,

t h e i r m i nds s a c r e d t o t h e m a s t h e s e t o us
, The i n t e rn a l , .

n a t u r e o f e a c h b e in g i s s u rr o un d e d by a c i r cl e n o t t o be ,

su r m ou n t e d by his fe llo w s a nd it i s t hi s r e pul s i o n w h i ch

cons t i t u t e s t he m i s fo r t un e o f t he cond i t i o n o f l ife B u t .

t h e r e i s a c i r cl e wh i c h co m p r e he nds a s w e l l a s o n e w h i ch ,

m u t u al l y e x clud e s all t h i n gs w hi ch fe el A n d wi t h r e sp e ct
, .
,

t o m an his publ i c a n d h i s p r i v a t e h a pp i n e ss cons i s t s

,

in d im i n i sh i n g t he c i r cu m fe r e nc e w hi c h incl u d e s t ho s e
r e s e m b lin g h i m s e l f u n t il t h e b e co m e o n e wi t h him a n d he
y , ,

wit h t hem I t i s b e ca us e w e e nt e r in t o t he m e d i t a t i ons

.
,

d e s ig ns a n d d e s t i n i e s o f so m e t h i n g b e y o n d o u r s e lve s t h a t
, ,

t he con t e m pl a t i on o f t he r u 1 ns o f hu m a n po w e r e x c i t e s a n
e l e vat i ng s e ns e cf a wf u l n e ss an d b e a u t y I t i s t h e re for e .

t h a t t he oc e a n t he g l a c i e r t he c a t a r a c t t he t e m p e st t he
, , , ,

vol ca no ha ve e a ch a sp i rit w h i ch a n i m a t e s t he e x t r e m i t i e s
,

o f o u r fra m e wi t h t in g l i n g j o y I t i s t h e r e fo r e t h a t t he .

s i n gi n g o f b i r ds a n d t he m o t i o n o f l e a ve s t he se ns a t i on
, ,

o f t he odo r ous e a rt h be n e a t h a n d t he fr e shn e ss o f t he ,

l i v i n g wi nd a r ound i s s w e e t A n d t h i s is L ove T h i s i s , . .

t he r e l igi on o f e t e r n i t y w hos e vo t a r i e s h a v e b e e n e xi l e d ,

an d m i ul
sr e,l tly t h
a n d se r h b v i t ud
gh t t e ; a n d, as , e se sc e m es ro u o

th i t m nd u
e r ren um m t i n e d h um n b ing t ni g i
o s co s a o s, an a a e r e ur n n

t h m i d t f f t iv l
e s d l j y wi t h t h u nd d t h u nd f
o es a an so e m n o ,
o sa s an o sa s o

hi n l v d
s e d d
s a l t d p i h i d b h i d hi h i x h i b i t
e an e so a e s ec es c a ne e n s c ar o t, e

i g
n t itl t
as n wn t h l b es f g o red th dm i d
o ti n e a ou r o a e s, a n e a re crea o s

v th wn by t h b u l f wh i h w p l d
, ,

o f g n iu e s, o er ro e r ta o rc e , c as a ce as a

sw d wi t h i hi h nd d — nt m p l t i n f ful d b h d i
or n s a an co e a o ea r an a o rre

h h i m lf l
, ,

e b ingse p b f t h ga n l t deb t m t i n i
ca p i d a e o e e t es an es e o o s, ns re

wit h t h p u i n t h t h h d n vi t u u d d ! W d t
,

e e rs as o a e as o e a r o s ee e o no

f g t t h t hi g
or e e se n s .
 TH E C OL I S E UM . 61

f om
r on g t he m ul t i t ude o f m a nk ind 0 P o w e r ! c r i e d
am .
”

t he old m a n l ift i n g h i s s ig h t l e ss e y e s t o w a r ds t he und a z z l i n g

,

sun t hou whi ch in t e r p e n e t r a t e st a ll t h i n gs a n d wi t hou t

,
“

w h i ch t h i s glo r i ous w o r ld w e r e a bl i nd a n d form l e ss ch a os ,

Lov e A u t ho r o f G ood G o d K i n g F a t h e r ! F r i e nd o f t he s e
‘

, , , ,

t hy w o rs h i pp e r s ! W e sol i t a r y h e a r t s i nvok e t h e e m a y ,

t h e y be d i v i d e d n e v e r ! I f t he con t e n t i ons o f m a nk i nd
h a ve b e e n t h e i r m i s e r y ; if t o gi ve a n d s e e k t h a t h a pp i n e ss
w h i c h t hou a r t ha s b e e n t h e i r cho i c e a n d d e s t i n y ; if i n t he
,

con t e m p l a t i on o f t h e s e m aj e st i c r e co r ds o f t he po w e r o f
t h e i r k i nd t h e y se e t he sh a do w a n d t he p r o p h e c y o f t h a t
,

wh i ch t ho u m a y s t ha v e d e c r e e d t h a t he should b e co m e if
t he j u s t i c e t he l i b e r t y t he lov e l i n e s s t he t r u t h w h i ch a r e
, , , ,

t hy f oo t s t e p s h a v e b e e n s ou ght by t h e m d i v i d e t h e m n o t !
, ,

I t i s t h i n e t o un i t e t o e t e r n i se t o m a ke o u t l iv e t he l i m i t s
,

o f t he gr a ve t hos e w ho h a v e l e ft a m on g t he l i v i n g ,

m e m o r i a ls o f t h e e Wh e n t h i s fr a m e sh a l l be s e n s e l e ss
.

du st m a y t he ho p e s a n d t he d e s i r e s a n d t he d e l ig h t s
, , ,

wh i ch a n i m a t e it n e w n e v e r b e e xt i n gu i s h e d i n m y ch i ld ;
,

e ve n a s if she w e re bo r n e i n t o t he t o m b m y m e m o ry
,
‘

w ould b e t he w r i t t e n m onu m e n t o f a l l he r n a m e l e ss
e x c e ll e n c i e s i

T he old m a n s coun t e n a nc e a n d g e st u r e s r a d i a nt wi t h
’
,

t he i n sp i r a t i on o f h i s wo r ds sunk a s he c e a s e d i n t o m o r e
, , ,

t h a n it s a ccu s t o m e d c a l m n e s s fo r he h e a r d his d a u g h t e r s
’
,

s obs a n d r e m e m b e r e d t h a t he ha d S p ok e n o f d e a t h
, My .

fa t h e r ho w ca n I ou t l iv e y o u ? s a i d H e l e n
, .

D o n o t l et us t a lk o f d e a t h s a i d t he old m a n sudd e nl y
”
, ,

c h a n gi n g h i s t on e H e r a c l i t us ind e e d d i e d a t m y ge
“
.
, , a ,

a d if I ha d so sou r a d i s pos i t i on
n t h e r e m ig h t b e so m e ,

d a n ge r B u t D e m ocr i t us r e a ch e d a hu nd r e d a n d t w e n t y
.
- -

by t he m e r e d i n t o f a j oy ous a n d u nconqu e r a bl e m i nd He .

onl y d ie d a t l a s t b e c a us e he ha d no ge n t l e a n d b e lov e d
,
62 E S S A YS A N D F RA GM E N TS .

m i n i st g sp i i t l i k
e rin r , w ould h v
e my H e l e n, fo r wh o m it a e

b ee n h i s d l igh t t l i v
Y e m mb hi g y old s i t
o e. o u re e er s a s er

re qu s t d him t p t ff st v i n g h i m s l f t d t h u n t i l h
e e o u o ar e o ea s e

h d a t u n d f om t h f st iv l of C
re r e s ; l l gi n g t h t it
r e e a e re a e ,
a

w ould sp o i l h hol i d y if h f us d t co m pl y it w
er a e re e o ,
as as

no t p m it t d ter pp i n t h p oc ss i o i m m d i t ly ft
e o a
'

ear e r e n e a e a er

t h d t h of
e ea l t i on d h w g ood t m p
a re a dl y t h s g an o -
e er e e a e

a cc e d e d t o he r r e qu e st .

The old m a n could n o t s e e h i s d a u g h t e r s gr a t e f ul s m i l e

’
,

b u t he f e l t t he p r e ssu r e o f he r h a nd by w h i ch it w a s
e x p r e ss e d I n t r ut h he con t i nu e d t h a t m ys t e ry
” “
, , ,

d e a t h i s a ch a n ge w h i ch n e it h e r fo r o u r s e l v e s n o r fo r
,

o t h e r s i s t he j ust obj e ct o f hop e o r fe a r W e kno w n o t if .

it be g ood o r e v i l w e onl y kno w it i s The old t he y ou n g

, , .
, ,

m a y a l i k e d ie ; no t i m e no pl a c e no a ge no f o r e s ig h t
, , , ,

e x e m p t s u s f r o m d e a t h a n d t he ch a nc e o f d e a t h
, W e h a ve .

no kno w l e dge if d e a t h b e a s t a t e o f s e ns a t i on o f a n y
, ,

r e c a u t ion t h a t ca n m a k e t hos e s e ns a t i ons f o r t u n a t e if t he

p ,

e xi s t i n g s e r i e s o f e v e n t s sh al l n o t pr oduc e t h a t e ffe c t .

T h i n k n o t o f d e a t h o r t h i nk o f it a s so m e t h i n g co m m on t o
,

u s a ll I t ha s h a pp e n e d s a i d he wi t h a d e e p a n d
.
, ,

su ffe r i n g vo i c e t h a t m e n h a ve bu r i e d t h e i r ch i ldr e n
,
“
.
”

Al a s ! t h e n d e ar e s t f a t h e r ho w I p i t y y o u
,
Le t us ,
.

sp ea k no m o r e .
”

T h e y a r o se t o d e p a r t f r o m t he C ol i s e um b u t t he fi g u r e ,

w hi ch ha d fi r st a ccost e d t h em i n t e r p o se d i t se l f L a dy ,
”

he s a i d if gr i e f be a n e xp i a t i on o f e rr or I h a ve gr i e v e d
,
“
,

d e e pl y fo r t he w o r ds wh i ch I S p ok e t o y ou r co m p a n i on .

The m e n w ho a nc i e n t l y i nh a b i t e d t h i s spo t a n d t hos e f r o m ,

w ho m t h ey l e a r n e d t h e i r wi sdo m r e sp e ct e d i n fi r m i ty a nd ,

a ge . I f I h a v e r a shl y v i ol a t e d t h a t v e n e r a bl e f o rm a t onc e ,

m aj e s t i c a n d d e fe nc e l e ss m ay I b e f o r gi ve n ?
”
,

I t gi v e s m e p a i n t o se e ho w m uch y ou r m i st a k e a fll ic t s
 TH E C OL I S E UM .
3

yo u ,
”
s he sa i d ; “
if y o u ca n fo g
r et , doub t not t ha t w e
fo gi v
r e .
”

(
“
Y o u t hou ht m e g o f t hos e w ho a re bl i nd i n sp i i t
one r ,

s ai d t he old m an a n d w ho de se r v e if a n y hu m a n b e i n g
,
“
,

ca n d e s e r ve co n t e m p t a n d bl a m e A ss u re d ly con t e m
, .
,

p l a t i n g t hi s m onu m e n t a s I do t hou gh i n t h e m i
,
rr o r of m
y
d a u g h t e r s m i nd I a m fill e d wi t h a s t on i s h m e n t a n d d e l ig h t ;
’
,

t he sp i r i t o f d e p a rt e d g e n e r a t i ons s e e m s t o a n im a t e m y
l i m bs an d c i r cul a t e t h r ou gh a ll t he fib r e s o f m y fr a m e
, .

S t r a n ge r if I h a v e e x p r e s se d w h a t yo u h a v e e v e r fe l t l e t
, ,

us kno w e a ch o t h e r m o r e .
”

The sound o f y ou r vo i c e an d t he h a r m on y o f y ou r ,

t hou g h t s a r e d e l ig h t f u l t o m e s a i d t he you t h a n d it i s
”
, , ,

a pl e a s u r e t o s e e a n y f o r m w h i c h e x p r e s s e s s o m uc h b e a u t y

an d g oodn e s s a s ou r d a ug h t e r s if u r e w a r d m e fo r m
’
y y o y
r ud e n e ss b
y a llo
,
wi n g m e t o kno w y o u m
y e r r or i s a l r e a d
y,

e xp i a t e d a n d o u r e m e m b e r m y i ll w o r ds no m o r e I l i v
, y e .

a s ol i t a r l if e a n d it i s r a r e t h a t I e ncoun t e r a n s t r a n g er
y , y
wi t h w hom it i s p l e a sa n t t o t a lk b e s i d e s t h e i r m e d i t a t i ons , ,

e v e n t hou g h t h e y b e l e ar n e d do n o t al wa y s a gr e e wi t h
,

m i n e ; a n d t hou g h I c a n p a rd on t h i s d i ffe r e nc e
, t hey ,

c a nno t N o r h a ve I e ve r e x pl a i n e d t he c a use o f t he d r e s s
.

I w e a r a n d t he difl e r e n ce w hi c h I p e r c e i ve b e t w e e n m y
,

l a n g u a ge a d m a nn e r s a n d t hos e wi t h w ho m I h a v e i n t e r
n ,

c ou r s e N o t b u t t h a t it i s p a i n f ul t o m e t o l i v e wi t hou t
.

co m m un i on wit h i n t e ll ige n t a n d a ffe ct i on a t e b e i n g s Y o u .

a r e s uch I fe e l ,
.
 E S S A YS A N D F RA G ZV
I E N TS .

O N T H E P UN I S H M E N T O F D E A T H .

A F RA G M E N T .

TH E fi r st l a w w h i ch it b e co m e s a R e f o r m e r t o p r e pos e
a d suppo r t a t t he a p r o a c h o f a
n e r i od o f g r e a t pol i t i c a l
, p p
ch a n ge i s t he a bol i t i on o f t he pun i s h m e n t o f d e a t h
, .

I t i s s u ffic i e n t l y cl e a r t h a t re v e n g e r e t a l i a t i on a t on e
, ,

m ent ,
e x p i a t i on a re
, r ul e s a nd m ot i ve s so fa r fr o m
,

d e se r v i n g a pl a c e i n a n y e nl ig h t e n e d syst e m o f pol i t i cal

l ife t h a t t h e y a r e t he ch i e f sou r c e s o f a p r od igi ous cl a s s o f
,

m i s e r i e s i n t he do m e st i c c i r cl e s o f soc i e t y I t i s cl e a r t h a t
.

ho we ve r t he s p i r i t o f l e gi s l a t i on m a y a pp e a r t o fra m e
i n st i t u t i ons upon m o r e p h i losoph i ca l m a xi m s it ha s ,

h i t h e r t o i n t hos e c a s e s w h i ch a r e t e r m e d crim i n al don e

, ,

l i t t l e m o re t h a n p a ll i a t e t he sp i r i t by gr a t ify i n g a po r t i on
,

o f it ; a n d a ffo r d e d a co m pr o m i se b e t we e n t h a t w h i ch i s
st — t he i n fl i c t i n g o f no e v i l upon a s e ns i t i v e b e i n g ,

e cis iv e l b e n e fic i al r e sul t i n w h i c h he should a t

y
l e a s t p a r t i c i p a t e : a n d t h a t w h i c h is w o r s t t h a t he s hould
be p u t t o t o r t u r e fo r t he a m us e m e n t o f t hos e w h o m he m a y
h a v e i nj u r e d o r m a y s e e m t o h a ve i nj u re d
,
.

O m i t t i n g t h e s e r e m o t e r con s i d e ra t i ons l e t us 1 n q u 1re

,

w h a t D ea t/i i s ; t h a t pun i s h m e n t w h i ch i s a p p l ie d a s a
,

m e a s u r e o f t ra ns gr e ss i ons o f i nd e fi ni t e sh a d e s o f d i st i nc t i on ,

so soon a s t h e y s h a l l h a ve p a ss e d t h a t d e gr e e a n d col ou r o f
e no r m i t wi t h w h i ch it i s suppos e d n o i n fe r i o r i n fli c t i on i s
y ,

co m m e n s u r a t e .

A n d fi rs t w h e t h e r d e a t h is g ood o r e v i l a p un i s h m e n t o r
, ,

a r e w a r d o r w h e t h e r it b e w holl y in d ifl e r e t no m a c a n
'

n ,
n
,

t a k e upon h i m s e l f t o a ss e r t . T h a t t h a t wi t h i n us w h i ch
t h i nk s a n d fe e l s con t i n u e s t o t h i nk a n d fe e l a f t e r t he
,
 ON TH E P UN I S H TWE N T OF D E A TH 65

dissolu t i on o f t he body ha s b e e n t he a l m o st un i ve r s a l
,
‘

O p i n i on o f m a nk i nd a n d t he a ccu r a t e ph i loso p h y o f w h a t
,

I m a y b e p e r m i t t e d t o t e r m t he m od e r n A c a d e m y by ,

s ho wi n g t he p r od igi ous d e p t h a n d e x t e n t o f o u r ig no r a nc e

r e sp e c t i n g t he ca us e s a n d n a t u r e o f s e ns a t i on r e nd e s ,
r

r ob a bl e t he a ffi r m a t i v e o f a p r opo s i t i on t he ne g a t i v e o f
p ,

w h i ch it i s s o d ifli cu l t t o conc e i ve a n d t he po p ul a r a r g u
,

m e n t s a g a i ns t w h i ch d e r i v e d fr o m w h a t is c a ll e d t he a t o m i c
,

syst e m a r e p r ov e d t o b e a ppl i c a bl e onl t o t he r e l a t i o n

, y
w h i ch o n e obj e ct b e a r s t o a not h e r a s a ppr e h e nd e d by t he
,

m i nd a n d n o t t o e xi s t e nc e i t s e l f o r t he n a t u r e o f t h a t
, ,

e s s e nc e w h i ch i s t he m e d i u m a n d r e c e p t a cl e o f obj e c t s

The popul a r s y s t e m o f r e l igi on s u gge s t s t he i d e a t h a t t he

m i nd a f t e r d e a t h wi ll b e p a i n f ull y o r p l e a su ra bl y a ffe c t e d
, ,

a cco r d i n g t o it s d e t e r m i n at i ons du r i n g l ife H o w e v e r r idicu.

lous a n d p er n i c i ous w e m u s t a d m i t t he vu l ga r a cc ess o r i e s o f

t h i s c r e e d t o b e t h e r e i s a c e rt a i n a n a lo gy n o t wholl y a b s u d
, ,
r ,

b t w e e n t he cons e qu e nc e s r e s ul t i n g t o a n i n d i v i du a l d u r i n g
e

l ife fr o m t he v i r t uous o r v i c i ous p r ud e n t o r i m pr ud e n t

, ,

conduc t o f h i s e xt e r n a l a ct i o n s t o t ho s e con s e qu e n c e s
,

w h i ch a re conj e ct u r e d t o e nsu e fr o m t he d i s cip l i n e a n d

o r d e r o f h i s i n t e r n a l t hou ght s a s a fl e ct i g his c ond i t i on in
,
n

a f u t ur e st at e T h e y o m i t i nd e e d t o c a lcul a t e upo n t he
.
, ,

a cc i d e n t s o f d i s e a s e a n d t e m p e r a m e n t a n d o r g a n i s a t i on a n d
, , ,

c i r cu m st a nc e t o ge t h e r wi t h t he m ul t i t ud e o f i nd e p e nd e n t
,

a ge nc i e s w h i ch a ffe c t t he o p i n i on s t he conduc t ,
a n d t he ,

h a p p i n e ss o f i nd i v i du a ls a n d p r oduc e d e t e r m i n a t i ons o f t he
,

wi ll a n d m od ify t he j udgm e n t s o a s t o p r oduc e e ffe ct s t he

, ,

m os t oppos i t e i n n a t u re s cons i d e ra bl y s i m i l a r Th e se are .

t hos e op e r a t i ons i n t he o r d e r o f t he w hol e o f n a t u r e ,

t e nd i n g w e a r e p r on e t o b e l i e v e t o so m e d e fin i t e m ig h t y e n d
, , ,

t o w h i c h t he a g e nc i e s o f o u r p e cul i a r n a t u r e a r e subo r d i n a t e
n o r is t he r e a n y re a so n t o s u ppos e t h a t i n a f u t u r e s t a t e t h e
, y
86
66 E S S A YS A N D F RA GM E N TS .

sh ould b e co m e sudd e nl y e xe m p t fr o m t ha t subo r d i n a t i on .

The p h i loso p h e r i s u n a b l e t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r o u r e xi s t
e nc e i n a p r e v i ous s t a t e h a s a ffe c t e d o u r p r e s e n t cond i t i on ,

a n d a b s t a i ns f r o m d e c i d i n g w h e t h e r o u r r e s e n t cond i t i o n
p
w i ll a ffe ct us i n t h a t w h i ch m a y be f u t u r e T h a t if w e .
,

con t i nu e t o e xi s t t he m a nn e r o f o u r e xi s te nc e wi ll b e such
,

as no i n fe r e nc e n o r conj e ct u r e s a ffo r d e d by a con s i d e ra

,

t i on o f o u r e a r t hl y e x p e r i e nc e ca n e l uc i d a t e i s su ffic i e n t l y
, ,

obv i ous The op i n i on t ha t t he v i t a l p r i nc i pl e wi t h i n u s in

.
,

w h a t e ve r m ode it m a y con t i nu e t o e xi st m ust lose t h a t,

con s c i ousn e s s o f d e fin i t e a n d i nd i v i du a l b e i n g w h i c h n o w
c h a r a ct e r i s e s it
,
a n d b e co m e a un i t i n t he va s t s u m o f
a c t i on a n d o f t hou g h t wh i ch d i spose s a n d a n i m a t e s t he
u n i ve r s e a n d i s c a ll e d G o d s e e m s t o b e lon g t o t h a t cl a ss o f
, ,

o p i n i o n w h i ch ha s b e e n d e s ign a t e d a s i nd i ffe re n t .

T o co m p e l a p e r so n t o kno w a l l t ha t c a n b e kno w n by
t he d e a d conc e r n i n g t h a t w h i ch t he l i v i n g fe a r hop e o r
, , ,

fo r ge t ; t o p lun ge him i nt o t he pl e a su r e o r pa i n w h i ch
t h e r e a w a i t s him ; t o pun i s h o r r e w a r d him i n a m a nn e r
a n d i n a d e g r e e i nc a lcul a bl e a n d i nco m p r e h e ns i bl e b us
y ;
t o d i r ob e h im a t onc e f r o m a l l t h a t i n t e r t e x t u r e o f g ood
s

a n d e v i l wi t h w h i c h N a t u r e s e e m s t o ha v e clo t h e d e v e r
y
fo rm o f i nd i v i du a l e xi s t e nce i s t o in fli ct on him t he doom
,

o f de at h .

A c e rt a i n d e g r e e o f p a i n a n d t e r r o r u s u a ll y a cco m p a n y
t he i n fli c t i on o f d e a t h . T h i s d e g re e i s i nfin i t e l y v a r i e d by
t he i nfin i t e v a r i e t y i n t he t e m p e r a m e n t a n d op i n i on s o f t he
s u ffe re r s . A s a m e a s u re o f pu n i sh m e n t s t r i c t l y so con
,

s ide re d a n d a s a n e x h i b i t i on w h i c h b i t s kno w n e ffe c t s

, , y ,

on t he s e n s i b il it y o f t he s u ffe r e r is i n t e nd e d t o i n t i m i d a t e
,

t he s p e c t a t o r s f r o m i ncu r r i n g a s i m i l a r l i a b i l i ty it i s,

s i n g ul a r l y i n a d e qu a t e
.

F i r s t l y — P e r sons o f e n e rg e t i c ch a r a c t e r in w ho m a s i n
, , ,
 ON TH E P UN I S H M E N T OF D E A TH . 67

men w ho u ff s pol i t i c a l cr i m e s t h e r e i s a l a r g e m i x t u r e
er fo r ,

o f nt p is
e e r r e a n d f o r t i t ud e a n d d i s i n t e r e s t e dn e ss a n d t he
, , ,

e l e m e n t s t hou g h m i s g u i d e d a n d d i s a rr a n g e d by w h i c h t he
, ,

st r e n g t h a n d h a pp i n e ss o f a n a t i on m ig h t h a v e b e e n
c e m e n t e d die i n su ch a m an n e r a s t o m a k e d e a t h a p p e a r
, ,

n o t e v i l b u t g ood
, The d e a t h o f w h a t i s c a ll e d a t r a i t o r
.
,

t h a t i s a p e r son w ho fr o m w h a t e v e r m o t i v e w ould a bol i s h

, , ,

t he g ove r n m e n t o f t he da y i s a s o f t e n a t r i u m ph a n t e xh ibi
,

t i on o f su ffe r i n g v i r t u e a s t he w a r n i n g o f a culp r i t
,
The .

m ul t i t ud e i n st e a d o f d e p a rt i n g w i t h a p a n i c s t rick e n
,
-

a
pp r ob a t i on o f t he l a w s wh i ch e xh i b i t e d suc h a sp e c t a cl e ,

a r e i n s i r e d wi t h i t a d m i r a t i on a n d s m p a t h a n d t he
p p y , y y
m ost ge n e r ous a m on g t h e m fe e l a n e m ul a t i o n t o b e t he
a u t ho r s o f such fl a t t e r i n g e m o t i ons a s t h e y e xp e r i e n c e ,

s t i r r i n g i n t h e i r boso m s I m p r e ss e d by wh a t t h e y se e a n d
.

fe e l t h e y m a k e no d i s t i nct i on be t w e e n t he m o t i ve s w h i ch
,

i n c i t e d t he c r i m i n a ls t o t he a c t i on s fo r w h i ch t he y s u ffe r ,

o r t he h e r o i c cou r a g e wi t h w h i ch t h e t u r n e d i n t o g ood
y
t h a t w h i ch t h e i r j ud g e s a w a r d e d t o t h e m a s e v i l o r t he ,

u r pos e i t s e l f o f t he se a ct i on s t hou gh t h a t u r po se m a
p p , y
h a p p e n t o b e e m i n e n t l y p e r n i c i ous The l a w s i n t h i s c a s e .

lo s e t h a t sym p a t h y w h i c h it ou g h t t o b e t h e ir ch i e f obj e ct
,

t o s e cu re a n d i n a p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f w h i ch cons i s t s t h e i r
,

ch i e f st r e n gt h i n m a i n t a i n i n g t ho se s a nc t i on s b y w h i c h t he
p a r t s o f t he s oc i a l u n i on a r e bou nd t o ge t h e r s o a s t o ,

p r oduc t a s n e a r l y a s pos s i bl e t he e nd s fo r w h i ch it is
, ,

in s t i t u t e d .

S e condl y — P e r sons o f e n e r g e t i c ch a r a c t e r in co m m un i
, ,

t i e s n o t m od e ll e d wi t h ph i lo s oph i c al sk i ll t o t u r n a ll t he
e n e r gi e s w hi c h t h e con t a i n t o t he pu r po s e s o f co m m on
y
good a r e pr on e a l s o t o fa ll i n t o t he t e m p t a t i on o f und e r
,

t a k i n g a n d a r e p e cul i a r l y fi t t e d fo r d e sp i s i n g t he p e r i ls
,

a t t e nd a n t upo n consu m m a t i n g t he m os t e no r m ou s c r i m e s,
.
 68 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

M u r d e r, p e s e x t e n s i ve sch e m e s o f plu nd e r a r e t he a c t i ons

ra , ,

o f p e rs ons b e lon gi n g t o t h i s c l a ss a n d d e a t h is t he p e n a l t y
o f convi ct i on B u t t he co a r s e n e ss o f o r ga n i s a t i on p e c ul i r
.
,
a

t o m e n c a p a bl e o f co m m i t t i n g a c t s w holl s e lfish i s u s u a l l
y y ,

found t o b e a ssoci a t e d wit h a p r o p or t i on a t e i nse n s i b i l i t y t o

fe a r o r p a i n T h e ir s u fl e rin gs c om m u n i ca t e t o t hose o f t he
.
’

s e c t a t o r s w ho m a b l i bl t t h co m m i i on o f i m i l
p , y e a e o e ss s a r

c r i m e s a s e n se o f t he l ig h t n e ss o f t h a t e v e n t w h e n clo s e l y
, ,

e x a m i n e d w h i c h a t a d i st a nc e a s un e du a t e d e r sons a re
, , , p c

a ccus t o m e d t o do pr ob a bl y t h e y r e ga r d e d wi t h horr o r
, .

B u t a gre a t m aj o r i t y o f t he s p e c t a t o r s a r e so bound up i n
t he i n t e r e s t s a n d t he h a b i t s o f s o c i a l u n i o n t h a t no t e m p t a
t i on would b e su ffic i e n t l s t r on g t o i nduc e t h em t o a
y
co m m i s s i on o f t he e no r m i t i e s t o w h i ch t h i s p e n a l t y i s
a s s ig n e d . The m o r e po w e r f ul a n d t he r i c h e r a m on g ,

t h e m — a n d a nu m e r ou s cl a s s o f l i t t l e t r a d e s m e n a r e r i ch e r
a n d m or e
p o w e r f ul t h a n t hos e w ho a r e e m plo y e d b
y t h e m ,

a d t he e m plo e r
n
y i n g e n era l
,
b e a r s t h i s r e l a t i o n t o t he
,

e m p lo e d — r e g a r d t h e i r o w n w r on g s a s i n so m e d e gr e e
y , ,

a v e n ge d a n d t h e i r o w n r ig h t s se c u re d by t h i s p u n i s h m e n t
, ,

i n fli c te d a s t he p e n a l ty o f w h a t e v e r c r i m e I n ca se s o f .

m u r d e r o r m u t i l a t i on t h i s f e e l i n g i s a l m o st u n iv e rs a l
, In .

t ho se t h e r e f o r e w ho m t h i s e xh i b i t i on d o e s n o t a w a k e n t o
, ,

t he s ym p t h y wh i ch e x t e nu a t e s c r i m e a n d d i s cr e d i t s t he
a

l a w w h i ch r e s t r i n s it it p r od u c e s fe e l i n g s m o r e d i r e c t l y a t
a ,

w a r w i t h t he ge nu i n e pu r p o se s o f pol i t i ca l s o c i e t y It .

e x c i t e s t ho s e e m o t i ons w h i ch it i s t h e ch i e f obj e c t o f c i v i l i s

a t i on t o e x t i n g u i sh fo r e v e r a d i n t he e x t i n c t i on o f w h i h
,
n c

a lon e t h e e c a n b e a n y ho p e o f b e t t e r i ns t i t u t i ons t h a n
r

t hos e u nd e r w h i ch m e n n o w m i s g ov e r n o n e a no t h e r Men .

fe e l t h a t t h e i r r e v e n ge i s gra t i fi e d a n d t h a t t h e i r se cu r i t y
,

is e s t a bl i sh e d by t he e x t i nct i on a n d t he su ffe r i n gs o f b e i n g s ,

in m os t re s p e ct s r e s e m bl i n g t h e m s e lv e s ; a n d t h e i r da i l y
 ON TH E P UN I S H M E N T OF D E A T H . 69

o c cu p a t i ons const r a i n i n g t h e m t o a p r e c i s e fo r m i n a ll t he i r
t hou g h t s t h e y co m e t o conn e c t i ns e p a ra bl y t he i d e a o f t h e i r
,

o w n a dva n t a ge wi t h t h a t o f t he d e a t h a n d t o r t u re o f ot h e r s .

I t is m a n ife s t t h a t t he obj e c t o f s a n e pol i t y i s d i r e c t l y t he

r e ve r s e and t h a t l a w s f ound e d u p on r e a so n shoul d
a c c u s t o m t h e gr oss vul g ar t o a s s oc i a t e t h e i r i d e a s o f s e cu r i t y

a d o f i n t e r e s t wi t h t he r e f o r m a t i on a n d t he s t r i c t r e s t r a i n t
n , ,

fo r t h a t p u r p os e a lon e o f t hos e w ho m ig h t i nv a d e it
,
.

The p a s s i on o f r e v e n ge i s o r igi n a l l y no t h i n g m o re t h a n a n
h a b i t u a l p e r ce p t i on o f t he i d e a s o f t he su ffe r i n g s o f t he
p e r so n w ho i n fli ct s a n i nj u ry a s conn e c t e d a s t h e y a re i n , ,

a s a v a g e s t a t e o r i n suc h po r t i ons o f soc i e t y a s a r e y e t

,

U d i s c i p l i n e d t o c i vi l i s a t i on wi t h s e cu r i t y t h a t t h a t i nj u r y
n ,

wi ll n o t be r e pe a t e d i n f u t u r e Th i s fe e l i n g e n gr a ft e d .
,

u pon s up e r st i t i on a n d confi rm e d by h a b i t a t l a s t los e s ,

s ight o f t he onl y obj e c t fo r w h i ch it m a y b e s u pp os e d t o

h a v e b e e n i m p l a n t e d a n d b e co m e s a p a ss i on a n d a du t y t o
,

b e pu r s u e d a n d f ulfill e d e v e n t o t he d e s t r uc t i o n o f t ho s e
’

e nds t o w h i ch it o r igi n a ll y t e nd e d T he o t h e r p a s s i on s .
,

bot h g ood a n d e v i l A v a r i c e R e m o r s e Love P a t r i o t i s m

, , , , ,

r e se n t a s i m il a r a p p e a r a nc e ; a n d t o t h i s p r i nc i l e o f t he
p p
m i nd ov e r shoo t i n g t he m a r k a t w h i ch it a im s w e o w e a l l
-
,

t h a t is e mi n e n t l y b a s e o r e x ce ll e n t i n hu m a n n a t u r e ; i n
r ov i d i n g fo r t he nu t r i m e n t o r t he e x t i nc t i o n o f w h i ch
p ,

con s i st s t he t r u e a r t o f t he l e gis l a t o r *
.

N ot h i n g i s m o re cl e a r t h a n t h a t t he i n fli ct i on o f pun i sh
m e n t in ge n e r a l i n a d e g r e e w hi c h t he r e f o r m a t i on a n d t he
,

Th v g d t h i ll i t t
e sa a e an e b t f i t ly w f t h di t i
e ra e a r e u a n a ar e o e s no

tion b t w n t h fu t
e ee e d th p t
u re a n th y m k t i n b l gi g t
e as e a e ac o s e on n o

p er o i ds so d i t i t st h ncu b j t f i m il f l ing t h y l i v l y i
, e s ec s o s ar ee s e e on n

th p
e r e sent i t h p t or n e it i p as nt I t i i t h i t h t t h
, as s r e se s n s a e

h l h l h h h h
, .

p i o so p x
er e f t h
ce s o n e o m y it i t i we i d i t
an i gui th s s c s n s es e

d t i
o c r ne o f ph il ph i n o so i ty f m f t l i m ; d t h t d t m i
c e ces s ro a a s an a e er na

ti
on o f t h will b wh i h it i t h
e ,
v tiv
c f fu t
s v nt f m
e ac e s o u r ce o u re e e s, ro
 70 E S S A YS A N D F RA G M E N TS .

re st r a in t o f t hose w ho t r a nsg r e ss t he l a w s do e s n o t r e nd e r
i nd i s p e nsa bl e a n d non e m o re t h a n d e a t h confi rm s a l l t he
, ,

i nhu m a n a n d u nsoci a l i m p uls e s o f m e n I t i s a l m o s t a .

p r o v e r b i a l r e m a r k t h a t t hos e n a t i ons in w h i c h t he p e n a l
,

cod e ha s b e e n p a r t i c u l ar ly m i ld h a ve b e e n d i s t i n g u i s h e d ,

fr o m a ll ot h e r s by t he r a r i t y o f c r im e B u t t he e x a m pl e i s .

t o b e a d m i t t e d t o b e e qu i voc a l A m o re d e c i s i ve a r g u m e n t .

i s a ffor d e d by a cons i d e ra t i on o f t he un i v e rsa l conn e c t i on o f

fe r o cit y o f m a n n e r s an d a con t e m pt o f so ci a l t i e s w it h t he
, ,

con t e m p t o f hu m a n l ife G ove r n m e n t s w h i ch d e r i ve t h e i r

.

i n st i t u t i ons fr o m t he e xi st e nc e o f c i r c u m s t a nc e s o f b a rb a r i sm
a n d v i ol e n c e wi t h so m e ra r e e x c e p t i ons p e r h a p s a r e blood y
, , ,

i n p r op or t i o n a s t h e y a r e de sp o t i c a n d fo r m t he m a nn e rs ,

o f t h e ir subj e ct s t o a sy m p a t h y wi t h t h e i r o wn sp i r i t .

The sp e ct a t o r s w ho f e e l no a bho rre nc e a t a publ i c

e x e cu t i o n b u t r a t h e r a s e l f a p pl a ud i n g s up e r i o r i t y a n d a
,
-

s e ns e o f g r a t i fi e d i n d ign a t i on a r e su re ly e x c it e d t o t he ,

m os t in a usp i c i ous e m o t i ons T he fi rs t r e fle c t i on o f s u c h a

.

o n e i s t he s e ns e o f h i s o w n i n t e r n a l a n d a ct u a l w o r t h a s
' ,

p r e fe ra bl e t o t ha t o f t he vi c t i m w ho m c i r cu m st a nc e s h a ve ,

l e d t o d e s t r uct i on The m e a n e s t w r e t ch i s i m p r e ss e d wi t h
.

a s e ns e o f h i s o w n co m p ara t i v e m e r i t H e i s o n e o f t hos e .

on w ho m t he t o w e r o f S i lo a m fe ll n o t — he i s such a o n e a s
Je sus C h r i s t f ound n o t in a ll S a m a r i a w ho in h i s o w n soul , , ,

t h r o w s t he fi rs t s t on e a t t he w o m a n t a k e n i n a dul t e ry The .

t h t li b t y
a er in d i ff
or t wh i h t h b t t l i bi l i t y f i
e re n c e , o c e a s ra c a o rre

m d i bl
e a ti n i
e ac o tt h d
s s a di g t t h n t i n
ac e ,
f t h v ul g
a c co r n o e o o s o e a r.

Th i i t h
s s f th
e so u rce o n u x fR m
e e rro dR v g
eo s e ce s s e s o e o rs e a n e en e

th e o ne e x t n d ing i t lf v t h fu t u
e se d th
o er th v th p t
e re, a n e o er o er e as

p ro v in in
ce s w h i h t h ic ugg t i e r s nl y b t h ues f v il
o n s ca n o e e so rces o e .

Th p u p
e r f
o se o l ut i n t t m wi ly d v i tu u l y in
a re so o o ac o re se an r o s

fut u d th
re , a n f n
e se n se o ity f ti i p i g
a e cess n my o ca u on n re r e ss n an e e

u f m w h i h t h n m u u p t i t i n i m p l i d i t he
,

a re th e so rc e s ro c e e or o s s e rs o s e n

w d i te d h v is n
or s c a e ar e .
 0 1V L I F E .
7r

o u l a r r e l igi on o f t he coun t r y t a k e s it s d e s ig n a t i on fr o m
p p
t h a t i ll us t r i ous p e r son w hos e b e a u t if u l s e n t i m e n t I h a ve
u bt e d A n y o n e w h o h a s s t r i p t f r o m t he doc t r i n e s o f t h i s
q .

p e rson t he v e i l o f fa m i l i a rit y wi ll p e r c e i v e ho w a dve r s e

,

t h e i r S p i r i t i s t o fe e l i n gs o f t h i s n a t u re .

ON LIFE .

LI F E an d t he w o ld
r wh a t e ve r w e c a ll t h a t w h i ch w e a re
,
or

a n d f e e l i s a n a s t on i sh i n g t h i n g
,
Th e m i st o f fa m i l i a r i t y
.

ob s cu r e s fr om u s t he w onde r o f o u r b e i n g W e a re s t r u ck .

wi t h a d m ir a t i on a t som e o f it s t ra ns i e n t m odi fica t i on s bu t ,

it i s i t s e l f t he g re a t m i r a cl e Wh a t a r e cha n ge s o f e m p i r e s
.
,

t he w r e ck o f dy n a st i e s w i t h t he Op i n i ons w h i c h suppo rt e d
,

t h em w ha t i s t he b i rt h a n d t he e x t i nc t i on o f r e l igi ou s a n d
o f p ol it i c a l sy st e m s t o l ife ? Wh a t a r e t he r e vol u t i on s o f
t he g lob e w h i c h w e i nh a b i t a n d t he op e r a t i ons o f t he
,

e l e m e n t s o f w hi c h it i s co m pos e d co m pa r e d wi t h l ife ?
,

Wh a t i s t he u n i ve rs e o f s t a r s a n d suns o f w h i ch t h i s
, ,

inh a b i t e d e a rt h i s o e a n d t he i r m o t i ons a n d t he i r d e s t i n y
n , , ,

co m p a r e d wi t h l ife ? Life t he gr e a t m i ra cl e w e a d m i re
, ,

n ot , b e ca us e it i s so m i r a culous I t is w e ll t h a t w e a r e
.

t h us s h i e ld e d by t he f a m il i a r i t y o f w h a t i s a t onc e so c e r
t a i n a n d so u n fa t ho m a bl e fr o m an a s t on i sh m e n t w h i c h
,

w ould o t he r wi s e a bsor b a n d ov e ra we t he f unct i ons o f t h a t

w hic h is it s obj e ct .

I f a n y a rt i s t I do n o t s a y ha d e x e cu t e d b u t ha d m e r e l y
, ,

conc e iv e d i n his m i n d t he sys t e m o f t he sun a n d t he s t a rs , ,

a n d pl a n e t s t h e y n o t e xi s t i n g a n d ha d p a i n t e d t o u s in
, ,

wor d s o r upon c a nva s t he sp e c t a cl e no w a ffor d e d by t he

, ,

n igh t l y cope o f h e a ve n a n d ill us t r a t e d it by t he wi sdo m o f

,
72 E S S A YS A N D F RA G H E N TS .

a s tr ono m y gre a t w o u ld be o u r a d m i r a t i on Or ha d he
, .

im a gi n e d t he sce n e ry o f t h i s e art h t he m ou n t a i ns t he s e a s
, , ,

a n d t he r i v e r s t he gr a ss a n d t he fl o w e r s a n d t he v ar i e t y
, ,

o f t he fo r m s a n d m a ss e s o f t he l e a v e s o f t he w oods a n d t he ,

colou r s w h i ch a t t e nd t he s e t t i n g an d t he r i s i n g sun a n d t he ,

hu e s o f t he a t m osp he re t u r b i d o r s e r e n e t h e s e t h i n g s n o t
, ,

b e fo r e e xi st i n g t r ul y w e shoul d h a ve b e e n a st on ish e d a n d
, ,

it w ou l d n o t h a v e b e e n a v a i n bo a s t t o ha v e s a i d o f such a
m an , N o n m e r i t a no m e d i cr e a t o r s se non I dd i o e d il
“
,

Poe ta B u t n o w t h e s e t hi n g s a r e look e d on wi t h l i t t l e
”
.

w ond e r a n d t o b e consc i ous o f t he m wi t h i n t e nse d e light

,

i s e st e e m e d t o b e t he d i s t i n gu ishi n g m a r k o f a r e fin e d
a n d e xt ra ord i n a r p e rs o n T h e m ul t i t ud e o f m e n c a r e n o t
y .

fo r t h e m I t is t h us wi t h L ife — t h a t w hi ch i nclud e s a ll
. .

W h a t 1s l ife ? Thou g h t s a n d fe e l i n g s a r i s e wi t h o r ,

wi t hou t o u r wi ll a n d w e e m ploy w or ds t o e xp re ss t he m
, .

W e a r e bo r n a n d o u r b i r t h i s un r e m e m b er e d a n d o u r
, ,

in fan cy r e m e m b e r e d bu t in f r a gm e n t s ; w e l i v e on a n d i n ,

l i v i n g w e los e t he a p p r e h e ns i on o f l if e H o w v a i n i s it t o
.

t h i nk t h a t w o r ds ca n p e n e t r a t e t he m y s t e ry o f o u r b e i n g !
R ight l y us e d t h e y m a y m a k e e v i d e n t o u r ig no r a nc e t o o u r
s e lve s a n d t h i s i s m u ch F o r w ha t a re w e ? Wh e nce do
, .

w e co m e ? a n d w h i t h e r do w e g o ? I s b i rt h t he co m m e nc e
m e n t i s d e a t h t he concl us i on o f o u r b e i n g ? Wh a t i s b i rt h
,

a n d de a t h ?

The m os t r e fin e d a bs t ra c t i ons o f lo gi c conduc t t o a v i e w

o f l ife w h i ch t hou gh s t a r t li n g t o t he a pp re h e ns i on i s i n
, , , ,

fa ct t h a t w h i ch t he h a b i t u al s e nse o f it s r e p e a t e d co m b i n a
,

t i ons h a s e xt i n g u i sh e d i n u s I t s t r i ps a s it w e r e t he
.
, ,

p a i n t e d cu r t a i n fr o m t h i s s ce n e o f t h i n g s I co n fe ss t h a t I
.

a m o n e o f t hos e who a m un a bl e t o re f us e m y a s s e n t t o t he

conclus i o ns o f t hos e ph i losoph e r s w ho a s s e r t t ha t no t h i n g

ex i st s b u t a s it is p e r c e iv e d .
 ON L I F E .
73

I t is a de c i s i on a ga i nst w hi ch a ll o u r p e r su as i ons s t r u gg l e ,

a n d we m us t b e lon g conv i c t e d b e fo r e w e c a n b e conv i nc e d

t h a t t he sol i d un i v e rs e o f e xt e r n a l t h i n g s is such s t u ff a s
‘ “

d re a m s a re m a d e o f T he shock i n g a bsu r di t i e s o f t he
.
”

po p ul a r phi loso p h y o f m i nd a n d m a t t e r it s fa t a l co n se ,

u e n c e s i n mo ra ls a n d t he i r v i o l e n t do g m a t i s m conc e r n in g
q ,

t he s o u r c e o f a ll t h i n g s ha d e a r l y conduc t e d m e t o m a t e r i
,

a l is m . T h i s m a t e r i a l i s m i s a s e d u c i n g sy s t e m t o y oun g
a n d sup e r fi c i a l m i nds I t a l lo w s it s d isc i p l e s t o t a lk a n d
.
,

d i sp e n se s t h e m fro m t h i nk i n g B u t I w as discon t e n t e d wi t h
.

s u c h a v i e w o f t h i n g s a s it a ffo r d e d ; m a n is a b e i n g o f

h ig h a sp i r a t i ons looki n g bot h b e fo r e d a f t e r whos e

,
“
an ,

t hou g h t s w a nd e r t h r ou gh e t e r n i t y d i s c l a i m i n g al l i a n ce
”
,

wi t h t ra n s i e nce a n d de ca y i nca pa bl e o f i m a gi i n g t o him n

s e l f a nn i h i l a t i on ; e xi s t i n g b u t in t he f u t u re a d t he p a st ; n

b e i n g n o t w h a t he i s b u t w h a t he ha s b e e n a n d s ha ll be
, , .

Wh a t e v e r m a y b e h i s t r u e a n d fin a l d e st i n a t i on t h e r e i s a ,

s i r i t wi t h i n him a t e n m i t y wi t h no t h i n g n e s s a n d d i ss o l u
p
t i on. T h i s i s t he ch a a c t e r o f a l l l if e a n d b e i n g
r E a ch i s .

at once t he c e n t r e a n d t he c i r cu m fe r e nc e ; t he p o i n t t o
w h i ch a ll t h i n g s a re re fe rr e d a n d t he l i n e i n w hi ch a ll
,

t h i n g s are c on t a i n e d S uch con t e m p l a t i ons as t h es e

.
,

m a t e r i a l i s m a n d t he popul a r p h i lo s oph y o f m i nd a n d
m a t t e r a l i k e f o r b i d ; t h e y a r e onl y co n s i s t e n t wi t h t he
i n t e ll e ct u a l sys t e m .

I t i s a bsu r d t o e n t e r i n t o a lon g r e ca p i t ul a t i on o f
'

a r g u m e n t s s u ffic i e n t l y fa m i l i a r t o t hos e i nqu i r i n g m i nd s ,

w ho m a l on e a wr i te r on a bs t r use subj e ct s c a n be conce i ve d

t o a dd r e s s . P e r ha ps t he m ost cl e a r a d v ig o r ou s s t a t e m e n t
n

o f t he i n t e ll e c t u a l syst e m i s t o b e f ound i n S ir W i ll ia m
-

D r u m m ond s A ca de m i ca l Q u e st i ons A ft e r su h
’
. an c

e x o s i t i on it w ould b e i dl e t o t ra n s l a t e i n t o o t h e r wo ds
p ,
r

w h a t could o nl y lose it s e n e r gy a n d fi t n e s s by t he c h a n ge .
74 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N T S .

E x m i n d po i n t by po i n t d w o d by w o d t h m o t
a e , an r r , e s

d i c i m i n t i n g i n t ll c t s h v b n bl t d i sc
s r a e no t i
e a e ee a e o e rn ra n

o f t hou g h t s i t h p oc s o f son i n g wh i ch do s t
n e r e s rea , e no

conduct i n v i t bly t t h concl u i o w h i ch h b

e a ot t d e s n as een s a e .

Wh t follo w s f o m t h d m i s i on ? I t s t bl i sh no
a r e a s e a es

ne w t u t h it gi v s us no dd i t i on l i n ig h t i n t o
r , e h i dd n a a s our e

n t u n i t h it t i o
a re, e it s l f P h i losop hy i m p t i n t
er s ac n nor e .
,
a e

as it m y b t bu i ld h m uch wo k y t m i ni n g
a e o , as r e re a ,
as

p i on feer th ov g o w t h o f g s I t m k s
or e er st p
r a e . a e one e

t o w ds t h i s obj ct ; it d s t oy
ar o e d th oo t s o f e r s e rr r, an e r

err o I t l v s w h t it i s t
r . ea o f t n t h du ty o f t h
e ,
a oo e e e

re fo m i pol i t i c l d t h i l qu t i ons t l v v c ncy

r er n a an e ca es o ea e, a a a .

It duc s t h m i nd t t h t f dom i w h i ch it w ould h v

re e e o a re e n a e

a c t d b t f t h m i u o f w o ds d s ig n t h i t
e ,
u or e s se r an s, e ns ru

m nt e o f it w c t i on B y ig ns I w ould b und
s s o n re a . s , e er

s t ood i wi d ns i nclud i n g w h t i s p op ly m n t by
n a e se e, a r er ea

th t t ma d w h t I p cul i l y m n
er , an I t his l t t
a e ar ea . n a er

s ns l m os t ll f m i l i obj ct s
e e, a a s ig ns st d i n g t f
a ar e a re , an , no or

th m e lv s b t f o t h s i t h i c p c i t y o f su gg t
se e ,
u or er n e r a a es

ing t hou g h t w h i c h sh l l l
one dt t i n o f t hou g ht s a ea o a ra .

O urw hol l if i s t hu e duc t i on o f o

e s an e a err r .

L t us e coll c t s ns t i ons
re ech i ld n Wh t our e a as re . a a

d i s t i nct d i n t ns pp h ns i on h d w o f t h w o ld d
an e e a re e a e e r an

o f ou s lv s ! M n y o f t h c i cu m st nc s o f soc i l l if
r e e a e r a e a e

w t h n i m po t n t t
e re e us w h i c h no w no lon g so
r a o a re er .

B t t h t is
u t t h po i n t o f com p i son
a no whi ch I m
e ar on ea n

t o i n i t W l s h b i t u ll y d i t i n g u i h d l l t h t w
s s . e es a a s s e a a e

sa w d f l t f om
an ou lv s T h y S m d
e ,
r ourit w rs e e . e ee e as e re

t o con t i t u t s m ss Th e o ne o m p sons w ho i a . e re a re s e er , n

t hi s p c t
res l w y
e s ch i ld,
n
a re T ho w
a h subj a c t re . se o a re e

t o th s t t c ll d v i f l
e a e if t h i n t u w
a e re er e , ee as e r a re e re

d i s olv d i n t o t h su ound i n g un i v s
s e e if t h rr er e, or as e

s u ou nd i n g un i v s w
rr bso b d i t o t h i b i g
er e e re a r e n e r e n .
 O N LI F E .
75

Th e y a re consc i ous o f no d i s t i nct i o n A n d t h e s e a r e st a t e s

.

wh i ch pr e c e d e o r a cco m p a n y o r follo w a n u nusu a ll y

, ,

i n t e n se an d v i v i d a pp r e h e n s i on o f l ife A s m e n gr o w u p .

t h i s po w e r co m m onl y d e c a y s a n d t h e y b e co m e m e ch a n i a l
,
c

a n d h a b i t u a l a ge n t s T hu s fe e l i n g s a n d t h e n r e a son i n g s a e
. r

t he co m b i n e d r e sul t o f a m ul t i t ud e o f e n t an g l e d t hou g h t s ,

a n d o f a s e r i e s o f w ha t a r e c a ll e d i m pr e s s i o n s pl a n t e d b y
, ,

r e i t e ra t i on .

Th e v i e w o f l ife p r e se n t e d by t he m o st r e fin e d d e duc t i ons

o f t he i n t e ll e c t u a l ph i lo s ophy is t h a t o f u n i t y N ot hi n g
, .

e xis t s b u t as it i s pe r c e i ve d The di ffe r e nce i s m e r e l y

nom i n al b e t w e e n t hos e t w o cl a s s e s o f t hou g h t w h i ch a re ,

vu l ga r l y d i s t in g u i s h e d by t he n a m e s o f i d e a s a n d o f
e x t e r n a l obj e c t s P u r su i n g t he sa m e t h r e a d o f r e a son i n g
.
,

t he e xi s t e nc e o f d i s t i nc t i nd i v i du a l m i nd s s i m i l a r t o t h a t ,

w h i ch is e m p loye d in no w qu e st i on i n g it s o w n n a t u r e i s ,

l i k e wi se fo u nd t o be a d e lu s i on The w o r ds I y ou they .
, , ,

a re n o t s ig ns o f a n y a c t u a l d i ffe r e nc e s u b s i s t i n g b e t w e e n

t he a ss e m bl a g e o f t hou g h t s t h us i nd i c a t e d b u t ar e m e r e l y ,

m a r k s e m ploy e d t o d e no t e t he d i ffe r e n t m od ifi ca t i ons o f t he

o n e m i nd .

Le t it n o t b e su p pos e d t ha t t h i s do c t r i n e conduc t s t o t he
m ons t r ous p r e s u m p t i on t h a t I t he p e r s o n w ho no w w r i t e
,

a d t h i nk a m t h a t o n e m i nd
n ,
I a m b u t a p o r t i on o f it
. .

T he wo r ds I a d yo u a n d t hey a r e g r a m m a t i c a l d e vi c e s
,
n ,

i nv e n t e d s i m pl y fo r a rr a n ge m e n t a d t o t a lly d e vo i d o f t he
,
n

i n t e nse a n d e x c lu s i ve s e ns e u s u al ly a t t a ch e d t o t he m I t .

is diflicu l t t o find t e rm s a d e qu a t e t o e xp r e ss so s ub t l e
a con c e p t i on a s t h a t t o w h i ch t he I n t e l l e c t u a l P h i lo s o p h
y
ha s conduc t e d us W e a r e on t h a t v e r ge w h e re w o r ds
.

a b ndon us
a a n d w ha t w ond e r if w e gr o w d i t o look
, y zz

down t he d a k a bys s o f ho w l i t t l e w e kno w

r .

The r e l a t i ons o f things r e m i n u nch a n ge d b w ha t e v e r

a
y ,
76 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

sys t e m By t he w o r d thin gs i s t o b e und e r st ood a n y

.
'

obj e ct o f t hou g h t t h a t i s a n y t hou gh t upon whi ch a n y

,

o t h e r t hou g h t i s e m ploye d wi t h a n a p p r e he n s i on o f
,

d i s t i nct i on The r e l a t i ons o f t h e s e r e m a i n u nch a n ge d

.

a n d such i s t he m a t e r i a l o f o u r kno wl e d ge .

W h a t i s t he c a us e o f l ife ? t h a t is ho w w a s it p r oduc e d
, ,

o r wh a t a g e nc i e s d i s t i nc t f r o m l ife h a v e a c t e d o r a c t upo n

l ife ? Al l r e co r d e d ge n e r a t i ons o f m a nk i nd h a ve w ea r i l y
bu s i e d t h e m s e lve s i n i nve n t i n g a ns w e r s t o t h i s qu e s t i on ;
a n d t he r e sul t ha s b e e n — R e l igi on Y e t t h a t t he b a s i s o f
-

.
, ,

a l l t h i n g s c a nno t b e a s t he opul a r ph i losoph a ll e g e s

, p y ,

m i nd i s su ffi c i e n t ly e v i d e n t
, . M i nd a s fa r a s w e h a v e a n y
,

e x p e r i e nce o f it s p r o e r t i e s a n d b e ond t h a t e x e r i e nc e
y p
p ,

ho w v a i n i s a r g u m e n t c a nno t c re a t e it ca n onl y p e r c e i ve
,
.

I t i s sa i d a l so t o b e t he c a us e B u t c a us e i s onl y a w o r d
.

e x p r e s s i n g a c e r t a i n s t a t e o f t he h u m a n m i nd wi t h r e g a r d

t o t he m a nn e r i n w h i ch t w o t hou g h t s a r e a pp r e h e d e d t o n

b e re l a t e d t o e a ch o t h e r I f a n y o n e d e s i re s t o
.

kno w ho w u ns a t i s fa c t o r i l y t he popul a r p hi losoph y e m p loy s

it s e l f u p on t h i s gr e a t qu e s t i on t he y n e e d only im pa r t i a lly
,

r e fl e c t upo n t he m a nn e r i n w h i c h t hou g h t s d e v e lo p t h e m

s e lve s in t h e i r m inds I t i s i nfin i t e l y i m p r oba bl e t h a t t he

.

c a u s e o f m i nd t h a t i s o f e xi s t e nc e i s s i m i l a r t o m i nd
, , ,
.

O N A F UT U R E S T A T E .

I T ha s b e e n t he p e r su a s i on o f a n i m m e nse m ajorit y o f
hu m a n be in gs i n ll a ge s a n d n a t i ons t h a t w e con t i nu e t o
a

l i ve a ft e r d e a t h t h a t a pp a r e n t t e r m i n a t i on o f a ll t he
,
-

f unc t i on s o f se n si t i v e a n d i n t e ll e ct u a l e xi st e n ce N o r ha s .

m a nk i n d b e e n con t e n t e d wi t h su p pos i n g t h t sp e c i e s o f a
 O N A F UT UR E S TA TE .
7?

e xi t n
s e w h i ch som ph i lo oph s h v s t d ; n m ly
ce e s er a e a se r e a e ,

th e re solu t i on o f t h co m pon n t p t s o f t h m ch n i m o f e e ar e e a s

a l i v i n g b i g i n t o it e n l m nt d t h i m poss i b i l i t y o f t h
s e e e s, an e e

m i nu t s t p t i cl o f t h s
e ar us t i n i n g t h sm ll st d i m i nu t i on
e e e s a e a e .

Th y h v clun g t o t h i d
e a e t h t s n i b il i t y d t ho g h t
e ea a e s an u ,

w h i h t h y h v d i t i n g u i sh d f o m t h obj t o f it u nd
c e a e s e r e ec s , er

th s v
e e l n m s o f sp i i t d m t t i s i n it o w n n t u
e ra a e r an a e r, , s a re,

l ss su c p t i bl Of d i v i i on d d c y d t h t wh t h
e s e e s an e a ,
an a , en e

body i s olv d i n t o it l m n t s t h p i n i p l w h i c h
re s e s e e e ,
e r c e

a n i m t d it wi l l m i n p p t u l d unch n g d S o m
a e re a er e a an a e . e

p h i l oso p h s — d ert hos t w ho

an m w i nd b t d f teh o e a re e e or e

m o t t u p ndous d i scov i s i n p h y i c l sc i n
s s e u p pos er e s a e ce, s e, o n

th e o t h h nd t h t i n t l l ig nc i s t h m
er a ,
a ul t o f e e e e ere re s

c t i n com b i n t i ons m on g t h p t i cl o f it obj c t s ;

er a a a e ar es s e

an d t hos m on g t h m w h b l i v t h t w l i v
e a e ft d t h o e e e a e e a er ea ,

re cu t t h i n t p os i t i on o f sup n t u l po w w h i ch
r o e er a er a ra e r,

sh ll ov co m t h t nd n y i nh n t i
a er e e ll m t i l e e c ere n a a er a

co m b i n t i ons t d i s i p t
a d b o bso b d i n t o o t h
s a e an e a r e er

fo m s
r .

L t e t c th
us son i n g s w hi h i n
ra e e d t h ot h
rea c one an e er

h v onduc t d t t h
a e c tw e o p i i ons o d nd vou e se t o n ,
an e ea r o

d i cov wh t w ou g h t t t h i nk
s er a e qu t i on o f such o on a es

m o m n t ou e i n t t L t us n l y s t h i d
s e r es . d f l i n gs e a a e e ea s a n ee

w h i ch con t it u t t h on t nd i n g b l i fs d w t ch f u lly
s e e c e e e , an a

es at bl i s h d i sc im i n t i on b t w n w o ds
a r d t hou g h t s
a e ee r an .

L t us b i n g t h qu t i on t
e r t h t t ofe x p i nc es d o e es e er e e an

f t d k ou lv s con i d i n g
ac an as n t u i n it n t i
rs e e ,
s er our a re s e re

ex e t n t w h t l ig h t w
,
a d i v f om su t i n d d m e er e r a s a e an co

p re h ns i v
e v i w o f i
et co m pon
e n t p t w h i h m y s n bl e a r s, c a e a e

us t t wi t h c t i n t y t h t w do
o a ss e r ,
do t l iv f t
er a ,
a e or no e a er

de at h .

T he x a m i n a t i on o f t h i s s ubj e ct r e qu i r e s t ha t it shoul d be
e

st r i pt o f a ll t hose a cc e s s o r y t o p i cs w h i ch a dh e r e t o it i n t he
 78 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

co m m on Op i n i on o f m e n The e xis t e nc e o f a G od a n d a
.
,

f u t u r e st a t e o f re wa r ds a n d pun i s h m e n t s a r e t o t a lly fo e ig n ,
r

t o t he subj e c t . I f it b e pr ove d t h a t t he w o r ld is r ul e d b y a
D i v i n e P o w e r no i n fe r e nc e n e ce ss a r i l y ca n b e d r a w n fr o m
,

t h a t c i r cu m st a nc e i n fa vou r o f a f u t u re s t a t e I t ha s b e e n .

a s se r t e d ,
i nd e e d t h at a s goodn e s s a d j ust i c e a r e t o b e
,
n

nu m b e r e d a m on g t he a t t r i bu t e s o f t he D e i t y he wi l l ,

undoub t e dl y co m pe ns a t e t he v i r t uous w ho su ffe r du r i n g l ife ,

a n d t ha t he wi ll m a k e e v e r y s e ns i t i v e b e i n g w ho do e s n o t ,

d e s e r ve pun i s h m e n t h a ppy fo r e v e r B u t t h i s v i e w o f t he
, .

subj e c t wh i ch it w ould be t e d i ous a s w e ll a s sup e r fl uous t o

,

d e ve lop a n d e xpose sa t i s fi e s no p e r son an d cu t s t he kno t

, ,

w h i ch w e no w s e e k t o u n t i e M o re ove r shou l d it be p r ov e d
.
, ,

on t he o t h e r h a n d t h at t he m y s t e r i ous p r i nc i p l e w h i ch
,

r e gu l a t e s t he p r oc e e d i n g s o f t he un i v e r s e i s n e it h e r ,

i n t e ll ige n t n o r s e ns i t i v e yet it i s n o t a n i ncons i st e ncy t o

,

s uppo s e at t he s a m e t i m e t ha t t he a n i m a t i n g p o w e r
,

su r v i ve s t he body w h i ch it ha s a n i m a t e d o y l a w s a s ,

i nd e p e nd e n t o f a n y s up e r n a t u ra l a ge n t as t hos e t hr ou gh
w h i ch it fi r st b e ca m e u n it e d wi t h it N o r if a f u t u r e st a t e
.
,

b e cl e a r l y p r ove d do e s it f ollo w t h a t it wi ll b e a s t a t e o f
,

pun i s h m e n t o r r e w a r d .

B y t he w o r d d e a t h w e e x p r e ss t h a t cond i t i on i n w h i ch
,

n a t u e s r e s e m bl i n g ou r se lv e s a p p a r e n t l y c e a se t o b e t h a t
r

w h i ch t h e y we r e W e no lon ge r h e a r t h e m s p e a k n o r s e e
.
,

t h e m m ov e . I f t h e y h a v e s e ns a t i ons a n d a p p r e h e n s i on s w e ,

n o lon ge r p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e m W e know no m o re t h a n .

t h a t t ho s e e x t e r n a l o r ga n s a n d a l l t h a t fi e t e x t u r e o f m a t e
,
n

r i a l f ra m e wi t hou t w h i c h w e h a v e no e x p e r i e nc e t h a t l ife
,

o r t hou g h t c a n subs i s t a r e d i s s olv e d a n d s c a t t e r e d a b r o a d

,
.

The bod y i s pl a c e d und e r t he ea r t h a n d a f t e r a c e t a i n , r

p e r i od t h e r e re m a i ns n o v e s t ige e ve n o f it s fo rm Th i s i s .

t h a t con t e m pl a t i on o f i n e x h a u s t i bl e m e l a n c hol y w hos e ,

 ON A F U T URE S TA TE .
79

s h a do w e cl i p s e s t he b r igh t n e s s o f t he w o r ld The co m m on .

ob se ve r i s s t r uck wi t h d ej e ct i on a t t he s p e c t a cl e H e
r .

co n t nds i n v a i n a ga i n s t t he p e rs u a s i on o f t he g a ve t ha t
e r ,

t he de a d i nd e e d c e a s e t o b e T he co p se a t his fe e t i s
. r

p r o p h e t i c o f h i s own d e st i n y T ho s e w ho h a ve p r e c e d e d
.

him a n d w ho se v o i c e w a s d e l ig h t f u l t o h i s e a r
,
w hos e
t ou c h m e t his l i k e s w e e t a n d s ubt l e fi r e ; w hos e a s p e c t
sp r e a d a v i s i on a r y l ig h t u p on h i s p a t h — t h e s e he c a nno t
m e e t a ga i n . The o r ga ns o f s e ns e a r e d e s t r oy e d a n d t he ,

i n t e ll e c t u a l op e ra t i ons d e p e nd e n t on t h e m h a ve p e ri s h e d
wi t h t h e i r sou r c e s H o w ca n a co rp s e se e o r fe e ? it s e ye s
. l

a r e e a t e n o u t a n d it s h e a r t i s bl a c k a n d wi t hou t m o t i o n
, .

Wh a t i n t e r cou r se ca n t w o h e a ps o f p u t r i d cl a y a n d c r u m b
l i n g bon e s hold t o ge t h e r ? Wh e n yo u ca n d i s c ov e r w h e r e
t he f r e s h colou r s o f t he fa d e d fl o w e r a b i d e o r t he m u s i c o f
,

t he b r ok e n l yr e s e e k ife a m on g t he d e a d
,
l . S uch a r e t he
a n xi ous a n d f e a r f ul con t e m pl a t i on s o f t he co m m o n obs e r v e r ,

t hou g h t he popul a r r e l igi on o ft e n p r e v e n t s him fr o m

con fe ssi n g t h e m e v e n t o h i m s e l f .

The n a t u ra l ph i losop he r i n a dd i t i on t o t he s e ns a t i ons

,

co m m on t o al l m e n i nsp i re d by t he e ve n t o f d e a t h b e l i e v e s ,

t h a t b e s e e s wi t h m o r e c e r t a i n t y t h a t it i s a t t e nd e d wi t h
t he a nn i h i l a t i on o f s e n t i m e n t a n d t hou g h t H e ob s e r v e s
.

t he m e n t a l po w e r s i nc re a s e a n d fa d e wi t h t hos e o f t he body ,

a n d e v e n a cco m m od a t e t h e m s e lv e s t o t he m o s t t r a n s i t o r
y
c h a n ge s o f o u r h s i ca l n a t u re S l e e p su s e nds m a n o f
p y .
p y
t he fa cul t i e s o f t h e v it a l a n d i n t e ll e c t u a l p r i n c i pl e d r unk e n
n e ss a n d d i se a s e wil l e i t h e r t e m p o r a r i ly o r p e r m a n e n t l y
d e ra n ge t h e m M a dn e s s o r i d i o t cy m a y u t t e r ly e x t i n g u i h
. s

t he m os t e x c e ll e n t a n d d e l i c a t e o f t ho se po w e r s I n old a ge
.

t he m i nd g a du a ll y wi t h e r s ; a n d as it g r e w a n d w a s
r

s t r e n g t h e n e d wi t h t he bod s o do e s it t o ge t he r wi t h t he
y
-

bo dy s i nk i n t o d e c re p i t ud e As su r ed ly t h e se a r e conv i nc i n g
.
-
 80 E S S A YS A N D F RA G M E N TS .

e v i d e nc e s t h a t soon a s t he or ga ns o f t he body a r e sub

so

j e c t e d t o t he l a w s o f i n a n i m a t e m a t t e r s e ns a t i on and , ,

p e rc e pt i on a n d a p p r e h e ns i on a re a t a n e n d I t is p r ob a bl e
, , .

t h a t w h a t w e c all t hou g h t i s n o t a n a c t u a l b e i n g b u t no ,

m or e t h a n t he r e l a t i on b e t w e e n c e r t a i n p a r t s o f t ha t
i nfin i t e l y v a r i e d m a ss, o f w h i ch t he r e st o f t he u n i v e r se i s
co m p os e d a n d w h i ch c e a s e s t o e x i st a s soo n a s t hos e p a r t s
,

ch a n ge t h e i r pos i t i on wi t h re ga r d t o e a ch ot h er T hus .

colou r a n d sound a n d t a s t e a n d odou r e xi s t onl y r e l a

, , ,

t iv e l y . B u t l e t t hou g h t b e cons i d e r e d a s so m e p e cul i a r s u b

s t a nc e w h i c h p e r m e a t e s a n d i s t he c a us e o f t he a n i m a t i on
, , ,

o f l i v i n g b e i n gs W hy should t h a t subst a nc e be a ssu m e d

.

t o be so m e t h i n g e ss e n t i a ll y d i s t i nc t fr o m a ll o t h e r s a n d ,

e x e m p t f r o m subj e c t i on t o t ho se l a w s f r o m w h i ch no o t h e r

s ubs t a nc e i s e x e m t ? I t d i ffe r s i nd e e d f r o m a ll o t h e r sub

p , ,

s t a nc e s a s e l e ct r i ci t y
,
a n d l ig h t ,
an d m a gn et ism , a n d t he ,

const i t u e n t p a r t s o f a ir a n d e a r t h s e v e r a ll y d i ffe r fr om a l l
,

o t h e r s E a ch o f t he se is subj e c t t o ch a n ge a n d t o d e c y
. a

an d t o conve r s i on i n t o ot h e r f or m s Y e t t he d iffe re nc e .
‘

b e t w e e n l igh t a n d e a r t h i s sc a r c e l y g re a t e r t h a n t h a t w h i ch
e xi s t s b e t w e e n l ife o r t ho u g h t, a n d fi re The d i ffe r e nc e
, .

b e t w e e n t he t w o f o r m e r w a s n e ve r a l l e ge d a s a n a r g u m e n t
fo r t he e t e r n a l p e r m a n e nc e o f e i t h e r in t h a t f o r m u nd e r ,

wh i ch t h e y fi r st m ig h t o ffe r t h e m s e lve s t o o u r no t i c e W hy .

should t he d i ffe re nc e b e t w e e n t he t w o l a t t e r subs t a nc e s be

a n a r g u m e n t fo r t he p r olon ga t i on o f t he e xi s t e nc e o f o n e a n d

n o t t he o t h e r w h e n t he e xi s t e nc e o f bo t h ha s a rr i v e d a t
,

t h e i r a p p a r e n t t e r m i n a t i on ? T o s a y t h a t fi r e e x i s t s wi t h
o u t m a n ife s t i n g a y o f t he p r o p e rt i e s o f fi r e such a s l ig h t
n , ,

h e a t e t c o r t h a t t he p r i nc i pl e o f l ife e xi st s wi t hou t
,
.
,

con s c i ou s n e s s o r m e m o r y o r d e s i re o r m o t i ve i s t o r e s ign
, , , , ,

by a n a w k w a r d d i s t or t i on o f l a n g u a ge t he a ffir m a t i v e o f ,

t he d i spu t e T o sa y t h a t t he pr i nc i pl e o f l ife m a y e xi s t i n
.
 ON A F U T UR E S TA TE . 8:

d i st ri bu t i on a m on g va r i ous fo r m s i s t o a ss e r t w ha t c a n no t
,

be p r ov e d t o b e e i t h e r t r u e o r f a l s e b u t w h i c h w e r e it t r u e
, , ,

a nn i h i l a t e s a ll hop e o f e xi st e nce a ft e r d e a t h i n y s n se ,
an e

i n w h i ch t h a t e ve n t c a n b e lon g t o t he ho p e s a n d fe a r s o f
m en . S uppos e how e v e r t h a t t he i n t e ll e c t u a l a n d v i t a l
, ,

p ri nc i p l e d iffe r s i n t he m o s t m a r k e d a n d e ss e n t i a l m a nn e r

f o m a l l o t h e r kno w n sub st a nce s ; t h a t t h e y h a v e a l l s o m e

r

r e s e m bl a nc e b e t w e e n t h e m s e lve s w h i ch it i n no d e g r e e
pa r t i c i p at e s I n w h a t m a nn e r ca n t h is conc e s s i on b e m a d e
.

a n a r g u m e n t fo r it s i m p e r i s h a b i l i t ? Al l t h a t we se e o r
y
kno w p e r i s h e s a n d i s ch a n ge d Life a n d t hou ght d i ffe r
.

i nd e e d fr o m a nyt h i n g e l se B u t t h a t it su r v i ve s t h a t
.

e r i od b e ond w h i ch w e h a ve no e x p e r i e nc e o f it s
p , y
e xi s t e nc e such d i s t i nct i on a n d d i s s i m i l a r i t y a fl o r ds no '

s h a dow o f r oo f a n d no t h i n g b u t o r o w n d e s i e s could
p , u r

h a ve l e d us t o c onj e ct u r e o r i m a gi n e .

H a v e w e e xi s t e d b e fo re b i r t h ? I t is d i ffi c u lt t o conce i v e
t he poss i b i l i t y o f t h i s T h e r e i s i n t he g e n e ra t i v e p r i nc i p l e
.
,

o f e a ch a n i m a l a n d p l an t a p o w e w h i ch conve r t s t he
,
r

s ub s t a nc e s b
y w h i ch it i s su r r ound e d i n t o a sub st a nc e
ho m o ge n e ous wi t h it s e l f T h a t is t he r e l a t i ons b e t w e e n
.
,

c e r t a i n e l e m e n t a r y p a r t i cl e s o f m a t t e r und e rg o a ch a n ge ,

a n d sub m i t t o n e w co m b i n a t i ons F o r w he n w e u s e t he
.

w o r ds p r in cip le p o wer ca u s e e t c w e m e a n t o e xpr e ss no

, , ,
.
,

r e a l b e i n g b u t onl t o cl a ss u nd e r t hos e t e r m s a c e r t a i
, y n

s e r i e s o f c o e xi s t i n g ph eno m e n a
-
b u t l e t it b e s u p p o s e d t h a t
t h i s p r i nc i p l e i s a c e r t a i n sub s t a nc e w h i ch e s c a p e s t he
ob se r v a t i on o f t he ch e m i st a n d a n a t o m i s t I t c e rt a i nl y .

m y be
a t hou g h it i s su ffi c i e n t l y un p h i lo s o p h i c a l t o a l l e ge
t he po ss i b i l i t y o f a n op i n i on a s a p r oo f o f it s t r u t h D oe s .

it s e e h e a r f e e l b e f o r e it s co m b i n a t i o n wi t h t hos e o r ga n s
, , ,

on w h i h s e ns a t i on d e p e nds ? D o e s it r e a son i m a gi n e
c
, ,

a p r e h e nd wi t hou t t hos e i d e a s w h i c h s e ns a t i on a l on e ca n
p ,

87
82 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

co m m u ni c a t e ? I f w e h a ve n o t e xi st e d b e fo r e b i rt h ; if a t ,

t he p e r i od w h e n t he p a r t s o f o u r n a t u re on w h i c h t hou g h t
a d l ife d e p e nd s e e m t o b e w ov e n t o g e t h e r t he a re w o v e n
n , , y
t o g e t h e r ; if t h e r e a re no r e a sons t o suppos e t ha t w e h v e a

e x i s t e d b e f o r e t h a t p e r i od a t w h i ch o u r e xi st e nc e a pp a r e n t l y

co m m e nc e s t h e n t h e re a r e no gr ounds fo r suppos i t i on
,

t h a t w e sha ll con t i nu e t o e xi s t a f t e r o u r e xi st e nc e ha s a p p a
r e n t ly c e a s e d S o fa r a s t hou g h t a n d l ife i s conc e r n e d
.
,

t he s a m e wi ll t a k e p l a c e wi t h r e g a r d t o us ind i v i du a ll y,

con s i de r e d a ft e r de a t h a s ha d p l a c e b e f o r e o u r b i r t h
, , .

I t i s s aid t h a t it i s poss i bl e t h a t w e should con t i n u e t o

e x i s t i n so m e m od e t o t a l l y i nconc e i va bl e t o us a t p r e s e n t .

T h i s i s a m o st un r e a son a bl e p r e s u m pt i o n . I t c a s t s on t he
a dh e r e n t s o f a nn i h i l a t i on t he bu rt h e n o f pr ov i n g t he
n e ga t i ve o f a qu e s t i on t he a ffi r m a t i ve o f w h i ch i s n o t
,

suppo r t e d by a s i n g l e a r g u m e n t a n d w hi ch by it s ve ry
, ,

n a t u r e l i e s be y ond t he e x p e r i e nc e o f t he hu m a n unde r
,

s t a nd i n g I t i s su ffic i e n t l y e a sy i nd e e d to fo rm a n y
.
, ,

p r opos i t i on conc e r n i n g w hi ch w e a re ignora n t j us t n o t

, ,

so a bsu r d a s n o t t o b e con t r a d i ct o ry in i t se l f a n d d e fy ,

r e f u t at i on . T he p oss i b i l i t y o f w h a t e v e r e n t e r s i n t o t he
wi ld e st i m a gi n a t i on t o conce i ve i s t hus t riu m ph a n t l y
v i nd i c a t e d B u t it i s e nou g h t h a t such a ss e r t i ons s hould
.

b e e i t h e r con t ra d i c t o ry t o t he kno w n l a w s o f n a t u re o r ,

e x c e e d t he l i m i t s o f o u r e x p e r i e nc e t h a t t he i r fa ll a c y o r
,

i r re l e v a ncy t o o u r cons i de ra t i on should be d e m onst ra t e d .

T h e y p e r s u a d e i nd e e d onl y t hos e who d e s ir e t o b e

, ,

p e r su a d e d .

T h i s d e s i r e t o b e fo r e v e r a s w e a r e t he r e luc t a nc e t o a
v i ol e n t a n d u n e xp e r i e nce d ch a n ge w h i ch i s co m m on t o a ll
,

t he a n i m a t e d a n d i n a n i m a t e co m b i n a t i ons o f t he un i v e r se ,

is i nd e e d t he se cre t p e r su a s i on w h i ch has gi ve n b i r t h t o
, ,

t he op i n i ons o f a f u t u r e s t a t e .
 E S S A Y ON C H R I S TI A N I T Y .

ES SAY ON C HRI S T IAN ITY .

TH E B e i n g w ho h i n fl u nc d i t h m ost m m o bl as e e n e e ra e

m nn a t h o p i n i on
er e d t h f o t un s o f t h h u m n s p c i s
s an e r e e a e e ,

i J us C h i s t
s es A t t h i s d y h i s n m i s conn ct d wi t h
r . a ,
a e e e

th e d vo t i on l f l i n g s o f t w hund d m il l i ons o f t h
e a ee o re e

ra c of m
e Th i nst i t u t i ons o f t h m os t c i v i l i z d po t i o
an . e e e r n

o f t h gl ob d i v t h i u t ho i t y f o m t h s nct i on o f
e e er e e r a r r e a

his doct i n s ; h i s t h h o t h G d o f
r e e p opu l e er , e o ,
our ar

re l igi on H i xt o d i n y g n i us t h wi d
. s e ra d r pid ar e ,
e e an ra

e ff c t o f h i s un x m pl d doct i n
e h i s i nv i nc i bl g n t l n ss
e a e r e s, e e e e

an d b n ig n i t y t he d vo t d lov bo n t him by
,
e e e e r e o

h i s dh n t a u gg s t d
ere p su s i on t t h m t h t h
s, s e e a er a o e a e

w as om t h i n g d iv i n
s e Th up n t u l v n t s w h i ch t he . e s er a ra e e e

h i t o i ns o f t h i s w ond f ul m
s r a subs qu n t l y t d t er an e e a ss e r e o

h v b n conn c t d w it h v y g d t i o o f h i s c
a e ee e e e er ra a n a r e e r,

es at bl i h d t h o p i i on
s e e n .

H i d t h is s id t
s ea h v b n cco m p n i d bya o a e ee a a e an

a ccu m ul t i on o f t m ndous p od igi s Ut t d kn s f l l

a re e r e . er ar es e

u p on t h t h blo t t i n g t h
e ear noond y sun ; d d bod i s
,
e a ea e ,

ar i s i n g f om t h i g v s w lk d t h ou gh t h publ i c st t
r e r ra e ,
a e r e re e s
,

an d an t hqu k shook t h s t on i sh d it y
e ar a e di g t h e a e c ,
ren n e

ock o f t h su ou nd i n g m oun t i ns Th p h ilosop h

,

r s e rr a . e er

m y t t i bu t t h
a a r p p l i t i on o f t h s v n t s t t h d t h
e e a ca e e e e o e ea

of fo m
a re thr v n t s t h m s lv s t
er, o r v i i t t i on o f
e e e e e e o a s a

t h t u iv
a n l P w ho e rs a an

Th t hou g h t s w h i ch t h w o d
e G d sugg st s t t h e r o e o e

hu m n m i nd a s sc pt i bl o f m n y v i t i o s hu m n
are u e e as a ar a n as a

m i nds t h m s lv s Th
e St oi c t h
e P l t o ni s t a d t h
e . e , e a , n e

Ep i c u t h P ol yt h i s t t h D
r ea n , e l is t d t h T init i n e , e ua , an e r ar a ,

difl
'

i nfin i t l y i n t h i conc p t i ons o f it m n i n g Th y

er e e r e s ea . e
84 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

a g ree on ly in con s i d e r i n g it t he m ost a wfu l a n d m os t

v e n e ra bl e o f n a m e s a s a co m m o n t e rm d e v i se d t o e x p r e s s
,

a ll o f m s t o r m aj e s t o r po w e r w hi c h t he i nv i s i bl e
y e,
r
y y , ,

w o r ld con t a i ns An d n o t onl y ha s e v e ry s e c t d i st i ct
. n

conce pt i ons o f t he a p pl i c a t i on o f t h i s n a m e bu t s c a r ce l y t w o ,

i nd i v i du a l s o f t he s a m e s e c t who e xe r c i se i n a n y d e gr e e
,

t he fr e e do m o f t h e i r j ud g m e n t o r y i e ld t he m s e lv e s wi t h
,

a n y c a ndou r o f fe e li n g t o t he i n fl u e nc e s o f t he v i s i bl e
wo r ld find p e r fe ct co i nc i de nc e o f op i n i on t o e xi s t b e t w e e n
,

t he m . I t i s [i n t e r e s t i n g] t o i nqu i re in w h a t a cc e pt a t i o n
Je sus C h r i s t e m ploye d t h i s t e r m .

W e m a y conc e i ve his m i nd t o h a ve b e e n p r e d i spose d o n

t hi s subj e c t t o a dop t t he Op i n i ons o f h i s coun t rym e n E v e ry .

h u m a n b e i n g i s i nd e b t e d fo r a m ul t i t ud e o f his s e n t i m e n t s
t o t he r e l igi on o f h i s e a r l y y e a r s Je sus C h r i s t p r ob a bl y
.

[ s t ud i e d t he h i s t o r i a ns o f h i s cou n t r
] y wi t h t he a r dou r o f a

S p i r i t s e e k in g a ft e r t r u t h T h e y w e r e u ndoub t e dl y t he
.

co m p an i ons o f h i s ch ild i sh ye a r s t he food a n d n u t r i m e n t,

a n d m a t e r i a ls o f h i s ou t h f ul m e d i t a t i ons Th e sub l i m e
y .

d r a m a t i c po e m e n t i t l e d Jo b ha d fa m i l i a r iz e d h is i m a gi n a t i on
wi t h t he bold e s t i m a ge ry a ffo r de d by t he h u m a n m i nd a n d
t he m a t e r i a l w o r ld E cclesia s t es ha d d i ffu s e d a s e r i ous
.

n e ss a n d sol e m n i t y ov e r t he fr a m e o f his sp i r i t g lo wi n g ,

wi t h y o u t hfu l hOpe an d [ha d] m a de a u d i bl e t o his l i st e n i n g

,

hea r t
Th st i ll
e d m i c f h u m ni t y
sa us o a

N t h h g t ing b t f m p l p w
, ,

o a rs or ra u o a e o er

h t n d ub d
,
”
o cT as e an s u e.

H e ha d con t e m pl a t e d t h is n a m e as h a v i n g b e e n pr o fa n e l y
p e r v e r t e d t o t he s a nc t i on i n g o f t he m os t e no rm o u s a n d
a bo m i na bl e c r i m e s .W e ca n d i s t i n c t ly t r a c e in t he t i ssu e ,

o f his doct r i n e s t he pe rsu a si on t h a t G o d i s som e uni v e r s a l

,

Be i n g d iffe rin g fr o m m a n a n d t he m i nd o f m a n
,
A cco r d i n g .
 E SSA y ON CHRI S TI A N I T Y . 85

to Je s us C h r s t , i God is n it h e er t he J up i t e r w ho s e nds
,

ra i n upon t he e a r t h ; n o r t he V e n u s t h r ou g h who m a ll
,

l i v i n g t h i n gs a r e p r oduc e d ; n o r t he V ulca n who p r e s i d e s,

ove r t he t e rr e st r i a l e l e m e n t o f fi re ; n o r t he V e s t a t h a t ,

r e s e r v e s t he l ig h t w h i ch i s e n s h r i n e d i n t he s u n a n d m oo n
p
a n d st ar s .H e i s n e i t h e r t he P r o t e us n o r t he P a n o f t he
m a t e r i a l w o r ld . B u t t he w o r d G o d a cco r d i n g t o t he
,

a cc e t a t i on o f J e sus C h r i s t un i t e s a l l t he a tt r i bu t e s w h i ch
p ,

t h e s e d e no m i n a t i ons c o n t a i n a n d i s t he
, i[ nt e r po i n t ] a n d
ov e rr ul i n g S p i r i t o f a l l t he e n e r gy a n d wi sdo m i nclud e d
wit h i n t he c i r cl e o f e xi s t i n g t h i n gs I t i s i m p o rt a n t t o
.

obs e r ve t ha t t he a u t ho r o f t he C hr i st i a n sy st e m ha d a
conc e p t i on wi d e l y d iffe r i n g fr o m t he g r o s s i m a gi n a t i ons o f
t he vul g a r r e l a t i ve l y t o t he r u l i n g P o w e r o f t he un i ve r s e .

H e e v e ry wh e r e r e p r e s e n t s t h i s P o w e r a s so m e t h i n g
m y s t e r i ousl y a n d i ll i m it a bly p e r va d i n g t he fra m e o f
t h i n gs . N o r do h i s doct r i n e s p r a ct i c all y a s s u m e a n y
p r o p os i t i on w h i ch t h e y t h e o r e t i c a lly d e ny T h e y do n o t
.

r e r e s e n t G o d a s a l i m i t l e ss a d i ncon c e i va bl e m st e r
p n
y y;
a ffi r m i n g a t t he s a m e t i m e his e xi s t e nc e as a B e i n g subj e c t
, ,

t o p a ss i o n a n d c a p a bl e

Bl e ss e d a r e t he pu r e in h e a rt fo r t he y shall se e G o d
, .

B l e sse d a r e t hos e w ho h a v e p r e se r ve d i n t e r n a l s a nc t i t y o f
soul ; w ho a r e con s c i ous o f no s e c re t d e c e i t ; w ho a r e t he
sa m e in a ct a s t h e y a r e in d e s i r e w ho conce a l n o t hou g h t ,

no t e n d e nc i e s o f t hou g h t fr o m t h e i r o w n con s c i e nc e ; who

,

a re fa i t h fu l a d s i nc e r e wi t n e sse s b e for e t he t r i bu n a l
n ,

o f t h e i r o w n j ud gm e n t s o f a ll t h a t p a ss e s wi t h i n t h e i r
,

m i nd . S uch a s t h e s e s h a l l se e G o d Wh a t ! a ft e r d e a t h
.
,

s h a ll t h e i r a w a k e n e d e e s b e hold t he K i n g o f H e a v e n ?
y
S h a l l t h e y s t an d i n a w e b e f o r e t he g old e n t h r on e on w h i ch
H e s i t s a n d ga z e upo n t he v e n e r a bl e co u n t e na n ce o f t he
,
86 E S S A VS A N D F R A G M E N TS
-
.

p a t ern a l M on a r ch ? I s t h i s t he r e w a r d o f t he v i rt uous a n d
t h e pu r e ? T h e se a r e t he i dl e dre a m s o f t he v i s i on a r y o r ,

t he p e r n i c i ou s r e p r e s e n t a t i ons o f i m p o s t o r s w ho h a v e ,

fa br i ca t e d fr o m t he v e ry m a t e r i a ls o f w i s do m a clo a k
fo r t h e i r o w n d w a r fi sh o r i m b e c i l e conc e p t i on s .

Je sus C h r i s t ha s sa i d no m o r e t h a n t he m os t e x c e l l e n t
phi losoph e r s h a v e fe l t a n d e x p r e ss e d — t h a t v i r t u e is it s
o w n r e wa r d .I t is t r u e t h a t such a n e x p r e s s i on a s he ha s
u se d w a s pr o m p t e d b t h n rg o f g n i us n d w as
y e e e
y e a ,

t he ov e r fl ow i n g e n t h us i a sm o f a po e t ; b u t it i s n o t
t he l e s s l i t e r a ll y t r u e [b e c a us e ] cl e a r l y r e pu g n a n t t o t he
m i s t a k e n conc e p t i ons o f t he m ul t i t ud e G o d it h a s b e e n
.
,

a ss e rt e d w a s con t e m pl a t e d b J sus C h r i s t a s e ve r po et
, y e y
and e ve r
y ph i losoph er m us t h a ve con t e m pl a t e d t h at

m y s t e r i ous p r i n c i pl e . H e con s i d e r e d t h a t v e n e r a bl e w o r d
t o e x p r e ss t he ov e r r ul in g S p i r i t o f t he coll e c t i v e e n e gy o f r

t he m o ra l a n d m a t e r i a l w o r ld H e a ffir m s t h e re fo r e no
.
, ,

m o r e t h a n t h a t a s i m p l e s i nc e r e m i nd is t he ind i s p e nsa b l e
,

r e qu i s i t e o f t r u e sc i e nc e a n d t r u e h a i n e ss H e ffi r m s
pp . a

t h a t a b e i n g o f pu r e a n d g e n t l e h a b i t s wi ll n o t fa i l i ,
n

e ve r
y t hou g h t i,
n e v e r
y obj e c t o f e v e r y t hou g h t t o b e ,

a w a r e o f b e n ig n a n t v i s i t i n g s fr o m t he i n v i s i bl e e n e r gi e s by

w hi ch he i s s u rr ound e d .

Whoso e v e r i s fr e e fr o m t he con t a m i n a t i on o f l uxu ry a n d

l i c e nc e m a y g o fo r t h t o t he fi e lds a n d t o t he woods
, ,

i nh a l i n g j oyous r e nova t i on fro m t he b r e a t h o f S p r i n g o r ,

c a t ch i n g fr o m t he odou r s n d sound s o f A u t u m n s o m e
a

d ivi n e r m ood o f s w e e t e s t s a dn e s s w h i ch i m pr ov e s t he
,

s o ft e n e d h e a rt . Who s o e ve r is no d e c e i ve r o r d e s t r oye r o f
his fe llo w m e n — no l i a r no fl a t t e r e r no m u r d e e r — m a y
-
, ,
r

w a lk a m on g h i s sp e c i e s d e r i v i n g fr o m t he co m m un i o n
, ,

wi t h a ll wh i ch t h e y con t i n o f b e a u t if u l o r o f m aj e s t i c
a ,

so m e i n t e r cou rse wi t h t he U ni ve r s al G o d Whoso e v e r ha s .

 E S S A Y ON CH RI S TI A N I T Y . 87

ma i n t i n d wi t h h i s
a e o wn h ea r ts t r i ct e s t cor r e spond e nc e
t he
o f confid e nc e w ho d a re s t o e x a m i n e a n d t o e st i m a t e e ve ry
,

i m a gi n a t i on w h i ch su gge st s i t se l f t o h i s m i nd— w ho s o e v e r
i s t h a t w h i ch he d e sign s t o b e co m e a n d on ly a sp i re s t o t h a t
,

wh i ch t he d i v i n i t y o f his o w n n a t u r e sh a ll con s i d e r a n d
a p r o v e — he ha s a l r e a d n G o d
p y se e .

W e l i ve a n d m ov e a n d t h i nk ; b u t w e a r e n o t t he
c re a t or s o f o u r o w n o r igi n a n d e xi st e nc e W e a r e n o t t he .

a r b i t e r s o f e ve r m o t i o n o f o u r o w n co m pl i c a t e d n a t u r e ;
y
w e a r e n o t t he m a s t e r s o f o u r o w n i m a gi n a t i ons a n d m oods
o f m e n t a l b e i n g T h e r e is a P o w e r by w hi ch w e a r e
.

su rr ou nd e d lik e t he a t m osp h e re i n w h i ch so m e m o t i onl e s s

,

l yre i s susp e nd e d w hi ch vi s i t s wi t h it s br e a t h o u r s i l e n t
,

cho r ds a t wi ll .

O u r m os t i m p e ria l a n d s t up e n dous qu al i t i e s— t hos e o n

w h i ch t he m aj e st y an d t he po we r o f hu m a n i t y is e r e c t e d
a re , r e l a t i v e l y t o t he in fe r i o r po r t i on o f it s m e ch a n i s m ,

a ct i v e a n d i m p e r i a l ; b u t t h e y a r e t he p a s s i ve sl a v e s o f
s o m e h ig h e r an d m o r e o m n i po t e n t P o w e r Th i s P o we r i s
.

G o d a n d t hos e w ho ha v e s e e n G o d h a v e , in t he p e r i od o f
t h e i r pu r e r a n d m o re p e rf e c t n a t u r e b e e n h a r m on i z e d by
,

t he i r o w n w ill t o so e x qu i s i t e [a ] cons e nt a n e i t y o f po w e r a s
'

t o gi v e f ort h d i v i n e s t m e lody w h e n t he b r e a t h o f un i v e r s a l
,

b e i n g sw e e p s ove r t h e i r fra m e Th a t t hos e w ho a r e p u re

.

i n h e a rt s h a ll se e G o d a n d t h a t v i rt u e is it s own r e wa r d
, ,

m a y be cons i d e r e d a s e qu i v a l e n t a s s e r t i ons T he f o r m e r
.

o f t h e s e p r o p os i t i on s is a m e t a p ho r i c a l r e p e t i t i on o f t he
l a t t e r The a dvoca t e s o f l it e ra l i n t e r pr e t a t i o n h a v e b e e n
.

t he m os t e ffic a c i ou s e n e m i e s o f t hos e doc t r i n e s w ho s e

n a t u r e t h e y pr o fe ss t o ve n e r a t e T hucy d i de s i n pa r t i cu l r
.
, a ,

a ffo r ds a nu m b e r o f i ns t a n c e s c a lcul a t e d

Ta c it us s a ys t h a t , t he Je w s h ld e G o d t o be so m e t hin g
88 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

e t er n al up r e m e n e it h e r subj e ct t o ch a n ge n o r t o
an d s ,

d e ca y ; t he r e fo re t h e y p e r m i t n o s t a t u e s in t he i r c i t i e s
,

t he ir t e m p l e s The un i ve r s a l B e i n g c a n onl y b e
'

or .

d e scr i b e d o r d e fin e d by n e ga t i ve s w h i ch d e n y h i s subj e c t i on
t o t he l a w s o f a l l i n fe r i o r e xi s t e nc e s Wh e re in de fi n it e n e ss .

e nds i dol a t r a n d a n t h r opo m o r ph i s m b e gi n G o d is as

y .
,

L u c a n ha s e x p r e ss e d ,

Qu o cu n qu e vid es, q u o d cu n qu e m o v e ris ,

l um t i t Et c oe e v r u e.
”

Th edoct i n o f w h t so m f n t i cs h v t m d
r e a e a a a e er e
“
a

p cul i P ov i d n
e ar —t h t i o f so m po w
r e b yond d
ce a s, e er e an

sup i o t t h t w h i ch o d i n i l y g i d s th op t i ons o f
er r o a r ar u e e e ra

t h Uni v s
e i n t f i n g t pun i sh t h v i i ous d w d
er e, e r er o e c an re ar

t h v i t u ous — i s
e r xpl i c i t ly d n i d by J s s C h i st Th
e e e e u r . e

a b su d r d x c bl an doct i n o f v n g nc m ll i t
e e ra e r e e ea e, a s

s h p
a s ms t h v b
es, ee co t m pl t d by t hi s g t
o a e een n e a e r ea

mo l i t wi t h t h p o found st d i s pp ob t i on ;
ra s e w ould
r e a r a nor '

h p m i t t h m os t v n
e er bl o f m s t b p v t d i n t o
e e e ra e na e o e er er e

a s nct on f t h m n st d m os t con t m p t i bl p o p n
a i or e ea e an e e r e

s i t i i nc i d n t t t h n t u o f m
es e o Lov y ou n mi
e a re an . e r e e es
’

bl s t ho w ho cu s y t h t y m y b t h sons o f y ou
es se r e ou, a e a e e r

H v nl y F t h
ea e w ho m k s t h sun t shi n on t h good
a er, a e e o e e

an d thon v il d t h i n t f l l on t h j ust d unj us t

e e ,
an e ra o a e an .

H w m ons t ous c lu m n y h v t i m po t o s d d t
'

o r a a a e no s r are o

a dv nc g i ns t t h m i ld d g n t l u t ho o f t h i j ust
a e a a e an e e a r s

se nt i m nt d g i ns t t h w hol t no o f h i s doc t i n s
e ,
an a a d e e e r r e an

h i s l if ov fl ow i n g wi t h b n vol nc
e, er d fo b nc d e e e e an r e ara e an

c o m p s i on ! T h y h v
a s p s n t d him ss t i n g t h t
e a e re re e e a er a

t h O m n i po t n t G d— t h t m
e e c if ul d b n ig n n t Po w
o a er an e a er

w ho c t t s qu ll y po t h b u t if l t h ll t h
s a er e a u n e ea u ea r a e

l m n t s o f s cu i t y d h pp i n ss —w hos i n fl u nc s
e e e e r an a e s
e e e a re

d i s t i b ut d t ll w ho
r e t u s d m it of
o a p ticip t i o i se n a re a a ar a n n
 E S S A Y ON CH R I S TI A N I T Y . 89

t h e m — w ho s e nds t o t he w e a k a n d v i c i ous c r e a t u re s o f h i s
wi ll a ll t he b e n e fi t s w h i ch t h ey a r e c a p a bl e o f sh a rin g— t ha t
t h is G o d ha s d e v i s e d a sch e m e w he r e b y t he b o d y sh a ll l i ve
a ft e r it s a pp a r e n t d i ssolu t i on a n d b e r e nd e re d c a p a bl e o f
,

i nde fin i t e t o rt u r e H e i s s a i d t o h a v e co m p a re d t he a gon i e s
.

w h i ch t he vic i ous sha ll t he n e ndu r e t o t he e x cr uc i a t i ons o f

a l i v i n g bod bound a m on g t he fl a m e s a n d b e i n g cons u m e d
y ,

s i n e w by s i n e w a n d bon e by bon e
,
.

A n d t h i s i s t o b e don e n o t b e c a us e it is su ppos e d (a n d
,

t he sup p os i t i on w ou l d b e su ffi c i e n t l y d e t e s t a bl e ) t h a t t he
m o ra l n a t u re o f t he su fl e re r w o u l d b e i m pr ove d by h i s
'

t o r t u r e s — it i s don e b e c a us e it is j u s t t o b e don e
o

My .

n e ighbou r o r m y s e r va n t o r m y ch i ld ha s don e m e a n
, , ,

i nj u ry a n d it i s j ust t h a t he should s u ffe r a n i nj u ry i n

,

ret u rn . S uch i s t he doct r i n e wh i ch Je sus C h r i s t su m m on e d

h i s w hol e r e sou r c e s o f p e rs u a s 1o n s t o oppos e . Lov e y ou r
“

e n e m y bl e ss t hos e who cu r s e y o u
,
s uch ,
he s a y s is t he ,

r a ct i c e o f G o d an d su c h m us t
y e i m i t a t e if
y e w ould b e
p ,

t he c hi ld r e n o f G o d .

J e su s C h r i st w ould h a r dl y h a v e c i t e d a s a n e x a m pl e o f
,

a ll t h a t i s g e n t l e a n d b e n e fi c e n t an d co m p a s s i on a t e a ,

B e i n g who s h a ll d e l i be r a t e l y s ch e m e t o i n fli c t o n a l a r ge
po r t i on o f t he hu m a n r a c e t o r t u re s i nd e scr i b a bl y i n t e n s e
'

an d i nd e fin i t e l y pr o t r a ct e d : w ho sh a ll i n fli c t t h e m ,

t o o w it hou t a n y m i s t a k e a s t o t he t r u e n t u r e o f p a in
,
a

— w i t hou t a n v i e w t o f u t u r e g ood — m e r e ly b e c u s e it a
y
is j u st.

T h is a n d no o t h e r i s j u s t i c e — t o cons i d e r u nd e r
, , ,
ll a

t he c i r cu m s t a nc e s a n d con s e qu e nc e s o f a p a rt i cul a r c a s e ,

how t he g re a t e st qu a n t i t y a n d p u re st qu a l i t y o f h a pp i n e s s
wi ll e nsu e fr o m a n y a c t i o n ; [t h i s] i s t o be j u s t a n d t h e r e ,

is n o o t h e r j ust i c e . The d i s t i nc t i on b e t w e e n jus t i ce a n d

m e r cy w a s fi rs t i m a gi n e d in t he cou rt s o f t yra n n y Man .
90 E S S A VS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

k i nd r e c e i v e e ve ry r e l a x a t i on o f t h e i r t yr a nn y a s a
c i r cu m st a nce o f gr a c e o r fa vou r .

S uch w a s t he cl e m e ncy o f J u l i us C ae s a r who h a v i n g , ,

a ch i e v e d b a s e r i e s o f t r e a ch e r
y a n d bloodsh e d t h e r u i n o f
y
t he l i b e r t i e s o f h i s coun t ry re c e i v e s t he fa m e o f m e r cy
,

b e ca u s e p oss e ss i n g t he po w e r t o sl a y t he nobl e st m e n o f
,

R o m e he r e st ra i n e d h i s s a n g u i n a r y soul a r r o ga t i n g t o
, ,

h i m s e l f a s a m e r i t a n a b s t i n e n ce fr o m a c t i ons w h i ch if he
ha d co m m i tt e d he w ou ld onl y h a v e a dd e d o n e o t h e r
,

a t r oc i t t o h i s d e e ds H is a ss a s s i ns und e r s t ood j us t i c e
y .

b e t t e r Th e y saw t he m os t v i rt uous a n d c i v i l i s e d co m
.

m un i t y o f m a nk i nd und e r t he m os t i nsol e n t do m i n i on
o f o n e wi ck e d m an ; a d t he y m u r d e r e d him T h e y
n .

d e s t r oye d t he usu r p e r o f t he l i b e r t i e s o f t he i r cou n t rym e n ,

not b e ca u s e t h e y ha t e d him n o t b e ca us e t h e y w ould

,

r e v e n g e t he w r on gs w h i c h t h e a d sus t a i n e d r u t u s it i s
y h ( B ,

s a i d wa s h i s m o st fa m i l ia r fr i e nd m ost o f t he consp i r a t o rs
,

w e r e h a b i t u a t e d t o do m e st i c i n t e r cou r se wi t h t he m a n w ho m
t h e y d e s t r oy e d ) : i t w a s in a ffe c t i on i n e x t i n g u i sh a bl e lov e
,

fo r a ll t h a t is ve n e r a b l e a n d d e a r t o t he hu m a n h e a r t i n t he ,

n a m e s o f C ou n t ry Li b e r t y a n d V i r t u e it w a s i n s e r i ous
, ,
a

a n d sol e m n a n d r e luc t a n t m ood ,

t h a t t h e s e hol y p a t r i o t s
m u r d e r e d t h e ir fa t h e r a n d t h e i r fr i e nd . T h e y w ould h a v e
s a r e d h i s v i ol e n t d e a t h if he could h a v e d e pos i t e d t he
p ,

rig h t s w h i ch he ha d a s s u m e d . H is o w n s e lfish a n d n a r r o w
n a t u re n e c e ss i t a t e d t he s a cr i fic e s t h e y m a d e T h e y .

r e q ui r e d t h a t he s hould ch a n ge a l l t ho s e h a b i t s w h i c h
d e b a uch e ry a n d blood s h e d ha d t wi n e d a r ou nd t he fib re s o f
his i nm os t fr a m e o f t hou g h t ; t h a t he s hould p a r t i c i p a t e
w i t h t h e m a n d wi t h h i s coun t r y t ho s e p r i v i l e g e s w h i c h ,

h a vi n g co r r up t e d by a ssu m i n g t o h i m s e l f he w ould no ,

l o ge r v a l u e
n T h e y w ould h a v e sa c r i fic e d t h e i r l i ve s if
'

t h e y could h a v e m a d e him w o r t h y o f t he sa c r i fic e . S uch

 E SSA Y ON C H R I S TI A IVI T Y .
9:

a re f l i n gs w h i h J sus C h i st
t he ee ts t
c b lon g t t h
e r a s se r o e o e

r ulin g P o w o f t h w o ld H d i t h t t h d t h f
er e r . e e s re no e ea
-
o a

s i nn h m k s t h su n t sh i n upon t h j us t
er : e a e e d unj u t o e e an s .

Th n t u of n o w
e a re d m l vol n t sp i i t i so
a a rr an a e e r s

e ss n t i l l y i nco m p t i bl wi t h h pp i n s
e a a t e nd it a es as o re er

i n cc ss i bl t t h i n fl u nc o f t h b n ign n t G d A l l
a e e o e e es e e a o .

t h t h is ow n p v
a
p op ns i t ier wi ll e rs e
p m i t hi m t r e es er o

re c i v t h t G d bund n t l y pou s fo t h upon him I f

e e, a o a a r r .

th i s t h sl ight st ov b l nc o f h pp i n ss w h i ch
er e e e er a a e a e , ca n

b e allo t t d t t h m o t t oc i ous fl d co i t n t l y w i t h
e o e s a r o
'

en e r, ns s e

th nt u e o f t h i n g t h t i igi dly m d h i s po t i on by t h
a re s, a s r a e r e

e v w t c hf ul P o w o f G d I v y c
er- a er t h hu m n o . n e er ase , e a

m i nd njoy t h u t m ost pl su w h i ch it i s c p bl o f
e s e ea re a a e

e njoyi n g G d i s p s n t d by J
. o reC h i st re e th e e s us r as e

Pow f o m w h i ch d t h ou g h w h i ch t h st m s o f ll
er r , an r , e re a a

t h t isa x c ll n t d d l ig h t ful fl o w ; t h P o w w h i c h
e e e an e e er

m od ls e t h y p ss
,
as ll t h e l m n t o f t h i s m ix d
a , a e e e e s e

un i v t
e r se th pu s t d m os t p f t h p w h i ch it
o e re an er e c s a e

b lon gs t t h i n t u t s u m
e o e r J us C h i t
a re t t i bu t s
o a s e . es r s a r e

t o t hi Pow s th f cul t y o f W ill H w f such

er e a . o ar a

doct i n i it o d i n y s ns m y b ph i losoph i ll y
r e, n s r ar e e, a e ca

t u r ho w f J sus C h i s t i n t n t i on lly v i l d h i m l f
e, or ar e r e a a a e se

o f m t pho a e a i l y und t ood i s fo ig n t t h subj ct

r eas e rs ,
re o e e

t o con i d sTh i m uc h i
er . c t i n t h t J us C h i t
s s er a ,
a es r s

re p s n t
re e s G d t h f ou n
o t i n o f
as ll g oodn ss
e t h t n l a a e ,
e e er a

ene m y of p i n d v i l t h u n ifo m
a an d unc h n gi n g
e , e r an a

m ot i v o f t h s lu t y op t i ons o f t h m t i l w o ld
e e a ar era e a er a r .

Th esuppo i t i o t h t t h i c us i x c i t d t c t i on by
s n a s a e s e e o a

som p i n i pl n lo g ou s t t h hu m w i ll dds w ight t

e r c e a a o e an ,
a e o

th p e u s i on t h t it i s fo ign t it b fi t n t u t
e rs a a re o s en e ce n a re o

i n fli t t h sl igh t t p i n A di g t J us C h i s t d
i

c e es a . cco r n o es r ,
an

a cco d i n g t t h i nd i spu t bl f ct o f t h c
r o e so m v i l a e a s e a se, e e

sp i i t h do m i n i on i t h i s i m p f ct w o ld B t t h
r as ,
n er e r . u e re
 '

92 E SSA YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

wi ll co m t i m wh n t h hu m n m i nd h ll b
e a e vi i t d e e a s a e s e

e x cl us i v l y by t h i fl u nc s o f t h b n ig n n t Po w
e e n M e e e e a er . en

s h l l di
a d t h i bod i s sh ll
e, an t und th
e r g ou nd ; e a ro er e r

a l l t h o g n t h ou g h wh i ch t h i kno w l d g
e r a s r d th i e r e e an e r

f l i n gs h v fl o w d
ee . a i n w h i ch t h y h v o igi n t d
e e , or e a e r a e ,

sh ll s u m o t h fo m s d b co m m i n i st n t t p
a a s e er r ,
an e e ra o ur

p os s te h m os t fo ig f o m t h i fo m t nd nc i s
e re n r e r r er e e e .

Th i s t i m w h w sh l l n i t h b h d b s
e re a e en e a e er e ea r or e e en

by t h m ul t i t ud o f b i n gs l i k ou s lv s by w ho m w
e e e e r e e e

h v b n so l on g s u ou d d T h y sh ll g o t g v s ;
a e ee rr n e . e a o ra e

wh t h n 1 e re e

I t pp a s t h t w m o u ld t
ear h p o f s ns l ss dust
a e er o a ea e e e

t o f w wo m s t h t
a e is r d p i sh l i k
,
ou s lv s a ar e an er ,
e r e e .

J us C h i s t ss t s t h t t h
es r a pp er nc s f ll ci ous a e se a e a ra e a re a a ,

an d th t gloom y d cold i m gi n t i o lon su gg st s t h

a a an a a n a e e e

conc p t i o t h t t hou gh t
e n c a t b A no t h d ca n e a se o e . er an a

mo rext n i v s t t o f b i n g t h t h n t h co m pl t
e e s e a e e ,
ra er a e e e

e xt i nct i on o f b i n g wi l l follo w f om t h t m y t i ous ch n g

e , r a s er a e

w h i ch w ll D t h T h
e ca h ll b no m i s y no p in
ea . e re s a e er ,
a ,

no f e arTh .m pi o f v il sp i i t s x t nds t b y ond t h

e e re e r e e no e e

bound i s o f t h g var e Th unob cu d i d i t i ons

e ra e . e s re rra a

f o m t h foun t i n fi o f l l goodn s sh ll v l ll t h t
r e a -
re a es a re ea a a

i m y t i ous
s s er d un i n t ll igi bl an n t i l t h m u t u l com m u n i e e, u e a ~

c t i o s o f kno w l d g
a n d o f h p p i n ss t h ou g hou t
e ell an a e r a

t h i nk i n g n t u s cons t i t u t a h m on y o f g ood t h t v
re e a ar a e er

v i s d n v nds
ar e an e er e .

T h i i s H v n wh
s p i ea d vi l c s
e ,
d wh n t h en a n an e ea e, an e e

B n ign n t P i nc i pl
e a un t m m ll d d u ncon t oll d vi i t
r e, ra e e an r e , s s

i n t h f ul n ss o f it po w t h un i v l f m o f t h i n g
e e s er e e r sa ra e s .

H u m n l if w it h l l it u n
a e, l i lls d t n i t o y hop s i s
a s re a an ra s r e ,

as d m w h i ch d p t b fo t h d w n l v i n g no
a r ea ,
e ar s e re e a , ea

t rac o f it v n sc n t hu s Al l t h t it con t i n o f pu
e s e a e e e . a a s re

or o f d i v i vi s i t s t h p ss i v m i nd i so m s n s t m ood
ne e a e n e er e e .
 E S S A Y ON C H RI S TI A N I T Y .
93

M ost holy a r e t he fe e l i n g s t h r ou g h w hi ch o u r fe ll o w b e i n gs -

a re r e nd e r e d d e a r a n d [ve n e r a bl e ] t o t he h e a r t The . .

r e m e m b r a nc e o f t h e i r s w e e t n e s s a n d t he co m pl e t i on o f t he
,

ho p e s w h i ch t h e y [e xc i t e ] cons t i t u t e w h e n w e a w k e n
, ,
a

fr o m t he s l e e p o f l ife t he f ulfil m e n t o f the pr op h e c i e s o f it s

,

m o s t m aj e s t i c a n d b e a u t if ul v i s i ons .

W e d ie s a y s Je sus C h r i st ; a n d w h e n w e a w a k e n fr o m
, ,

t he l a n gu o r o f d is e a s e t he g lo r i e s a n d t he h a p p i n e s s o f
’

P a r a d i s e a r e a r ou nd us A ll e v i l a n d p a i n ha v e c e a s e d fo r
.

e ve r . Ou r ha p p i n e ss a lso co r r e sponds wi t h a n d i s a d a p t e d ,

t o t he n a t u r e o f wh a t i s m os t e x c e ll e n t i n o u r b e i n g
,
We .

s e e G o d a n d w e s e e t h a t he i s g ood
,
H o w d e l ig h t f ul a
.

p i c t u r e e v e n if it b e n o t t r u e !
, H o w m a g ni fic e n t is t h e

conc e pt i on wh i ch t h is bold t h e o r y su gge st s t o t he co n

t e m p l a t io n e ve n if it b e no m o r e t h a n t he i m a gi n a t i on o f
,

s o m e subl i m e s t a n d m o s t hol o e t w ho i m p e s s e d w i t h r
y p , ,

t he lov e l i n e s s a n d m aj e s t y o f h i s o w n n a t u r e i s i m p a t i e n t ,

a n d d i s c on t e n t e d wi t h t he n a r r o w l im i t s w h i ch t h i s im
e r f e ct l ife a n d t he d a r k gr a v e h a v e a ss ig n e d fo r e v e r as
p
h i s m e l a nchol y po r t i on I t is n o t t o b e b e l ie ve d t h a t H e ll
.
,

o r pun i s h m e n t w a s t he conc e p t i o
, o f t h i s d r in g m i nd I t
n a .

i s n o t t o be b e l i e v e d t h a t t he m os t pr o m i n e n t gr oup o f t h i s
p i ct u r e w h i ch i s fr m e d so h e a rt m ov i n g a n d lov e ly— t he
,
a -

a c co m pl i s hm e n t o f a ll hu m a n h0 p e t he e x t i nc t i on o f a ll
,

m o r b i d fe a r a n d a n g u i s h — w ould cons i s t o f m i lli o n s o f

s e n s i t i v e b e i n g s e ndu r i n g i n e v e r v a r i et o f t o r t u r e w hi c h
y , y
Om n i sc i e n t v n g e a nc e could i n v e n t i m m o r t a l a g on y
e , .

Je sus C h r i st oppos e d wi t h e a r n e s t e loqu e nc e t he p a n i c

fe a rs a n d h a t e f ul s upe rst i t i ons w h i ch h a v e e nsl a ve d m a n
k i nd fo r a ge s N a t i ons ha d r i s e n a ga i n st n a t i ons e m p loy
.
,

i n g t he s ub t l e st de v i ce s o f m e c h a n i s m a n d m i nd t o
w a st e a n d e x cr uc ia t e a n d ov e r t h r o w The gr e at co m m u ni t y
, , .

o f m a nk i nd ha d b e e n s ubd i vi d e d in t o t e n t hous a nd
94 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

ea ch o rga n i e d fo r t he r u i n o f t he o t h e r
z Wh e e l .

wi t h i n w h e e l t he v a st m a ch i n e w a s i n st i nct wi t h t he
,

r e s t l e ss sp i r i t o f d e s ol a t i on P a i n ha d b e e n i n fli c t e d ;
.

t h e r e fo r e p a i n s hould b e i n fli ct e d in r e t u r n
, R et a lia t ion
.

o f i nj u r i e s is t he onl y r e m e dy w h i ch ca n be a p p l i e d t o
v i ol e nc e b e c a us e it t e a ch e s t he inj u r e r t he t r u e n a t u r e o f
,

h i s o w n conduct a n d op e r a t e s a s a w a r n i n g a g a i ns t it s
,

r e e t i t i on N us h s u o f c l i b
“

p . o r m t t e a m e m e a s r e a a m t y e

r e t u r n e d a s w a s r e c e i ve d I f a m a n bo rr o w s a c e r t a i n su m
.

fr o m m e he i s bound t o r e p ay t h a t s u m S hal l no m o re be
, .

r e qu i r e d o f t he e n e m y w ho d e s t r o y s m y r e pu t a t i on or ,

r a va ge s m fi lds i s j us h should ’

e ? I t t t a t he su fler t e n
y
t i m e s t he loss w h i ch he ha s i n fli ct e d t ha t t he l e gi t i m a t e
,

cons e qu e nc e s o f his d e e d m a y n e ve r be obl i t e r a t e d fr o m h i s

r e m e m b r a nc e a n d t h a t o t h e r s m a
, y cl e arl
y d i sc e r n a n d fe e l

t he d a n g e r o f i nv a d i n g t he p e a c e o f hu m a n soc i e t y S uc h .

re a son i n g s a n d t he i m p e t uous f e e l i n g s a r i s i n g fr o m t h e m
, ,

h a ve a r m e d n a t i on a g a i ns t n a t i on fa m i l y a ga i ns t fa m i l y
, ,

m a n a ga i ns t m a n .

A n A t h e n i an sold i e r in t he I on i a n a r m y w h i c h ha d
,

a ss e m bl e d fo r t he pu r pos e o f v ind i c a t i n g t he l i b e r t y o f t he

A s i a t i c G re e ks a cc i d e n t a ll y se t fi r e t o S a r d i s
,
The c i t y .
,

b e i n g co m po s e d o f co m bus t i bl e m a t e r i ls w a s bu r n e d t o a ,

t he gr o u nd The P e rs i a ns b e l i e v e d t h a t t h i s c i r cu m s t a nc e
.

o f a ggr e ss i on m a d e it t he i r du t y t o re t a l i a t e on A t h e ns .

T h e y a ss e m bl e d succ e ss i v e e x p e d i t i ons on t he m o st e x t e n
s i ve sc a l e E ve ry n a t i on o f t he Ea s t wa s un i t e d t o r u i n
.

t he G r e c ia n S t a t e s A t h e ns w a s bu r n e d t o t he gr ou nd t he
. ,

w hol e t e rr i t o r y l a i d w a s te a n d e ve ry l i v i n g t h i n g w h i ch
,

it con t a i n e d [d e s t r o ye d ] A ft e r su ffe r i n g
. nd i n fli c t i n g
a

i nca lcul a bl e m i s ch i e fs t h e y de s i s t e d from t h e i r p u r p o s e onl y

,

w h e n t h e y b e c a m e i m po t e n t t o e ffe c t it T he d e s i r e o f
.

r e v e n g e fo r t he a ggre s s i on o f P e r s i a ou t l i v e d a m on g t he ,
 E SSA Y 0 1V CH R I S TI A N I T Y .
95

G r e e ks, t h a t lov e o f l i b e r t y w h i ch ha d b e e n t h e i r m o s t
g lo r i ous d i s t i nc t i o n a m on g t he n a t i ons o f m a nk i nd ; a n d
A l e x a nd e r b e c a m e t he i n st r u m e n t o f it s co m p l e t i on T he
.

m l s chie fs a t t e nd a n t on t h i s consu m m a t i on o f f u i t l e s s r ui n
r

a r e t o o m a n if old a d t o o t r e m e ndous t o b e r e l a t e d
n I f a ll
.

t he t hou g h t w hi c h h d b e e n e x p e nd e d on t he con s t r u c t i o n
a

o f e n gi n e s o f a gon y a n d d e a t h — t he m od e s o f a ggr e s s i o n
a n d d e fe nc e t he r a i s i n g o f a r m i e s a n d t he a cqu ir e m e n t o f
, ,

t hos e a rt s o f t yra nn y a n d fa ls e hood wi t hou t w hi c h m ix e d

m ul t i t ud e s could n e i t h e r b e l e d n o r g ov e r n e d — ha d b e e n
e m plo e d t o p r o m o t e t he t r u e w e l fa r e a n d e xt e nd t he r e a l
y
e m p i r e o f m a n ho w d iffe re n t w ould h a v e b e e n t he p r e s e n t
,

s i t u a t i on o f hu m a n soc i e t y ! ho w d i ffe r e n t t he s t a t e o f
k owl e dge in phys i ca l a n d m o r a l sc i e n ce u p o n w h i ch t he
n ,

ow er and h a pp i n e ss o f m a nk i nd e ss e n t i a ll y d e e nd !
p p
Wh a t n t i on ha s t he e xa m pl e o f t he d e s ol a t i on o f A t t i ca
a

by M r do n iu s a n d Xe r x e s o r t he e xt i nc t i on o f t he P e r s i a n
a ,

e m p i re b A l e x a nd e r o f M a c e don r e s t r a i n e d fr o m ou t r a g e ?
y ,

W s n o t t he p r e t e x t o f t h i s l a t t e r s yst e m o f spol ia t i on
a

d e r i ve d im m e d i a t e l y fro m t he fo r m e r ? H a d r e v e n ge in
t h i s i ns t a n ce a n y o t h e r e ffe c t t h a n t o i nc r e a s e ins t e a d o f
,

d i m i n i sh i n g t he m a ss o f m a l i ce a n d e vi l a l r e a dy e xi st i n g
,

i n t he w or ld ?
The e m p t i n e ss a n d foll y o f re t a l i a t i on are a pp r e n t fr o ma

e v e ry e x a m pl e w h i ch ca n b e b r ou g h t fo r w a r d . N o t onl y
Je sus C hr i s t bu t t he m o s t e m i n e n t p r o fe sso r s o f e v e ry s e c t
,

o f p hi loso p hy h a v e re a son e d a ga in st t hi s f u t i l e sup e r st i t i on

, .

Le gi s l a t i on i s i n o n e p o i n t o f v i e w t o b e cons i d e r e d a s a n
, ,

a t t e m p t t o p r o vi d e a ga i ns t t he e xc e s s e s o f t h i s d e p lo r a bl e

m i st a k e . I t p r o fe ss e s t o a s s ig n t he p e n a l t y o f a l l p r iv a t e
i nj u ri e s an d de n i e s t o indi vi du a ls t he r ig h t o f v i nd i c a t i n g
,
‘

t h e i r p r op e r ca us e T h i s e n d i s c e rt a i nl y n o t a t t a i n e d
.

wi t hou t som e a ccom m od a t i on t o t he pr op e ns i t i e s w h i ch it

 96 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N T S .

d e s i r e s t o d e st r oy S t i ll it r e cog n i se s no p r i nc i pl e b u t t he
.
,

p r odu c t i on o f t he gr e a t e s t e ve n t u a l g ood wi t h t he l e s t a

i m m e d i a t e i nj u ry a n d r e ga r ds t he t or t u re o r t he d e a t h o f , ,

an
y hu m a n b e i n g a s unj u s t o f w h,
t e v e r m ai s ch i e f h e m a
y
h a ve b e e n t he a u t ho r so t h a t t he r e s u l t s h a ll n o t m or e t h a n
,

co m p e ns a t e fo r t he i m m e d i a t e p a i n .

M a nk i nd t r a ns m i t t i n g fr o m g e n e r a t i on t o ge n e r a t i on
,

t he l e g a cy o f a ccu m u l a t e d v e n ge a nc e s a n d pu r su i n g wi t h
,

t he fe e l i n g s o f du t y t he m i s e r y o f t he i r f e llo w b e i n g s ha v e -
,

n o t fa il e d t o a t t r i bu t e t o t he U n i ve r s a l Ca us e a ch a r a c t e r

a n a lo g ous wi t h t h e i r o w n The i m a g e o f t h i s i nv i s i bl e
.
,

m y s t e r i ous B e i n g i s m o r e o r l e ss e x c e ll e n t a n d p e r f e c t
r e s e m bl e s m o re o r l e ss it s o r igi n a l — in r opo r t i on t o t he
p
p e r fe c t i on o f t he m i nd on w h i ch it i s i m pr e ss e d T hus .
,

t ha t n a t i on w h i ch ha s a r r i v e d a t t he hig he s t s t e p in t he
sc a l e o f m o ra l p r o gr e s s i on wi ll b e l i e ve m o s t pu r e l y in t h a t
G o d t he kno w l e d ge o f w ho s e r e a l a t t r i bu t e s i s con s i d e r e d
,

a s t he fi r m e s t b a s i s o f t h e t r u e r e l igi on T he r e a son o f t he
.

b e l i e f o f e a ch i nd i v i d u a l a l so wi ll be so fa r r e g ul a t e d by
, ,

h i s conc e p t i ons o f w h a t i s good T hus t he conc e p t i ons

.
,

w h i ch a n y n a t i o n o r i nd i v i du al e n t e r t a i n s o f t he G o d o f it s
popul a r w o rs h i p m a y b e i n fe rre d fr o m t h e i r o w n a c t i on s
a n d op i n i ons w h i ch a r e t he subj e c t s o f t h e i r a p p r ob a t i on
,

a m on g t he i r f e llo w m e n -
Je sus C hr i s t i ns t r uc t e d his d i s
.

c i l e s t o b e p e r fe ct a s t h e i r F a t h er i n H e a v e n i s p e r fe c t
p , ,

d e cl a r i n g a t t he s a m e t i m e his be l i e f t h a t hu m a n p e r fe c t i on
r e qu i r e s t he r e fr a i n i n g fro m r e v e n ge an d r e t r i bu t i on i n a n y

o f it s va rious sh a p e s .

The p e r fe c t i on o f t he hu m a n a n d t he d i v in e ch a ra c t e r i s
t hus a s s e r t e d t o b e t he sa m e M a n by r e s e m bl i n g G o d
.
, ,

f ulfils m ost a ccu r a t e l y t he t e nd e nc i e s o f his n a t u r e : a n d

G o d co m p r e he nds w i t h i n h i ms e l f a ll t h a t co n s t i t u t e s hu m a n
p e r fe c t i on T hus G o d i s a m o d el t h r ou g h w h i ch t he
.
,
 E S S A Y 0 1V CHR I S TI A N I T Y 97

e xc ll n o f m i s t b t i m t d w h i lst t h b t t
e e ce an o e es a e , e a s rac

p f
er e c t i o o f t h hu m
n n ch c t i et h t y p o f tah t l ara er s e e e ac u a

p f
er e c t i on o f t h d i v i n I t i s t t
e b b l i v d t he t. no o e e e e a a

p son
er o f su h co m p h ns i v
c v i w s J sus C h i
re t could
e e e as e r s

h v f ll n i n t o m n if t con t d i ct i o
a e a e so t a s t th t es a ra n as o a se r a

m enw ould b t o t u d ft d t h by t h t B i n g w ho
e r re a er ea a e se

ch c t i s h l d p
a ra er m od l t e h u m n k i nd b c u
u as a h e o a ,
e a se e

i s i nc p bl o f m l vol nc
a a e d v ng a eA ll t h gu
e e an re e e . e ar

m nt s e w h i ch h v b n b ou gh t fo w d t j us t ify a e ee r r ar o

re rt i bu t i on f i l wh n t i bu t i on i s d s t i n d n i t h
a , e re r t e e e er o

op t e ra e x m pl t ot h g n t s
as an e a t t h o ff nd
e o er a e ,
nor o e e er

h i m s l f H w f bl uch
e . o son i g i s t b on i d d
ee e s rea n o e c s ere ,

h as b n l d y sho w n ; b t it i s t h ch c t o f
ee a rea vi l u e a ra er an e

D m on tae consig n t h b i n g s wh m h h ndo w d w i t h

o e e o e as e e

s ns t i on t u np ofi t bl n g u i h Th p cul i c i cu m
e a o r a e a s . e e ar r

s t nc s t t nd n t on t h onc p t i on o f G d c s t i n g i nn s
a e a e a e c e o a s er

t bu n i n H ll f
o r v co m b i n t e nd t h t on p t i o
or e e r, e o re er a c ce n

t h m o t p f ct p im n of t h g
e s er e t t i m gi n bl
S ec eim e rea es a a e cr e .

J sus C h i st
e p s nt d G dr t h p i nc i p l o f ll g ood
re re e e o as e r e a ,

th ou c o f ll h pp i n
e s r e t h wi s
a d b n vol n t C
a to
e s s, e e an e e e re a r

an dP v o f l l l i v i n g t hi n g s B t t h i n t p t s o f h i s
re se r er a . u e er re e r

doct i n s h v con found d t h good d t h v i l p i nc i p l

r e a e e e an e e r e .

T h y obs v t h
e m n t i ons o f t h i
er e e u n ive l n tu t
a a e r e rs a a re s o

b e i n x t i c bl y n t n g l d i n t h w o ld d t m bl i n g
e r a e a e e r , an , re

b fo t h p o w o f t h c u o f ll t hi n g dd
e re e er ed t it a se a s, a r e sse o

such fl t t y a i s cc pt bl t t h m i n i t s o f hu m n
er as a e a e o e s er a

t y nn yra t t i bu t i n g lov
,
a r d wi sdo m t t hos n gi s e an o e e er e

w h i h t h y f lt t b x t d i difl t ly f t h p u pos s ‘

c e e o e e er e n ere n or e r e

o f b n fi t d c l m i ty
e e an a a .

J su C h i t x p
e s l y ss t s t h t d i t i nc t i on b t w
r s e r e ss a er a s e ee n

th egood d v i l p i n i pl w hi h it h b n t h p c t i
an e . r c e c as ee e ra ce

o f ll t h ologi n t con found H w f h is doc t i n

a e a s o . o ar r e s, o r

th i e ri n t p t t i on m y b t u it wo u ld sc c ly h v
er re a , a e r e, ar e a e

88
98 E SSA YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

b e e n w o rt h w h i l e t o i nq u i r e if t he o n e d i d n o t a ffo r d a n
,

e x a m p l e a n d a n i nc e n t i v e t o t he a t t a i n m e n t o f t r u e v i r t u e ,

w h i ls t t he o t h e r holds o u t a s a nc t i on an d a polo g y fo r e ve r y

sp e c i e s o f m e a n a n d c r u e l v i ce .

I t c an no t b e p r e c i s e l y a s c e r t a i n e d in w h a t d e gr e e J e sus
C h r i st a c co m m od a t e d his doc t r i n e s t o t he op i n i ons o f h i s
a ud i t o r s ; o r i n w h a t d e gr e e he r e a ll y s a i d a ll t h a t he i s

r e l a t e d t o h a ve s a i d . H e ha s l e ft no w r i t t e n r e co r d o f
h i m s e l f a n d w e a r e co m p e l l e d t o j ud g e fr o m t he i m p e r fe c t
,

a n d obscu r e i n f o r m a t i on w h i c h his b i o g ra ph e rs (pe r sons

c e r t a i nl y o f v e ry u nd i s c ipl i n e d a n d u nd i scr im i n t i n g m i nd s)
a

h a ve t ra nsm i t t e d t o post er it y T h e s e w r i te r s (o u r onl y

.

g u i d e s) i m pu t e s e n t i m e n t s t o Je sus C h r i s t w h i ch fl a t ly
co n t r a d i c t e a ch o t h e r They r e p re s e n t him a s n a r r o w
.
,

s up e r s t i t i ous
,
a dn e xqu i s i t e l y v i nd i ct i ve a n d m a l i c i ous .

T h e y i ns e r t i n t he m i d s t o f a st r a i n o f i m p a s s i on e d
,

e l oqu e nc e o r s a ge s t e x ho rt a t i on s a s e n t i m e n t onl y r e m a r k
,

a bl e fo r it s n a k e d a n d d r i v e l l i n g f oll y . B u t it i s n o t
d i fficul t t o d i st i n g u i s h t he i nve n t i ons by w h i c h t h e se
h i s t o r i a ns h a v e fill e d u p t he i n t e r s t i c e s o f t r a d it i on o r ,

c o r r up t e d t h e s i m p l i c i t y o f t r u t h f r o m t h e r e a l ch a ra c t e r o f
,

t h e ir r u de a m a z e m e n t . T h e y h a ve l e ft su ffic i e n t ly cl e a r
i nd i ca t i on s o f t he ge nu i n e ch a r a c t e r o f Je s u s C h r i st t o
r e s cu e it fo r e v e r f r o m t he i m pu t a t i ons c a s t u p on it by
t h e i r ig no r a n c e a n d f a n a t i c i s m . W e d i s cove r t h a t he i s
t h e e n e m y o f op p r e s s i o n a n d o f fa l se hood ; t h a t he i s t he
a dvoc a t e o f e qu a l j u s t i c e ; t h a t he is n e i t h e r d i s p o s e d t o

s a nct i on blood s h e d n o r d e ce i t u nd e r w h a t s o e ve r p r e t e nc e s
t h e i r p r a c t i c e m a y be v i n d i c a t e d W e d i scov e r t h a t he
.

was a m a n o f w e a k a n d m aj e s t i c d e m e a nou r c a l m in
,

d a n ge r o f n a t u ra l a n d s i m pl e t hou g h t a n d h a b i t s b e lov e d
t o a do r a t i on by h i s a dh e r e n t s ; un m ove d sol e m n a n d , ,

s e v e re
.
 E S S A Y ON CHR I S TI A N I T Y: 99

It i s u t t l y i nc d i bl t h t t h i s m s i d t h t if y
er re e a an a ,
a ou

h t you n m y y w ould find it t y ou ccoun t t

a e r e e , ou o r a o

re t u n him g ood f
r v i l s i nc by uch t m po
or y
e ,
e, s a e r ar

obl i v i o o f v n g nc y w ould h p co l o f fi on h i s
n e ea e, ou ea a s re

h d Wh
ea . uch con t d i t i ons occu
e re s f vou bl ra c r, a a ra e con

t uc t i on i s w
s r n t d by t h g n l i nnoc nc o f m nn s
a rr a e e e era e e a er

an d co m p h n i v n ss o f v i ws w h i c h h i s
re e s e
p e n t d e e re rese e

t poo ss Th ul o f c i t i c i m t b dop t d i n j udgi n g

ss e . e r e r s o e a e

o f t h l if ct i on
e d w o ds o f
e, a m w ho h
s, a n t d y r a an as ac e an

consp i cuous p t i t h volu t i ons o f t h wo ld hould t

ar n e re e r ,
s no

b n e o w W ou g h t t fo m
a rr . g n l im g of h i s
e o r a e e ra a e

c h ct ara d o f hi doc t i n s
er an d f t t h i w hol t h
s r e , an r e er o s e e

d i s t i nc t po t i ons o f c t i ons d sp ch by w h i ch t h y
r a an ee e a re

d i v s ifi d I t i s t h
er e . ss t d t h t no con t d i t i ons
no ere a er e a ra c

a re t b o dm i t t d t h v t k n pl c i n t h sy s t m
e a e o a e a e a e e e

o f J sus C h i t b t w
e doct i n s p o m u l g t d i n d i ff n t
r s ,
e e en r e r a e ere

s t t s o f f l i n g i n fo m t i on
a e ee v n uch
or i m pli d
r a , or e e s a s a re e

i th
n nunc i t i on o f
e e ch m o f t hou g h t v i ous d
a a s e e ,
ar an

ob cu t h ou g h it i m m n it y
s re r d d pt h I t is
s t e s an e . no

a sse r e t d t h t no d g o f hu m n i nd ig n t i on v hu i d
a e ree a a e er rr e

him b y ond t h l i m i t s w h i ch h i s c l m
,
e e m ood h d pl c d a er a a e ,

t d i s pp ob t i on g i s t v i
o a r a d f oll y T ho
a d vi t i ons
a n ce a n se e a

f o m t h h i s t o y o f h i s l if
r e lon t b v i nd i c t d
r e a re a e o e a e ,

w h i ch p s n t hi o w n s n t i l ch ct i cont d i c t i o
re re e s es e a a ra er n ra n

w it h i t s l f e .

E v y hu m n m i nd h
er w h t B co c lls it id l
a as a a n a s
“
o a

s p fl
ec —
ps cul i i m g w h
e i ch i d i
ar n t h i nn ac v o f
es res e e er a e

t hou g h t Th s . con t i t u t t h s n t i l
e e d d i t inc t i v
s e e e se a an s e

ch ct o f v y h u m n b i n g ; t w hi h v y c t i on d
ara er e er a e o c e er a an

e v y w o d h v i n t im t
er r l t i on ;
a e d by w h i ch i a e re a an ,
n

d p i ct i n g
e ch ct th a g nu i n n s ara d m ning of
er, e e e e s an ea

th ese w o ds d ct i ons r t b
an d t m in d Ev y
a a re o e e er e . er

f n t i c n m y of vi t u i t t l i b t y t m i s p n t
a a or e e r e s no a er o re re s e
10 0 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

t he g g n i u s d m os t h oic d f nd s o f ll t h t
re a t e st e se an er e e er a a

i s v l u bl i n t h i m o t l w o ld H i s t o y t g i
a a e s y r a r . r , o a n an

c d i t m us t con t i n so m t u t h d t h t t u t h h ll t hu s
re ,
a e r ,
an a r s a

b m d
e a u ffi c i n t i nd i c t i on o f p j ud i c
e a s e d d c it a re e an e e .

W it h p ct t t h m i cl s w h i ch t h s b i o g ph
re s e o e ra e e e ra ers

h v a e l t d I h v l dy d l i n d t n t i n t o y
re a e , a e a rea ec e o e er an

d i cu s i on on t h i n t u
s s th i xi s t nc Th sup
e r a re or e r e e e . e

po i t i on o f t h i f ls hood
s t h i t u t h w ould m od ify i n
e r a e or e r r

no d g t h hu o f t h p i ct u w h i ch i s t t m p t d t b
e re e e es e re a e e o e

d l i n t d T j ud g t ul y o f t h m o l d p h il osop h i c l
e ea e . o e r e ra an a

ch ct o f S oc t s it i s t n c s y t d t m i n t h
a ra er ra e ,
no e e sa r o e er e e

qu s t i on o f t h f m i l i S p i i t w h i ch [it ] i sup p o d t h t
e e a ar r s se a

h b li v d t
e e e t t nd on him
e o T h po w a o f t h hu m n
e . e er e a

m i nd l t i v l y t i n t cou s wi t h
,
re a e do m i i o ov t h
o er r e or n n er e

inv i s i bl w o l d i s doub t l ss
e r i t t i ng t h m of d is
,
e an n e re s e e

i
cu ss o n b t t h conn c t i on o f t h ins t nc o f J sus C h i t
u e e e a e e r s

wi t h t h t bl i h d l igi o o f t h cou t y i whi ch I

e es a s e re n e n r n

w i t nd s it d n g ous t subj c t on s l f t t h i m pu t
r e, r e er a er o e e e o e a

t i on o f i n t oduc i n g w G ods
r bol i h i n g old on s ;
ne or a s e nor

i s t h dut y o f m u t u l fo b nc su ffi c i nt ly und t o d t
e a r ea ra e e e rs o o

re nd it c t i n t h t t h m t p h y s i c i n d t h m o l i t
er er a a e e a a an e ra s ,

e v n t hou g h h c f ull y s i fic
e e cock t E l p ia re a cr e a o s cu a u s,

m y a t no c i v so m t h i n g n lo g ous t t h bo w l o f h m
re e e e a a o e e

lock f t h w d o f h i s l bou s M uch ho w v o f

or e re ar a r .
, e e r,

w h t h is [C h i s t ] b i o g ph s h v s t d i s t t b
a r
’
s ra er a e a se r e no o e

j t d m l y b c u i n f nc i ncons i t n t wi t h t h
re e c e e re e a se ere es s e e

g n l sp i it o f h i s y t m
e e ra r t b dduc d f o m it s s e are o e a e r s

a d m i ss i on J us C h i t d i d w h t v y o t h
. es fo m r s a e er er re r er

w ho h p odu d y con i d bl ff c t u p on t h w o ld h
as r ce an s era e e e e r as

don e H . cco m m o d t d h is doc t i n s t t h p p

e a a e r e o e re o s se s

s i ons o f t hos w ho m h dd e d H us d l g u g e a r e s se . e e a an a e

for t h i s v i w su ffic i n t l y f m i l i
e t co m p h ns i o s
e a ar o ou r re e n .

H s i d— H o w v
e a w s t n g m y doc t i n s m y
e er ne or ra e r e a
 E S S A Y ON CH RI S TI A N I T Y .

a pp e a r t o yo u t h e y a re i n fa ct onl y t he r e s t o r a t i on a n d
,

r e e s t a bl i sh m e n t o f t ho se o r igi n a l i ns t i t u t i ons a n d a nc i e n t
-

c us t o m s o f ou r o w n l a w a n d r e l igi o n T h e con s t i t u t i ons

y .

o f y ou r fa i t h an d p ol i cy a l t hou g h p e r fe c t i n t h e i r o r igi n
, ,

h a ve b e com e co r r u p t a n d a l t e r e d a n d h a ve fa ll e n i n t o ,

d e ca y I p r o fe s s t o r e s t o re t h e m t o t h e i r p r i s t i n e a u t ho r it y
.

a n d s p l e ndou r Thi nk n o t t h a t I a m co m e t o d e s t r oy t he
.
“

La w a n d t he P r oph e t s I a m co m e n o t t o d e s t r o y b u t t o
.
,

f ul fil T i ll h e a v e n a n d e a rt h p a ss a w a y o n e j o t o r
.
,

o n e t i t t l e sh a l l i n now i se p a ss a wa y fr o m t he La w t ill ,

a l l b e f u lfill e d T hu s l i k e a sk i l f ul o ra t o r (s e e C i c e r o
.

”
.
, ,

D e Or a t or e) he s e cu re s t he p r ej u d i c e s o f h i s a u d i t o r s a n d
, ,

i nduc e s t h e m by h i s p r o fe ss i ons o f sym p a t hy wi t h t h e ir

,

fe e l i n gs t o e n t e r wit h a wi ll i n g m i nd i n t o t he e xp os i t i on o f
,

h i s o w n The a r t o f p e r su a s i on d iffe r s fr o m t h a t o f re a son

.

i n g a n d it i s o f no s m a ll m om e n t t o t he su cc e ss e ve n o f a ,

t r u e c a us e t ha t t he j ud ge s w ho a re t o d e t e r m i n e o n it s
,

m e r i t s s hould b e fr e e f r o m t hos e n a t i on a l a n d r e l igi ous

p r e d il e c t i ons w h i c h r e nd e r t he m u l t i t ud e bo t h d e a f an d .
,

bl i nd .

Le t n o t t h i s p r a c t i ce o e cons i d e r e d a s f a n u n w o r t h y :

a rt i fic e I t w e r e b e s t fo r t he c a us e o f r e as on t h a t m a nk i nd
.

s hould a ck n owl e d g e no a u t ho r i t y b u t it s o w n ; b u t it i s

use f ul t o a c e r t a i n e xt e n t t h a t t h e y should n o t cons i d e r

, ,

t hos e i ns t i t u t i ons w h i ch t h e y h a v e b e e n h a b i t u a t e d t o
re v e r e nc e a s o p po s i n g a n obs t a cl e t o it s a d m i s s i on Al l .

r e fo r m e r s h a v e b e e n com p e ll e d t o p r a ct i c e t h i s m is ’

r e p r e se n t a t i o n o f t h e i r o w n t r u e fe e lin g s a n d op i n i o n s It .

is d e e p l y t o b e l a m e n t e d t h at a w o r d should e v e r is s u e fr o m
hu m a n l i p s w hi c h con t a i ns t he m i n ut e s t a ll oy o f d i ss i m ul a
t i o n o r s i m ul a t i on
, o r hyp ro c r isy ,
or e x a gge r a t i on
,
or ,

a n t h i n g b u t t he p r e c i s e a n d r igi d i m a g e w h i c h i s p r e s e n t
y
t o t he m i nd a n d w hi ch ou g h t t o di ct a t e t he e x p r e ss i o n
, .
10 2 E S S A YS A N D F RA G M E N TS .

But t he pr a c t i ce o f u t t e r s i nc e r i t y t o w a r ds o t he r m e n
w o uld a v a i l t o no g ood e n d if t h e y w e r e i nc a pa bl e o f
,

p a ct i sin g it t o w a r ds t h e i r o w n m i nds I n fa c t t r u t h
r .
,

c a n no t be co m m u n i ca t e d un t i l it is p e r ce i ve d The i n t e r e st s .
,

t h e re fo r e o f t r u t h r e qu i r e t h a t a n o r a t o r should a s f r a s
‘

, ,
a

poss i bl e pr oduc e in h i s he a r e r s t h a t st a t e o f m i nd on w h i ch
,

a lon e his e x ho r t a t i on s could fa ir l y be con t e m pl a t e d a nd

e xam i n e d .

H a v i n g p r oduc e d t h i s fa vou r a bl e d i spos it i o n o f m i nd ,

Je sus C h r i s t p r oc e e ds t o qu a l ify a n d fin a ll y t o a b r o ga t e
, ,

t he s y s t e m o f t he J e wi sh l a w H e d e s c a n t s u p o n it s
"

i nsu ffi c ie ncy a s a c od e o f m or al condu c t w h i ch it p r o fe s se d

,

t o b e a nd a bsol u t e l y se l e c t s t he l a w o f r e t a l i a t i on a s a n
,

i nst a nce o f t he a bsu r d it y a n d i m m or alit y o f it s i nst i t u t i ons .

The conclu s i o n o f t he s p e e c h i s in a s t r a in o f t he m o s t
d a ri n g a n d m ost im p a ss i on a t e spe cul a t i on H e s e e m s .

e mbold e n e d by t he succ e ss o f his e x cu lp a t i on t o t he

m ul t i t ud e t o d e cl a r e in publ i c t he u t m os t s i n g ul a r i t y o f his
,

fait h H e t r a m pl e s upo n a l l re ce i ve d op i n i ons o n a ll t he

.
,

ch e r i she d lu x u r i e s an d sup e r s t i t i ons o f m a n k i nd H e b i ds .

t h e m c a st a s i d e t he cl a i m s o f cus t o m a n d bl i nd fa i t h b y
w h i ch t h ey h a v e b e e n e ncom p a sse d fr o m t he ve ry cra dl e o f
t h e i r be in g a n d r e c e i v e t he i m i t a t o r a n d m i n i st e r o f t he
,

U n i ve r s l G o d
a .

E QUALI T Y or M AN KI N D .

The sp i ri t o f t he Lo r d i s upon m e b e c a us e he h a t h ,

c hos e n t he t o p re a ch t he g osp e l t o t he poo r H e h a t h se nt

m e t o h e a l t he b r ok e n h e a r t e d t o p r e a c h d e l i v e r a nc e t o t he
-
,

c a t i v es a n d r e cov e ry o f s ig h t t o t h e bl i nd a n d t o se t a t
p ,

l i b e rt y t he m t h a t a re br u i s e d (L uk e ch
. i v v er
, . .
, .

T h i s i s a n e nunc i a t i on o f a ll t h a t P l a t o a n d D i o ge n e s ha v e
spe cul a te d upo n t he e qu a l i t y o f m a nk i nd Th e y sa w t h a t .
 E S S A Y ON CH RI S T I A N I T Y . 10 3

t he g t m jo it y o f t h hu m n sp c i w
rea a r e duc d t a e es e re re e o

t h s i t u t i on o f squ l i d ig no nc
e a d m o l im b i l i t y f
a ra e an ra ec , or

th pu p os o f p u v y i g f t h lu x u y o f f w
e r e r e n or d e r a e ,
an

con t i bu t i n g t t h
r t i f t i on o f t h i
o e sa t hi t f s ac
p o w e r rs or e r.

T oo m n p i it d d t f bl i sol v t t t m p t t h
ea -
s r e an oo ee e n re e o a e e

conqu st o f t h i o w n v i l p s i ons d o f t h difli l t i o f

e e r e a s an e cu es

t h m t i l wo ld m
e a er a sou g h t dom i n i on ov t h i f llo w
r , en er e r e

m en , as y anm t hod eas t g i t h t e pp n t m o j t y a n d a a a re a es an

p ow w erh i ch t h i t i nc t o f t h e i n
ns t u qu i s P l t o e r a re r e re . a

w o t t h sch m o f
r e e p eubl i c ei n w h i c h l
a re w hould w t ch,
a s a

ov t h qu l d i t i bu t i o o f t h xt n l i n t u m n t o f
er e e a s r n e e er a s r e s

u n qu l po w — honou s p o p t y t
e a er D i og n s d vi d
r ,
r er e c . e e e se

a nobl der mo an w o t h i sys t m o f oppos i t i on t t h

a re r er e o e

s y s t m o
e f t h sl v de t y n t a H e s ani d I t i ira t h . e a :
“
s n e

p o w o f
er h i nd i v
eaci du l t l v l t h i n qu a l i t y w oh i ch e i s e e e a

t h t op i c o f t h co m p l i n t o f m nk i nd
e e aL t him b w a . e e a a re

o f h i s o w n w o t h d t h t t i o w h i ch h occu p i s i n t h
r ,
an e s a n e e e

s l o f m o l b i n g s D i m onds d g old p l c
ca e ra e . a d an ,
a a es an

s ce pt s d i v t h i v lu f o m t h o p i n i on o f m nk i nd
re , er e e r a e r e a .

Th onl y su m p t u y l w w h i ch
e ar b i m p o d on t h
a ca n e se e u se

an d f b i c t i on o f t h
a r a i st u m n t o f m i h i f d d c it e se n r e s sc e an e e ,

th s sy m bols o f succ f ul i nj us t i c i s t h l w o f op i n i on
e e e ss e, e a .

Ev y m er
p o anss t h po w
ss e i t
es h i s p c
e t t l gi sl
e r, t n re s e ,
o e a e

f or h im s l f L t him b w ll w o f h i s o w n w o t h d
e . e e e a are r an

mo l d ig n i t y L t him y i ld i m k v nc t
ra . e e
y n ee re ere e o an

wi se r wo t hi t h n h
or r er lon g a h c o d no
e, so as e a c r s

v n t i on t t h p l ndou o f h i s p p l t h lu x u y o f hi
e e ra o e s e r a a re ,
e r s

food t h m ul t it ud o f h i s fl t
, e e d l v It i at e re rs an s a es . s

b u m nk i nd y v lu
e ca se , a d s k th
,
e m pty p g
a e an nt y -
ee e e a ea r

o f w lth ea d oc i l p ow an th t y
s a nsl v d t ite r, a e a re e a e o s

p o i on
sse ss D c s .
y ou phe
y s i c
r e a sel w n t s ; l n
r t l i v a a ear o e,

so f ar nou i sh m n t d sh l t
as r e on n d l i k t h
an e er a re c ce r e , e e

b t o f t h fo t d t h b i d o f t h
eas e res an
y wi e ll n d
r s e a 1r e ee
 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

no t to co m pl a i n t ha t o t he r i nd i v i du a l s o f y o u r s pe c i es ar e
,

su r r ound e d by t he d i s ea s e s o f lu x u ry a n d t he v i c e s o f
s ub s e r v i e n c a d o i on W i hos w ho
”
y n
pp r e ss t h a
. ll t e ar e

t r ul y wi s e t h e r e w i ll b e a n e n t i re com m un i t y
, o t onl y o f ,
n

t hou g h t s a n d f e e l i n g s b u t a l so o f e x t e r na l p o s e s s i on s
,
s .

I n s o m u c h t h e r e f o r e a s ye l i v e [wi s e l y] y e m a y e nj oy t he
, , ,

c o m m un i t o f wh t o v b n fi t s r i s e f r o m t he i nv e n t i ons
y a s e e r e e a

o f c ivi l i e d l ife T h e y a r e o f va lu e onl y fo r p u r p o se s o f

z .

m e n t a l pow e r ; t h e y a r e o f va lu e on l y a s t h e y a r e c a p a bl e

o f b e i n g s h a r e d a d a pp l i e d t o t he co m m on a dva n t a ge o f
n

p h i lo s op h y d if t h e r e b e no love a m on g m e n w h a t e v e
an ,
r

i nst i t u t i on s t h e y m a y fra m e m ust b e sub s e r v i e n t t o t he

s a m e pu r pos e — t o t he con t i nu an c e o f i n e qu a l i t I f t h e re
y .

b e no love a m on g m e n it i s b e s t t h a t he w ho s e e s t h r ou g h
,

t he hollo w n e s s o f t he i r p r o fe ss i on s should fl y fr o m t h e i r
s oc i e t a n d su ffi c e t o hi s o w n sou l I n wi sdo m h e w i ll
y ,
.
,

t hu s los e no t h i n g ; i n po w e r he w ill g a i n e v e r y t h i n g
,
In .

pr op o r t i on t o t he love e xis t i n g a m on g m e n so wi ll b e t he ,

co m m u n i t y o f p r op e r ty an d po w e r A m on g t r u e a n d r ea l .

fr i e nd s a ll i s com m on a n d w e r e igno ra nce a n d e nvy a d

, ,
n

s up e rs t i t i on b a n i s h e d fr o m t he w o r ld a ll m a nk i nd w ould b e ,

f i e nd s The only p e r fe c t a n d ge nu i n e r e p ubl i c i s t h a t

r .

w h i ch com p r e h e nds e v e ry l i v in g b e i n g T hose d i s t i nct i on s .

wh i c h h a v b e e n a rt i fic i a ll y s e t up o f n a t i ons soc i e t i e s
e , , ,

fa m il i e s a n d r e l igi on s a r e onl y ge n e r a l n a m e s e xp r e ss i n g
, , ,

t he a bho r r e nc e a d con t e m p t wi t h w hi c h m e n bl indl y

n

con si d e r t h e i r fe llow m e -
I lov e m y coun t r y ; I lov e t he
n.

ci t in w h i ch I w a s bo r n m y p a re nt s m
y wif e a n d t he
y , , ,

ch i ldr e n o f m y c a r e a n d t o t h i s c i t y t h i s w o m a n a n d t h i s , ,

n t i on it i s i ncu m b e n t on m e t o do a ll t he b e n e fi t i n m y
a

ow er T o wh a t d o t h e s e d i s t i nc t i o n s p o i n t b ut t o an
p .
,

e v i d e n t d e n i al o f t he du t y w h i ch hu m a n it y i m p o s e s on
o u o f d o i n g e v e r y po s s i bl e ood t o ev er i nd i v i du a l u nd e r
y ,
g y ,
 E S S A Y O N CH R I S TI A N I Z Y . lo 5

wh a t e ve r d e no m i n a t i on he m a y b e co m p r e h e nd e d t o w ho m ,

o u h a v e t he po w e r o f do i n g it ? Y o u ou g ht t o lov e a l l
y
m a nk ind ; n a y e v e r y i nd i vi du a l o f m a nk i nd
,
Y o u ou g ht .

n o t t o lo v e t he i nd i v i du a l s o f y ou r do m e s t i c c i r cl e l e ss b u t ,

t O l o v e t hos e who e x i s t b e y ond it m o r e O nc e m a k e t he

'

fe e l i n gs o f confide nc e a n d o f a ffe ct i on un i ve r s al a n d t he ,

d i s t i nct i ons o f p r o p e r t y a n d po w e r wi ll va n i s h ; n o r a r e
t h e y t o b e a bol i s h e d wi t hou t sub s t i t u t in g s o m e t h i n g
e qu i v a l e n t i n m i s ch i e f t o t he m u n t i l a ll m a nk i nd sh al l
,

a cknow l e d ge a n e n t i r e co m m un i t o f i g h t s
y r .

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,

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r ,

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, ,

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,

a n d a bho r r e nc e Y ou r ph y s i c a l w a n t s a r e fe w w hi ls t
.
,

t ho s e o f y ou r m i nd a n d h e a r t c a nno t b e n u m b e r e d o r
d e s cr i b e d fr o m t h e ir m ul t i t ud e a n d co m p l i ca t i on To
, .

s e cu r e t he g r a t i fic a t i on o f t he f o r m e r y o u h a v e ,
m ade

ou s e l v e s t he bo n d sl a v e s o f e a ch o t h e r
y r -
.

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e x c e s s a s t o j ud g e no t hi n g so v a lu a bl e o r d e s i r a bl e
[ ]
as

wh a t r e l a t e s t o t h e ir gra t i fic a t i on H e nc e ha s a r i se n a
.

s ys t e m o f p a s s i ons w h i ch los e s s ig ht o f t he e n d t h e w e e
y r

o igi n a l l y a w a k e n e d t o a t t a in F a m e po w e r a d g old r e
r .
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r ,

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.
,

o f i r r e i st i bl e m ight a r e con t e m p l a t e d by t he p o s se ss or
s ,

w i t h u n m e a n in g co m p l a c e ncy wi t hou t a r e t r osp e ct t o t he

,

r o e r t i e s w h i ch fi r s t m a d e him con s i d e r t h e m o f v a lu e It
p p .

is fr o m t he cul t i va t i on o f t he m o s t con t e m p t i bl e p r o p e r t i e s
o f hu m a n n at u r e t h a t d i s co r d a n d t o r p or an d i nd i ffe r e n ce ,

by w h i ch t he m o ra l un i v e r s e is d i s o r d e re d e s s e n t i a ll y ,

d e pe nd S o lon g a s t he se a r e t he t ie s b y w h i c h hu m a n
.
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 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

soc i e t y i s conn e c t e d l e t it n o t be a d m i t t e d t h a t t h e y a r e
,

fra gi l e .

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, , ,

m u s t c a s t a s i d e t he c h a i ns o f h a b i t a n d su p e r st i t i on ; he
m us t s t r i p s e nsu a l i t y o f it s p o m p a n d se l fi s hn e ss o f it s
,

e x cus e s ,
an d con t e m pl a t e a c t i on s a n d obj e ct s a s t h e y
r e a ll
y ar e H. e wi ll d i scov e r t he wi sdo m o f u n i v e r sa l

love ; he wi ll fe e l t he m e a n n e s s a n d t he i nj ust i c e o f
s a c r i fic i n g t he r e a son a n d t he l i b e r t y o f h i s fe llo w m e n -

t o t he i ndul g e nc e o f his p h y s i c a l a pp e t i t e s a n d b e c o m ,

i n g a pa rt y t o t h e i r d e gr a d a t i on by t he consu m m a t i on o f
his o w n .

S uch wi t h t hos e d i ffe re nc e s onl y i nc i d e n t a l t o t he a ge

,

a n d s t a t e o f soc i e t y in w h i ch t h e y w e r e p r o m ul g a t e d a pp e a r ,

t o h a v e b e e n t he doc t r i ne s o f J e su s C hr i s t I t is not to o
.

m uc h t o a ss e rt t h a t t he y h a v e b e e n t he doct r i n e s o f e ve r y
j u s t a n d co m p a s s i on a t e m i nd t h a t e ve r sp e cul a t e d on t he
s oc i a l n a t u r e o f m a n The do gm a o f t he e qu a l i t y o f m a n
.

k i nd ha s b e e n a dvoc a t e d wi t h va r i ous succ e ss i n d i ffe r e n t

, ,

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.
,

k i nd o f i nst i nc t i n it s fa vou r i n fl u e nc e d con s i d e r a bl y t he

p r a ct i c e o f a nc i e n t G r e e c e a n d R om e A t t e m pt s t o.

e s t a bl i sh us a g e s f ound e d on t h i s do g m a h a v e b e e n m a d e i n

m od e r n E u r o p e in s e v e ra l i n s t a nc e s s i nc e t he r e v i va l o f
, ,

l i t e r a t u r e a n d t he a r t s R ousse a u ha s v i nd i ca t e d t h i s
.

op i n i o n wi t h a l l t he e loqu e nc e o f s i nc e re a n d e a r n e s t fa i t h
a n d i s p e r h a ps t he ph i lo s oph e r a m on g t he m od e r ns w ho i n
, , ,

t he s t r uct u r e o f h i s f e e l i n g s a n d und e r st a nd i n g r e s e m bl e s ,

m os t n e a r l y t he m ys t e r i ous s a g e o f J ud e a I t is i m p o s s ibl e
.

t o r e a d t hos e p a s s i on a t e w o r d s i n wh i ch Je su s C h i s t r

u p b a i ds t he pu s i ll a n i m it y a d s e nsu a l i t y o f m a nk i n d
r n ,

wi t hou t b e i n g s t r on g l y r e m i nd e d o f t he m o re conn e c t e d
a nd s st em at i c e n t hus i a s m o f R ouss e u N “
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 E S S A Y ON CH RI S TI A N I T Y .
7

s a ys Je su s C h r i st ca n s e rv e t w o m a s t e rs T a k e t h e re
,
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.
,

fo r e no t hou gh t fo r t o —m orr o w fo r t he m o rr o w s h a ll
, ,
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t ak e t hou g h t fo r t he t h i n g s o f i t se l f S u ffic i e n t u n t o t he
.

d y i s t he e v i l Z I f w e w ould p r ofi t by t he
”
a t he r e o f .

wi s do m o f a subl i m e a n d po e t i ca l m i nd w e m ust b e w a r e o f ,

t he vu l ga r e r r o r o f i n t e r p r e t i n g l i t e r a ll y e v e r y e x p r e s s i on it
‘

e m plo s
y . N o t h i n g ca n w e ll b e m o r e r e m o t e fr o m t r u t h

t h a n t he l i t e ra l a n d s t r i c t con s t r u c t i on o f suc h e x p r e s s i ons

a s J e s us C h r i s t d e l i v e r s o r t h a n o i m a gi n e t ha t w
, [ t ] i t e re

b e st fo r m a n t h a t he shou l d a b a ndon a ll h i s a cqu i r e m e n t s

in p h y s i c a l a n d i n t e ll e ct u al sc i e nc e a n d d e p e nd on t he,

spon t a n e ous p r odu c t i ons o f n a t u r e fo r h i s s ubs i s t e nc e .

N o t h i n g i s m o r e obv i ou s l y fa ls e t h a n t h a t t he r e m e d y fo r

t he i n e q u a l i t y a m on g m e n cons i s t s i n t h e i r r e t ur n t o t he
cond i t i on o f s a v a ge s a n d b ea st s P h i losop hy wi ll n e ve r be
.

und e r st ood if w e a p pr o a ch t he st ud y o f it s m y st e r i e s wi t h
so n a rr ow a n d i ll i b e r a l conce p t i ons o f it s u n i v e r s a l i t y .

R ous s e a u c e r t a i nl y d i d n o t m e a n t o p e r su a d e t he i m m e ns e
On o f h i s coun t r o a b a ndon a l l t he a r t s o f l ife
'

p po u l a t i y t ,

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i nh a b i t a nt s o f t he w oods H e a ddre sse d t he m os t

.

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,

p e r s u a d e t h e m t o s e t t he e x a m p l e o f a pu r e a n d s i m p l e l if e ,

b y p l a c i n g i n t he s t r on ge s t p o i n t o f v i e w h i s conc e p t i on s o f
t he c a l a m i t ous a n d di se a se d a sp e c t w h i c h ov e r g r own a s it ,

i s wit h t he v i c e s o f s e n s u a l it y a d s e lfish n e ss i s e xh i b i t e d
n ,

b y c i v i l i z e d s oc i e t y . N o r ca n it b e b e l i e v e d t h a t Je sus
C h r i s t e nd e a vou r e d t o p r e v a i l on t he i h a b it a n t s o f n

J e r u s a l e m n e i t h e r t o t i ll t h e i r fi e l d s o r t o f r a m e a s he l t e r
,
n

a g a i n s t t he s k nor to r ov i d e f ood fo r t he m o rr o w He
y , p .

s im l e x o s wi t h t h p ss i on t h t o i c o f n t hus i t i
p y p s e,
e a a e e r r e a s c

lov e t o w a r ds a l l hu m a n b e i n g s t he m i se r i e s a n d m i s ch i e fs
,

o f t h a t sys t e m w h i ch m a ke s a ll t h i n g s subs e r v i e n t t o t he
Io8 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

subs is t e nc e o f t he m a t e ri a l fra m e o f m a n H e w a r ns t hem .

t h a t no m a n c a n s e r v e t w o m a s t e r s — G o d a n d M a m m on ;
t h a t it i s i m p oss i bl e a t onc e t o b e h ig h m i nd e d a n d j u s t a n d -

wi s e a n d t o co m pl y wi t h t he a ccus t o m e d f or m s o f hu m a n
,

soc i e t y s e e k p o w e r w e a l t h o r e m p i r e e i t h e r fr o m t he
, , , ,

i dol a t ry o f h a b i t o r a s t he d i re ct i n st r u m e nt s o f se nsu al
,

gra t i fica t i on H e i s t r uct s t h e m t h a t clo t h i n g a n d food

. n

a n d sh e l t e r a r e n o t as t he s uppos e t he t r u e e n d o f hu m n a
, y ,

l ife b u t o nl y c e rt a i n m e a n s t o b e v a lu e d i n p r opo r t i on t o
, ,

t h e i r subs e r v i e n cy t o t h a t e n d T h e s e m e a ns it i s r ig h t o f
.

e ve r
y hu m a n b e i n g t o p os s e ss a n d
,
t h a t in t he s a m e de gr e e .

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,

t he fi e ld a r e e x a m pl e s fo r t he i m i t a t i o n o f m a n k i nd T h ey .

a e clo t he d a n d fe d b
r
y t h e U n i v e r sa l G o d P e r m i t t he r e .
,

fo r e t he S p i r it o f t h i s b e n ig n a n t P r i nc i pl e t o v i s i t y ou r
,

i n t e ll e c t u a l fra m e o r i n o t he r w o r d s be co m e j ust a n d pu re
, , ,
.

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r e qu i s i t i ons o f y ou r ph ys i ca l n a t u r e d e m a nd yo u wi l l ”

pe r ce i ve ho w l i t t l e l a bou r s u fli ce s fo r t he i r sa t i s fa c t i on .

Y ou r h e a v e nl y F a t h e r kno w e t h y o u h a v e n e e d o f t h e se
t h i n gs The un i v e rsa l H a r m on y o r R e a son w h i ch m a k e s
.
, ,

ou r a ss i v e f r a m e o f t hou g h t it s d w e ll i n g i n o o t i on t
y p p pr , o r

t he p u r i t y a n d m aj e s t y o f it s n a t u r e wi ll i ns t r uc t y o u if y e ,

are wi ll in g t o a t t a i n t h at e xa l t e d cond it i on in w h a t ,

m a nn e r to poss e s s a l l t he obj e ct s n e c e s sa ry fo r
ou a t er ia l s ubs i s t e n ce i ll d
y r m . Al l m e n a r e
[ pm e e
] t o

b e co m e t hus p u re a n d h a ppy A l l m e n a r e ca ll e d t o .

p r t i c i pa t e i n t he com m un i t y o f N a t u r e s gif t s T he m a
a
’
. n

w ho ha s fe we s t bod i l y w a n t s a p p r oa ch e s n e a re s t t o t he
D i vi ne N a t u re . S a t i s fy t h e s e w a n t s a t t he ch e a p e s t r a t e ,

an d e x p e nd t he re m a i n i n g e n e r gi e s o f y ou r n a t u r e i n t he

a t t a i n m e n t o f v i r t u e a n d knowl e d ge The m ig h t y f a m e
. r

o f t he w o n d e r f ul nd a love ly w o r ld is t he food o f you r

 E S S A Y ON C H R I S TI A N I T Y .

c on t e m pl a t i on a n d l i v i n g b e i ngs who r e s e m bl e y ou r
,

own n a t u re a n d a re b o u n d t o yo u by s i m i l a ri t y o f se n sa
,
'

t i ons a re d e s t i n e d t o b e t he nu t r i m e n t o f y ou r a ffe c t i on ;
‘

un i t e d t h e y a r e t he co s u m m a t i on o f t he w i d e s t ho p e s y o u r
,
n

m i nd ca n con t a i n Y e c a n e x p e nd t hu s no l a bou r o n
.

m e ch a n i s m cons e c r a t e d t o lu x u ry a d p r i d e H o w a bu n
n .

da n t w i ll n o t b e y ou r p r o gr e s s in a ll t h a t t r ul y e nnobl e s
a d e x t e nd s hu m a
n n a t u r e B y r e n d e r i n g y ou r s e lv e s t hus
n

w o rt hy ye w i ll be a s fr e e i n you r i m a gi n a t i ons a s t he s w ift

,

and m an colou r e d f o w ls o f t he a ir a n d a s b e a u t if ul i n p u rr
y
-
,

s i m pl i c i t s t h l i l i e s o f t he fi e ld I n r o o t i on as m a n
y a e p p . r

k i nd be co m e s wi se — ye s i n e x a ct p r o p o r t i o n t o t h a t
,

wi sdo m — s ho ul d b e t he e xt i nc t i on o f t he u n e qu a l sy s t e m
u nd e r w h i c h t h e no w sub s i s t G ov e r n m e n t is i n f a ct
y .
, ,

t he m e r e b a d g e o f t h e i r d e p ra vi t y Th e y a r e s o l i t t l e a w a r e
.

o f t he i n e s t i m a bl e b e n e fit s o f m u t u a l love a s t o indul g e ,

w i t hou t t hou g h t a n d a l m o st wi t hou t m o t i v e in t he wo r s t

, ,

e xc e s se s o f s e lfi s hn e ss d m a l icean H e n ce w i t hou t g r a d u
.
,

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y a a e p e r
,

it s v e r y e xi s t e nc e ha s b e co m e i m p oss i bl e I t i s n e c e s s a ry
.

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,

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,

s a fe l
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a M e a nwh i l e t h e i r v e r y s ub s i s t e nc e
.
,

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s n

h a v e b e e n d e vi se d t o p a ll i a t e T h y su pp os e m e n e ndo w e d
. e

wit h t he p o we r o f d e l ib e ra t i n g a d de te r m i n i g fo r t h e i r n n

e qu a l s ; w h i l s t t h e s e m e n a s fra i l a d a s ig no r a n t a s t he n
,

m ul t i t ud e w ho m t h e r ule poss a s a p a ct i c a l co s e r
y e s s , ,
u

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q n
p e e r, s s
y
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p (t e t e t t e r
y
a n d m o r a l a n d i n t e ll e c t u a l n a t u r e o f a l l m a nk i n d .

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w h i ch t h i s p o w e r d e pe nds by e x h i b i t i n g i n t h e i r pr ope r
,
n o E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N T S .

w o t hl ssn ss
r e e obj e c t s a con t e nt i on conc e rn ing w hi ch
t he ,

r e nd e rs i t s e xi s t e n c e a n e c e ssa r e v i l Th e e vi l i n f c t
y .
,
a ,

i s v ir t u a ll y a bol i s h e d w h e r e ve r j u s tice i s p r a ct i s e d ; a n d it
i s a bol i she d i n p r e c i se pr opor t i o n t o t he pr e va l e n ce o f t r u e
The w hol e o f hu m a n t h i gs i s i n fe ct e d by a n
fra m e n

i n s i d i ou s p o i son H e nce it is t h a t m a n i s bl i nd i n h is
.

unde r st a nd i n g co r r up t i h i s m o r a l s e n se a d di se a s e d i n
, n ,
n

h i s p h y s i c a l f unc t i ons The wi se st a n d m o st subl i m e o f

.

t he a nc i e n t po e t s s a w t hi s t r u t h a n d e m bod i e d t h e i r co n
,

c e p t io n o f it s v a l u e in r e t r os e c t t o t he e a r l i e s t a g e s o f
p
m a nk i nd .Th e y r e p r e s e n t e d e qu a l i t y a s t he r e ig o f S a t u r n n ,

a n d t a u g h t t h a t m a nk i nd ha d g ra du a ll d e g e n e r a t e d fr o m
y
t he v i r t u e w h i ch e n a bl e d t h e m t o e nj oy o r m a i n t a i n t h i s
ha pp y s t a t e .T h e i r doc t r i n e w a s ph i loso p h i c a ll y f a l se .

La t e r a n d m o r e co r r e c t obs e r va t i ons h a v e i n s t r uc t e d us
t h a t unc i v i l i e d m a n i s t he m o s t p e r n i c i ous a n d m i s e ra bl e
z

o f b e i n gs a n d t h a t t he v i ol e nc e a n d i nj u st i c e w h i ch a r e t he
, ,

ge nu i n e i nd i ca t i ons o f r e a l i n e qu a l i t y ob t a i n in t he s oc i e t y
,

o f t h e s e b e i n gs wi t hou t p a ll i a t i on T h e i r i m gi n a t i ons o f a
. a

ha p p i e r s t a t e o f hu m a n so c i e t y w e r e r e fe r r e d i n t r u t h t o , ,

t he S a t u r n i a n p e r i od t h e y m i n i s t e r e d i nd e e d t o t hou g h t s
, ,

o f d e sp ond e ncy a n d sor r o w B u t t he y w e r e t he ch i ld r e n

.

o f a i ry hop e — t he p r oph e t s a n d p a r e n t s o f m a n s f u t u i t y ’
r .

M a n w as onc e a s a w i ld b e a s t he ha s b e co m e a m o r a l i s t a ,

m e t a p h y s i c i a n a p o e t a n d a n a s t r ono m e r
, ,
L u c r e t i us o r
.

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r

an d ,
as a p r oo f o f t he p r o gr e s s o f t he n a t u r e o f m a n ,

c h a ll e n g e d a co m p a r i son w i t h t he ca nn i b a l s o f S cyt h i a * .

The e xp e r i e nc e o f t he a g e s w h i ch h a ve i n t e r v e n e d b e t w e e n

t he p r e s e n t p e r i od a n d t h a t i n wh i c h Je su s C h r i s t t a u g h t ,

t e nd s t o p r ov e his doc t r i n e a n d t o i llus t ra t e t h e i r s

, Th e re .

J u Ch i t f w wh t t h p t t p t i v l y i m gi d
es s r s o re s a a e o e s r e ro s ec e a ne .
 E S S A Y ON C H RI S TI A N I T Y . I I

is m o r e qu a l i t y be c u s e t h e re is m o r e j u s t i ce a d t h e r e i s
e a ,
n

m o r e j u s t i c e b e c a us e t h e r e i s m o r e un i v e s a l kno w l e d g e
r .

To t he a c c o m pl i s h m e n t o f s uch m i g h t y hop e s w e r e t he
v i e w s o f Je s u s C h r i st e xt e nd e d ; s uch d i d he b e l i e v e t o be
t he t e nd e nc y o f his doc t r i n e s — t h e a bol i t i on o f a rt i fic i a l

d i st i nct i ons a m on g m a nk i nd so fa r a s t he lov e w h i c h it

,

b e co m e s al l hu m a n b e in gs t o b e a r t o w a r ds e a ch o t h e r a d ,
n

t he kno w l e d g e o f t r u t h f r o m w h i ch t h a t lov e wi ll n e v e r fa i l
t o b e p r oduc e d a v a i l t o t h e i r d e s t r u c t i on
,
A y oun g m a n
.

c a m e t o Je s us C h rist s t r uck by t he m i ra cu l ous d ign i t y a n d

,

s i m p l i c i t y o f h i s ch r a c t e r a n d a t t r a c t e d by t he w o r ds
a ,

o f po we r w h i ch he u t t e re d H e d e m a nd e d t o be con s i d e r e d
.

a s o n e o f t he f ollo w e r s o f his c r e e d S e ll a ll t h a t t ho u
“
.

h a s t re p l i e d t he p h i losoph e r ; gi ve it t o t he p oor a n d
,
” “
,

follo w m e B u t t he youn g m a n ha d l a r ge posse ss i ons an d

.
,

he w e n t a w a y so r r o wi n g .

The s ys t e m o f e qu a l i t y w a s a t t e m p t e d a f t e r Je sus ,

C h r i s t s d e a t h t o b e c a rr i e d i n t o e ffe c t by h i s f ollo w e s
’
r .
,

T h e y t h a t b e l i e v e d ha d a l l t h i n g s i n co m m on ; t h e y sold
t h e i r p o s s e ss i ons a n d g oods a n d p a r t e d t he m t o al l m e
,
as n,

e v e r y m a n h a d n e e d ; a n d t h e y c on t i nu e d d a i l y w i t h o n e

a cco r d i n t he t e m pl e a n d b r e a k i n g b r e d f r o m
,
a hou se t o
hou se d i d e a t t h e i r m e a t wit h g l a dn e s s a n d s i n g l e n e ss o f
he a r t .
(A c t s ch
,
.

The p r a c t i ca l a ppl i c a t i on o f t he doc t r i n e s o f s t r i c t j us t i c e

t o a s t a t e o f s oc i e t y e s t a bl i s h e d in it s con t e m p t w a s s u c h ,

a s m ig h t h a v e b e e n e x p e c t e d A ft e r t he t r a n s i t o r y g lo w o f
.

e n t hu s i s m ha d f a d e d fr o m t he m i nds o f m e n p r e c e d e n t a d
a ,
n

h a b i t r e s u m e d t h e i r e m p i r e ; t h ey b r ok e l i k e a un i ve s al r

d e lu ge on o n e sh r i nk i n g a n d s ol i t a ry i s l a nd M e n t o .

who m b i rt h ha d al lo t t e d a m p l e p os se s s ion look e d wi t h ,

co m p l a c e n cy on s u m p t uou s a p a r t m e n t s an d lu x u r i ous food ,

a n d t ho se c e r e m on i a ls o f d e lus i v e m aj e s t w h i c h su ound
y r r
 1 12 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

t he t hr o n e o f po w e r a n d t he cou rt o f we a l t h M e n fr o m .

w ho m t h e s e t h i n g s w e r e wi t hh e l d by t he ir cond i t i on b e g n ,
a

a ga i n t o ga e wi t h st upi d e nvy on p e r n i c i ous spl e ndou r ;

z

and b , y d e s i r i n g t h e fa l s e gr e a t n e s s o f a no t h e r s s t a t e to
’
,

sa c r i fic e t he i n t r i n s i c d ig n i t y o f t h e i r o w n The d e m a .

g gu e s o f t he i n f a n t r e publ i c o f t he C h r i s t i a n s e ct a t t a i n i n g
o
, ,

t h r ou g h e l oqu e nc e o r a r t i fic e t o i n fl u e nc e a m on g s t it s
,

m e m b e rs fi rs t v i ol a t e d (und e r t he p r e t e nc e o f w a t ch i n g
,

ove r t h e i r i n t e gri t y ) t he i nst i t u t i ons e st a bl i s h e d fo r t he

co m m on a n d e qu a l b e n e fi t o f a ll T h e s e d e m a g og u e s
.

a r t f ull s i l e nc e d t he vo i c e o f t h m o l ns a m on g
y e r a s e e

t h e m by e n ga gi n g t h e m t o a t t e nd n o t so m uch t o t he
,

cul t i va t i on o f a v i rt u ous a n d h a ppy l ife in t hi s m o r t a l

s c e n e a s t o t he a t t a i n m e nt o f a f o r t un a t e cond i t i o n a f t e r
,

d e a t h ; n o t so m u c h t o t he cons i de r a t i o n o f t hos e m e a n s
b y w h i ch t he s t a t e o f m a n i s a do r n e d a n d i m p r ov e d a s a n ,

i nqu i ry in t o t he se cr e t s o f t he conn e xi o n b e t we e n G o d a n d
t he w o r ld— t h i n g s w h i ch t h e y w e ll kn e w w e r e n o t t o b e
, ,

e x p l i n e d o r e v e n t o b e conc e i v e d
a ,
The sy s t e m o f e qu a l i t y
.

w h i ch t h e y e s t a bl i she d n e ce s sa r i l y fe ll t o t he gr ound ,

b e ca u s e it i s a sy st e m t h a t m us t r e s ul t fr o m r a t h e r t h a n ,

r e c e d e t he m o r a l i m p r ov e m e n t o f hu m a n k i nd I t w as a
p ,
.

c i r cu m s t a nc e o f no m o m e n t t h a t t he fi r s t a dh e r e n t s o f t he

sy s t e m o f Je sus C h ri s t c a st t h e i r p r o p e r t y i n t o a co m m on
s t ock The s a m e d e gr e e o f r e a l co m m u n i t y o f p r op e r t y
.

cou l d h a v e s ub s i st e d w i t hou t t h i s fo r m a l i t y w h i ch s e ve d ,
r

onl y t o e x t e nd a t e m p t a t i on o f d i s hon e st y t o t he t r e a su r e r s
o f s o con si d e ra bl e a p a t r i m on y E v e r y m a n i n p r opor t i on
.
,

t o h i s vi rt u e con s i d e r s h i m s e l f w i t h r e s p e c t t o t he g r e a t
, ,

c o m m un i t y o f m a nk i nd a s t he s t e w a r d a d g u a r d i a n o f
,
n

t h e i r i n t e r e s t s in t he p r op e rt y w h i ch he ch a nc e s t o p o s s e s s .

E v e r y m a n i n p r o p o rt i on t o h i s w i s do m s e e s t he m a n r
, ,
ne

in w hi ch it i s h i s du t y t o e m ploy t he r e sou r c e s w h i ch t he
 S P E C ULA TI ON S ON M E TA P H YS I CS .

cons e n t o f m a n kind ha s i nt r us t e d t o his d i scr e t io n S u ch .

is lt he [a n ni h i l a t i on ] o f t he u nj us t i n e q u a l i t y o f p o w er s a n d
cond i t i ons e xis t i n g i n t he w o r ld ; a n d so g ra du a ll y a n d
i n e v it a bly i s t he p r o gre ss o f e qu al it y a c c o m m o d a t e d t o t he
pr o gr e ss o f wi sdo m a n d o f v i r t u e a m on g m a n kind .

M e a n w h i l e so m e be n e fi t ha s n o t fa i l e d t o fl o w fr o m t he
,

i m pe rfe c t a t te m pt s whi ch ha ve b e e n m a de t o e r e ct a syst e m

o f e qu a l r ight s t o p r op e rt y a n d po w e r u pon t he b as i s o f
a r b i t ra r i s t i t u t i o n s Th e ha v e u ndoub t e dl i v e
y n y .
y n e ry ,

c a s e fr o m t he in st a b i l i t y o f t he i r f o rm a t i on fail e d S t ill
, , .
,

t h e y const i t u t e a r e co r d o f t hos e e p och s a t w h i ch a t r u e

s e nse o f j ust i c e su gge st e d i t s e l f t o t he u nd e r s t a nd i n g s o f
m e n so t h a t t h e y cons e n t e d t o f o r e g o a ll t he c he r i s h e d
,

d e l igh t s o f lu x u ry a l l t he h a b i t u a l gr a t ifi cat io n s a r i s i n g o u t
,

o f t he poss e ss i on o r t he e x p e ct a t i on o f po w e r a ll t he ,

sup ers t i t i o n s wi t h w h i ch t he a ccu m u l a t e d a u t ho r i t y o f a ge s

ha d m a d e t he m d ea r a n d v e n e ra bl e T h e y a r e so m n y . a

t r oph i e s e re c t e d i n t he e n e m y s l a nd t o m a r k t he li m i t s o f
’

t he v i c t o r i ous p r o gr e ss o f t r u t h a n d j us t i c e .

[ TH E R ES T 1s WA N TI NG .
]

S PE C UL A T I O N S O N M ET A PH Y S I C S .

I . is h i om i m t l ph i losop hy t h t w
an ax n en a t hi nk ,
a e ca n

o f not hi n g w hi ch w h v t p c iv d
e Wh I y t h t
a e no er e e . en sa a

w e ca nt h i nk o f no t h i n g I m n w i m gi n ot hi n g
,
ea , e ca n a e n ,

w e ca n o o f no t h i n g Th m os t t on i sh i n g o m b i n
rea s n . e as c a

t i on o f p o t y t h sub t l t d duc t i ons o f lo gi c

s e r , e es d m th
e an a e

m ti s
a e ,
no o t h t h co m b i n t i o s w h i ch t h i n t l l ct
a re er an a n e e e

89
 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

ma k e s o f se nsa t i ons a cco r d i n g t o it s o w n l a w s A c a t a l o gu e .

o f a l l t he t hou g ht s o f the m i nd a d o f a l l t h e i r pos s i bl e ,

n

m od i fic a t i ons i s a c y clo p e d i c h i s t o ry o f t he u n i v e r s e
,
.

B u t it wi ll b e obj e ct e d t he i nh a b i t a n t s o f t he v a rious
, ,

pl a n e t s o f t h i s a n d o t h e r sol a r syst e m s ; a n d t he e xi s t e nc e
o f a P o w e r b e a r i n g t he s a m e r e l a t i on t o a l l t h a t w e p e r ce i ve
a n d a r e as wh a t w e c a l l a c a u s e doe s t o w h a t w e c a ll e fl e c t
'

, ,

w e r e n e ve r subj e ct s o f s e nsa t i on a n d ye t t he l a w s o f m ind ,

a l m os t u n i ve rs a ll y su gge s t a cco r d i n g t o t he va r i ou s dis

,

p o s i t i on o f e a ch a co nj e c t u r e a p e r s u a s i on o r a conv i c t i o n
, , ,

o f t h e i r e xi st e nc e The r e ply iS sim pl e t h e se t hou g h t s a r e

.
'

a lso t o b e i ncl ud e d in t he c a t a lo g u e o f e xi st e nc e t he y a r e ,

m od e s m w h i ch t hou g h t s a r e co m b i n e d ; t he obj e c t i on onl y

a dds f o r ce t o t he concl us i on t h a t b e y ond t he l i m i t s o f
,

p e r c e pt i on a n d t hou g h t not h i n g ca n e xi st .

T hou g h t s o r i d e a s o r no t i on s c a ll t h e m w h a t yo u wi ll
, , , ,

d iffe r fr o m e a ch o t h e r n o t in k i nd b u t in fo r ce I t ha s
, , .

co m monl y b e e n sup p o se d t h a t t hos e d is t i nc t t hou g h t s wh i ch

a ffe ct a nu m b e r o f p e rs ons a t r e g ul a r i n t e r v a l s du r i n g t he
, ,

p a s sa ge o f a m ul t i t ud e o f o t h e r t hou g h t s w h i ch a r e c a ll e d ,

r ea l,
o r e xt er n a l Ob e ct s a r e t o t a ll
j y,
d i ffe r e n t in k i nd f r o m

t ho s e w h i ch a ffe c t onl y a fe w p e r sons a n d wh i c h r e cu r a t ,

i rr e gul a r i n t e rv a l s a n d a r e u s u a ll y m o re obscu r e a n d
,

i ndi s t i nct s uch a s ha ll u c i n a t i ons d re a m s a n d t he i d e a s o f

, , ,

m a dn e ss N o e ss e n t i a l d i s t i nc t i o n b e t w e e n a n y o n e o f t h e se
.

i d e a s o r a n y cl a ss o f t h e m is found e d on a co r r e ct obs er va
, ,

t i on o f t he n a t u r e o f t h i n g s b u t m e r e l y on a con s i d e r a t i on
,

o f w h a t t hou g h t s a r e m o s t i nv a r i a bl y s ubs e r v i e n t t o t he
s e cu rit y a n d h a p p i n e ss o f l ife ; a n d if no t h i n g m o r e w e r e
e xp r e s s e d b t h d i s t i nc t i on t he p hil o s o he r m i ht sa fe l
y
'

e p
, g y
a cco m m od a t e h i s l a n g u a g e t o t h a t o f t he vu l g a r Bu t t hey .

pr e t e nd t o a s se rt n e s se n t i a l d iffe r e nc e w h i ch ha s no
a
,

f ound a t i on in t r u t h a n d w h i ch s u gge s t s a n a r r o w a n d fa l se
.
 S P E C UL A TI ON S ON M E TA P H YS I CS
‘

. r15

c once pt i on o f u n i ve r sa l n a t u r e t he p a r e n t o f t he m os t fa t a l ,

e r r o r s i n sp e cul a t i on A s p e c i fic d iffe r e nc e b e t w e e n e v e r y
.

t hou g h t o f t he m i nd i s i nd e e d a n e c e s s a r y cons e qu e nc e o f
, , ,

t ha t l a w by w h i ch it p e r c e i v e s d i v e r s i t y a n d nu m b e r b u t a
ge n e r i c a n d e sse n t i a l d i ffe r e nce i s w holl y a r b it ra ry The .

r i nc i pl e o f t he a g r e e m e n t a n d s i m i l a r i t y o f a l l t hou g h t s i s
p , ,

t h a t t h e y a r e a ll t hou g h t s t he p r i nc i p l e o f t h e i r d i sa gr e e
m e n t cons i s t s i n t he v a r i e t y a n d i rr e g ul a r i t y o f t he occa s i ons
on w h i ch t he y a r i se i n t he m in d Th a t i n w hi ch t h ey a gr e e .
,

t o t h a t i n w h i ch t h e y d iffe r i s a s e v e r yt h i n g t o no t h i n g , .

I m po r t a n t d i s t i nc t i ons o f v a r i ous d e g re e s o f f o r ce i nd ee d
, , ,

a r e t o be e s t a bl i sh e d b e t w e e n t h e m if t h e y w e re a s t h ey , ,

m a y b e subj e ct s o f e t h i c a l a n d oeco n o m ica l d i scuss i o n

,
bu t
t h a t i s a qu e st i on a l t o ge t h e r d i st i nc t .

B y cons i d e r i n g a l l kno w l e d ge a s bound e d by p e r c e pt i on ,

w hos e op e ra t i ons m a y b e i nd e fin i t e l y co m b i n e d w e a rr i v e a t ,

a conc e p t i o n o f N a t u r e in e x p re ss i bl y m o r e m a gn i fice n t ,

s i m pl e a n d t r u e t h a n a cco r ds wi t h t he o r d i n a ry sy s t e m s o f
,

co m p l i ca t e d a n d p a r t i a l con s i d e r a t i on N o r do e s a con .

t e m pl a t io n o f t he u n i v e r s e i n t h i s co m pr e he ns i v e a n d ,

s nt he t i ca l v i ew e x cl ud e t h sub t l s t an al sis o f i
'

y e , e y t s

m od i fic a t i ons a n d p a r t s .

sca l e
A m ig h t
g du t d cco d i n g t t h
be fo rm e d ,
ra a e a r o e

de gre e s o f co m b i n d t i o o f i t n it y du t i on con
a e ra n e s ,
ra ,

n ecti p i ods
on, o f cu ern d u t i l i t y w h
re i c h w ould b
r re ce , a n , e

t h s t nd d
e acco d i n g t w h i ch l l i d s m igh t b m su d
ar ,
a r o a ea e ea re ,

an d un i n t upt d c h i n o f n i c l y sh do w d d i s t i nc t i ons
an e rr e a e a e

would b ob v d f om t h f i n t s t i m p s i o on t h
e se r e ,
r e a e re s n e

s ns t t h m os t d i t i nc t co m b i n t i on o f t ho i m p ss i on
e e s, o e s a se re s

f o m t h i m p l st o f t hos co m b i t i o t t h t m ss o f
r e s e e na n s, o a a

kno w l dg w h i ch i n lud i n g
e e w ,n tu ccons t i t u t s ou r o n a re , e

w h t w ll t h u n i v s
a e ca e e r e.
 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

We i n t u i t i v l y consc i ous o f
a re o w n xi st nc
e d of our e e e, a n

t h t conn c t i on i n t h t
a e i of succ ss i v i d s w h i ch
e ra n ou r e e ea ,

w t m
e er i d nt ity W
our e consc i ous lso o f t h xis t
. e a re a e e

e nc o f o t h m i nds ; b t t i n t u i t i v ly O
e er v i d nc u no e . ur e e e,

wi t h sp ct t t h xi st nc o f o t h m i nds i s found d upo

re e o e e e e er , e n

a v y co m p l i c t d l t i on o f i d s w h i ch it i s f o ign t
er a e re a ea ,
re o

t h pu p os o f t h i s t
e r e t is t n t om i Th b i s o f t h i s
re a e o a a se . e as

l t i on i u ndoub t dl y p i od i c l cu
re a s, c o f m ss s o f
e ,
a er a re rr e n e a e

id e a s,w h i ch volunt y d t m i n t i o s h v i
ou r ar e er a n a e, n o ne

p cul i d i t i on
e ar po w t c i cu m sc ib
re c ,
no t st d er o r r e or o a rr e ,
an

a g i st t h cu nc o f w h i ch t h y
a n e re rre onl y i m p f ct l y
e e can er e

p ov i d
r Th i e . s i st i bl l w s o f t hou ght const i us t
e rre e a ra n o

b l i v t h t t h p c i s l i m it s o f
e e e a e ct u l i d s
re e t th our a a ea a re n o e

a c t u l l im i t s o f pos i bl i d s ; t h l w cco d i n g t whi ch

a s e ea e a ,
a r o

t h s d duc t i o s
e e e d w i s ll d n logy ; d t h is i s
n ar e ra n, ca e a a an

t h f ound t i on o f l l
e a i n f nc s f o m a i d t not h
our e re e , r one ea o a er,

i n sm u ch t h y s m bl ch ot h
a as e re e e ea e r.

We s house s fi e lds li vi n g b e i n g s i n o u r o w n
se e t ree , , ,

sh a p e a n d in s h a p e s m or e o r l e ss a n a lo gous t o o u r o w n
, .

T h e s e a r e p e r p e t u a ll y ch a n gi n g t he m od e o f t h e i r e xi s t e nc e
r e l a t i ve l t o us T x p ss t h v i t i s o f t h m od
y o e r e . e a r e e e s e es ,

w e s a y w e m o v e t hey m o v e
, a n d a s t h i s m o t i on is con t i nu a l
, ,

t hou g h n o t un if o r m w e e x p r e ss o u r conc e p t i on o f t he
,

d i ve r s i t i e s o f it s cou r s e by— i t ha s been i t is it sha ll be «

, , .

T h e s e d i ve r s i t i e s a r e e v e n t s o r obj e c t s a n d a r e e ss e n t i l , a ,

con s i d e r e d r e l a t i v e l y t o hu m a n i d e n t i t y fo r t he e xi st e nc e o f ,

t he hu m a n m i nd F o r if t he i n e qu a l i t i e s p r oduc e d by
.
,

w h a t ha s b e e n t e rm e d t he op e r a t i ons o f t he e x te r n a l u m v e r se ,

w e r e le ve ll e d by t he p e r ce p t i on o f o u r b e in g u n i t i n g , ,

a n d fill i n g up t h e i r i n t e r s t i c e s m o t i on a n d m e ns u r a t i on , ,
 S P E C UL A TI ON S ON M E TA P H YS I CS . 1 17

and i
t m e, sp a ce ; t he e l e m e n t s o f t he hu m a n m in d
an d

b e i n g t hus a bs t r a ct e d s e n sa t i on a n d im a gi n a t i on c e a s e
, .

M i nd c a nnot b e cons i d e re d pu r e .

IL— WH AT M ETA PH Y S I CS AR E . ER R ORS IN TH E US UAL

M ET H OD S OF C ONS I D E R I N G T H EM .

W E do no t nd suffi c i e n t ly t o w h a t p a sse s wit hi n

a t te

o u r se l ve s . W e com b i n e w or ds co m b i n e d a t hous a nd t i m e s
,

b e fo re I n o u r m i nds w e as su m e e nt i r e op in i ons ; a n d i n
.

t h e e x p r e ss i on o f t hos e op i n i ons e n t i r e ph r as es w h e n w e , ,

w ould philosophi s e Ou r whol e st y l e o f e xpre ss i on a n d

.

se n t i m e n t i s i n fe ct e d wit h t he t r i t e st pl a gi a r is m s O u r .

w o rds a r e d e a d o u r t hou g h t s ar e cold a n d borr o we d

, .

Le t u s con t e m pl a t e fa ct s ; l e t us in t he gr e a t s t udy o f ,

ou r se l ve s re solu t e ly co m p e l t he m i nd t o a r igi d cons i d e r a t i on

,

o f i t se l f W e a re n o t con t e n t w i t h conj e ct u re a n d
.
,

i nduct i ons a n d syllo gis m s 1n sc1e n ce s r e ga r d i n g e xt e r n a l

, ,

obj e ct s A s i n t h e s e l e t u s a ls o i n cons i d e r i n g t he
.
, ,

phe no m e n a o f m in d se ve r e ly coll e c t t hos e fa ct s w h i ch c nno t

,

,
a

b e d i spu t e d M e t a phys i cs wi l l t hus poss e ss t h i s cons p i cuous

.

a dv a n t a ge ov e r e v e r o t h e r sc i e nc e t ha t e a ch s t ud e n t by
y , ,

a t t e n t i v e l y r e fe rr i n g t o h i s o w n m i nd m a y a sc e r t a i n t he ,

a u t hor i t i e s u p on w h i ch a n y a s s e r t i ons r e ga r d i n g it a r e
s uppo rt e d T h ere c a n t hus b e no d e ce p t i on w e ou rs e lve s
.
,

b e i n g t he d e pos i t or i e s o f t he e v i d e nc e o f t he subj e ct w h i ch
w e cons i d e r .

M e t a ph ys i cs m a y be d e fin e d a s a n i nqu i ry conc e r n i n g
t ho s e t h i n g s b e lon gi n g t o o r conn e c t e d wi t h t he i n t e r n a l
, ,

n a t u re of m a n .

I t i s s a i d t h a t m i nd p r oduc e s m o t i on ; a n d it m ig h t a s
w e l l h a ve b e e n said t h a t m ot i on pr oduce s m i nd
,
.
 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

III .
— D I FF I C U LT Y OF Y
U MAN M I ND
AN A L Z I N G T H E H .

I F it w e re poss i bl e t ha t a p e r son should gi v e a fa i t hf u l

hi st o r y o f h i s b e i n g fr o m t he e ar l i e s t e pochs o f his
,

r e coll e ct i on a i c t u r e w ould b e p r e s e n t e d suc h a s t he w o r ld

p ,

ha s n e v e r con t e m pl a t e d b e f o re A m i r r o r w ou l d b e h e ld up
.

t o a l l m e n i n w hi c h t he y m ig h t b e hold t h e i r o w n r e coll e c t i o n s ,

a n d in d im p e r sp e c t i v e t h e i r sh a do w h op e s a n d fe a r s
, y , ,

a ll t h a t t h e d are n o t o r t h a t d a ri n g a n d d e s i r i n g t h e
y
y , ,

could n o t e xp os e t o t he op e n e ye s o f da y B u t t hou ght ca n .

wit h d iffi cul t y v i s it t he i nt rica t e a n d wi nd i n g cha m b e r s

w hi ch it inh a b i t s I t i s l i k e a r i ve r w hose r ap i d a n d
.

p e r p et u a l st re a m fl o w s ou t wa r d — l i k e o n e m d re a d w ho
sp e e ds t hr o u gh t he r e c e ss e s o f so m e h a un t e d p i l e ,

a n d d a re s n o t look be h in d T he c a v e r ns o f t he m i nd a r e
.

obscu re a n d s h a do wy ; o r p e rv a d e d wit h a l ust re

, ,

b e a u t if ull y b r ig ht i nd e e d b u t s h i n i n g n o t b e yond t h e i r
,

po r t a ls I f it w e re poss i bl e t o be w h e r e w e h a ve b e e n
.
,

v it a ll y a n d i nd e e d— ii a t t he m o m e n t o f o u r p re s e nce t h e r e
, ,

w e cou l d d e fin e t h e r e sul t s o f o u r e x p e r i e nc e — ii t he p a ss a ge
fr o m s e nsa t i o n t o re fle ct io n — fr o m a st a t e o f pa ss i ve p er
c e t io nt o volun t a r y con t e m pl a t i o n w e r e n o t s o d i z z y i n g a n d
p ,

so t u m ul t uous t h i s a t t e m p t w ould be l e ss diflicu lt

,
.

IV .
— H OW ULD BE CARRI ED ON
T H E AN A L S I S S H O Y .

M OS T o f t he e rr o r s o f p h i l oso ph e r s h a v e a r i s e n f r o m con
s id e r in g t he hu m a n b e i n g i n a po i n t o f v i e w t o o d e t a il e d

a n d c i r cu m sc r i b e d H e i s n o t a m o r a l a n d a n i n t e ll e c t u a l
.
,

— bu t a lso a n d p r e e m i n e n t l y a n i m a gi n a t i v e b e i n g
,
-
, H is .

o w n m ind i s h i s la w ; h i s o wn m i nd is al l t h i n gs t o him .

I f w e w ould a r r i v e a t a n y kno w l e d ge wh i c h s hould b e

s e r v i c e a bl e fr om t he pr a ct i ca l conclus i ons t o w hi ch it l e a ds ,

w e o ug h t t o co ns i d e r t he m ind o f m a n an d t he u n ive rs e a s
 S P E C UL A TI ON S ON M E TA P H YS I CS . n o

t he gw hol on w h i ch t x cis
re a t e p cul t i ons o e er e ou r s e a .

H e r e, bov ll v b l d i spu t s ou ght t b l i d i d

a e a , er a e o e a as e,

t hou g h t h i s h lon g b n t h i chos fi ld o f b t t l

as ee It e r en e a e .

i m po t s l i t t l t i nqu i w h t h t hou gh t b d is t inc t f om

r e o re e er e r

t h obj t s o f t hou gh t
e ec Th o f t h w o ds xt r l d . e u se e r e e na an

i t
n er n a l pp l i d t t h st bl ish m n t o f t h is d i t i nc t i on
,
as a e o e e a e s ,

h b
as t h sym b l
ee n d t h sou c o f m uch d i spu t
e o an Thi s e r e e .

is m l y e re ffai o f w o d d t h d i spu t d s v s t
an a r r s , an as e e e er e ,
o

sa
y t h
,
t w h asp k i n g o f t
en h obj c t s o f t
eahou g h t w e e , e

i nd d o l y d c i b
ee n o f t h fo m s o f t hou g h t —
es r e one e r or

t h t sp k i n g o f t hou g h t w
a ,
ea onl y p p h d of t h , e a re en o ne e

o p t i o s o f t h un i v s l sy st m o f b in gs
era n e er a e e .

v .
— OATALOG UE OF T H E P H EN O MEN A o r D R EA MS , As

C ONN E C T I N G S LEE P I N G AN D WAK I N G .

l . LE T us re fl t on
i n f ncy d gi v f i th f ully
ec our a ,
an e as a as

p o i bl
ss e a re a l t io of t h
t o f sl p
n e ev en s ee .

A d fi t I m bou nd t p
n rs n t f i t hf ul p i ct u o f m y
a o r es e a a re

o w p cul i n t u
n e l t i v ly t sl p I do t doub t
ar a re re a e o
‘

ee . no

t h t wea v y i nd i v i d l t i m i t t m it w ou l d b found
re e er ua o a e e, e

t h t m on g m n y c i cu m s t nc s p cul i
a a a t t h i i nd i v i d
r l a e e ar o e r ua

n tua u ffi c i t ly g n l s m bl nc w ould b found t

re, a s en e e ra re e a e e o

p ov
r t h co
e n c t i on e xi t i n
n g b et we t hos p cul i ei t i ss e en e e ar e

an d t h m os t i e l p h no m n I sh ll m p loy c u t i on
u n t e rsa e e a . a e a ,

i nd d ee t t he f ct
,
as wh i ch I s t t t h t t h y con t i
o a s a e, a e a n

no t h in g f l x gg t d B t t h y con t i n no m o
a se or e a e ra e . u e a re

t h n c t i n l uc i d t i ons o f m y o w n n t u
a er a e aconc n i n g t h a re er e

d g i w h i ch it s m bl s
e re e n d i ff f o m t h t o f o t h s
re e e , or e rs r ,
a er ,

I m by no m
a ns ccu r t ly w ‘

ea It fli i t
a a e a a re . IS su c en
,

ho w v t c u t i on t h g i nst d win g g n al
.

e e r, o d a e re a er a a ra e er

i f nc s f o m p t i cu l r in t nc s
f

n ere e r ar a s a e ,
 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

-
I Om it t he g d el us i o n in fe v er o r
en e ral ins t an ce s of

d el i r i u m a s w e ll a s m e r e d re a m s co n s i d e r e d in t he m s e l ve s
, .

A d e l i n e a t i o n o f t hi s s u bj e ct ho w e v e r i n e x ha u st i bl e a n d
,

in t e r e s t i n g is t o b e p a ss e d ov e r
, .

Wh a t is t he c onn e ct io n o f sl e e p i n g a n d o f w a k i n g ?

2 . I d st i in b e r d re am in g t hr ee s e ve ra l t i m es,
ct ly rem e m

b e t we e n i nt
e rv a l s o f t w o o r m o re
y e a r s t he s a m e p r e c i s e
,

d re a m I t w a s n o t So m u ch w hat is or d i n a ril y call e d a

.

d re a m ; t he s i n gl e i m a ge u nconn e ct e d wi t h a ll o t he r im a ges
, ,

o f a you t h w ho w as e du ca t e d a t t he s a m e schoo l wi t h
.

m y s e l f p r e s e n t e d i t s e l f in s l e e p
, E v e n no w a ft e r t he
.
,

l a ps e o f m a n y ye a r s I c an n e v e r he ar t he n a m e o f t h i s
,

y ou t h wi ,t ho u t t h e t h r e e pl ace s w he r e I dr e a m e d o f h i m
re s e n t i n g t h e m s e lv e s d i s t i nc t l t o m y m in d
p y .

3 . d re a m s im a ge s a cqu ire a ssoc i a t i o n s p ecul ia r t o

In ,

d re a m i n g ; so t ha t t he ide a Of a p a rt i cu l a r hous e w he n it
'

r e cu r s a s e cond t i m e in d rea m s will ha v e r e l a t i on wi t h t he

,

i d ea o f t he sa m e house in t he fi rs t t i m e o f a n a t u r e, ,

e n t i r e l y d i ffe re n t fr o m t h a t w h i ch t he hou s e e x c i t e s w h e n ,

Se e n o r t hou g h t Of in re l a t i o n t o w a k i n g id e a s .

4 . b e he l d s ce ne s wi t h t he i n t i m at e a n d u nacco u n t
I ha ve ,

a b l e co nn e ct i on o f w hi c h wi t h t he Obscu r e p a rt s o f m y o w n

n a t u r e I h a ve b e e n irr e s i s t i bly im p r e sse d I h a ve b e h e ld

, .

a sc e n e w hi ch ha s pr oduce d no u n u su a l e ffe c t o n m y
t hou g h t s A f t e r t he l a ps e o f m a n y y e a r s I ha v e d r ea m e d
.

o f t h i s sce n e I t ha s hun g o n my m e m ory it ha s h a un t e d

.
,

m y t hou g h t s a t i n t e rv a ls wi t h t he p e r t i n a c i t y o f a n Obj e ct
, ,

conn e ct e d wi t h hu m a n a ffe c t i o n s I ha ve v is i t e d t h i s .

sc e n e a ga in N e i th e r t he d re a m could be d i ssoc i a t e d fr om
.

t he l a ndsc a pe n or t he l a ndsc a pe fr o m t he d re a m no r
, ,
 S P E C ULA TI ON S ON M E TA P H YS I CS . 12 1

f l i n gs such
ee ,
n e i t her s i n g l y co u ld ha ve a w a k e n e d fr o m
as ,

bot h B ut t he m os t re m a r k a bl e e ve nt o f t hi s n a t u re w h i ch
.
,

e v e r o ccu rr e d t o m e ha pp e n e d fi v e ye a r s a go a t O xf o r d
'

, .

I w a s w a lk i n g wi t h a fr i e nd i n t he n e ig hbou rhood o f t h a t ,

c it y e n ga ge d in ea r n e st a n d i n t e r e s t in g c onv e r s a t i on W e
, .

sudd e nl y t u r n e d t he cor n e r o f a la n e a n d t he vi e w w h i ch , ,

it s hig h b a nk s a n d he d ge s ha d conc e a l e d p r e s e n t e d i t s e l f , .

The v i e w c ons i s t e d o f a wi nd m i ll s t a nd i n g in o n e a m on g ,

m a n y pl as hy m e a do w s e nclos e d wi t h st on e w a l l s ; t he
,

i r r e g ul ar a n d b rok e n gr ound b e t w e e n t he w a l l a n d t he ,

r o a d on wh i c h w e s t o od a l on g l o w h i ll b e h i nd t he wi nd

m i ll a n d a g re y cov e r i n g o f u n if o r m cloud S p r e a d ov e r t he
,

e v e n i n g S ky I t w a s t h a t s e a s o n w h e n t he l a s t l e a f ha d
.

jus t fa ll e n fro m t he sc a n t a n d st un t e d a sh The s c e n e .

su r e ly w a s a co m m on sce n e t he s e a s on a n d t he hou r l i t t l e
ca lcul a t e d t o kin dl e l a w l e ss t hou g h t ; it w a s a t a m e u n i n
'

t e re s t in g a ss e m bl a g e Of O bj e c t s such a s w ould d r i ve t he ,

i m a gin at i on fo r r e fu ge in s e r i ous a n d sob e r t a lk t o t he ,

e v e n i n g fi re s i d e a n d t he d e ss e rt o f wi n t e r fr u i t s a n d wi n e
, .

The e ffe c t w hi c h it p r od u c e d o n m e w a s n o t such a s cou l d

ha v e b e e n e x p e ct e d I sudd e nl y r e m e m b e r e d t o ha v e s e e n
.

t h a t e x a c t sc e n e i n so m e d r e a m o f lon g *

He 1 w ra bl ig d t l
as o f over m by t h illi g h
e o ea v e o Th i co e r n or r or . s

m k l t wh i h w
,

re ar t hi f gm
c o se s s ra w i t t n in 1 8 1 5
en I m mb c as r e . re e er

w ll hi m i g t m f m w i t i g it p l d git t d t k
,

e s co n o e ro r n , a e an a a e , o see

re fug i nv t i n f m t h f fu l m t i n it x i t d N m
e n co e rs a o ro e ear e o o s e c e . o an ,

as th f gm n t p v h d u h k n
ese ra e s ro ti n
e, aS h ll ys Hi c ee se n s a o s as e e . s

n v u t m p m t w w und p by t h d l i y f hi h l t h t
er o s e e ra en as o u e e ca c o s ea o

an in t n ed g se f e n ibi l i t y d wh i l hi t iv m in d p d d
re e o se s , an e s ac e on e re

f
or e v u p o d d w l i n f m hi
er n, a n re ti
co n c u s o hi v i s ro s se n sa o n s, s re er es

in d t h i viv i t y t i l l t h y m i gl d wi t h
cr e a s e e r ac d m d wi t h
e n e ,
an a e o ne

t h gh t d bot h b c m d t um ul tu u v t p hy i l
,

ou , an b bi g e a e a so r n an o s, e en o s ca

p a in. M -
S . .
 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N T S .

S P E C ULA T I O N S O N M O R A L S .

M ORALS
’

I . P LAN OF A T R EAT I S E ON .

TH AT g re at sc i e nc e w h i ch r e ga r ds n a t u r e a n d t he
op e a t i ons O f t he h u m a n m i n d i s popul a r l y d i v i de d in t o
r ,

m o r a ls a n d m e t a p h y s i cs The l a t t e r r e l a t e s t o a j u s t
‘

'

cl a ss i fica t i o a n d t he a ss ig n m e n t o f d i s t i n ct n a m e s t o it s
n,

i de a s t he for m e r r e ga r ds s i m pl y t he d e t e r m i n at i on o f t h a t
a rr a n ge m e n t o f t h e m w hi c h p r odu ce s t he g r e a t e s t a n d m o s t

sol i d h a p p i n e ss I t i s a d m i t t e d t h a t a v i rt uous o r m or a l
.

a c t i on i s t ha t a c t i on w hi c h w he n co n s i d e r e d in a l l it s a cc e s
, ,

s o r ie s a n d cons e qu e nc e s i s fi t t e d t o pr oduce t he h ighe st

,

l e a s u r e t o t he gr e a t e s t n u m b e r O f s e n s i t i v e b e i n g s Th e
p .

l a w s a ccor d i n g t o w h i ch a ll pl e a s u r e s in c e it c a n no t be ,

e qu a ll
y f el t b
y a ll s e ns i t i v e b e i n gs ou ght t o be d i s t r i bu t e d
,
.

by a volun t a r y a ge n t a r e r e s e r ve d fo r a se pa ra t e c h a p t e r
, .

The d e s i gn Of t his l i t t l e t r e a t i s e is r e s t r i c t e d t o t he
d e v e lopm e n t o f t he e l e m e n t a ry p r i nc i pl e s o f m o ra l s A s fa r .

a s r e ga r d s t h a t pu r pos e m e t a ph ys i cal sc i e nc e wi ll b e
,

t re a t e d m e r e l y so fa r a s a sou r c e Of n e gat i ve t r u t h w h i ls t
m o ra l i t y wi ll b e cons i d e r e d a s a sc i e nc e re sp e c t in g w h i ch ,

w e ca n a rr i ve a t po s i t i v e con c lus i ons .

The m i s g u i d e d i m a gi n a t i on s O f m e n h a v e r e nd e r e d t he
a sc e r t a i n i n g o f w h a t is n o t t ru e t he p r i nc i p a l d i r e c t s e r v i c e
,

w h i c h m e t a physi ca l sc i e nce ca n b e s t o w u p on m o r a l sc i e nce .

M o r a l sc i e nce i t s e l f i s t h e doc t r i n e o f t he volun t a r y a c t i ons

'

o f ma n a s a s e n t i e n t a n d s oc i a l b e i n g T h e se a c t i ons
,
.

d e p e nd on t he t hou g h t s i n h i s m i nd B u t t h e re i s a m a ss .

o f p opul a r op i n i on fr o m w h i ch t he m o s t e n l ig h t e n e d pe r son s
,

a r e s e ldo m wholl y f r e e i n t o t he t r u t h o r f a l s e hood o f w h i ch

,

it i s i ncu m b e n t on us t o i nqu i r e b e fo r e w e ca n a r r i v e a t
,

a n y fi r m co n clus i ons a s t o t he co n d u c t w h ic h w e ou g h t t o
 S PE C (I LA TI ON S ON M OR A L S . 12 3

pu r su e i n t he r e g ul a t i o n o f o u r o w n m i nds o r t o w a r ds o u r ,

fe llo w b e i n gs o r b e fore w e ca n a sce rt a in t he e l e m e n t a y

- r

l a ws a ccor d i n g t o w h i ch t h e s e t hou g h t s fro m w h i ch t he s e

, ,

a c t i ons fl o w a r e o r igi n a ll y co m b in e d
,
.

The Obj e c t o f t he f o r m s a cco r d i n g t o whi ch hu m an soc i e t y

i s a d mi n i s t e r e d i s t he h a pp i n e ss o f t he i nd ivi du a l s co m
,
‘

p os i n g t h e co m m u n i t i e s w h i ch t h e y r e g a r d an d t h e s e f o r m s
,

a re p e r fe c t or im pe r fe c t in pr oport i on t o t he d e gr e e in
wh i ch t h e y pr o m o t e t his e n d .

T h i s Obj e ct i s n o t m e r e l y t he qu a n t i t y Of h a p p i n e ss
e njo y e d by i nd i v i du a l s a s s e n si t i v e b e i n gs b u t t he m od e in
,

w h i ch it should be d i s t r i b u t e d a m on g t he m a s s oc i a l b e i n gs .

I t i s n o t e nou gh if suc h a co i n c i d e nc e can be conc e i v e d a s

,

o ss i bl e t h a t o n e p e rs on o r cl a ss o f p e r s ons should e njo y t he

p ,

hig h e s t h a pp i n e s s w h i l st a no t h e r i s s u ffe r i n g a disp r o p o r

,

t io n a te d e g r e e o f m i s e r y . I t is n e c e ssa ry t ha t t he h a pp i
n e s s p r odu ce d by t he co m m o n e ffo r t s a n d p r e s e rv e d by t he
,

co m m o n c a r e should be d i s t r i bu t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t he j u s t
,

cl a im s o f ea ch i nd i v i du a l ; if n o t a l t hou gh t he qu a n t i t y
,

r oduc e d S hould b e t he s am e t he e n d o f soc i e t y would

p , .

r e m a i n u n f u l fil l e d . The Obj e c t i s in a co m pound p r o p o rt i on

t o t he qu a n t i t y o f h a pp i ne ss p r oduc e d a n d t he co r r e s ,

p o n de n ce o f t he m o d e in w h i ch it is d i s t r i bu t e d t o t he ,

e l e m e nt a r
y f e e l i n g s o f m a n a s a soc i a l b e i n g .

The d i s pos i t i o n i n a n i nd i vidu a l t o p r o m o t e t hi s O bj e c t i s

c a ll e d v i t u e ; a n d t he t w o cons t i t u e n t p a r t s o f v i r t u e
r
,
”

b e n e vol e nce a n d j us t i ce a r e c o rr e l a t i ve w i t h t h e s e t w o
,

gr e a t p o t i on s Of t he only t r u e obj e ct Of a ll vol un t a ry

r

a c t i ons O f a hu m a n b e i n g . B e n e vol e nc e i s t he d e s i r e t o b e
t he a u t ho r o f g oo d a n d j u s t i c e t he a pp re he ns i o n o f t he
,

m a nn e r i n wh i ch g oo d ou g h t t o b e don e .

J u s t i c e a n d b e n e vol e n ce re s ul t fr o m t he e le m e n t a r y l a w s
Of t he hu m a n m i n d .
 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

C H A PTE R I .

ON T H E N ATURE o r VI R TUE .

. . j
S EOT 1 G e e ra Vie o f t he N a t re a n d Ob e ct s o f V rt e — 2 The
n l w i u u .

Origi n
a n d Ba s is i u
o f V r t e , a s fo un
d e d o n t h e E e m e t a ry l n
in i l n
Pr c p es o f Mi d — 3 The La s c w wh i h f
fl o w ro m t he at r e o f n u
.

n
M i d r e g a ti ul ngt he a p p ca t ioli n
o f t o se p r h
cip es t o in l
ma hu n
t i n — 4 Vi t u
ac o s
p i bl t t i bu t
. rfm e, a o ss e a r e o an .

W E xi s t i t h m i dst f m ult it ud o f b i n gs l i k
e n e O a e e e our

s lv
e po whos h pp i n ss most o f
es , u n e t i ons x t so m
a e ou r ac e er e

O bvious d d c i siv i n fl u ncan e e e e .

Th gul t i o o f t hi s in fl u n i t h bj ct o f m o r l
e re a n e ce s e O e a

sc i nc e e.

W kno w t h t w
e susc p t i bl o f c i v i n g p i n f l
a e a re e e re e a u or

pl su bl im p ss i on o f g t
ea ra e re l ss i t ns it y s d re a e r or e n e an

du t i on Th t i s c ll d g ood whi ch p oduc s pl su ;

ra . a a e r e ea re 4

th t i a ll d vil w h i ch p od c s p i
s ca e e Th s gn l r u e a n . e e are e e ra

na m s e ppl i bl t v y cl ss o f c us s f o m whi ch
a ca e o e er a a e ,
r an

ov b l nc f p i n
er a a p l e su O m y asul t B t
or w h ea re a re . u en a

hu m anb ing i t h e t iv i nst u m nt o f g n t i n g

s e ac e r e e e ra or

d iffus i n g h pp i s t h p inc i pl t h o gh w hi ch it i s
a n es , e r e r u

m os t ff t e ll y i ns t m n t l t t h t pu pos i s ll d
ec u a ru e a o a r e, ca e

vi t u
r A d b n vol c
e . n t h d si e t b th
e enu t ho f e, o r e e re o e e a r O

g ood u n i t d wi t h j ust i
,
e pp h ns i o o f t h m nn ce , o r a n a re e n e a er

i w h i c h t h t g ood i s t b don
n a const i t u t s v i t u o e e, e r e .

B t wh u ,
fo should m b b n vol n t d j us t ?
e re re a an e e e e an

Th i m m d i t
e m o t i ons o f hi
e a e n tu e sp c i l l y i n it s a re, e e a s

m ost i t ifi i l s t t
nar p om pt him t i n fli ct p i n d t
c a a e, r o a ,
an o

a rr o g t do m i n i o
a e H d si s t h p n. p fl it i e t hei s re o ea su er u es o

o w n st o l t hou gh o t h s p i sh wit h f m i n
re, a H is p er er a e . e ro

p el l d et g u d g
o i ns t t h s m ar ll s t i nv
a s i
a o o f h i s o w n e a e a n

l i b t y t hou gh h duc s o t h s t
er ,
cond it i on o f t h m os t
e re e er o a e
 S P E C ULA TI ON S ON M ORA LS . 12 5

p i t i l ses v i t ud se r H i s r v n eg .f u l p oud e d s l fi h e e e ,
r an e s .

Wh fo shou l d h cu b t h s p op s it i s ?
ere re e r e e r en e

I t i s i nqu i d f w h t so
re ,
orhu m n b i n g hould a rea n a a e s

e n g g i p ocu i n g t h h pp i n ss
a e n r r f i n f om pe a e ,
or r e ra r ro

d c i n g t h p i o f no t h ? W h n
a e a n a son i s qu i d t er e a rea re re o

p ov t h n c ss i t y f dop t i n g y yst m o f conduc t

r e e e e o a an s e ,

w h t i s it t h t t h obj ct o d m nds ? H qu i s p oo f o f
a a e e r e a e re re r

t h t sy s t m
a f conduct b i n g such
e O wi ll m o t ff ct u l ly e as s e e a

p om o t t h h p p i n ss f m nk i nd T d m onst t
r e e a e O a . o e ra e

t h is is t , d o mo l
ren son S ch i s t h bj c t o f
er a ra re a . u e O e

Vi t u r e .

A co m m on soph i s m w h i ch l i k m n y o t h s d p nds , ,
e a er , e e on

th e a bus o f m t pho i c l xp ss i o t l i t l pu pos

e a e a r a e re n o a e ra r e,

h as p oduc d m uch f t h con fu i o w h i ch h i nvolv d t h

r e O e s n as e e

t h o y o f m o ls
e r I t i s i d t h t no p so i s bou nd t b
ra . s a a er n o e

j ust k i nd if or h i s n g l ct h shou l d f il t i ncu s m

, , on e e ,
e a o r o e

p en lat y D u t.
y i s bl ig t i on T h O b no bl
a ig t i o . e re ca n e O a n

wit hou t bl ig an O V i t u is l w t w hi ch it i s t h wi ll
er . r e a a , o e

o f t h l wgi v t h t w hou l d con fo m ; w h i ch w il l w

e a er a e s r e

should i n no m nn b b u nd t b y nl ss so m d d a er e o o O e ,
u e e re a

f ul p n i shm t w
u t t ch d t d i sob d i nc
en e re a T h i s is t h
a e o e e e . e

p h i losoph y o f sl v y d sup tai t i oner an ers .

I f t no p so
n ac ,
b b d
er blig d wi t hou t so m
n ca n e ou n or o e , e

p o w p
er c d i n g t
re e b i nd d ob l ig o I f I obs v m
an e . er e a an

bound h nd d foo t I kno w t h t o m

a an , bou nd him a s e one .

B t if I obs v
u him t u ning s lf
er e t i fi d f om t h re r e -
sa s e r e

p er f o m nc
r o f a so m e c t i on b y wh i ch h eh b a n t h , e as ee e

wi ll i n g u t ho o f xt ns i v b n fi t I do t i n f t h t t h
a r e e e e e ,
no er a e

a n t i c i p t i on f h l l i sh g on i s
a O th
e h o p o f h v nl y
a e ,
or e e ea e

re w d h const i n d him t such

ar ,
as ra t e o an ac .
*

A l f
ea of ma nu i pt scr Is w nt i g h
a n e re , i
m an fe s t y t rea t l ing o f se lf
lv o e an d d ii
s n t ere s e t dn es s . —M . S .
12 6 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

It i ns t b st t d i n w h t m nn
re m a o e a e a a er t he s e ns at i ons
whi ch con t i t u t t h b si s o f vi t u o igi n t
s e e a r e r a e i n t he hu m a n

m i n d ; wh t t h l w s w h i ch it
a a re c iv s e a re e e t here ho w fa r

t h p i nc i p l s
e r f m i nd llo w it t
e O b a o e a n a t t r i bu t e o f a

hu m n b i n g ;
a e d l st ly w h t i s t h
an , a ,
a e p r ob a b i l i t y o f
p u
e rs d i n g
a m nk i nd t. dop
a t it o a as a un i ve r sa l a n d
s
y t m
s e t i c m o t i v o f conduc t
a e .

B EN E VO LE N C E .

T H ER E is
cl a ss o f e m ot i ons w h i ch w e ins t i nc t i ve l y
a

a vo i d A hu m a n b e i n g such as i s m a n con s i d e r e d i n h i s
.
,

o r I I n a ch i ld a m on t h Ol d ha s a v e ry i m p e r fe c t consc i ous
g , ,

n e s s o f t he e xi s t e nce o f o t h e r n a t u re s r e s e mbl i n g i t s e l f .

A ll t he e n e rgi e s o f it s b e i n g a r e d i r e ct e d t o t he e x t i nc t i o n
o f t he p a i ns wit h w h i ch it i s p e rp e t u a ll y a ssa i l e d A t .

l e n g t h it d i scov e r s t h a t it i s su rr ound e d by n a t u r e s
“

susc e p t i bl e o f s e ns a t i ons s i m i l a r t o it s o wn I t i s v e ry l a t e .

b e fo re ch i ld r e n at t a in t o t hi s kno w l e d ge I f a ch i ld .

obs e r ve s wi t hou t e m o t i on its nu r s e o r it s m o t h e r su ffe r i n g

, ,

a cu t e pa i n it is a t t r i bu t a bl e ra t he r t o ig no r a nc e t h a n
,

i nse n s i b i l i t y S O soon a s t he a cce n t s a n d ge s t u r e s

.
,

s ig n ific a n t o f p a i n a r e r e fe r r e d t o t he fe e l i n g s wh i c h t h e y
,

e x p r e ss t h e y a w a k e n i n t he m i nd o f t he b e hold e r a d e s i r e
,

t h a t t h e y should c ea s e P a i n i s t hu s a pp r e h e nd e d t o be
.

e v i l fo r it s o w n s a k e wi t hou t a n y o t h e r n e c e s sa r y r e fe r e n ce
,

t o t he m i nd by w h i ch i t s e xi s t e n c e i s p e r c e i ve d t h a n su c h ,

a s is i nd i s p e ns a bl e t o it s p e r c e p t i on The t e nd e nc i e s o f o u r .

o r igi n al s e ns a t i on s i nde e d a l l h a v e fo r t h e i r Obj e c t t he

, ,

p r e s e r va t i on o f o u r i nd i v i du a l b e i n g B u t t h e s e a r e .

p a ss i v e a n d u nconsc i ous I n p r opo r t i on a s t he m i nd .

a cqu i r e s a n a c t i ve p o w e r t he e m p i r e o f t h e s e t e nd e nc i e s
,

b e co m e s l i m i t e d Thus a n i n fa n t a s a va ge a n d a sol i t a ry
.
, ,
 S P E C UL A TI ON S ON M ORA LS . 12 7

b e a s t i s s e lfi s h be ca u se it s m i nd is i nc a p a bl e o f r e ce i v i n g
, ,

a n a ccu r a t e i n t i m a t i on O f t he n a t u r e o f p a i n a s e x i s t i n g i n

be i n gs r e s e m bl i n g i t s e l f The i nh a b i t a n t o f a h ig hl y
.

c i vi l i s e d co m m un i t y wi ll m or e a cu t e l y sy m p a t h i s w i t h t he e

s u ffe i n g s a n d e nj o y m e n t s Of o t he r s t h a n t he i nh a b i t a n t o f
r ,

a soc i e t y o f a l e ss d e g r e e o f c i v i l i s a t i on H e who sh a ll .

h a ve cul t i va t e d h i s i n t e l l e c t u a l po w e r s by fa m i l i a r i t y wi t h
t he h ig h e s t sp e c i m e ns o f po e t r y a n d ph i loso p h y w i ll usu a ll y ,

sym p a t h i s e m o r e t h a n o n e e n ga ge d i n t he l e s s r e fin e d
f unct i ons O f m a nu a l l a bou r Ev e ry o n e ha s e xp e r i e nce o f
.

t he fa c t t h a t t o sy m p a t h i s e wi t h t he su ffe r i n g s o f a no t h e r
, ,

is t o e njoy a t r a ns i t o r y O bl i vi on o f his o w n .

The m i nd t h u s a cqu i r e s by e x e r c i s e a h a b i t a s it w e re
, , , ,

o f p e r ce i v i n g a n d a bho r r i n g e vi l ho w e ve r r e m o t e fr o m t he
,

i m m e d ia t e S ph e re o f s e nsat i ons wi t h w h i ch t h a t i nd ivi du a l

m i nd i s conv e r s a n t I m a gin a t i on o r m i nd e m plo y e d in
.

p r oph e t i cal l y i m a gi n g fo rt h it s Obj e ct s i s t h a t fa cul t y o f ,

hu m a n n a t u r e on w h i ch e ve ry gr a d a t i on o f it s p r ogr e ss ,

na e v e ry t he m i nu t e st ch a n ge d e pe nds P a in o r
y
, , , , .

pl e a s u r e if sub t l y a n a l y s e d wi ll be fou nd t o con s i s t

, ,

e n t i r e l y i n p r o sp e c t T he onl y d i st i n c t i on b e t w e e n t he
.

s e lfi s h m a n a d t he v i r t uous m a n is t h a t t he i m a gi n a t i on o f
n ,

t he f o m e r i s confin e d wi t h i n a n a rr o w l i m i t w h i ls t t h a t o f
r ,

t he l a t t e r e m b r a c e s a co m p r e h e ns i v e c i r cu m s t a nc e I n t his .

s e n se ,
wi sdo m a n d v i r t u e m a y b e sa i d t o b e i n s e pa r a bl e ,

a n d cr i t e r i a Of e a c h o t h e r S e l fi shn e ss i s t he O fl s p i g o f
‘

. r n

ig no ra nce a n d m i s t a k e ; it i s t he p or t i on o f u n r e fl e c t i g n

i n fa n cy a n d s a v a ge sol it ud e o r Of t hos e who m t oil o r e v i l

, ,

occu p a t i ons h a v e blun t e d o r r e nde r e d t o rp i d d i s i n t e r e s t e d

b e n e vol e nce i s t he p r oduct o f a cul t i v a t e d i m a gi n a t i on ,

a n d ha s a n i n t i m a t e conn e xi on wi t h a l l t he a r t s w h i ch a dd

o r n a m e n t o r d ign i t y o r p o w e r o r s t a b i l i t y t o t he s oci a l
, , ,

s t at e o f m a n V i r t u e is t hus e n t i r e l y a r e fin e m e n t o f
.
12 8 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

c i vili se d l ife : a c r e a t i on o f t he h u m a n m i nd o r r a t h e r a , ,

com b i n a t i on w h i ch it has m a de a ccor d i n g t o e l e m e n t a ry

,

r ul e s co n t a i n e d wi t h i n i t s e l f o f t he fe e l i n g s sugge st e d by
,

t he re l a t i o n s e st a bl i she d b e t w e e n m a n a n d m a n .

All t he t h e o r i e s w h i ch ha v e r e fi n e d an d e x al t e d

h u m a n it y o r t hos e w hi ch ha v e b e e n d e v i s e d a s a l l e via t i ons

,

o f it s m i s t a k e s a n d e vils ha ve b e e n b as e d u po n t he
,

e le m e nt a r
y e m o t i ons O f d i s i n t e r e s t e dn e ss w h i ch w e fe e l t o
,

con s t i t u t e t he m aj e s t y o f o u r n a t u re P a t r i o t i s m a s it
.
,

e xi s t e d in t he a nc i e n t r e publ i cs w a s n e v e r a s ha s b e e n
, ,

suppose d a c a lcul a t i on o f p e r son a l a dvan t a ge s Wh e n

,
.

M u t i n s S c ae vol a t h r ust h i s ha nd i n t o t he bu r n i n g c o a l s a n d ,

R e g ulus r e t u r n e d t o C a r t ha ge a n d Ep icha r is sus t a i n e d t he

,

r a ck s il e n t l in t he t o r m e n t s o f wh i ch s he kn e w t h a t s he
y ,

w ould sp e e d i ly p e r i sh r a t he r t h a n b e t r ay t he c on sp i ra t o rs
,

t o t he t yr a n t t h e s e il lus t r i ous p e r son s c e rt a inl y m a d e a

s m a ll e s t i m a t e Of t he i r pr i va t e i n t e re st I f it be sa i d t ha t
.

t he y sou g h t post hu m o u s f a m e ; i nst an c e s a r e n o t w a n t i n g

in hi st o ry w h i ch p r ov e t ha t m en ha v e e v e n d e fi e d i n fa m y
fo r t he sa k e o f g ood B u t t h e r e i s a g re a t e rr o r in
.

t he w o r ld wi t h re sp e c t t o t he s e l fi s hn e ss o f fa m e I t is .

c er t a i nly poss i bl e t h a t a p e rson should s e e k d i s t i nct i on a s a

m e d i u m o f p e r son a l gr a t i fic a t i on B u t t he love o f fa m e i s
.

fr e qu e nt ly n o m o r e t h a n a de s i r e t h a t t he fe el i n gs o f o t h e r s
should co n fi r m i llus tra t e a n d sym p a t hi se wi t h o u r o w n
, , ,
.

I n t h i s r e sp e c t it is a ll i e d wi t h a ll t h a t d ra w s u s o u t
o f ou r s e l ve s I t i s t he l a st i n firm it y o f nobl e m i nds
.
“
.

C h i va l ry w a s l i k e wi s e f o u nd e d o n t he t h e o ry o f s e l f
s a c r i fic e Love posse ss e s so e xt ra o r d i n a ry a po w e r ove r t he
.

hu m a n h e a rt onl y b e c a us e d i s i n t e re st e dn e ss i s un i t e d wi t h
,

t he n a t u ra l p r op e n s i t i e s The s e p r op en s i t i e s t h e m s e lv e s
.

a r e co m p a ra t i v e l i m po t e n t i n ca s e s w h e re t h e i m a gi n a t i on
y
T it ac us .
 S P E C ULA TI ON S ON M ORA L S . 129

o f pl e a su r e t o be gi ve n a s w e ll a s t o b e r e c e i ve d do e s n o t
, ,

e nter i n t o t he a ccoun t Le t it n o t be obj e c t e d t h a t

.

pa t r i ot i sm an d ch i va l ry a n d Se n t i m e n t al l ove h a ve b e e n
, , ,

t he f oun t a i n s Of e no r m ous m i sch i e f T h e y a r e c i t e d onl y

.

t o e s t a bl i sh p ro pos it i o n t h a t a ccor d i n g t o t he
'

t he ,

e l e m e n t a r y p r i nc i pl e s o f m i nd m a n is c a p a bl e o f d e s ir i n g
,

a n d p u r s ui n g g oo d fo r it s o w n s a k e .

U J S T I CE .

TH E b e n e vol e n t pr op e ns i t i e s a r e t hu s inh e r e n t in t he
hu m a n m i nd W e a r e i m pe ll e d t o see k t he ha pp i n e ss o f
.

o t h e r s W e e xp e r i e nc e a sa t i s fa c t i on in b e i n g t he a u t ho r s
.

Of t h a t h a pp i n e ss . E v e ryt h i n g t h a t l i v e s i s op e n t o
i m pre ss i ons o f pl e a su re a n d p a in W e a re le d by o u r .

b e n e vol e n t pr op e ns i t i e s t o re ga r d e v e ry hu m a n b e i ng in dif
fe r e n t ly wit h w ho m w e co m e in con t a ct Th e y h a ve
.

pr e fe re nc e onl y wi t h r e sp e ct t o t hos e w ho Offe r t h e m s elve s

m ost obv i o u sl y t o o u r no t i c e H u m a n b e i n g s a re i nd i s
.

c r i m i n a t i n g an d bl i nd ; t he y wil l a vo i d i nfl i c t in g p a i n ,

t hou g h t h a t p a i n s hou ld be a t t e n d e d wi t h e v e n t u a l b e n e fi t
t h e y wi ll s e e k t o con fe r pl e a su r e wi t ho u t c a l cul at i n g the
m i sch i e f t h a t m a y r e su l t T h e y b e n e fi t o n e a t t he e x p e ns e
.

o f m a ny .

T h e re is a s e n t i m e n t i n t he hu m a n m i nd t h a t r e g ul a t e s
b e n e vol e nc e i n it s a ppl i c a t i on a s a p r i nc i p l e o f a ct i on T h i s .

i s t he s e nse o f j ust i ce J u s t i c e a s w e ll a s b e n e vol e nc e i s

.
, ,

a n e lem e nt a r l a w o f hu m a n n a t u r e I t i s t h r ou g h t h i s
y .

pr i nc i pl e t h at m e n a r e i m p e ll e d t o d i s t r i bu t e a n y m e a ns o f
pl e a s u r e w h i ch b e n e vol e nce m a y su gge st t he co m m un i ca t i on
O f t o o t h e r s i n e qu a l po r t i ons a m on g a n e qu a l n u m b e r o f
,

a p pl i c a n t s
. I f t e n m e n a re sh i p w r e ck e d o n a d e s e r t i s l a nd ,

t h e y d i st r i bu t e w h a t e v e r s u bs i s t e nc e m a y r e m a i n t o t h e m ,

90
1 30 E S S A YS A N D F RA G M E N TS .

n o qu al po rt i ons a m o n g t he m se lves I f six o f t he m

i t
e
.

conspi r e t o d e p r i ve t he r e m ainin g fo ur Of t he ir shar e t he ir ,

conduc t 1s t e r m e d unj ust .

The e xi s t e nc e o f p a i n ha s b e e n s ho w n t o be a c i r cu m
st a n c e w h i ch t he hu m an m i n d r e ga r ds wi t h d i ssa t i s fa ct i on ,

a n d Of w h ich it d e s ir e s t he c e ss a t i o n I t is e qu a l l y a cco r d .

i n g t o it s n a t u re t o d e s ire t ha t t he a dva n t a ge s t o be e njoye d

by a l i m i t e d n u m b e r o f p e r son s s hould b e e njoye d e qu a ll y
by a ll T h i s p r opos i t i o n i s suppo rt e d by t he e v i d e nc e o f
.

i nd i s pu t a bl e fa ct s Te l l som e un ga r ble d t a l e o f a n u m b e r
.

o f p e rson s b e i n g m a de t he v i ct i m s o f t he e nj oym e n t s o f
o ne a n d he w ho w ould a p p e a l in fa vou r o f an y sy s t e m
,

w h i ch m ight pr oduc e such a n e v il t o t he pr im a ry e m o t i ons

O f o u r n a t u r e w ould ha v e no t h i n g t o
,
r ep l y Le t t w o .

p e r sons e qu a ll y s t ra n ge r s m a k e a p pl i c a t i o n fo r so m e
, ,

b e n e fit in t he posse ss i on o f a t hi r d t o b e st o w a n d t o w h i ch ,

he f e e ls t h a t t he y h a v e a n e qu a l cl a i m T he y are bo t h .

s e n sit i ve b e i n g s ; pl e a su r e a n d p a i n a ffe ct t h e m a l i k e .

C H A P TER I I .

I T is fo ig g n l scop o f t h i s lit t l T t i s t
re n t o t he e e ra e e re a e o

e n um bc s i m pl g u m t by co t ov t i n g y f t h
er a e ar en n r er an O e

t i t obj c t i o s o f h b i t
r e e f n t i ci sm B t t h
n a tw or a a . u e r e a re o

t h fi t t h b s i s o f l l pol i t i c l m i st k
e rs , e a d t h s ond
a a a e, a n e ec ,

th p ol i fic c us
e r d ff ct o f a l igi o u s
e an o w h i ch it
e e re e rr r,

se e m s us f u l t fu t e o re e .

F i s t it i s i nqu i d
r ,
Wh f o should re m b,
“
e re re a an e

b n vol n t d j us t ? Th ns w h b n gi v n i t h
e e e an
”
e a er as ee e n e

p c d i n g ch p t
re e a er .

If m p s i s t s t i nqu i w hy h o ugh t t p o m ot t h
a an er o re e o r e e

h p p i n ss o f m nk i nd h d m nds
a e a m th m t ic l
, e e a a a e a a or

m t ph ys i l
e a o f mo lca ct i on Th bsu d i t y f
r e as n or a ra a . e a r O
 S P E C ULA TI ON S ON M OR A L S . 13 1

th i s s pt i c ism i m o pp t b t t l ss l t h
ce s re a a re n ,
u no e r ea an

th e x ct i ng m o l
e a son f a m th m t i l
ra m t
re a or a a e a ca or e a

phy i c l f c t I f y p son sho u ld f s t d m i t t h t

s a a . an er re u e o a a

a ll t h d ii o f c i cl
e ra o f qu l l n g t h
a r t h t hu m n
e a re e a e ,
or a a

a c t i on n c ss il y d t m i n d by m o t i v s u n t i l it
s a re e e ar e er e e ,

could b p ov d t h t t h s d ii d t h s c t i ons u n ifo m l y

e r e a e e ra an e e a r

t nd d t
e e th p od u c t i o o f t h g t s t g n l g ood
o e r n e re a e e e ra ,

w h w ould t wond t th u son bl d c p i c i ous

.

o no er a e n re a a e an a r

as soci t i on o f hi i d s ?
a s ea

Th w i t e o f ph il osoph i c l t t i s m y I im gi n t
r er a a r ea e a ,
a e, a

t h is dv nc d a o f hu m
a e i n t l l c t b h ld x u s d f o m
e ra an e e , e e e c e r

e n t i n g i t o con t ov sy wi t h t hos
er n a son s if such
r er e rea er ,

th e re w ho w oul d cl i m
a re, x m pt i on f o m it d c s a an e e r s e re e

in f vou o f nyon m on g t hos d i v sifi d syst m s o f

a r a e a e er e e

obscu op i n i on sp c t i n g m o ls w h i ch u nd t h n m
re re e ra , , er e a e

o f l igi ons h v i v i ous g s d coun t i s p v i l d

re ,
a e n ar a e an r e re a e

a m on g m nki d B i d s t h t if
a n . th s son s h v
es e a ,
as e e rea er a e

p t nd d t n l t o t u
re e e , e er h pp i n ss wi ll nsu
a r th re or a e e e as e

c ons qu nc o f c t i n c t i ons w sho ld b no n

e e e er a tha ,
e u e ea re r e

poss ss i on o f s t nd d t d t m i n w h t c t i ons w
e a a ar o e er e a a ere

r igh t d w on g v n if t h i s p t nd d v l t i on w h i ch i
an r , e e re e e re e a , s

b y no m ns t h c s h d f n i sh d us w i t h co m p l t
ea e a e, a ur e a e e

c t lo g u o f t h m Th ch c t o f c t i on
a a e e . v i t uous
e a ra er a s as r or

v i c i ous w ould by o m ns b d t rm i n d lon by t h n ea e e e e a e e

p ers o n l dv n
a t g a d i s dv
a n t ga o f ec h m oor l g n t a a a e ea ra a e

i nd i v i du ll y cons i d d I nd d
a ct i on i ft
e re . ee , an a s O en

v i t uous i n p opo t i o t t h g t n ss o f t h p son l

r r r n o e rea e e er a

c l m i t y w h i ch t h u t ho wi ll in g l y d w s upo h i m s l f by
a a e a r ra n e

d i n g t p fo m it I t i s b c u
ar o er r c t i on p oduc s
. e a se a n a r e an

ov b l nc o f pl su
er a a e p i n t t h g t st n u m b o f
ea re or a o e re a e er

se n t i nt b i ng
e d t m e l y b c us it cons qu nc s
s, a n no ere e a e s e e e a re

b n fic i l i nj u i ous t t h th o f t h t ct i on t h t it
'

e e a or r o e au or a a ,
a

i s good v i l N y t hi s l t t
or e . cons i d t i on h a , a er e ra as a
 132 E S S A YS A N D E R A G M E N TS .

te nd e ncy t o pollu t e t he p u r i t y Of v i r t u e in a s m u ch a s it ,

cons i s t s i n t he m ot i ve r a t h e r t h a n in t he cons e qu e nc e s o f
a n a c t i on A p e r son w ho should l a bo u r fo r t he h a pp i n e ss
.

O f m a nk i nd l e s t h e should b e t o r m e n t e d e t e r n a ll y in H e ll ,

w ould wi t h r e fe r e nce t o t h at m ot i ve poss e ss a s l i t t l e cl a i m

, ,

t o t he e p i t he t Of v i rt u ous as he w ho should t o rt u re im
, ,

p r i son a n d b u rn t h e m a l i ve a m o r e usu a l a n d n a t u ra l
, ,

c ons e qu e nc e o f such p r i nc i pl e s fo r t he sa k e o f t he
,

e nj o m e n t s O f H e a v e n
y .

M y n e ighbou r p r e su m i n g on his s t r e n g t h m a y d i r e c t m e
, ,

t o p e r f o r m o r t o r e fr a i n fr o m a p ar t i cul a r a ct i on ; in dica t
in g a c e rt a i n a r b i t r a r y p e n a l t y i n t he e v e n t o f d i sob e d i e nc e
wi t h i n h i s po we r t o i n fli ct M y a c t i on if m od i fi e d by h i s
.
,

m e n a c e s ca n in no d e g re e p a rt i c i p a t e i n v i r t u e
,
H e ha s .

a ffo r d e d m e n o c r i t e r i on a s t o w ha t i s r ig h t o r w r on g A .

k i n g o r a n a ss e m bl y Of m e n m a y publ i sh a p r ocl a m a t i on
, ,

a fli xin g a n y p e n a l t y t o an p a r t i cul a r a c t i on b u t t h at
y ,

is n o t i m m o r a l b e c a us e such p e n a l t y i s a ffi x e d N ot h i n g
.

i s m or e e v i de n t t h a n t ha t t he e p i t h e t o f v i r t u e i s i n a p
pl i ca bl e t o t he r e fra i n i n g from t h at a c t i o n on a ccoun t o f
t he e v i l a r b i t r a r il y a t t a ch e d t o it I f t he a c t i on i s in i t s e l f
.

b e n e fic i al v i r t u e w ould ra t h e r cons i st in n o t r e fra i n i n g

,

fr o m it bu t i n fi r m l y de fyi n g t he p e r son a l conse qu e nc e s

,

a t t a ch e d t o it s p e r fo r m a nc e .

S o m e u s u r p e r O f sup e r n a t u r a l e n e r gy m ig h t subdu e t he
w hol e gl ob e t o h i s p o w e r ; he m igh t p os se ss n e w a n d
unh e a r d o f r e so u r c e s fo r e ndu i n g h i s pun i sh m e n t s wi t h t he
-

m os t t e rr i bl e a t t r i bu t e s O f p a i n T he t o r m e n t s o f his
.

v i c t i m s m ig h t be i n t e ns e i n t h e i r d e gr e e a n d p r o t r a ct e d t o
,

a n i nfin i t e du r a t i on S t i ll t he wi ll Of t he l a w gi v e r w ould
“ ”
.

a ffo r d no su r e r c r i t e r i o n a s t o w h a t a ct i ons w e r e r ig h t o r

w r on g I t w ould only i ncr e a se t he poss i bl e v i r t u e Of t hos e

.

w ho r e fus e t o be co m e t he i nst r u m e n t s o f h i s t yra nn y .

 S P E C UL A TI O N S ON M OR AL S . 1 33

I L — M OR A L S C I ENC E C ONS I S T S IN C ON S I D E R I N G TH E DI FF ER

E N C E, N OT T H E RE S EM B LAN C E, OF P E R S ON S .

TH E i n t n l i n fl nc d i v d f o m t h const i t ut i o o f
er a ue e, er e r e
'

th m i nd f o m w hi c h t h y fl o w
e r p oduc s t h t p cul i e ,
r e a e ar

m od i fic t i on o f a ct i ons w h i c h m k s t h m i n t i ns i c ll y
a , a e e r a

good v i l or e .

T tt i
o a pp h n i on o f t h i m p o t nc o f t hi s d i s
a n an a re e s e r a e

t i nc t i on l t us v i i t i n i m gi n t i on t h p oc d in g s o f o m
, e s ,
a a , e r ee s e

m t o p ol i s
e r C ons i d t h m ul t i t ud o f hu m n b i n gs w h
. er e e a e o

i nh b i t it d su v y i n t hou ght t h ct i ons o f t h s v l

a ,
an r e , , e a e e era

cl ss s in t o w h i ch t h y
a e d i v i d d T h i bv i ous c t i ons e a re e . e r O a

are pp a t l y u n ifo m
ar e n th t b i l i t y o f hu m n soc i t yr : e s a a e

s m s t b m i t i n d fli i t ly by t h un ifo m i t y f t h
ee o e a n a e su c en e r o e

conduc t o f it m m b s bo t h wit h g d t t h m s lv s s e er , re ar o e e e ,

an d wi t h g d t o t h s Th l bou
re ar i s t c ti
o er . e a re r a r s e a a er a n

hou d ppl i s h i m s l f t t h t sk njo i n d him

r, a n a e Th e o e a e e . e

f unct i on i s o f g ov n m n t d l w
ar e g ul ly m ploy d
er e an a are r e ar e e

i n t h i fli e r d cou t s
O Th t d
ce s an holds t i n o f r . e ra er a ra

conduc t f om w h i ch h n v d v i t r Th m i i st s o f e e er e a es . e n er

re l igi on m ploy ccust o m d l n gu g

e an d m int i n
a e a a e, an a a a

d c n t d qu bl
e e an g d Th m y i s d w n fo t h t h
e a e re ar . e ar ra r , e

m o t ions o f v y sold i e such t h y w

er xp c t d t er a re as e e re e e e o

b ; th g n
e l co m m nds
e e d h i s w o ds
era cho d f o m a , an r a re e e r

t oop t
r t oop Th do m s t i
o r ct i ons f m
. f e th e c a O en a re, or e
'

m os t p t und i st i n g u i sh bl
ar ,
f om t h ot h t a e o ne r e er, a a

s u p fi i l gl nc
er c a Th c t i ons w h i ch
a e . cl s d u nd t h e a a re as e er e

g n l p p ll t i on o f m i g duc t i on f i ndsh i p t
e era a e a arr a e, e a , r e , e c .
,

a re p p t u lly g o i n g on
er e a d t sup fic i l g l nc ,
an o a er a a e, are

S im il t o t h ot h
ar one e er .

B t if w w ould
u ,
t h t u t h f t h i n g s t h y m us t b
e se e e r O , e e

st i pp d o f t h i s f ll c i ous pp
r e c f nif o m i t y I
a a a e a ran e O u r . n

t u t h no
r , ct i o h s w h one ons i d d i it w hol
a n a , en c e re n s e
I S4 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

e x t n t y ss nt i l s m bl
e ,
an e wit h y o t h
e a E chre e an ce an e r. a

i nd i vi du l w ho co mpos s t h v s t m ul t it ud whi ch w
a , e e a e e

h v b n on t m pl t i n g h
a e ee c p u l i f m o f m i nd
e a , as a ec ar ra e ,

w h i ch w h i lst t h f t u s o f t h g t m o f h i s ct i o s
, e ea re e r ea a ss a n

m i n u n if o m i m p ss s t h m in t l i n m n t s wi t h it
_

re a r re e e u er ea e s
,

p ul i
ec hu s ar T h u w h il st hi l if
e . w hol i s l i k t h
s, s e, a s a e, e e

l i v s o f ot h m
e i d t i l it i m ost un l i k ;
er en, d thn e a , s e an e

mo subd i vid d t h c t i ons b o m ; t h t i t h m o

re e e a ec e a s, e re

th y e n t i t o t h t l ss w hi h h v v i t l i fl u nc on
e er n a c a c a e a a n e e

t h h pp i n s o f o t h s
e a d h is w
e s so m uch t h m o er an o n, e re a re

t h y d i s t i n t f o m t hos o f o t h
e c m r e er e n.

Th lit t l n m l un m m b d t o se e, a e ess, re e e re ac s

Of kin dn d fl v " e ss a n o o e,

as w ll t hos d dl y ou t g s which
e as e in fli t d by
ea ra e are c e a

lo k o w o d— l ss— t h v y f i i n g f om so m f i n t
, a r or e e er re ra n r e a

an d m ost v n s t x p s i o o f coun t
e a e ce n nc t h s fl o w
e re s n e na e e e

f o m p o fo nd sou t h t h s i s o f
r a r u er h b it u l r ce an e er e ou r a a

conduc t w h i ch it h b , l dy s i d d i v s it o igin
, as ee n a re a a ,
er e s r

f o m wi t hou t
r Th s th ct i ons d su ch
. th s
e e a re e a ,
an as e e,

w h i ch m k hu m n l if w h t it i s d t h fount i ns f
a e a e a ,
an ar e e a O

a l l t h g ood e d vil wi t h w h i ch it an n t i su f c i s so
e s e re r a e

wi d ly d im p t i ll y v sp d ; d t hou gh t h y
e an ar a o er re a an e ar e

c ll d m i nu t t h y
a e c ll d so i co m pl i n wi t h t h
e, e a re a e n a ce e

bl i ndn ss o f t hos w ho c not s t i m t t h i i m po t n

e e an e a e e r r a ce .

I t is i n t h d pp c i t i n g t h g n l ff c t s o f t h i
e ue a re a e e e ra e e e r

p cul i i t i s
e ar d i cul t i v t i n g t h h b i t o f cqu i i n g
e , an n a e a a r

d c i s i v kno w l d g sp ct in g t h t nd nc i s i s i n g t o f
e e e e re e e e e e ar ou

t h m i p t i cul
e nc s t h t t h m os t i m po t n t p t o f
ar ar a es , a e r a ar

m o l sc i nc cons i s t s
ra e Th d p s t by ss o f t h s v st
e . d e ee e a e e a an

m ul t i t d i no u s c v
u s it i s s y t h t w should v i s it
a e rn ,
n e ce s ar a e .

This i t h d iff n b tw
s e s i l d in di id u l m
e re ce e e en oc a an v a an .

N t t h t t his dis t in t i o
o a i t b cons i d d d fi it c n s o ,
e e re e n e, or
 S PE C ULA TI ON S ON M ORA LS . 135

ch a r a ct e r i s t ic o f o n e hu m an b e i n g as co m p a re d wi t h a not he r ,

it d e no t e s r a t he r t w o cl a ss e s o f a ge ncy co m m on i n a d e gr e e ,

t o e v e ry hu m a n be in g N on e is e x e m p t ind e e d f ro m t h a t
.
, ,

sp e c i e s o f i n fl u e nce w hi ch a ffe ct s a s it w e r e t he su rfa c e o f

, ,

h i s b e i n g a n d gi ve s t he spe c i fi c ou t l in e t o his conduct

,
.

A l m ost a ll t h a t i s os t e ns i bl e sub m i t s t o t h a t l e gi sl a t u r e
c r e a t e d by t he ge n e ra l r e p re s e n t a t i on O f t he p a st fe e l in g s Of
m an k i nd— im p e r fe c t as it i s fr o m a v a r i e t y o f c a us e s a s it ,

e xi s t s in t he g ov e r n m e n t t he re l igio n a n d do m e s t i c h a b i t s
, , .

T hos e w ho do n o t no m i n a l l y ye t a c t u all y sub m i t t o t he

, ,

sa m e po w e r The e xt e rn a l fea t u re s o f t h e i r condu ct inde e d

.
, ,

ca n n o m o r e e sc a pe it t h a n t he clouds can e sc a p e fr o m t he
,

s t re a m o f t he win d ; a n d his op i n i on w h i ch he O f t e n hopes ,

he ha s d i sp a ss i on a t e l y s e cu r e d f r o m a l l co n t a gi o n o f p r e
j ud i ce an d vu l ga r i t y w o u l d be found o n e x a m in a t i o n t o be
, , ,

t he i n e vit a b l e e x c r e sc e n ce o f t he v e ry usa ge s fr o m w hi c h
he v e he m e n t l y d i ss e n t s I n t e rn a l l y all is co n duct e d o t he r
.

wi se ; t he e flicie n cy t he e sse nce t he v i t al i t y o f a ct i o n s

, , ,

d e r i v e s it s c olo u r fro m w h a t is n o wa ys con t r i bu t e d t o fr o m

a n y e x t e r n al sou r c e . Li k e t he p l an t w h i ch w hil e it d e riv e s
,

t he a cc i d e n t o f it s s iz e a n d s ha p e fr o m t he so il in w hi ch it
s p r i n gs a n d is ca n k e r e d o r dis t o rt e d o r in fl a t e d et
, , , y ,

r e t a in s t hos e qu a lit i e s w hi c h e ss e n t ia ll d i v i d it f o m l l
y e r a

o t h e rs ; so t h a t hem l oc k co n t in u e s t o be po iso n a n d t he ,

v i ol e t do e s n o t cea s e t o e m i t it s Odou r in w h a t e ve r so il it
m a y gr o w .

W e con s i d e r o u r o w n n a t u r e t o o supe r fic i al l y W e l ook .

o n a ll t h a t in o u r s e l ve s wi t h w hich w e can d i scov e r a r e s e m

bl a nce in o t he rs ; an d cons i de r t hose re se m bla n ce s as t he

m a t e r i al s o f m o ra l k n o w l ed ge I t is in t he d i ffe r e n ce s t h a t
.

it a c t ua l l y co n sis t s.
 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

T H E A G E O F P E R I C LE S

WI TH C R I TI C AL N OT I C E S OF T H E S C UL PT URE IN T HE

F LORENC E G A LLE R Y .

TH E p e r i od w hi ch i n t e r v e n e d b et w e e n t he b i r t h o f Pe r i cl e s
a n d t he d e at h Of A r is t o t l e i s undoub t e dl w h e t he r c o n
, y ,

s ide re d in i t s e l f o r wi t h r efe r e nce t o t he e ffe c t s w hi ch it

,

p r oduc e d upo n t he subse q u e n t d e st i n i e s o f c i v i l i z e d m a n ,

t he m os t m e m o r a bl e in t he his t o r y o f t he w o r ld Wh a t
'
‘

w a s t he co m b i n a t i on o f m o r a l a n d p Ol it ic al c ir cu m s t a nc e s
w h i ch pr oduce d so unpa ral l e l e d a p r o gre ss du rin g t ha t '

p e ri od in l it e ra t u r e a n d t he a rt s —w hy t h a t p ro gr e ss so ,

r a p i d a nd so sust a i n e d , so soon r e c e i ved a che ck a n d ,

b e ca m e r e t r o gr a de — a re pr obl e m s l e ft t o t he w on d e r a n d
,

conj e ct u r e Of p ost e ri t y The w r e cks an d fra g m en t s O i

'

.
-

t hos e sub t l e an d p r o f ound m i nd s l ik e t he r u i n s o f a fi n e ,

-

s t a t u e obscu re l y su gge s t t o us t he gra nd e u r a n d p e r fe ct i o n

,

o f t he whol e T h e i r v e r y l a n g u a ge — a t yp e o f t he und e r
.
,

s ta nd i n g o f w h i ch it w a s t he c r e a t i on a n d t he i m a ge — in
, ,

v a r i e t y i n s i m plic i t y i n fle xi b i l i t y a n d in Oop i ousn e ss

, , , ,

e x c e ls e v e r y o t he r l a n g u a ge o f t he w e s t e rn w o r ld T h e ir .

sc u lpt u r e s a re such a s i n o u r p e r c e p t i on a ssu m e t o be t he

, ,

m od e ls o f i d ea l t rut h a nd b e a u t y a n d t o w h i ch no a r t i st Of
, ,

m od e r n t i m e s ca n p r oduc e f o r m s in a n y d e g r e e co m p a ra bl e .

T h e i r p a i n t i n g s a cco r d i n g t o P a u sa n i a s we r e f u ll o f
, ,

d e l i c a cy a n d h a r m o n y a n d so m e w e r e pow e r f ull y p a t h e t i c ,

so as t o a w a k e n l i k e t e nd e r m us i c o r t r a gi c p o e t ry t he
'

, ,

m o s t ov e r w he l m i n g e m o t i ons W e a r e a ccus t o m e d t o con

.

s i d e r t he p a i n t e r s o f t he s ix t e e nt h c e n t u ry as t hose w ho
h a ve b r ou g h t t h i s a rt t o t he h ig h e st p e r fe ct i o n p r oba bl y ,

b e ca use non e o f t he a nc i e n t p i ct u r e s h a ve b e e n p re s e r v e d .
 TH E A G E OF P E R I CL E S . 137

i v nt i v t m i n t i n it w
A l l t he n e sy m p t h t i
e ar s a a ,
as ere, a a e c

conn xi o b t w e ch o t h b i n g no m o t h v i ous
n e een ea e r, e re an ar

e xp ssi ons o fre i n t n l po w m od i fi d by d iff n t

o ne er a e r, e e re

ci cu m st nc s i t h o f i d i vi du l
r a e , e o f soc i t y er an n a , or e .

Th p i n t i n g s o f t h t p i od w o u ld p ob bl y b
.
e a th a er r a e ar e

S am l t i on
e re ai con f s dl y bo n by t h sculp t u s t
as s es e r e e re o

a ll suc ss i v on s ce Of t h i m us i c w kno w l i t t l ; b t
e e . e r e e u

th e ff t s w hi ch it i s s i d t h v p oduc d w h t h t h y
e ec a o a e r e , e er e

b e a t t i bu t d t t h
r k i ll o f t h co m p os
e o t h s n i bi l i ty
e s e er, o r e e s

o f hi ud i nc w f m o po w f ul t h n y w hi ch w
s a e e, e re ar re er a an e

e xp i nc f o m t h m u i o f
er e e r t im s ; d if i nd d t h
e s c o ur e an ,
ee , e

m lody o f t h i co m pos i t i ons w

e mo
e r t nd d d l ic t e re re e e r, a n e a e,

an d insp i i g t h t h m lod i s o f so m m od n E u op
r n ,
an e e e e er r ean

n t i o s t h i p o g ss i t h i s t m ust h v b
a n ,
e r r re so m n ar a e ee n e

t h i n g w ond f ul d w holl y b y ond conc p t i on

er ,
an Th i e e . e r

po t y s em s t m i t i h ig h t hou gh t so di p p
'

e r e o a n a n a ,
no s ro or

ti t
o n a e a rank, i co m p i so P h ps S h k p n f om ar n . er a a es e ar e, r

th v i ty
e d o m p h ns i o
ar e an f hi g n i us i s t b con
c re e n O s e ,
o e

s id d
e re th g t s t i nd i v i du l m i nd o f w h i ch w h v
as e re a e a , e a e

s p c i m ns m ini n g —p h ps D n t c t d i m gi n t i ons
e e re a er a a e re a e a a

o f g t lov l i n s d b u t y t h
re a e r e
y t h t
es t anb ea an an a a re o e

found i t h nc i n t l it t u o f G c —p h p s no t h i n g
n e a e era re ree e er a

h b n d iscov d i t h f g m n t s o f t h G k l y i
as ee ere n e ra e e re e r c

p o t s equ i v l net t t h subl i m

a e d c hi v l ouso n i b i l i tey of e an a r se s

P t h —b t
e ra r c po t H o m m u t b ckno w l dg d
z u ,
as a e ,
er s e a e e

t o xc l S h k p
e e i th t ut h
a d h m on y t h
es eare n e r an ar ,
‘

sus t i n d g nd u
a e d s t i s fy i n g co m p l t
ra e ss o f h i s
r, an a e en e

i m g s t h i x ct fit n ss t t h i l lust t i on d t t h t
a e , e r e a e o e ra ,
an o a

w h i ch t h y b lon g N could D n t d fic i n t i conduct

e e . or a e, e e n ,

pl n n t u
a , v i t y d t m p nc h v b
a re , ar e b ou g h t
,
an e e ra e, a e ee n r

i n t o co m p i son b t f t h fo t un t i sl s l d wit h
ar ,
u or e r a e e ,
a en

gold f u i t w h i ch lo co ld t m p t y t m b k i
en r , a ne u e an one o e ar n

t h m i s t y oc n o f hi d k
e d x t v g n t fic t i o
ea s ar an e ra a a n.
 ES S A YS AN D F RA G M E N TS .

ON T H E N I OB E .

OF a ll t he rem a i ns t us o f
o G ree k n t i qu i t y t hi s fig u re i s
a ,

pe r h a ps t he m ost consu m m a t e p e r son i fica t i o n o f love l i n e ss ,

wit h r e gar d t o it s cou n t e n a nce a s t h a t o f t he V e nus o f t he

,

T r i b u n e i s wi t h r e ga r d t o it s e n t i r e f o r m Of w o m a n I t is .

col ossa l t he s i z e a dds t o it s v a lu e b e ca use it a l lo w s t o t he

sp e c t a t or t he cho i c e o f a g re a t e r n u m be r o f po i n t s o f v i e w
'

a n d a ffo r ds him a m o re a n a l t i c a l o n e in w hi c h t o c a t ch a
y ,

gr e a t e r nu m b e r Of t he in fin it e m o de s o f e xpre ss i on o f whi ch ,

an
y f o r m a pp r o a chi n
g i d e a l b e a u t y is n e c e ss ari l
y co m p os ed .

I t i s t he fi g u re o f a m o t he r in t he a ct o f sh e l t e ri n g fr o m ,

s o m e d i vi n e a n d i n e v i t a bl e pe ril t he l a s t w e m a y i m a gin e
, , ,

o f he r su r v i v i n g chi ld re n .

The l i t t l e c r e a t u r e t e rr i fi e d a s w e m a y conce iv e a t t he
, , ,
'

st ra n ge d e s t r uc t i on o f all it s k i nd r e d ha s fl e d t o it s m o t he r
, ,

a n d i s h i d i n g it s h ea d i n t he f olds o f he r r ob e a n d ca s t i n g ,

b a ck o n e a rm a s i n a p a ss i on a t e a ppe a l fo r d e fe nce w h e re
, ,

it n e v e r b e f o r e co u l d h a ve be e n sou ght in v a i n S he i s .

c lo t h e d in a t hi n t un i c o f d e l i c a t e w oo f a n d h e r h i r is
; a

fa st e n e d On he r h e a d i n t o a kn ot pr ob a bl y by t h a t m o t h e r
,

w hose c a r e will n e ve r fa s t e n it a ga i n N i ob e is e nve lop e d

.

i n p r o f use d ra p e ry a port i on o f w hi ch t he l e ft ha nd ha s
,

ga t h e r e d up a n d i s in t he a c t o f e xt e nd i n g it ove r t he ch i ld
,

i n t he i ns t i nct o f sh i e ldi n g he r fr om w h a t r ea son kno w s t o

be i n e v i t a bl e . The r ig h t (as t he r e s t o r e r ha s p r op e r l y
i m a gin e d ) i s d r a wi n g up he r d a u gh t e r t o he r : a n d wi t h
,

t h a t i ns t i nc t i ve ge s t u r e a n d by it s g e n t l e p r e ssu r e
,
is ,

e ncou r a gi n g t he ch i ld t o b e l i e v e t h a t it ca n gi v e se cu r i t
y .

T he cou n t e n a nc e o f N i ob e is t he consu m m a t i o n o f fe m i n i n e
m aj e s t y a n d l ov e l i n e ss ,b e yond w h i ch t he im a gi n a t i on
sc a r ce l y doub t s t ha t it ca n conce i ve a n yt hi n g .

T h a t m a s t e r p i e ce o f t he po e t i c h a r m o n y o f m a r bl e
 TH E A GE OF P ER I CLE S . 13 9

ex p ss s o t h
re e f l i n gs Th i s m bod i d s ns o f
er ee . e re e e a e e

th i n v i t bl
e e d p i d d st i n y w h i ch i s consu m m t i n g
a e an ra e a

ar ou nd h if it w er, l dy ov
as It s m s if e re a rea er . ee as

d p i
es d b u t y h d co m b i n d
a r an ead p odu d no t h i n g a e ,
an r ce

b t th
u ubl i m i t y o f g i f A t h m o t i ons o f t h fo m
e s r e . s e e r

e xp s d t h i ns t i nct i v s ns o f t h po s i b i l i t y f p o t ct
re s e e e e e e s O r e

i n g t h ch i ld d t h ccust om d d ff ct i on t u n
e , an e a e an a e a e a ss ra ce

t h t h w ould find
a s e y lu m wi t hi n h m s so
an son as er ar , rea

an d i m gi n t i on sp k i t h coun t n nc t h c t i n t y
a a ea n e e a e e er a

t h t no m o t l d f nc i s o f v i l
a r a Th i s no t o i n
e e e a a . er e e rr r

t h cou n t n nc
e onl y g i f— d p m d il ss g i f T h
e a e, r e ee , re e e r e . ere

i s no n g — i w h t v il i s i nd ig n t i on g i n t wh t i s
a er O a a a a a a s a

kno w n t b o m n i po t nt ? Th o e i s no s lfish sh i nk i n ge ere e r

f om p son l p i — t h i no p n i c t sup n t u l
r er a a n ere s a a er a ra

a g ncy— t h i no dv t i n g t h s l f h s l f t h
e er e s a er o er e as er e : e

c l m i t y i m ig h t i t h n t l v s p f uch m o t i ons
a a s er a o ea e co e or s e .

E v y t h in g i s s w llo w d up i n so o w
er h i a ll t s e rr : s e s a ear

h er oun t n nc i n
c e u d xp c t t i o o f t h
a e, ow a ss re e e a n e arr

p i c i n g it l s t v i c t i m i n h
er s mb
a c i s fi x d on h er e ra e, e er

O m n ip ot n t n m y e Th p t h t i c b u t y o f t h
e e . xp s i o e a e ea e e res n

o f h t nd er ed i n x h us t i bl
e r, an d unqu nch bl d p i e a e, a n e a e es a r,

i s b y ond t h ff ct o f sc lpt u
e e Ae oo e th ow u re . s s n as e a rr

s h l l p i c h l st t i pon
a er e t h t h f bl t h t h w
er a e u e ar ,
e a e a s e as

t u n d i n t o s t on
r e d i ssolv d i n t o foun t i n o f t s wi ll
e, o r e a a ear ,

b b t
e f bl m bl m o f t h s dn s f hop l sn ss i n
u a ee e e e e a es O e es e ,

w h i ch t h f w d v i l y s o f h m i n i n g l if w f l
e e an e ear er re a e, e ee ,

m ust fl w w y o a a .

I t i d i ffi cul t t sp k o f t h b u t y o f t h coun t n nc
s o ea e ea e e a e,

or t m k i n t ll igi bl i n w o ds f o m w h t suc h s t on i h i n g
o a e e e r ,
r a a s

lov e l in e ss r e sul t s .

The h e a d r e s t i n g so m e w h a t b a ck w a r d upon t he f ull a d

,
n

fl o w in g con t ou r o f t he n e ck i s a s i n t he a ct o f w a t c h i n g a n ,

e v e nt m om e n t l t o rr i v e T h e h a ir i s d e l icat e l d i v i d ed
y a y .
140 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

on t he fo r e he a d a n d a ge n t l e b ea u t y g l e am s fr om t he
,

b r oa d a n d cl e a r fo r e h e a d ove r w hi c h it s s t r i n gs a r e d ra w n
, .

The fa c e is o f a n ov a l f uln e ss a n d t he fe a t u r e s conc e i v e d

,

wit h t he d a r in g o f a s e nse o f po w e r I n t h i s r e sp e c t it .

r e s e m bl e s t he c a r e l e ss m aj e st
y w h i c h N a t u r e s t a m ps upo n

t he ra r e m a s t e r p i e c e s o f he r c re a t i o n h a r m on iz i n g t h e m a s ,

it w e r e f r o m t he h arm on y o f t he s p i r i t wi t h i n Y e t a ll t h i s .

n o t o nl y con s i s t s wi t h b u t i s t he c a us e o f t he sub t l e s t d e l i
,

c a cy o f cl ea r a n d t e nd e r b e a u t y— t he e x p r e s s i on a t o n c e o f
i n n oce nce a n d subl i m i t y o f sou l — o f pu r it y a n d st r e n gt h
o i a ll t h a t w h i c h t ouch e s t he m os t r e m ov e d a n d d i v i n e o f

t he c ho r ds t ha t m a k e m us i c in o u r t hou g h t s — o f t h a t w hi c h
sh a k e s wi t h a s t on is hm e n t e ve n t he m ost sup e r fic i al
T H E M I N E RVA .

f ig
TH E he a d is o t he h h e st b e a u t y I t ha s a close h e l m e t
.
,

f w i
r om i i
h ch t he ha r, d e l ca t e l y p a r t e d on t he fo re h e a d h a l f ,

e s ca pe s. The a t t i t u d e gi v e s e n t i re e ffe ct t o t he pe r fe c t
fo rm o f t he n ec k a n d t o t h a t f u ll a n d be a ut if ul m ould i n g
,

o f t he lo w e r p a r t o f t he fa c e a n d m ou t h w h i ch i s i n l i v i n g ,

b e i n gs t he se a t o f t he e xp r e ss i on o f a s im pl i c i t y a n d i n t e g
r it y of n a t u re H e r fa c e up r a i s e d t o h e a v e n i s an i m a t e d
.
, ,

w i t h a p r o f ound s w e e t a n d i m p a s s i on e d m e l a nchol y wi t h
, , ,

a n e a rn e s t ,a n d fe r v i d a n d d i s i n t e r e s t e d pl e a d i n g a ga i n s t
,

som e v a st a n d i n e v i t a bl e w r on g I t is t he j o y a n d po e t ry
.

o f sorr o w m a k i n g gr i e f b e a u t if u l a n d gi vi n g it t h a t n a m e
,

l e ss fe e l i n g w h i ch f r o m t he i m p e r fe c t i on O f l a n g u a ge w e
, ,

c a ll p a i n bu t w h i ch i s n o t a l l p a i n t hou g h a fe e l i n g w h i ch
, ,

m a k e s n o t onl y it s poss e s s o r b u t t he spe c t a t o r o f it p r e fe r

, ,

it t o w h a t i s c a ll e d pl e a su r e in w h i ch a ll i s n o t pl e a su r e
,
.

I t i s difli cu l t t o t hin k t ha t t his he a d t ho ugh o f t he h ig h e s t ,

id e al be a u t y is t he hea d o f M i n e r va a l t hou gh t he a t t r i bu t e s
, , ,

an d a tt i t ud e o f t he l o we r p a rt o f t he s t a t u e c e r t a in l y s ugge s t
 TH E A G E OF P E R I CL E S . 14 1

t h a t i d e a The G r e e k s r a r e l y in t h e i r r e p r e s e n t a t i ons o f
.
,

t he ch a ra c t e r s o f t h e i r g ods —unl e ss w e c a ll t he o e t i c
, p
e n t hus i a s m o f A pollo a m or t a l p a ss i o n —e x p r e s s e d t he
,

d i st u r b a nce o f hu m a n fe e l i n g ; a n d h e r e i s d e e p an d im
a ss i on e d g rie f a n i m a t i n g a d i vi n e cou n t e na nce I t is
p .
,

i nde e d d i v i n e W i sdo m (w h i ch M i n e r va m ay be suppose d

, .

e m bl e m pl e a di ng e a r n e st l y wi t h o w —
to ) ,is P e r and ,

i nve st e d wi t h t he e xpr e ss i on o f t h a t gr i e f b e c a use it m u st

,

e v e r pl e a d so v a i nl T h e d ra p e r o f t he s t t u t h g n t l
y .
y a e e e, e

b e a u t y o f t he fe e t a n d t he g ra c e Of t he a t t it ud e a r e w h a t
, ,

m a y b e s e e n i n m a n y o t he r s t a t u e s b e lon gi n g t o t h a t
a s t on i s h i n g e ra w hi c h p r oduc e d it : s uc h a coun t e n a nc e i s

s e e n in fe w .

T h i s s t a t u e h a pp e ns t o b e p l a c e d on a p e d e s t a l t he ,

subj e ct o f w hos e r e l i e fs i s i n a s p i r it w holly t he r e v e r s e .

I t w a s p r ob a bl y a n a l t a r t o B a cch u s — poss i b ly a f un e r a l
u rn . U nd e r t he f e s t oons o f fr u i t s a n d fl o w e r s t h a t gr a c e
t he p e d e s t a l t he co r n e r s o f w hi ch a r e o r n a m e n t e d wi t h t he
,

skulls o f g o a t s a r e sculp t u r e d som e fi g u r e s o f M ae n a ds

,

und e r t he i nsp i ra t i o n o f t he g od N o t h i n g ca n b e con

.

c e iv e d m o r e wi ld a n d t e r r i bl e t h a n t h e i r g e st u r e s t ouch i n g , ,

a s t h e y do t he v e r g e o f d i st o rt i on i n t o w hi ch t h e i r fi n e
, ,

l i m bs a n d lov e l y fo rm s a r e t h r o w n The r e is no t h i n g ho w
.
,

e ve r, t h a t e x c e e ds t he pos s i b i l i t y o f n a t u re t hou gh it ,

bo r d e rs on it s u t m ost l i n e .

The t re m e ndous sp i r i t o f sup e r st i t i on a i d e d by d r unk e n

,

n e ss p r oduc i n g s o m e t h i n g b e yond i nsa n i t y s e e m s t o h v e

, ,
a

c a u gh t t h e m in it s w h i r l wi nds a n d t o he a r t h e m ove r t he
,

e a r t h a s t he ra p i d vol u t i ons o f a t e m p e s t h a v e t he e v e r
,

ch a n gi n g t r u n k o f a w a t e r s p o u t o r a s t he t or r e n t o f a
h

m oun t a i n r i v e r w hi r ls t he a ut u m nal l e a v e s r e s i st l e s s l y
a lon g i n it s f ull e dd i e s The h a i r loos e a n d fl o a t i n g s e e m s
.
, ,

c a u g h t i n t he t e m p e st o f t h e i r o w n t u m ul t uous m ot i on ;
mi E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

t h e i r h e a d s a r e t h r o w n b a ck l e a n In g wi t h a s t ra n ge
,

d e l i r i u m upo n t h e i r n e cks a n d look i ng up t o h e a v e ,

, n

w h i l s t t h ey t o t t e r a n d s t u m bl e e v e n in t he e n e r g o f t h e i r
y
t em p e s t uous d a nc e .

O n e r e p r e s e n t s A ga ve wi th t he h e a d o f P e n t h e us i n o n e
h a nd a d i n t he o t h e r a g r e a t kn ife a s e cond ha s a s p e a r
,
n

wit h it s p i n e con e w h i ch w a s t he Thyr su s a n d a n ot h e r

,

d a nc e s wi t h m a d volup t uousn e ss ; t he f ou rt h i s b e a t i n g a
k i nd o f t a m bou r i n e .

T h i s w a s i n d e e d a m ons t r ous sup e r s t i t i on e v e n in ,

G r e e c e w h e r e it w a s a lon e c a p a bl e o f co m b i n i n g i d e a l
,

b e a u t y a n d po et i c a l a n d a b st ra c t e n t hu s i a s m w i t h t he wi ld
e r r o r s fr o m wh i c h it sp r un g I n R o m e it ha d a m o r e
.

fa m i l i a r wi ck e d a n d dry a p pe a r a nce it w as n o t su it ed t o
, ,

t he s e v e r e a n d e x a c t a p p r e he ns i ons O f t he R o m a ns a n d ,

t h e i r s t r i c t m o r a ls w e re v i ol a t e d b y it a n d su s t a i n e d a ,

d e e p i nj u r y l i t t l e a n a l og ous t o it s e ffe ct s u p on t he G r e e ks
, ,

w ho t u r n e d a ll t h i n gs — sup e rs t i t i on p r ej ud i c e m ur de , ,
r,

m a d n e ss — t o b e a u t y .

ON T H E VE N US C A L LE D A N AD Y OM I N E .

S H E ha s j us t i ssu e d f r o m t he ba t h a n d ye t i s an i m a t e d,

wit h t he e nj oym e n t o f it .

S he s e e m s a l l so f t a n d m i ld e nj oym e n t a n d t he cu rv e d ,

l i n e s o f he r fi n e l i m bs fl o w i n t o e a ch o t h e r wi t h a n e v e r
e nd i n g s i nuo s i t y o f s w e e t n e s s H e r f ce e x p r e s s e s a
. a

b r e a t hl e ss y e t p a ss i ve a n d i nnoce n t v olu p t uou s n e s s fr e e

, ,

fr o m a fl e c t a t io n H e r l i p s wi t hou t t he s ubl im it y o f lo ft y
'

.
,

a d i m p e t uou s p a ss i on t he g r a nd e u r o f e n t hu s i a s t i c i m a gi n a
n ,

t i on O f t he A pollo Of the C a p i t ol o r t he u n i o n o f bo t h , ,

l i k e t he A pollo B e lv i d e re h a ve t he t e nd e r n e ss Of a r ch ye t
, ,

pu r e a n d a ffe c t i on a t e d e s i re an d t he m od e in w h i ch t he
,
 TH E A G E OF P E RI CLE S
’

. 14 3

e nds o f t he m ou t h a r e d ra w n in ye t l ift e d o r hal f Op e n e d

,
-
,

wi t h t he sm i l e t h a t fo r e v e r c i r cl e s r ound t h e m a n d t he ,

t re m ulous cu r v e i n t o w h i c h t h e y a r e w r ou g h t by i no x
t in gu isha bl e d e s i r e a n d t he t on g u e l y i n g a g a i nst t he lo w e r
,

l ip a s i n t he l i s t l e ss n e ss o f p a ss i v e j o y e x p r e ss lov e
, , ,

st il l l ov e .

H e r e ye s s e e m h e a v y a n d s w im m i n g wi t h pl e a su r e a n d ,

he r s m a ll f o r e h e a d fa d e s o n bo t h s i d e s i n t o t ha t s w e e t
s w e ll i n g a n d t hi n d e cl e ns i o n o f t he bon e ove r t he e ye in ,

t he m od e w hi ch e x p r e s s e s s i m pl e a n d t e nd e r fe e l i n g s .

The n e ck i s f ul l a n d p a n t i n g a s wi t h t he a sp i r a t i o n
,

o f d e l ig h t a n d fl o w s wi t h ge n t l e cu r ve s i n t o he r p e r fe c t
,

fo rm .

H e r fo r m i s i nd e e d p e r fe c t S he i s h a l f s i t t i n g a n d h a l f
.
-

r i s i n g f r o m a sh e ll a n d t he f uln e ss o f he r l i m bs a n d t h e i r
, ,

co m p l e t e r oundn e ss a n d p e r fe c t i on do n o t d i m i n i s h t he
,

v i t a l e n e rgy wi t h w h i ch t h e y s e e m t o be a n i m a t e d T he .

pos it i on Of t he a r m s w h i ch a r e love l y b e y ond i m a gi n a t i on

, ,

i s n a t u r a l u na ffe ct e d a n d e a sy Th i s p e r h a p s i s t he fin e s t
, , .
, ,

p e r son i fic a t i o n o f V e nus t he d e i t y o f sup e r fic i a l d e s i r e in

, ,

a ll a n t i qu e s t a t u a r H e r po i n t e d a n d p e ar l i k e p e rs on
y
-
.
,

e v e r v i r gi n a n d he r a t t i t ud e m od e s t i t se l f
, y .

A B AS R ELI EF
-
.

P r o ba bly t he s ides of a S a r cop ha g u s .

TH E l a yd i s l y i n g o n a couch suppor t e d by a y oun g wo m a n

, ,

an d look i n g e x t r e m e l y e x h a ust e d ; he r d i s h e v e ll e d h a i r i s
flo at i n g a bou t he r s hould e r a n d she i s h a l f cov e re d wi t h
,
-

d ra p e ry t h a t fa lls o n t he couch .

H e r t u n i c i s e x a c t l y l i k e a c he m i s e onl y t he s l e e v e s a r e
,

lon ge r co m i n g h a l f w a y do w n t he u pp e r p a r t o f t he a r m
,
.

A n Old w r i nkl e d w o m a n wi t h a clo a k ove r her he a d a n d

, ,
1 44 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

an e no rm ousl y s a ga c i ous look ha s a m os t p r cyessi o n a l

,
'

a p e a r an c e a n d i s t a k i n g hold o f he r a r m g e n t l wi t h n
p , y o e

ha nd a n d wi t h t he o t he r i s suppo rt i n g it
, I t h i nk she i s
.

fe e l i n g he r pulse A t t he s i de o f t he couch s i t s a w om a n
.

a s i n gr i e f hold i n g he r he a d i n he r h a nds
, A t t he bo t t o m
.

o f t he b e d i s a not h e r m a t r on t e a r i n g he r h a i r a n d i n t he ,

a c t o f sc r e a m i n g o u t m os t v i ol e n t l y w hi c h s he s e e m s ho w
, ,

e v e r by t he re s t o f he r g e s t u r e s
, t o do wi t h t he ut m os t
,

d e l i b e ra t i on a s h a v i n g com e t o t he r e solu t i on t ha t it w a s a
, ,

corr e c t t hi n g t o do so B e h i nd he r i s a g oss i p o f t he m ost

.

l ud i cr o u s u gl i n e ss c ry i n g I suppos e o r p ra y i n g fo r he r
, , , ,

arm s are cr oss e d upo n he r n e ck The re i s a l s o a fi ft h

.

se t t i n g up a w a i l To t he l e ft o f t he co u ch a n u r s e is
.

s i t t i n g on t he gr ou nd da ndl i n g t he ch i ld i n he r a rm s an d ,

w holly occup i e d i n so do i n g The i n fa n t is s wa ddl e d

. .

B e h i nd he r i s a fe m a l e w ho a p p e a r s t o be in t he a ct
o f r u s h i n g i n wi t h d i s h e ve ll e d h a i r a n d vi ol e n t ge s t u r e a n d ,

in o n e ha nd b ra nd i s hi n g a w hi p o r a t hu n d e r bol t This i s
-
.

pr ob a bl y so m e e m bl e m at i c p e r son t he m e sse n ge r o f d e a t h
, ,

o r a f u ry who s e p e rson i fica t i o n w ould be a ke y t o t he

,

w hol e W h a t t h e y a r e a ll w a il i n g a t I kno w n o t w h e t h e r
.
,

t he l a d y i s d y i n g o r t he f a t he r has d i r e c t e d t he ch i ld t o b e
,

e xpos e d : b u t if t he m o t he r b e n o t d e a d such a t u m ul t
,

w ould k i l l a wo m a n in t he st r a w in t h e se d ays .

The ot h e r co m p a rt m e n t in t he s e cond sce n e o f t he d ra m a

, ,

t e lls t he s t o ry o f t he p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t he ch i ld t o it s f a t h e r .

A n old m a n ha s it in h i s a r m s a n d wi t h p r o fe ss i on a l a d
,
n

m y s t e r i ous o ffi cio u sn e s s is hold i n g it o u t t o t he fa t h e r T he .

f t h e r a m i ddl e a ge d a n d v e ry r e sp e ct a bl e look i n g m a n
a ,
- -
,

p e r h a ps n o t lon g m ar r i e d i s look i n g wi t h t he a d m i r a t i on
,

o f a b a ch e lo r on h i s fi r st ch i ld a n d p e r h a ps t h i nk i n g t h a t
, ,

he w as onc e such a s t ra n ge l i t t l e c r e a t u re h i m se l f H is .

ha nds a r e cl a sp e d a n d he i s g a t h e r i n g up b e t w e en h i s a r m s
,
 TH E A G E OF PE RI CLE S . 14 5

t he folds o f h i s clo k m bl m o f hi g t h i n g p ll h i s
a , an e e s a er u a

f cul t i s t u nd st nd t h t l t h goss i p i s b i n gi n g
a e o er a e a e e r .

A old m
n i s st nd i n g b si d him p ob bl y h i s f t h
an a e e , r a a e r,

wi t h so m cu i os it y d m uch t nd n ss i n h i s looks
e r ,
an
'

e er e .

A ound
r col l ct d host o f hi l t i on o f w ho m t h
are e e a s re a s, e

y oun g s t he dso m ,gi a l s m s

an t h l t conc n d eI t i s r , ee e eas er e .

al t og t h e dm i bl p i c qu it i t h sp i i t o f t h
er an a ra e e e, e n e r e

co m d i s o f T nc
e e e re e .
*

’
M I C HA EL AN G E Lo s B A C GH US .

TH E coun t e n a nc e o f t h i s fi gu r e i s a m ost r e vol t i n g m i s t a k e

o f t he sp i r i t a n d m e a n i n g o f B a cchus I t looks d r unk e n .
,

b r u t a l n a r r o w m ind e d a n d ha s a n e x p re ss i on o f
,
-
,

d i ssol u t e n e s s t he m ost r e vol t i n g The lo w e r p a rt o f t he .

fi gu r e is s t i ff a n d t he m a nn e r i n w h i c h t he sho u l de r s a r e
,

un it e d t o t he b r e a s t an d t he n e ck t o t he h e a d a bund a n t l y
, ,

i nh a r m on i o u s I t i s a l t o ge t h e r wit hou t u n it y a s w a s t he
.
,

i d e a o f t he d e it y o f B a cchus i n t he conc e p t i on o f a C a t hol i c .

On t he o t h e r h a nd cons i d e r e d onl y a s a p i e c e o f
,

w o r k m a n s h i p it ha s m a n y m e r i t s The a r m s a r e e xe cu t e d
,
.

i n a st y l e o f t he m os t p e rfe ct a n d m a nl y b e a u t y The body .

is conce i ve d wit h gr e a t e n e r gy a n d t he m a nn e r in w hi ch ,

t he l i n e s m in g l e i n t o ea ch o t h e r o f t he h ig h e s t bold n e ss a n d ,

t rut h .I t w a n t s un i t y a s a w o r k o f a r t — a s a re p re s e n t a t i on
o f B a cchus it w a n t s e v e ry t h i n g .

A JUN O .

A U E o f gr e a t m e r i t The coun te n a nce e xp r e s se s

S TAT . a

st e m a n d unqu e s t i on e d s e ve ri t y o f dom i n i on wi t h a c e rt a i , n

s a dn e s s The l i ps a r e b e a u t if ul — s u sc e pt i bl e o f e x p r e s s i n g
.

sco r n — bu t n o t wi t hou t s w e e t n e ss W i t h fi n e l ip s a p e r son .

Th i b r li f i t
s t i qu
as - e I t i f t h C i qu
e s no nt an e . , s o e n e ce o .
 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

i s n v wholly b d d t h y n v b lon g t t h xp s i on
e er a ,
an e e er e o e e re s

o f m o t i ons w holly l fi h— l i ps b i n g t h s t o f i m gi n
e se s e e ea a a

t i on Th d p y i s fin ly conc i v ed
. e ra d t h m nn
er i e e ,
an e a er n

w h i ch t h t o f t h o wi n g b ck
e ac l g i s x p ss d i t h
r a o ne e e re e ,
n e

d i v gi n g f olds o f t h d p y o f t h l ft b st f d i n g i
er e ra er e e re a a n

b ld y t g du t d l i n s i n t o sk i t
o e ra it d s
a e ds f om e a r ,
as e ce n r

t h l ft should
e e i s d m i bl y i m gi n d e r, a ra a e .

AN A P OLL O,

wit h s p n t s t wi n i n g ound w t h o f l u l on w h i h
er e r a re a a re c

t h qu i v
e i s su sp nd d I t p ob bly w w h co m pl t
er e e . r a a s, en e e,

m g n i fic n t l y b
a u t if ul Th
e st o of t h h d
ea d . e re re r e ea an

ar m s f ollo wi n g t h i nd i c t i o
, o f t h m scl s o f t h igh t
e a n e u e e r

s i d h l if t d t h m
e, as i t iu m ph
e t t h succ ss o f
e ar ,
as n r , a e e an

a rr o w im gi n i n g t im i t t t h Ly c i A pollo i t h t so
, a o a e e an n a ,

fi n l y d sc i b d b y A pollon i us R h di
e e r wh t h d l ing
e o u s, en e az z

ra d i nc o f hi b u t if ul l i m bs shon ov t h d k E u xi n
a e s ea e er e ar e .

Th e ct i on a gy d godl i k n i m t i on o f t h s l i m b
, e n er ,
an e a a e e s

s p k p i i t whi ch s m s if it cou ld t b consu m d

ea a S r ee as no e e .

O N T H E R EV I VA L O F L I T E R A T UR E .

I N t he fi ft e e n t h c e n t u ry o f t he C h r i st i a n e r a a n e w an d ,

e xt r a o r d i n a r e v e n t r ous e d E u r op e f rom he r l e t h a r gi c
y
s t a t e a n d p a ve d t he w a y t o he r pr e s e n t gr e a t n e ss The
, .

w r it i n gs o f D a n t e in t he t h i r t e e n t h a n d o f P e t ra r ch i n t he ,

fou r t e e n t h w e r e t he b r ight lu m i n a rie s w h i ch ha d a ffor d e d

,

gl im m e r i n gs o f l i t e ra ry kno w l e d ge t o t he a l m ost b e n ight e d

t ra v e ll e r t o il i n g up t he hi ll o f F a m e B u t on t he t a k i n g o f .

C on s t a n t i nopl e a n e w a n d sudd e n li gh t a pp e a r e d : t he ”

d a r k clouds o f igno ra nc e r oll e d i n t o d i s t a nce a n d E u rope ,

 ON TH E RE VI VA L OF LI TE R A T URE . 1 47

w as i und t d by l n d m onks d s t i ll m o by t h
n a e ea r e ,
an re e

qu t it y o f l n d m n u sc i pt s w h i ch t h y b ou g ht wi t h
an ea r e a r e r

t h m f o m t h sc n
e r o f d v st t i o e Th T u ks e tt l d
e e a a n. e r se e

t h m s lv s i n C ons t n t i nopl
e e e w h t h y dop t d not h i n g a e, e re e a e

b t t h v i c i ous h b i t s o f t h G
u e ks t h y n g l ct d v n
a e re e : e e e e e e

t h sm ll
e m i ns o f it
a nc i n t l n i ng w h i ch fi l t d
re a s a e ea r , , ere

an d d g n t d
e it w e by t h
e ra e bs d m ixt u o f P g n
as as e a ur re a a

an d C h i s t i n ph i losop hy p ov d on it
r a t i m nt t ,
r e ,
s re re e o

E u op t h sp k w h i h sp
r e, e d g du ll y d su c ss f ll y
ar c re a ra a an c e u

t h l ig h t o f kno w l d g ov
e t h w o ld e e er e r .

I t l y F nc
a d E n g l nd— f
,
ra G m n y st il l
e, an m in d a or er a re a e

m n y c n t u i s l s c i v i l i s d t h n t h su ound i n g coun t i s
a e r e e s e a e rr r e

— s w m d wi t h m onks
ar e d clo i s t s S up st i t i on o f an er . er ,

w h t v k i nd wh t h
a e er t hl y d i vi n h h it h t o b n
, e e r e ar or e, as er ee

t h w ig h t w hi c h clo gg d m
e e t th d p v nt d h is e an o ear , an re e e

g n i us f o m so i n g l o ft m i d it n t i v sk i s Th t
e r ar a a s a e e . . e en er

p i s s d t h ff c t s o f t h hu m m i d
r e , an e e som t h i n g
e e an n , a re e

mo t h n st up ndous t h w o ks o f n t u
re a e m t il : e r a re are a er a

an d t n gi bl aw h v h l f i n ig h t i n t o t h i k i nd d
e : e a e a a s e r ,
an

i m n y i nst nc s w p d i ct t h i
n a a ff ct wi t h c t i n t y
e e re e r e e s er a .

B t mi d s ms t
u n gov n t h w o ld wi t hou t v i s i bl
ee o er e r e or

subst n t i l m ns I t b i t h i s unkno w n ; it c t i on d
a a ea . s r s a an

i n fl nc unp c i v d ; d it b i n g s m s t n l T
ue e er e e an s e ee e er a . o

t h m ind bot h h um n
e d ph i losophi c l t h c n ot xi t
a e an a , e re a n e s

a g t subj ct o f g i f t h n t h fl ct i on o f h w m uch
r e a er e r e a e re e o

sup s t it i o h
er ta d d t h n p o g ss o f in t ll ct
as re d r e e r re e e , an

cons qu n t l y t h h pp i n ss o f m
e e e a e an .

Th m onks i n t h i clo i s t s w g d i t ifli g d an

'

e g e r er e re en a e n r n

r i d i culous d i spu t s t h y con t n t d t h m s lv s wi t h e : e e e e e e

t eachi n g t h do gm s o f t h i e l igi on d ush d im p a e r re ,

an r e a

t i t ly fo t h t
en t h col l g sr d h l ls w h
o t h y disp ut d
e e e an a ,
ere e e

wit h c im on y
an d m nn ss l it t l
a r b fit t i g t h an ea e e e n e

re es m bl nc o f t h i p t nd d hol i ss B t t h s i t u t i o
a e e r re e e ne . u e a n
148 E S S A YS A N D F R A GM E N TS .

o f a m onk is a s it u a t i o n t he m ost u nn a t u r a l t h a t b igot ry ,

p r oud in t he i nve n t i on o f cru el t y could conce i v e ; a n d

'

t h e i r v i c e s m a y b e p a r don e d a s r e sul t i n g fr o m t he wi lls a n d

d e vi c e s o f a fe w p r o u d a n d s e lfish b i shops w ho e nsl a ve d t he
,

w or ld t h a t t h e y m ig h t l i ve a t e a se .

The d i spu t e s o f t he schools w e re m os t l y sc hol a s t i c al ; it

'

w a s t he d i sc u ss i on o f w o r ds , a n d ha d no re l a t i on to
m o ra l i t y M or a l i t y —
. t he gr e a t m e a ns a n d e n d o f m a n
, ,

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, ,

hund r e d p a ge s o f a c e r t a i n book w h i ch o t h e r s h a ve s ince

,

con t e nde d w e r e bu t scr a ps o f m a rt yrs la s t dy i n g w o rds

’
,

col l e ct e d t o get he r a n d i m pose d on t he w o r ld I n t he .

r e fin e m e n t s o f t he schol a s t i c ph i losoph t h e w o r ld s e e m e d
y ,

in d a n ge r o f los i n g t he l i t t l e r e a l wi sdo m t h a t s t i ll re m a i n e d
a s he r po r t i on a n d t he onl v a l u a bl e p art o f t he i r d i spu t es
y
w a s such as t e nd e d t o d e v e lop t he sy st e m o f t he P e r i p a t e t i c
P h i losoph er s P l at o t he wi s e st t he p r o fo un d e st
.
, , , an d

Ep i c u ru s t he m ost hu m an e a n d g e n t l e a m on g t he a nc i e n t s
, ,

w e re e n t ir e ly n e gle ct e d by t he m P l a t o i n t e rfe re d wi t h
.

t h e i r pe cul i a r m od e o f t h i nk i n g conc e r n i n g h e a v e nl y m a t t e r s
a n d E i cu r us m a i n t a in i n g t he r ig h t s o f m an t o pl e a su r e
p ,

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,

t h e i r d a r k a n d m i s e r a bl e cod e o f m o r a ls I t has be e n
.

a ss e rt e d t ha t t h e s e h ol m e n sol a c e d t h e i r l ight e r m o m e n t s
, y
i n a cont ra b a nd w o rsh i p o f Ep i cu r us a n d pr o fa n e d t he
ph il osoph y w hi ch m a i n t a i n e d t he r ig h t s o f a ll by a s e lfish
i ndulg e nce o f t he r ig h t s o f a fe w Th u s it i s : t he l a w s o f
.

n a t u r e a r e i nv a ria bl e a n d m a n se t s t he m a s i d e t h a t he m a y
,

h a ve t he pl e a su re o f t ra v e lli n g t h r o ug h a l a byr i n t h i n
s ea r ch o f t he m a ga i n .

P l ea s u r e in a n op e n an d innoc e n t g a r b b y so m e s t r a n ge
, ,

p r oce ss o f r eas on i n g i s ca ll e d v i c e ; ye t m a n (so clos e l y is

,

he li n k e d to t h e c h a i n s o f n e c e ss i t y
— s o i r r e s i s t i bl y i s he
 M E M OI RS OF P RI N CE A LE X Y H A I M A TOF E 1 49

i m p ll d t f l fil t h d o f hi b i g ) m u st s k h
e e o u e en s e n , ee er

a t wh t v p ia e h b om ser hypoc i t a d b v
r ce : e ec e a r e, n ra es

d m n t i on wi t h ll it p i ns
a a a s a .

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re an era v p re, e e e r as e er ro

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u ce w , t l n gt h st d it fo m d m od w
as a e re o re : s r an e e

ob t in d f om t h m usc i p t s w h i ch t h
a e r v g s o f t im
e an r e ra a e e,

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, an e re a a e ur , a

sp d Th bu i g o f t h l i b y t Al x n d i w
ar e . e rn n e rar a e a r a as an

e v il o f im po t nc Th i s l ib y i s
r a s i d t h v con tei n d
. ra r a o a e a e

vol u m s o f t h ho i c s t G k u t ho s
e e c e r ee a r .

R E V I EW OF HOG G S M E M OI R S OF
’

P R I N CE A LE X Y HAI M A T OF E

[M em oi r s of Pr im e A lexy H a im a tofi . Tra n l

s a t ed f ro m t he o r igina l
La t in MS S un d . er t he im m e dia t e n p ti n
i s ec o of t he Pr in ce By
J kh m
.

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I s th su ff g o f m nki d t h l git im t c i t i o o f
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a e e em an a rr e e e r e co

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es an os t of u om e ar e ou s e

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 E S S A YS A N D F R A GM E N TS .

p r oce ss : t he in fan cy [i n fa m y o r i n gl orio u sn e ss t h at ca n be

t h us e x p l a i n e d d e t r act s n ot hin g fr o m t he b ea u t y o f vir t u e
,

o r t he s u b lim it o f g n i us B t what d oe s utt e r obscu r it y

y e u .

e x p r es s ? if t he publ i c do n o t a dv e rt e v e n in c e nsu r e t o a

pe r fo rm a n ce ha s t hat pe rfo r m a nc e a l r e a dy re ce i ve d it s
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conde m n a t i on ?
. The r e sul t o f t hi s c on t r ov e rsy is im por t a n t t o t he
i n ge nuous cr i t i c H is la bou r s ar e in d e e d m ise r a bly w o rt h
. -

l e ss if t he i r obj ec t s m a y i nv a ria bl y be a t t a in e d b e f o r e t h e i r
,

a ppl i c a t i o n H e sho u ld k n o w t he l i m i t s o f his p re r o g a t i v e

. .

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pr o m ulga t e t he d ec i s i ons o f o t he r s o r t o cul t i v a t e his t a st e ,

a n d j ud gm e n t t ha t he m a be e n a b l e d t o re nd e r a r e a so n
y
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r , e e ra e e e a e u .

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. en e n e a a r en a

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n r e e r c l ssl y
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i n f i g d it i s l ss l igi ous t h n
r n e ,
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e

m t hod i l
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un i t i s e p s v d no x c ll nc i s w h
a re re er e p ud i sh c n t
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an d dull gul i t y re bs n t ar p s v it f o m t h
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 M E M OI R S OF P R I N CE A LE X Y H A I M A T OF F . 1 51

no t d i ffi cul t t o im a gin e a n inst a nc e in w h i ch t he m ost

e l e va t e d ge n i us sh all be r ec o m p e ns e d wi t h n e gl e ct
-
‘

M e d i o crit y a lon e s ee m s u nv aryi n gl y t o e sc a pe r e buk e a n d

obloqu y it a cco m [m ] oda t e s it s a t t e m pt s t o t he S p i r i t o f
,

t he a ge w hi c h has p r od u c e d it a n d a dopt s wi t h m i m i c
, ,

h e c a n t o f t he da a n d hou r fo r w h i c h a lon e it
'

e fl ro n t e r t
y y

We th i nk t ha t t he M em o i s of
r Pr i nc e Al e y H a m a x i
t o ff d ese rve s t o be r e ga r de d a s an e xa m pl e f
”
f o t he a ct , by
t he fr e qu e ncy o f w hi c h c rit i c i s m is v i nd i c a t e d fr o m t he
im pu t at i on o f fu t il i t y a n d im pe r t i n e n ce W e do n o t .

he s i t a t e t o co nsid e r t h i s fic t i on as t he p r oduc t o f a bold

,

a n d o rigin al m in d W e ha r dly re m e m be r e v e n [e ve r t o
.

h a ve s e e n su r p a ss e d t he sub t l e de l i ca cy o f i m a gi n a t i on by ,

w h ich the m a n ife st d i st i n ct i o n s o f ch a ra ct e r a n d fo rm a r e ,

se i z e d a n d p i c t u r e d in colo u r s t h a t a lm ost m a k e n a t u re
,

m o r e be a u t if u l t ha n h e r s e l f The v u l ga r ob se r ve no r e s e m
.

bl a nc e s o r d iscr e pa nc ie s b u t such a s a r e gr o s s a n d gla rin g

,
.

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s e r ve a s t he m a t e r i a l s cons i s t s in t he d i sce r n m e n t o f sh a d e s
,
‘
’

a n d d is t inc t i ons w h e r e t he un e nl ig h t e n e d d i scov e r no t h i n g

bu t a sha p e l e ss a n d un m e a n i n g m a ss The fa cul t y fo r t h i s

.

disce rn flne n t d is t in gu is hes ge n i us fr o m duln e ss T h e re a r e .

a s s a ge s in t he p rod uc t i o n b e f o r e us w hi ch a fl o r d i ns t a nc e s
‘

p ,

o f j u st a n d ra p i d i n t u i t i o n b e lon g in g onl y t o in t e ll ige nc e s

'

t h a t p oss e ss t h i s fa cul t y i n no o r d i n a ry d e gr e e A s a co m .

pos i t i on t he b ook is fa r fr o m fa ul t l e ss I t s a b r up t n e ss a n d .

a n ul a r i t i e s do n o t a pp e ar t o h a v e r e c e i v e d t he s l ig h t e s t
g
pol i sh o r co rr e ct i on The a ut hor ha s writ t e n wit h fe r vou r
.

b u t ha s d i s d a i n e d t o r e v i s e a t l e i su r e T h e s e e rr o r s a r e t he
.

e r r o rs o f ou t h an d g e ni us a n d t he fe r v i d i m p a t i e n c e o f
y
s en s i b i lit i e s i m pe t uo u sly d i sbu rt h e n i n g t h e ir f uln e ss The .

a u t ho r is p r oudl y n e g l i e n t o f con n e ct i n t he i nc i d e n t s o f
g g
 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N T S
‘

1 52 .

his t al e .pp e ar s m o re like t he reco r de d da y d re a m o f a

It a

po e t n o t u nvis it e d by t he s u blim e st an d m ost l ove l y v is i on s

, ,

t ha n t he t iss u e o f a r o m a n ce skil f u ll y in t e r w oven fo r t he

pu r pose o f m a i n t a ini n g t he i nt e r e s t o f t he rea de r a n d con ,

du ct in g his sym p a thi e s by d r a m a t i c gra da t i o ns t o t he de n o u e

m en t .I t is wha t it p r o fe ss e s t o be a m e m o i r n o t a nov e l
, , , .

Y e t: it s c l aim s t o t he f o rm er a ppe ll a t i o n a r e e s t a bl i she d ,

o nl y by t he im pa t i e n ce an d in e x pe rie n ce o f t he a u t ho r ,

w ho poss e ss i n g in a n e m in e n t d e gr e e t he highe r q u a l ifi ca
, ,

t i o n s o f a n ov e l i s t w e ha d a l m ost s a id a po e t ha s n e gl e ct e d
, ,

t he n um be r b y w hic h t ha t s u cce ss w ou l d p r oba bl y h a v e

be e n se cur e d whi ch in t his inst ance m e r i t [s] o f a fa r
, , ,

n obl e r st a m p ha v e u n fo rt u n a t e ly fa il e d t o a cq u ir e
, Pr i n ce .

A l e x y i s by n o m e a n s an u n n a t u r a l a l t hou gh n o c o m m on ,

c h ar a c t e r W e t hin k w e ca n d i sc e r n his c o u n t e r pa rt in
.

Al fi e ri s d e l i n e a t i o n o f h i m s e l f The sa m e p r op e n s it i e s t he
’ *
.
,

s a m e a rd e n t d e vo t i on t o his p ur pos e s t he sa m e chi val r i c ,

a n d u np r oduc t i v e a t t a c hm e n t t o u nbo u n d ed l i b e rt y cha ra c ,

t e riz e s bo t h W e ar e in cl in e d t o doub t w h e t h e r t he a u t h or
.

ha s n o t a t t r i b u t e d t o his he r o t he do ct r i n es o f un i v e r sa l
,

ph il a n t hr opy in a S p i r it o f pr o found a n d al m ost u n se a r ch

a bl e ir on y : a t l e a s t he a ppe a r s b i a ss e d by no p e cul i a r
p r i nc i pl e s a n d it w e r e pe r h a ps a n inso l u bl e i nqu i ry w h e t he r
,

a n y a n d if a n y w h a t m o ra l t r u t h he d e s ig n e d t o il lu s t ra t e
‘

, ,

by h i s t a l e B r u hl e t he t u t o r o f Al e xy i s a cha ra c t e r
.
, ,

d e l i n e a t e d wi t h co nsu m m a t e s kill ; t he p o we r o f in t e lli

ge nce a n d v irt u e ove r e x te rn al d e fic ie nc ie s is fo r c i bly
e x e m pl ifi e d The ca l m n e ss p a t i e n c e a n d m a g n an im i t y o f
.
,

t h i s si n gul ar m a n a r e t r u l y r a r e a n d a d m i ra bl e : h i s d i s
,

in t e r e s t e dn e ss hi s e qu a n i m i t y h i s i r r e s is t i bl e ge n t l e n e ss
, ,

fo rm a fin ish e d a n d de l igh t ful po rt rait B u t w e c a n no t .

re a r d h i s co m m e nd a t i o n t o h i s pup il t o i ndul g e in
g
Al/im s in t h o i gin l
'
e r a .
 M E M OI R S OF P RI N CE A LE X Y H A LMA T OF F . 1 53

p rom i sc uo u s con cub in a ge w it ho u t hor ro r an d de te st a t i on .

The a ut ho r a ppea r s t o d ee m t he l ov e l e ss in t e r cou r s e o f b r u t a l

a pe t it e a v e n i al o ffe n c e a gai nst d e l i c a c y a n d vir t u e ! he
p ,

a s se r t s t ha t a t ran s i e n t conn e c t i o n wi t h a cu l t i v a t e d f e m a l e

m a y co n t r i bu t e t o form t he heart wi t hou t e ss ent ial l y

'

vi t ia t in g t he sen sib ilit i e s I t i s o u r du t y t o p ro t e s t

.

a ga in st so p e rn i c i o u s a n d d i s g us t in g an Op i n i o n N o m an
‘

ca n r i s e p u r e fr o m t he po i sono u s e m b ra ce s o f a p r os t i t u t e ,

o r s i n l e ss f r o m t he d e sol a t e d hope s o f a c o n fi din g he a r t .

W ha t e ve r m a y be t he cl a i m s o f cha st i t y w ha t e ve r t he ,

a dv a n t a ges o f s im pl e a n d pu r e a ffe c t i ons t he s e t i e s t he s e

, ,

be n e fit s a r e o f e qu al obl iga t i on t o e i t h e r se x *
D om e st i c
.

re l a t i o n s d ep e n d fo r t he i r i n t e grit y upo n a co m pl e t e r e c i

p r oc i t y o f du t i e s B u t t he a u t hor h i m se l f ha s i n t h e
'

a d v e n t u r e o f t he s u l t a n a D e bes h S he t u t i a ff o r d e d a m os t
p
-
,

i m p r e s s i ve a n d t re m e ndo u s a ll e go ry o f t he cold bloode d a nd

m a l ig n a n t s e lfishn e ss o f s e nsu al i t y .

W e a r e i nca p a c i t a t e d by t he uncon n e c t e d a n d va gu e
na r ra t iv e fr o m f o r m in g a n a n a l s i s o f t he i nc i d e n t s t h e
y y ,

w ould co ns i st in de e d sim ply o f a ca t a l o gu e o f e ve n t s a n d

'

,
'

w h i ch d i v e st e d o f t he a er ia l t in ge of ge n i us m ig ht a ppe a r
,

t r i v i a l a n d co m m o n . W e sh a ll con t e n t o u r s e lv e s t h e r e ,

fo re w it h sel e ct in g som e p a ssa ge s ca lcu la te d t o e x e m pl ify

'

t he pe cu l i a r po w e r s o f t he a u t ho r The f ol l o wi n g de sc rip
.

t i on o f t he s i m p l e a n d i n t e r e s t i n g R os a l i e i s i n t he h ig h e s t
st y l e o f d e l i n e at i on : H e r ha i r w a s u nusu a ll y bl a ck she
“
,

t r ul y ha d r a v en locks t he s a m e g loss i n e ss t he s a m e v a ry i n g
, ,

sh a d e t he sa m e m ix t u re o f pu r pl e a n d sa bl e fo r w h i ch t he
,

plu m a g e o f t he r a ve n i s r e m a r k a bl e w e r e found i n t he l on g
,

e l a s t i c t r e s s e s d e e n din f r o m h e h a d n d cove r i n g h e r
,
p g r e a

sh ould e r s H e r co m pl e xi on w a s da r k an d cl ea r ; t he
.

colo u r s whi c h co m po se d t he b r o w n t h a t d ye d he r s m oo t h
S ix i t h igin al
n e or .
1 54 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

sk i n w e re s o w e ll m ix e d t ha t n o t o n e blo t n o t o n e v a r i e d
, , ,

t i n g e i nj u r e d it s b r ight n e ss an d w he n t he b l u s h o f a n im a ,

t i o n o r o f m od e s t y fl ush e d he r ch e e k t he t i n t w as so ra re , ,

t h a t could a p a in t e r ha v e d i ppe d his pe n cil i n it t h a t ,

s i n gl e sh a de w o u ld ha ve re nd e r e d him im m ort al The .

bon e a bove he r e ye w a s sh a r p a n d b e a u t ifu ll y cur ve d ; ,

m uc h a s I ha v e a d m i re d t he w o n d e rf u l p r op e r t i e s o f c u r v e s ,

I a m co n vinc e d t ha t t he i r m os t s t up e n dous p r op e rt ie s
coll e c t e d w ould fa l l far Sho rt o f t ha t m a gic l i n e The e ye
, .

b r o w w a s p e n c il l e d wi t h e xt re m e n i c e t y ; in t he c e n t r e it
cons i s t e d o f t he d e e p e st sha d e o f bl a ck a t t he e d ges it w a s ,

ha r dl y p e r c e p t i bl e a n d n o m a n co u ld ha v e b e e n ha r dy
, .

e no u g h t o ha v e a t t e m p t e d t o d e fi n e t he p r e c is e spo t a t
'

w h i ch it c e a se d : in sho rt t he v e lv e t d ra pe ry o f t he e ye ,

b r o w w a s onl y t o be r i val l e d by t he pu rpl e o f t he l on g

bl a ck e ye l a she s t h a t t e rm in a t e d t he am pl e cu r t ain . .

R os a l i e s e ye s w e re l a r ge a n d f u ll ; t h e y a p pe ar e d a t a
’

d i st a n ce u n ifo r m l y d a r k bu t upon cl os e in spe c t i o n t he,

i n n u m e ra bl e s t r ok e s o f v arious hu e s o f i nfin it e fin e n e ss and

e ndl e ss v a rie t y d ra wn in co n c e n t ric c i r cl e s b ehi nd t he
p e lluc i d ch ryst al fil l e d t he m i n d wit h w onde r an d a d m i ra
,

t i o n a n d co u l d onl y b e t he w o r k o f i nfin i t e po w e r d i r e ct e d
,

by i n fin i t e wi sdo m .

Al e xy s u n i on wi t h A u r Ahe be h t he C i r c a ss i a n sl a v e i s
’
-

m a r k e d by c ir cu m st a nc e s o f d e e p p a t hos a n d t he s w e e t e s t ,

t e nd e r n e ss o f s e n t i m e n t T he d e sc r i pt i o n o f h i s m i s e r y
.

a n d m a dn e ss a t h e r d e a t h d e s e r ve s t o b e r e m a r k e d a s ,

a ffo r d i n g e v i d e nc e o f a n i m a gi n a t i o n v a s t pr o f ound a n d ,

f ul l o f e n e r gy .

A l xy
e wh o ga h in l v f th n t iv
ed t he f ien d hip
r s , p e r a p s t he o e o e a e

li t h h nd m H im t fl h l h i H im t fl t h
,

t he p i o s o p
' ’

R o sa e : e a so e a a o , c a a o , e

h ugh t y H im t fl H im t fl t h g y t h wit t y t h
a a a o
‘

a pl i h d
a o
‘

e a , e , e a cco m s e ,

t h b l d h un t h i v l i l v f ll t h t i
,

e o t h f i n d f li b t y t h
e r, e r e o er , e c a r c o er o a a s
 M E M OI R S OF P RI N CE ALE X Y H A I M A T OF F . 1 55

fe m in i n e, t he h ero , t he e nt h u iast
is he , m ark
s ; see him no w, t h at

him 1 he ap pe ars in t he s ad es of e e h as a sp ect re , he vn in g, h e st al k[s]

has j st rise u n f
ro m t h e dam p s o f t h e c a m e o us e ; s e e , t he de s h l h w
l hn
s ti l f h
a g o n his o re e ad He i a is w ng n v
a t co ck cro i
.
, he w ll v n h
e er -

h e ard t he so ng l k u
o f t he ar , n o r t he b sy hu m o f m en un t he s
’
s r a ys

nv w
e er l n n hw
arm e d him , t he pa e m oo be a m al o e s e s hi s un hl ear t y
gu wh h
fi re , nn
ic is fa wn
e d by t h e wh h
i g o f t he o wl , u
ic sca rce o bs t r ct s
l w fl gh
t he s o ning b l
i t o f t he d r o eet e,
‘
o r o f t he d ro wsy ba t k Ma r .

him l n
h e st o p s , his ea arm s are cro sse d o n his bo so m ; h e is bo e d w
h n n g f v v u
t o t he e art , his s u ke e ye az e s r o m it s deep ca it y o n a c it y, a s
t he t o ad s kulk g n ul h w h lign
in in t he co r er o f a sep c re , p e e p s it m a it y
h uh
t ro g u in l
t he circ m [a m ] b e t g o o m h ll w
His ch eck is o o ; t h e .

gl w g n
o in l xi n wh h n
t i t s o f his co m p e o , l uu nl
ic o ce r e se m b ed t he a t m a
s un uu nl h g v u lw
be a m o n t he a t m a b ee c , are o n e , t he cada ero s yel o , t he
l vi hv uu h l l hnu
i d hu e a e s rp e d t eir p ace , t he sa b e o o rs o f his ea d a e h hv
h h n w
p e ris ed , t e y o ce wn l k
a v e d in t he j ini n
i d i e t he e t t y p o s o f t he

vn
ra e , t he s kul l nl v h v ll k n wh h
is o y co ere d by t he s ri e e d s i , ic t he ro ck
vi w w u l
e s ll u g n
ist f l y, a n d ca s t o her yo n o e s g un n
His a t bo e s st a r t .

w nk l g n
fr o m his ri vi
e d a rm e t s, his h ll w
o ce is d e e p , o o , it
v i wh h w k
is t h e o ce ic l ng h l nv w h
a e s t h e d ea d, h e has o e d co e rse it t he
de p art e d w lk n w
He a t t e m p t s t o a h e k o s n o t wh i h lg
t e r, his e s t o t t e r
f ll h
.

un d er him , h e a s, t he bo ys g
o o t him , t he d o s b ark a t h im , he

h h h h
e a rs t e m n o t , h e s ees t e m n o t — Res t t e r e, A e y , it b es e e m e t h
lx
h g v
t ee , t hy be d is t h e ra e , t hy bride is t he w n hu
o rm , y e t o ce t o

st o o dest er e ct , t hy check was fl h w hj fl

u s ed it oy u ar do u r, t h
y e ye
l in l wh h n v wh h l li
.

b az g t o d a t t hy ea d co ce i e d, a t t hy ea r t fe t , t hy m bs
w v ig u
e re v x n w h i
o r an d a ct i it y , t hy bo so m e p a de d i n
it p r de , a m b t io ,
i v n v h ll
a n d d e s re , e ery er e t r i e d t of l v u l w ll
ee , e e ry m s c e s e e d t o

e x ut ec e.

H im t fl t h b ligh t h t in t d t h t h u m pl
‘

a a o , e my w b f
as a e ee, o a e ro o e o
'

lif wh e, w t d t h g udy h t t h g y m b id y f
e reo n ere ra c e e a c ar a c e rs, e a e ro er o

pl h w h th m th b tt n d th H im t fl h w h t h
'

ea s u re , o as e o a e e on ee a a o o as e

d v u i g fl m h d t h pl in y ll w wit h t h h v t l t h
,

e o r n a e s co rc e e a s , o n ce e o e ar es e

i n , t h p hi g b t h f t h d t h w p t v t h l ugh ing
s m oo e a rc n rea o e e s er , as s e o er e a

lp in t h p t f v du ll d w y t it p p h d h b d
a s, e ca r e o er re r o e a a a s a ro ac an as a re

l t i n Th u t i k n d t hy l t h t t hy d p p l d
,

a m id d eso a o . o s r c e ee r, ea er co a a e

h i d h ng l up t h it w d dly w h w h it w t d
,

e a s o o se on ee , as a ea a rro , o as as e

th th u
ee, th d
o k h w h
sca th d l i gh t ning d nk t hy
e oa , o
p as e re ra sa

b tl i th igi l ea e n e or na .
 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

Haim at o fl,
'

Haim a t o fl ,
'

ea t t hy so u l wit h v in
exat o . Let t he
im m easur ea bl e o cea n ro ll be twee n t h ee a nd p ride : yo u m u st n o t d w ll
e

P 12 9 . .

The pis ode o f V i ola is a ffe ct i n g n a t u ra l a n d be a u t iful

e , , .

W e do n o t e ve r r e m e m be r t o ha v e s e e n t he un fo r gi vin g .

fa s t i d i ou sn e ss o f fa m ily hono r m or e a wf ully i llust ra t ed .

A ft e r t he d e a t h o f he r love r V i ol a s t i ll e x p e ct s t h a t he wi ll ,

e s t ee m st ill che r i shes t he de l us i on t ha t he is n o t l ost t o her

,

fo r e v e r .

f un
S he use d req e t y t o go t o t he l window t o l o ok f him w lk or , or a

in t he Park t o m ee t h im , bu t t . wi h ut t h l t i m p t i n
o e t hi
eas a e ce , a s

del y S h l nt
a . e ea r a new t un w
e, o r a n e g t m u him h t d
so n o a se , s e s oo

b hi d th d
e nt e oor o st art e l him ash nt e d o r di guis d h e l f t
e e re , s e rse o
"
s u p ise him
r r .

The char a ct e r o f M a ry, d e se r ve s w e t hin k t o be con s i de re d , ,

a s t he o n l co m pl e t e fa il u re in t he bo o k E v er
y o t h er
y .

fe m a le whom t he au t hor ha s a t t e m pt e d t o d e scr i be i s

d e s ign a te d by a n i n dividu a l i t y pe cul ia r l y m ar k e d a n d t ru e .

The y con s t i t u t e fin i she d po r t r a i t s o f w h a t e v e r i s e m i n e n t l y

s i m pl e gr ace f ul ge n t l e o r dis gu st in g l y a t r oc i ous a n d v il e
, , ,
.

M a r y a lon e i s t he m i s e r a bl e p a r a s i t e o f fa shion t he t a m e ,

s l a v e o f d r i v e ll i n g a n d d r u nk e n foll y t he cold h e a r te d ,

coqu e t t e t he l yin g a n d m e re t ric i ous p r ude The m e a ns

,
.

e m plo ye d t o ga i n t his w o r t hl e ss p r i z e co r r e sponds e x a c t l y

wi t h it s w ort hl e ssn ess S ir F ulke H i lde b r a nd is a .

.

s t re nuo u s t ory Al e xy on h i s a rr i va l in E n g l a nd p r o fe ss e s
, ,

h i ms el f i ncl i n e d t o t he p rinc i pl e s o f t he wh ig p a r t y find i n g ,

t h a t t he B a r on e t ha d s w o r n t h a t h i s d a u g h t e r should n e v e r
m a r ry a w h ig he sa cr i fice s his p r i nc i p l e s a n d w i t h
,

in c o n ce iv ea bl e e ffr o n t ry t hus p a ll i a t e s his a pos t a cy an d

 M E M OI RS O F P RI N CE A L E X y H A[ M A T OF F . 1 57

ju i
The p re d ces o f t he Ba ro e t , ere st ro ng in h
in p ro p o rt o as t e y n w
w inl I
e re irra t o a r esolv h h u u h n hw h
e d ra t e r t o mo r t a to t ar t t e m .

I n v nv i n w h I lw
.

co t ri e d t o b e i in in
ted t o d e co m p a y it him ; a ays

r
p p o o s e d t h lh
h e ea t o f t he m ini I n
s t e r, i t li i fn
ro d u ce d p o t cs a n d d e e de d

t he t o ry p art y in ol ng h I n lu
sp e ec e s, a t t e de d c u l i n
bs an d p b ic d n ers o f
h in
t at t e re s tI do n o tk n w wh h h n u
o e t er t is co d ct wa s j u ifi l
st ab e it
x u d wh n t h i cum t n c f m y d ul y
.

m y
a t inl y b
ce r a e e c se e e c r s a es o ca s e ar e

co n s i d r d I w ul d t m y l f in p i
e e . o if I p t d th t I
e ar se ul d ece s, su s ec e a co

b gui l t y
e f th light t f l h d
o e p sv i t i n ;
es ( L d
a se oo or re ar ca o se e or

Ch t fi l d l t t u t i li k di t in t i n b t w n i m ul t i n
’
e s er e f th s e er s or e co r er - e s c o e ee s a o

an d d i i m ul t i n ) b t t h
ss a w n t hing f t h t t h
o , u ere Iw f as o o a so r ere . as o

no p tyar n q u n t l y I c ul d t be cu d f d t i g ny n
, co se e , o no ac se o ese r n a o e .

I did t d f nd t h i j t i f y b dy f m I did t d t t
no e e e n us ce o an o o en, no e r ac

f m t h m i t f y vi tu u h t
ro e er s o I p i d wh t w s
an r o s c ara c e r. ra s e a a

l u d bl i t h t y p t y d b l m d w h t w p h i b l i t h
a a e n e or ar an a e a as re re en s e n e

wh ig I w i l n t wi t h g d t wh t v w u lp bl i t h
,

s : as s e re ar o a e er as c a e n e

f m r p i w t hy i t h l t t
or e or ra se Th t t g m w
or n inn nt
e a e r. e s ra a e as o ce ,

wh i h i j d
c n u re d wh i h p m t d t h h pp i
no o ne, an f tw c ro o e e a n e ss o o

in di vidu l p ci ll y f t he m o t m i b l e wo m an t h wo l d e ve
a s, es e a o s a a e r r

kn w e .

A n i n s t a nc e o f m o r e d e plo r a bl e p e r v e r s i t y o f t he hu m a n
und e r s t a nd i n g w e do n o t r e col l e c t e ve r t o ha v e wit n e ss e d .

I t a l m os t p e r su a d e s us t o be l i e v e t h a t sc e p t i c i s m o r in difl e r
'

e nc e conc e r n i n g ce rt a i n s a c re d t r u t hs m a occ a s i on a ll
y y p ro

duc e a sub t l e t y o f soph i sm by w hi ch t he co n s c1e n ce o f t he ,

c r i m i n a l m a y b e b r i b e d t o ove r look his cr im e .

T o w a r ds t he concl u s i on o f t h is st r a n ge a n d po w e r f u l
pe rf or m a nc e it m ust be con fe ss e d t ha t a liq u ot/ri de bo n u s
dor m ita t Hom eru s T he a dve n t u re o f t he E l e u t h e r i
.
,

a l t hou g h t he sk e t ch o f a p r o fo u nd e r p r oj e c t i s i n t r odu ce d
,

a n d conclud e d w i t h u n i n t e ll igi bl e a b r up t n e ss B ru hl e d i e s .
,

pu rpose l y a s it sho u ld s ee m t h a t his pup i l m ay r e noun ce t he

r o m a n t i c subl i m i t y o f his n a t u r e a n d t ha t h i s i n a us i c i ous
p ,

un i o n a n d pr ost i t u t e d ch a r a ct e r m ig h t be e xe m p t fr om t he ,

c e nsu re o f v i ol a t e d fr i e ndsh i p N u m e r ous i nd i c a t i ons o f

, .

pr o found an d v ig or ous t hou gh t a re sca t t e r e d ov e r e ve n t he

 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

m ost g l ig n t l y om p ct d po t i ons o f t h n t i v I t
ne e c a e r e a r ra e .

i s u w d d g d w h n ig h t sh d i in t w ov n wit h
an n ee e ar en er e a e s er e

s w t j ss m i n nd t h m ost d l i c t p i c s o f t h
ee e a e, a st e e a e S e e ea ,

p p ov st u gg l i n g s t lks o f nk nd p i sonous h m lock

ee er r a ra a o e .

I t h d l i n t io
n of th m o
e e v n sc n t f l i n gs d
ea n e re e a e e ee an

u nco m m o inst nc s o f st on g n d d lic t a p ss i on w

e r an e a e a e

conc i v t h u t ho t h v x h i b i t d w d unp ll l d
e e e a r o a e e e ne an a ra e e

po w s H h no t i c d so m p cul i i t i s o f f m l
er . e as e e e ar e e a e

ch ct wit h d l i c cy d t u th s i n g ul l y x qu i s i t
a ra e r, a e a an r ar e e .

W t hi k t h t t h i n t st i n g subj ct o f s x u l l t i on
,

e n a e ere e e a re a s

re qu i s f it succ ss f ul d v lop m n t t he ppl i c t i o o f

re or s e e e e a a n a

m i nd t h us o g n i s d d ndo w d r Y t v a h eh w an e e . e e en e re o

g t t h d fic i n i s ; t h i s m i nd m ust b pu f o m t h
rea e e e c e e re r e

f shi on bl sup st it i ons o f g ll n t y m ust b x m p t f o m

a a e er a a r ,
e e e r

t h so d i d f l i n g s w hi c h wi t h bl i nd i dol t y w o sh i p
e r ee th a r r e

i m g d bl sph m t h d it y v c t h t yp
a e an a e d e e e , re e re n e e e, an

d g d th
e ra l t y o f w h i ch it i s
e e re a m bl m an e e .

W do t h s it t t ss t t h t t h t ho o f t hi s
‘

e no e a e o a er a e au r

vol u m i s m o f b i l it y Hi g t t hou g h i di ipli

e a an a . s re a n sc n

a bl n gi s d f v i d p i d it y o f conc pt i o m b dy ]
e e er e an er ra e n e o
L

sc n s d s i t u t i ons d 1 p ss i ons ffo d i n g i n x h ust i bl

e e an a ,
an a a r e a e

food f w ond or d d l ig h t Th in t er t is d p an d e . e e res ee an

i s i st i bl A m o l nch n t s m s t h v conj u d up
rre e . ra e a er ee o a e re

t h sh p s o f l l t h t i s b u t if u l
e a e d st n g t susp nd
a a ea an ra e o e

th f e l t i s i f sc i t i o
ac u e d s t o i sh m n t
n a na n an a n e .

W hip i t h igin l ar s s n e or a

igin l
.

1 Em b d i i t h o es a
‘
n e or .

"
An d f
o p a ss in o s in t he o ri gin l a .
 TH E A S S A S S I N S . 1 59

THE AS SAS S INS .

A F RA G M EN T OF A R OMA N C E.

C H A P TER I .

J ER US AL E M, go d d on t s i t nc by t h inc ss n t
a e o re s a e e e a

u u p t i ons d i nsol nc o f R om l g u d t o g t h it
s r a an e e e, ea e e er s

d i sco d n t f ct i ons t
r a b l g i ns t t h co m m on n m y d
a o re e a a e e e an

t y nt ra I nf io t t h i f
. i
er ll b t t h unconqu
r o bl
e r oe n a u e era e

hop o f l i b t y t h y su ou nd d t h i c i t y wit h f t ifi
e er ,
e rr e e r or ca

t i ons o f u n o m m on s t n g t h c d pl c d i n y b fo re ,
an a e a rr a e re

t h t m pl
e e b nd nd d d sp t by p t i o t i m
e a a re de re e e ra e a r s an

re l igi on E v n t h w o m p f d t di
. e e th th en r e e rr e o e, ra er an

su v i v t h u i o f t h i cou n t y Wh n t h R o m n m y
r e e r n e r r . e e a ar

a p p o rch d t
a h w lls o f
e t h s d ei t y it a p p t i on it e ac r e c ,
s re a ra s, s

d i sc i pl i n d it nu m b s v i nc d t h conv i c t i o o f it
e, an s er , e e e n s

l d t h t he h d no co m m on b b i ns t subdu
ea e r, a a At ar ar a o e .

th e pp o ch o f t h R o m
a r a m y t h st n g s wi t hd w
e an ar ,
e ra er re

f om t h c it y
r e .

A m on g t h m ul t i t ud w h i ch f o m v y n t i o o f t h
e es r e er a n e

E s t h d ss m bl d t J us l m w
a a a e l i t t l con g g t i o
e a er a e ,
as a e re a n

o f C h i st i ns Th y wr a m .k bl n i t h f t h ie ere re ar a e e er or e r

nu m b s er th i im p o t nc
nor T h y con t i n d
e r m ong r a e . e a e a

t h m n it h
e ph i losoph s
e er po t A ckno w l d gi n g no er n or e s . e

l w s b t t ho o f G d t h y m od ll d t h i conduc t t o w ds
a u se o , e e e e r ar

th i e r f l lo w m by t h conclus i ons o f t h i i nd i v i du l
e -
en e e r a

j ud gm n t on t h p c t i c l ppl i c t i on o f t h s l w s A d
e e ra a a a e e a . n

it w pp n t f om t h s i m pl i c it y d s v i t y o f t h i
as a a re r e an e er e r

m nn s t h t t h i s con t m p t f
a er ,
a hu m n i s t i t u t i o s h d e or a n n a
1 60 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS
'

p r oduce d a m on g t h e m a ch a r a c t e r su p e r i o r i n s i n gl e n e ss
an d s i nc e r e s e l f a ppr e h e n s i on t o t he s l a ve ry o f p a ga n
-

cust o m s a n d t he gr os s d e lusi ons o f a n t i qu at e d s up e rs t i t i on .

M a n y o f t h e i r op i n i o n s cons i d e ra bl y r e s e m bl e d t hos e o f t he
s e c t a ft e r w a r ds kno w n by t he n a m e o f G nost i cs Th e y .

e s t e e m e d t he hu m a n u nd e r s t a nd i n g t o b e t he a r a m oun t
p
r ul e o f hu m a n cond u c t t h e y m a i n t a i n e d t h a t t he obscu r e s t
r e l igi ous t r u t h r e qu i r e d fo r it s co m pl e t e e luc i d a t i on no
m o r e t h a n t he st r e nuous a ppl i ca t i o n o f t he e n e r gi e s o f
m i nd . I t a pp e a r e d i m poss i bl e t o t h e m t h a t a n y doc t r i n e
could b e subve r s i ve o f soc i a l h a pp i n e ss w h i c h i s n o t c a p a bl e
.

o f b e i n g con f u t e d by a r g u m e n t s d e r i ve d fr o m t he n a t u r e o f
e xi s t i n g t hi n g s . W i th t he d e vou t e s t sub m i s s i o n t o t he l a w
o f C h r i s t t h e y u n i t e d a n i n t re p i d sp i r it o f i nqu i ry a s t o t he
,

corr e c t e s t m od e o f a ct i n g i n p a rt i cul a r i ns t a nc e s o f conduct

t h a t occu r a m on g m e n As su m i n g t he doc t r i n e s o f t he
.

M e ss i ah conc e r n i n g b e n e vol e nc e a n d j ust i c e fo r t he re g ul a

t i o n o f t h e i r a c t i ons t he y could n o t b e p e r s u a d e d t o
,

a cknowl e d g e t h a t t h e r e w a s a pp a r e n t in t he d i v i n e cod e

an p r e sc r i b e d r ul e w h e r e b y fo r it s o w n s a k e o n e a c t i o n
y , ,

ra t h e r t h a n a not h e r
, a s f ulfill i n g t he wi ll o f t h e i r gr e a t

Ma st e r should be p r e fe rr e d
,
.

The con t e m p t wi t h w h i ch t he m a gi st r a cy a n d p r i e s t hood

r e ga r de d t h i s obscu re co m m un i t y o f S pe cul a t o r s ,
ha d
hi t h e r t o p r o t e c t e d t h e m fr o m p e r s e cu t i on B u t t h e y ha d
'

a r r i v e d a t t h a t p r e c i s e d e gre e o f e m i n e nc e a n d p r osp e r i t y

whi ch is p e c ul i a r l y obno xi ous t o t he hos t il i t y o f t he r i ch

an d po w e r f ul The m o m e n t o f t he i r d e p a r t u re fr o m
.

Je rus a l e m w a s t he c r i s i s o f t h e i r f u t u r e d e s t i n y . H ad t hey
co n t i n u e d t o s e e k a p re c a ri ous r e f u ge i n a c i t y o f t he
R o m a n e m p i re t h i s p e r s e cu t i on w o u ld n o t h a v e d e l a ye d t o
. ,

i m pr e ss a n e w ch a ra ct e r o n t h e ir opi n i ons a n d t h e i r
cond u c t ; n a rr ow v i e w s a n d t he il l i b e ra l i t y o f s e c t a r i a n
,
 TH E A S S A S S I N S . 16 1

p a t r i ot i s m w ould n o t ha ve fa i l e d sp e e d i l y t o obl it e r a t e
,

t he m a g n i fic e nc e a n d b e a u t y o f t h e i r wi ld a n d w ond e r f ul

f o m p i nci pl t p c d sp i s i n g d h t i n g
A t t a ch e d r r e o e a e, e an a

t h pl su s
e ea d t h c u st o m s o f t h d g n
re an t m ss o f e e e e e ra e a

m nk i nd t h i s u nos t n t t i ous co m m u n i t y o f g ood

a ,
d h pp y
e a an a

m enfl d t t h sol i t ud s o f L b non

e o e T A b i ns d e e a . o ra a an

e n t hus i st s t h sol m n i t y d g nd u o f t h s d ol t
a e e an ra e r e e es a e

re e c ss s poss ss d p cul i
e t t c t i ons
e I t w ll
e cco d d
e ar a ra . e a r e

wit h t h j us t i c o f t h i conc pt i on on t h l t i v du t i
e e e r e s e re a e es

of m t ow d
an h i s f llow i soc i t y t h t t h y hould
ar s e n e ,
a e s

l bou i n unconst i n d qu l i t y t d i sposs ss t h w ol f d

a r ra e e a o e e an

t h t ige of t h i m p i
er d s t bl i sh on it
e r u i ns t h
e r e, an e a s r e

do m i n i on o f i n t ll ig nc d vi t u N e lon g w ould t h
e e an r e . 0 er e

w o sh i pp s o f t h G d o f N t u b i nd b t d t hund d
r er e o a re e e e o a re

h nd f t h cco m m o d t i on o f t h i s i m pl w n t
a s or e a N a e r e a s . O

lon g would t h po i so o f d is s d c i v i l i t i on m b u
er e n a ea e sa e r e

th i e rv y nu t i m n t wi t h p t i l nc
er T h y w ould no
r e es e e . e

lon g erw t h i v y xi t nc t t h v i c
o e e r th f er s d e s e e o e e s, e ear ,
an

t h f oll i s o f m nk i nd
e e L v f i ndsh i p a d ph i l n t h op y. o e, r e ,
an a r ,

w ould w b t h ch ct i st i c d i spos s o f t h i i ndu t y

no e e ara er er e r s r .

It i f s hi m i s t
or s h i s f i nd t h t t h l bou
s re s or r e a e a rer

con c t s h i s t i l ; o t h s
se ra e m i nd f ul b t h i s f o g t f ul
o er a re , u e r e ,

o f him s l f G d f ds t h hun g y
e .
“
v ns d clo t h s t h
o ee e r ra e ,
an e e

l i l i s o f t h fi lds d y t S olo m o i n ll h i s g lo y i s t
e e e ,
an e n a r no

lik t e of t h
o one e se .
”

R om w no w t h h do w o f h f o m s l f T h l ig h t
e as e s a er r er e . e

o f h g nd uer rad lov l i n ss h d p ss d w y Th l t s t

e r an e e a a e a a . e a e

an d t h nobl s t o f h
e po t s d h i t o i n h d fo t old
e er e an s r a s a re ln

a gony h p p o ch i n g l v y d d g d t i on Th u i ns
er a r a s a er an e ra a . e r

o f t h hu m n m i nd m o wf ul d po t n t ous t h n t h
e a , re a an r e a e

d sol t i on o f t h m os t ol m n t m p l t h w sh d o f
e a e s e e e s, re a a e

gloo m pon h gold n p l c s w h i ch t h b u t l vu lg

u er e a a e e r a ar
 162 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

cou l d n o t se e bu t w h i ch t he m ig h t y fe l t wi t h i n w a r d
,

t r e p i d a t i on a d d e s p i r
n aThe r u i ns o f J e r u s a l e m l a y
.

d e fe nc e l e s s a n d u n i nh a b i t e d u pon t he bu r ni n g sa nds n on e
v i s i t e d b u t i n t he de p t h o f sol e m n a w e t h i s a ccu r s e d a n d
, ,

sol i t a ry s po t Tr a d i t i on s a ys t ha t t h e re w a s s ee n t o l i n ge r
.

a m on g t he sco r c h e d a n d S ha t t e r e d f r a g m e n t s o f t he t e m pl e ,

o n e b e i n g w ho m he t ha t s a w d a r e d n o t t o c a l l m a n wi t h
, ,

cl a sp e d h a nds i m m ove a bl e e ye s a n d a v i sa ge ho rr i bl y
, ,

s e r e n e N o t on t he wi ll o f t he c a p r i c i ous m ul t i t u d e n o r
.
,

t he cons t a n t fl uc t u a t i ons o f t he m a n y a n d t he w e a k ,

d e p e nds t he ch a n ge o f e m p i r e s a nd r e l igi on s Th es e a re .

t he m e re i ns e ns i bl e el e m e n t s f r o m w h i ch a sub t l e r in t e ll i
ge nce m oulds it s e ndu r i n g st a t u a ry T h e y t h a t d i re c t t he
.

ch a n ge s o f t h i s m o r t a l sc e n e b r e a t he t he d e c re e s o f t h e i r
do m i n i o n fr o m a t h r on e o f d a r kn e ss a n d o f t e m p e s t The .

po we r o f m a n i s g r e a t .

A ft e r m a n y d a y s o f w a nd e r i n g t he A ss a s s i ns p i t ch e d
,

t h e i r t e n t s i n t he v a ll e y o f B e t hz a t a n a i F o r a ge s ha d t h i s
.

fe r t i l e va ll ey l a i n conce a l e d fr o m t he a dve n t u r o u s s e a r ch o f
m a n a m on g m oun t a i ns o f e v e r l a s t i n g sno w
,
T he m e n o f
.

e ld e r d a s ha d i nh a b i t e d t h i s spo t P i l o f m onu m e n t l
y . e s a

m a r bl e a n d fra gm e n t s o f col u m ns t h a t in t h e i r i n t e gr i t y
a l m os t s e e m e d t he w o r k o f so m e in t e ll ige nc e m o r e s po r t i ve
a n d fa n t a s t i c t ha n t he g r oss conc e p t i on s o f m o r t a l i t l
y a
y ,

i n h e a ps b e s i d e t he l a k e a n d w e re v i s i bl e b e n e a t h it s
,

t r a n sp a re n t w a v e s The fl o w e r i n g o ra n ge t r e e t he b a l s a m
.
-
, ,

a nd i nnu m e r a bl e odo r ife r ous S h r ubs gre w wi ld in t he

,

d e sol a t e d p or t a l s The foun t a i n t a nks ha d o v e rflo w e d

.

and ,
a m i d t he l u x u r i a n t v e g e t a t i on o f t h e i r m a r gi n t he ,

e llo w sn a k e h e ld it s u n m ol e s t e d d w e ll i n g H i t h e r ca m e
y .

t he t ig e r a n d t he b e a r t o con t e nd fo r t ho s e onc e do m e s t i c
a n i m a ls w ho ha d f o r g o t t e n t he s e cu r e s e r v i t ud e o f t h e i r .

a nc e s t o r s . N o sound w h e n t he fa m i s h e d b e a s t o f p r e y
,
 TH E A S S A S S I N S . 1 63

ha d r e t re a t e d in d e sp a i r fr o m t he a wf ul d e sol a t i on o f t h i s
pl a ce a t w hose co m pl e t i on he ha d a s s i st e d bu t t he sh r i l l
, ,

cr y o f t he s t o r k a n d t he fl a p p i n g o f h i s h e a vy wi n g s f r o m
,

t he c a p i t al o f t he sol i t a r y colu m n a n d t he sc r ea m o f t he
,

hun gry vul t u r e b affle d o f it s onl y v i ct i m The lo r e o f .

a nc i e n t wi sdo m w a s scu l p t u r e d in m y s t ic ch a r a c t e r s on t he

r ocks . The hu m a n sp i r i t a n d t he hu m a n h a nd ha d b e e n
bu sy he re t o a cco m pl i sh it s p r o found e st mi r a cl e s I t w a s a .

t e m pl e d e d i c a t e d t o t he G o d o f kno wl e d g e a n d o f t r ut h .

The p al a c e s o f t he C a l i phs a n d t he C aes a r s m ight e a si l y

su rp a ss t h e s e r u i n s i n m a g n i t ud e a n d su m pt uo u s n e ss b u t
t h e y w e re t he d e s ig n o f t y r a n t s a n d t he w o r k o f s l a v e s .

P i e r c i n g ge n iu s a n d con s u m m a t e p r ud e nc e ha d p l a nn e d a d n

e x e cu t e d B e t hz a t a n a i T h e r e wa s d e e p a n d i m po r t a n t
fl

m e a n i n g in e v e r y l i n e a m e n t o f it s fa n t a s t i c scu l p t u r e .

The un i n t e l l igi bl e l e ge nd onc e so b e a u t if ul a n d p e r f e c t so

, ,

f ull o f p o et ry a n d h i s t ory spok e e v e n in d e s t r u c t i on

, , ,

volu m e s o f m yst e r i ous i m p o r t a n d obscu r e s ig n i fic a nc e

, .

B u t in t he s e a son o f it s u t m os t p r osp e r i t y a n d m a g n i
fi ce n ce a r t m ig h t n o t a sp i r e t o v ie wi t h n a t u r e in t he
,

val l e y o f B e t hz a t an a i A ll t h a t w as w ond e r f ul a n d lov e l y

.

w a s coll e c t e d i n t h i s d e e p s e cl us i on The fl u c t u a t i n g e l e
.

m e n t s s e e m e d t o h a v e b e e n r e nd e r e d e v e r l a s t i n g l y p e r
m a n e n t i n f o r m s o f w ond e r a n d d e l ig h t T he m oun t a i n s o f .

Le b a non ha d b e e n d i v i d e d t o t h e i r b a s e t o f o r m t h i s h a p py
va ll e y on e v e ry s i d e t h e i r icy su m m i t s da r t e d t h e i r w h it e
p i nn a cl e s i n t o t he cl e a r bl u e s ky i m a gi n g i n t h e i r g r o t e squ e
, ,

ou t l i n e m i n ar e t s a n d r ui n e d do m e s an d col u m ns w o rn
, , ,

wi t h t i m e Fa r b e low t he s i lve r clouds r oll e d t he i r b r ig h t

.
,

volu m e s in m a n y b e a u t if ul sh a p e s a n d fe d t he e t e r n a l ,

s pr i n g s t h a t , sp a nn i n g t he d a r k ch a s m s l i ke a t housa nd
ra d i a n t r a i nbo w s l e a e d i n t o t he qu i e t v a l e t h e n l i n g e r i n g
p
, ,

i n m a n y a d ar k gl a d e a m on g t he gr ove s o f cypre ss a n d o f
 64 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

pa l m l ost t he m se lv e s i n t he l a ke The i m m e ns i t y o f t h e s e
, .

p r e c i p i t o u s m oun t a i ns wit h t h e i r st a rry pyra m i ds o f sno w

, ,

e x clud e d t he sun w h i ch ov er t opp e d n o t e v e n in it s

, ,

m e r i d i a n t h e i r ov e r h a n gi n g r ocks
,
B u t a m o r e h ea ve nl y.

a n d sere ner l ig h t w a s r efl e c t e d from t h e i r icy m i r r o rs ,

w h i ch p ie r c i n g t hro ugh t he m a ny t i n t e d clouds pr oduce d

,
-
,

l ig h t s a n d colou r s o f i n e x h a u s t i bl e v a r i e t y T he h e rb a ge .

w a s p e r p e t u a ll y v er d a n t a n d clo t h e d t he d a r k e st r e c e ss e s
,

o f t he c a ve r ns a n d t he w oods .

N a t u r e und i s t u r b e d ha d b e co m e a n e nc ha n t r e ss in t he s e
, ,

sol i t ud e s : she ha d coll e ct e d h e r e a ll t h a t w a s w ond e r f ul a n d

d i v i n e fro m t he a r m ou r y o f he r o m n i po t e nc e The v e ry .

wi nds br e a t h e d h e a l t h a n d r e nov a t i on a n d t he j oyou s n e ss ,

o f y ou t hf u l co u ra ge F o u n t a i n s o f c ryst a ll i n e w a t e r pl a ye d
.

p e r p e t u a lly a m on g t he a r o m a t i c fl o w e r s a n d m in g l e d a ,

fre s hn e ss wi t h t h e i r odou r The p i n e bou ghs b e ca m e .

i n s t r u m e n t s o f e x qu i s i t e con t r i va nc e a m on g w h i ch e v e ry ,

v a ryin g br e e z e w a k e d m us i c o f n e w a n d m or e d e l ight f ul
m e lody M e t e o r i c s h a p e s m o r e e fl u l ge n t t h a n t he m oonlig h t
‘

.
, ,

hun g o n t he w a nde r i n g cloud s a n d m ixe d i n d i s co r d a n t ,

d a nce a r ound t he sp i ra l foun t a i ns B lu e v a pou r s a ssu m e d .

s t ra n ge l i n e a m e n t s u nd e r t he r ocks a n d a m on g t he r u i ns ,

l i n ge r i n g l ik e ghost s wi t h slo w a n d sol e m n s t e p T hr ou g h .

a d a r k ch a s m t o t he e a s t i n t he lon g p e r s e c t i v e o f a po rt a l
, p
g l it t e r i n g wi t h t he u nnu m b e r e d r i ch e s o f t he sub t e rr a n e a n
w or ld shon e t he b r o a d m oon pou r i n g i n o n e ye llo w a n d
, ,

unb r ok e n st r e a m he r ho r i on t a l b e a m s N e a re r t he icy
z .

r e gi on a u t u m n a n d S p r i n g h e ld a n a l t e r n a t e r e ig n
,
T he .

s e r e l e a ve s fe ll a n d chok e d t he s lu gg is h b r ooks t he ch i ll i n g
fogs h u n g d i a m onds o n e v e ry s p ray ; a n d i n t he d a r k col d
e v e n i n g t he ho w l i n g wi nds m a d e m e l a nchol y m u s i c i n t he

t re es . F ar a bove s hon e t he b r ig h t t h r on e o f wi n t e r cl e a r
, , ,

c old , an d d l i n g S o m e t i m e s t h e r e w a s s e e n t he
az z .
“
.
 TH E A S S A S S I N S .
5

s no w fl a ke s t o fa l l b e fo re t he s i nk i n g o rb o f t he be a m l e ss
-

sun l i k e a sho w e r o f fi e ry sulph u r The c a t a r a ct s a rr e st e d

,
.
,

in t h e i r cou r s e s e e m e d wi t h t h e i r t ran s p a r e n t colu m ns t o

, , ,

suppo r t t he d a r k b r o w e d r o cks S o m e t i m e s t he icy

-
.

w h ir l wi nd scoop e d t he po w de ry s no w a lo ft t o m i n gl e w i t h ,

t he h i ss i n g m e t e o rs a n d sc a t t e r s p a n g l e s t h r ou g h t he r a r e
,

a n d ra l e ss a t m o s ph e r e
y .

S uch s t ra n ge sc e n e s o f ch a o t i c con f us i on a n d h a r r o wi n g
s ubl i m i t su r r ound i n g a n d s hu t t i n g i n t he v a l e a dd e d t o
y , ,

t he d e l ig h t s o f it s s e cu r e a d volup t uous t r a nqu i ll i t y

n NO .

sp e ct a t o r could h a v e re f us e d t o b e l i e ve t h a t so m e sp i r i t o f
gre a t in t e ll ige nce a n d po w e r ha d ha llow e d t h e se wil d a n d
b ea u t iful sol it ud e s t o a de e p a n d sol e m n m yst e ry .

The i m m e d i a t e e ffe c t o f s uch a sc e n e s udd e nl y p re s e n t e d

,

t o t he con t e m pl a t i on o f m o r t a l e y e s i s s e ldo m t he subj ec t

,

o f a u t he n t i c r e cor d The cold e s t sl a ve o f cust o m c a nno t

.

fa i l t o r e coll e ct som e fe w m o m e n t s i n w h i ch t he b r e a t h o f
s p i n g o r t he cr o w d in g clouds o f s uns e t w i t h t he a l e m oo n
r
p ,

s h i n i n g t h r ou g h t h e i r fl e e c sk i rt s o r t he son g o f so m e
y ,

lon e l y b i r d p e r ch e d on t he o nl y t r e e o f a n un fr e qu e n t e d
h e a t h ha s a w a k e n e d t he t ouch o f n a t u r e A n d t h e y w e r e
, .

A r a b i a ns w ho e n t e r e d t he v a ll e y o f B e t hz a t a n a i m e n w ho
i dol i e d n a t u re a n d t he G o d o f n at u r e t o w ho m love a n d
z

l o f t y t hou g h t s a n d t he a pp re h e ns i ons o f a n unco rr u p t e d

,

sp i r i t we r e su st e n a nc e a d l ife T hus se cu r e l y e xclud e d

,
n .

f o m a n a bhorre d w or l d a ll t hou gh t o f it s j udgm e n t w a s

r ,

c a nc e ll e d by t he r a p i d i t y o f t h e ir fer v i d i m a gi n a t i on s .

T h e y c e a s e d t o a ckno w l e d g e o r d e ig n e d n o t t o a dv e rt t o
, ,

t he d i s t i nct i ons wi t h w h i c h t he m aj o r i t y o f b a se a n d vu l g a r
m i nds con t r ol t he lon gi n g s a n d s t r u gg l e s o f t he soul t o w a r ds
it s p l a c e o f r e s t A n e w a n d s a c r e d fi re w a s k i ndl e d
.

i n t h e i r h e a r t s a n d sp a r kl e d i n t h e ir e ye s Eve ry ge s .

t u re e v e r y fe a t u r e t he m i n u t e s t a c t i on w a s m od e ll e d t o
, , ,
1 66 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

b e n efi ce n c e
'

b ea u t y hol y i nsp i r a t i o n t h a t ha d
by t he
'

an d

d e sc e nd e d o t h e i r s e a r c h i n g s p i r i t s The e p i d e m i c t ra ns
n .

por t co m m un i c a t e d i t s el f t h r ou g h e ve ry he ar t wit h t he
r a i di t o f a bl a s t f r o m h e a v e n T h e y w e r e a l r e a dy d i s
p y .

e m bod i e d s p i r i t s ; t h e y w e re a l r e a dy t he i n h a b i t a n t s o f
a ra d i se T o l i v e t o b reat he t o m ov e w as it s e lf a
p .
, , ,

s e ns a t i o n o f i m m e a su r a bl e t r a ns p o r t E v e ry n e w c on t e m
.

l a t io n o f t he cond i t i o n o f h i s n a t u r e b r ou g h t t o t he h a p p y
p .

e n t hus i a s t a n a dd e d m e a su r e o f d e l ig h t a n d im pel le d t o
,

e ve r o r g a n w h e r e m i nd i s u ni t e d wi t h e x t e r n al t hi n gs a
y , ,

k e e n e r a n d m or e e x qu i s i t e p e rce p t i on o f a ll t h a t t h e y con
t a i n o f l ove l y a n d d i v i n e To l ov e t o b e b e lov e d sudde nl y
.
, ,

b e c a m e a n i ns a t i a bl e fa m i n e o f his n a t u r e w h i ch t he wi de ,

c i r cl e o f t he u n i ve r s e com pr e h e n d i n g b e i n g s o f such in e x
,

h a ust i bl e v a r i e t y a n d s t u p e ndous m a g n it ud e o f e x c e ll e n ce ,

a pp e a r e d t o o n a r r o w an d confin e d t o s a t i a t e .

A l a s t h a t t h e s e v i s i t i n g s o f t he sp i r i t o f l ife should
,

fl uc t u a t e a n d p a ss a w ay ! Th a t t he m om e n t s whe n t he
hu m a n m i nd i s co m m e nsu ra t e wi t h a ll t h a t it ca n conc e i ve
of e x c e ll e n t a n d po w e r f ul should n o t e nd u re wi t h it s e xi s t
,

e nc e a n d su r v i v e it s m os t m o m e n t ous ch a n g e ! B u t t he
b e a u t y o f a v e r n a l suns e t wi t h it s ov e r h an gi n g cu r ta i ns o f
,

e m pu r pl e d cloud i s ra p i dl d issolv e d t o re t u r n a t s om e
, y ,

u n e xp e ct e d p e r i od , a n d sp r e a d a n al l e v i a t i n g m e la n choly
ove r t he d a r k v igi ls o f de s p a i r .

I t i s t r u e t he e n t hus i a sm o f ov e r w h e l m in g t ra nspo r t
w h i ch ha d i n sp i re d e ve ry b r e as t a m on g t he A ss a ss i ns i s no
m ore .
'

The n e c e s s i t y o f d a i l y occup a t i o n a d t he o r d i n a r i n

n e ss o f t h a t h u m a n l ife t he bu r t h e n o f w h i ch it i s t he
,

d e s t i n y o f e ve ry hu m a n b e i n g t o b e a r ha d s m o t h e re d n o t , ,

e x t i n g u i sh e d t h a t d i v in e a n d e t e r n a l fi r e
, N o t t he l e s s .

i nd e l i bl e a n d p e rm a n e n t w e r e t he i m p r e ss i ons co m m un i
ca t e d t o a l l ; n o t t he m o r e u n a l t e r a bl
y w e r e t he f e a t u re s
 TH E A S S A S S I N S . 1 67

o f t h e i r soc i a l ch a ra c t e r m od e ll e d a nd d e te r m i n e d by it s
i nfl u e nce .

C H A P TE R II .

R OM E ha d f ll n
a e s e n a t e hous e ha d b e co m e a poll u t e d
. Her -

de n o f t h i e v e s a n d l i a r s ; he r sol e m n t e m pl e s t he a re n a o f ,

t h e olo gi c a l d i spu t a n t s w ho m a d e fi r e a n d s w o r d t he m is
,

s io n a rie s o f t he i r inconc e i v a bl e b e l i e fs The c i t y o f t he .

.

m onst e r C onst a n t i n e sym bol i z i n g i n t he cons e qu e nc e s o f

, ,

it s found a t i on t he w i ck e dn e ss a n d w e a kn e ss o f h i s succe s
,

s o rs,
fe e bly im a ge d wit h d e cl i n i n g po we r t he subst a n t i a l
e m i n e nc e o f t he R o m a n n a m e P i l gr im s o f a n e w a n d
.
-

m ig h t i e r fa i t h cr o w de d t o v i s i t t he l on ely ru i ns o f
J e r us a l e m a n d w e e p a n d p ra y b e f o re t he s e pulchre o f t he
,

Et e r n a l G o d The e a rt h w a s fil l e d wi t h d i sco r d t u m ul t
.
, ,

and r uin . The s pi r i t o f d i s in t e r es t e d v i rt u e ha d a r m e d

o n e h a l f o f t he c i v i l i s e d w o r ld a g a i ns t t he o t h e r
-
Mo . n

st rous a n d d e t e s t a bl e cr e e ds po i son e d a n d bl igh t e d t he

do m e st i c ch a ri t i e s Th e r e w a s no a pp ea l t o n a t u ra l l ove
.
,

o r an c i e n t f a i t h f r o m p r i d e sup e r s t i t i o n a n d r e v e n ge
, , , .

F ou r c e n t u r i e s ha d p a s s e d t hus t e r r i bly ch a ra c t e r i s e d by
,

t he m o s t c a l a m i t ous r e volu t i ons The A ss a ss i ns m e a n.

,

w h i l e u nd i s t u rb e d by t he su rr ound in g t u m ul t poss e sse d

, ,

a n d cul t i v a t e d t h e i r fe r t i l e v a l l e y The gra du a l op e r a t i o n

.

o f t h e i r pe c ul i a r cond i t i on ha d m at u r e d a n d p er fe ct e d t he
s i n g ul a r i t y a n d e x ce ll e nc e o f t h e i r ch a ra c t e r Tha t ca use
“

.
,

w h i ch ha d c e a se d t o a ct a s a n im m e d i a t e a n d ov e rpo w e r i n g
e xcit em e nt b e ca m e t he unpe rce i ve d l a w o f t h e i r l i ves a n d
, ,

sus t e n a nce o f t h e ir n a t u r e s Th e i r r e l igi ous t e n e t s ha d a lso

.

unde r g on e a ch a n ge co rr e spond i n g wi t h t he e xa l t e d cond i

,

t i on o f t he i r m o r a l b e i n g The gr a t i t ud e w h i c h t h e y o w e d
.

t o t he be n ig n a n t S p i r i t by w h i c h t h e i r l i m i t e d i n t e ll ig e nc e s
 168 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

ha d n ot onl y b e en c re a t e d bu t r e d e e m e d w a s l e ss fr e ,

qu e n t ly a dv e r t e d t o b e c a m e l es s t he t op i c o f co m m e n t
,

o r con t e m pl a t i on ; n o t t h e re f o r e d i d it c e a s e t o b e t h e i r
, ,

p re s i d i n g g u a r d i a n t he gui d e o f t h e i r i n m os t t hou gh t s t he
, ,

t r i bun a l o f a pp e a l fo r t he m in u t e st p a r t i cul a r s o f t h e i r c o n
d uct T h e y l e a rn e d t o i d e n t ify t h i s m ys t e r i ous b e n e fa c t or
.

wi th t he d e l igh t t ha t i s b r e d a m on g t he sol i t a ry r ocks a n d ,

ha s it s d w e ll i n g a lik e i n t he c han gi n g c ol ou r s o f t he clouds

a n d t he in m os t r e c e ss e s o f t he c a v e r n s T h e i r f u t u re a l s o
.

n o l on g e r e xi s t e d b u t i n t he bl i ss f ul t r a nqu i ll i t y o f t he
,

p re se n t . T i m e w a s m e a su r e d a n d c r e a t e d b y t h e v i ces an d
t he m i s e r i e s o f m e n b e t w e e n w ho m a n d t he ha p py n a t i on
,

o f t he A ssa ssi ns t h e re w a s no a n a logy n o r c o m p a r ison

, .

A l r ea dy ha d t he ir e t e r n a l p e a c e co m m e nc e d The d a r kn e ss
.

ha d p a ss e d a w a y fr o m t he O pe n g a t e s o f d e a t h .

The p r a ct i c a l r e sul t s p r oduc e d by t he ir fa i t h a n d cond i t i o n

upon t h e i r e xt e r n a l conduct w e r e s i n g u l a r a n d m e m o ra bl e .

E x clud e d f r o m t he g r ea t a n d v a r i ous co m m un i t y o f m a nk i nd ,

t h e s e sol i t ud e s b e c a m e t o t h e m a s a c r e d he r m it a ge i n wh i ch ,

a l l f o r m e d a s it w e r e o n e b e i n g
, ,
d i v i d e d a g i n s t i t se lf by
,
a

no con t e n d i n g wi ll o r fa ct io n s p a ss i ons E v e ry i m puls e .

c on s p ir e d t o o n e e n d a n d t e nd e d t o a s i n g l e obj e ct
,
E a ch .

d e vot e d h i s po w e r s t o t he h a p p i n e s s o f t he o t h e r The i r .

r e publ i c w a s t he s ce n e o f t he p e r p e t u a l con t e n t i ons o f

b e n e vo le nc e ; n o t t he he a r t l e ss a d a ssu m e d k i ndn e ss o f
n

c o m m e r c i a l m a n b u t t he g e n u i n e v i r t u e t h a t ha s a l e gi bl e
,

s up e r s cr i p t i on in e v e ry fe a t u r e o f t he coun t e n a nc e a n d ,

e v e r y m o t i o n o f t he f ra m e T he p e r ve r s e n e ss a n d ca l a m i t i e s
.

o f t hos e w ho d w e l t b ey ond t he m ou n t a i ns t h a t e nc i r cl e d
t h e ir und i st u r b e d posse ss i ons w e re u nkno w n a n d
,

un i m a gi n e d Li t t l e e m ba rr a ss e d by t he co m pl e xi t i e s o f
.

c i v il i s e d so ci e ty t h e y kn e w n o t t o conc e i ve a ny ha pp i n e ss
,

t h a t c an b e s a t i a t e d wi t hou t p a r t i c i p a t i on o r t h a t t h i s t s
,
r
 TH E A S S A S S I N S . 1 69

not to re p r oduce p e rp e t u a l l y ge n e r a t e i t s e l f The p a t h

an d .

o f v i rt u e a n d fe l i c i t y w a s pl a i n a n d un i m p e d e d Th e y .

cl e a r l y a ckn o w l e d ge d in e v e ry c a s e t h a t con duc t t o be

, ,

e n t i t l e d t o pr e fe r e nc e w h i c h w ould obv io u sl p r od u ce t he
y
g r e a t e s t pl e a su re T h e y
. c o u l d n o t conc e iv e a n i n s t a n c e i n

w h i ch it w o u ld be t he i r d u t y t o h e s it a t e in ca us in g a t , ,

w h a t e v e r e xp e nse t he grea t e st a n d m os t un m ixe d d e l ig ht

,
.

H e nce a r os e a p e c u l i a r i t y w h i ch onl y fa il e d t o ge r m i n a t e
i n u nco m m on a n d m o m e nt ous conse qu en ce s b e ca u se t he ,

A s s a ss in s ha d re t i re d fr o m t he i n t e r co u rs e o f m a nk ind ove r ,

who m o t h er m o t i ve s a n d pr i nc i pl e s o f conduc t t h a n j us t i ce
a n d b e n e vol e n ce p r e v a i l I t w o u ld b e a diflicu l t m a t t e r fo r
.

m e n o f su c h a s i n ce re a n d s i m pl e fa i t h t o e s t i m a t e t he fin a l
,

r e sul t s o f t he i r i n t e n t i ons a m on g t he co r r u p t a n d sl a v i s h
'

m ul t i tu d e T h e y w o u ld be p e r pl e x e d a lso in t h e i r c ho i ce o f
.

t he m e a n s w h e r e by t h e i r in t e n t i ons m ig h t b e f ulfill e d
,
To .

p r oduc e i m m e di a t e p a i n o r d i so r d e r fo r t he s a k e o f f u t u re
b e n e fi t i s con s on a n t i n d e e d w i t h t he p u r e s t r e l igi o n a n d
, , ,

p h i losoph y b u t n,e v e r fa i l s t o e x c i t e i nv i nc i bl e r e p u g n a n c e

in t he fe e l i n gs o f t he m a n y A ga i ns t t h e i r p re d i l e c t i on s a d
. n

d i st a s t e s a n A ssa ss i n a cc i d e n t a lly t he i nh a b i ta n t o f a c i v i l
,

i se d co m m u n i t y w ould w a ge u n r e m i t t i n g hos t i l i t y fr om
,

pr i nc i pl e H e w ould find h i m s e l f co m p e ll e d t o a do p t
.

m e a ns w hich t h e y w ould a b ho r fo r t he s a k e o f a n obj e c t ,

w h i ch t he y could n o t conc e i v e t h a t he shou ld p r o po se t o

h i m se l f S e cu r e a n d s e l f e nsh r i n e d i n t he m a g n i fic e nce a n d
.
-

r e e m i n e nc e o f h i s conc e t i o ns spo t l s s a s t he l ig h t o f
p p e
-
,

h e a ve n he w o u ld b e t he v i c t i m a m on g m e n o f ca lu m n y a n d
,

p e r s e cu t i on I n ca p a
. bl e o f d i s t i n g u i sh i n g h i s m o t i v e s t h e
, y
w ould r a nk him a m on g t he v i l e st a n d m o st a t r oc i ous
c ri m i n a ls G r e at b e yond a ll co m p a r i s on wi t h t he m t h e y
. , ,

w ould d e spi se him i n t he pr e su m p t io n o f t h e ir ign o ra nc e

’

B e c a us e h i s sp i r i t b u r n e d wi t h a n u n qu e n cha bl e p a s s i o n fo r
 1 70 E S S A VS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

t he i w lf
r e a re , t hey w ould l d ea him , lik e h i s il lust r i ou s
s mi dst ock e ry a n d i nsul t
‘

m a t e r, a s c o fl s, and m , t o t he
,

r e m u n e r a t i o n o f a n ig no m i n i o u s d e a t h .

Who he s i t a t e s t o d e s t r oy a ve nom o u s se rp e n t t h a t has

cr e pt n e ar h i s s l e e p i n g fr i e n d e xcept t he m an w ho s e lfis hl y
,

d r e ads le st t he m al i gn a nt r e pt il e should t ur n his f u ry on

h i m s e l f ? A n d if t he p o i son e r ha s a ssu m e d a hu m a n sh a p e ,

if t he b a n e be d is t i n g u i sh e d onl y fr o m t he v i pe r s ve n om b y ’

t he e x c e ss a n d e xt e n t o f it s d e v a s t a t i on w ill t he s a v i ou r ,

a n d a v e n g er he re r e t r a c t a n d pa us e e n t r e n ch e d b e h i nd t he

s up e rs t i t i o n o f t he i nd e fe a s i bl e d i v i n i t o f m an ? I s t h e
y
hu m a n fo rm t he n t he m e r e b a dge o f a p r e ro gat iv e fo r
, ,
'

u nlice nse d wi ck e dn e s s a n d m i sch i e f ? Ca n t he po w e r

de r i v e d fr o m t he w e a kn e ss o f t he Oppr e ss e d o r t he ,

ig nora nce o f t he d e ce i ve d con fe r t he r ight in se cur i t y t o

,

t y ran n i se a nd d e f r a ud ?
T he subj e c t o f r e g ul a r g ov e r n m e n t s a n d t he d i s ci pl e o f ,

e s t a b lis h e d s u p e r s t i t i on d a r e s n o t t o as k t h i s qu e s t i on
,
Fo r .

t he s a k e o f t he e v en t u a l b e n e fi t he e ndu r e s w hat he e s t e e m s
,

a t r an s i t o r e v i l nd t h m o l d gr a d a t i on o f m a nd i squ i e t s
y a , e r a e

n ot his a t i e n ce B u t t he l igi o n o f a n A ss a s s i n i m pos e s

p . r e

o t h e r v i rt u e s t h a n e ndu r a nc e w h e n his fe l lo w m e n gr o a n
,
-

u n d e r t yr a nn y o r h a ve b e co m e so be s t i a l a n d a bj e c t t h a t
,

t h e y c a nno t fe e l t he i r ch a i ns A n A s s a ss in b e l i e v e s t h at
.

m a n i s e m i n e n t l y m a n a d onl y t h e n e njoy s t he p r e r o ga
,
n

t iv e s o f his p r i v i l eg e d cond i t ion w h e n h i s a ffe ct i ons a n d ,

h i s j udgm e n t p a y t r i bu t e t o t he G o d o f N a t u r e The .

p e r ve r s e a n d v i l e a n d v i ci o us— w h a t w e r e t h ey ? S h a p es
, ,

o f so m e unhol y v i s i on m ou ld e d by t he sp i r i t o f Ev i l
, ,

w h i ch t he s w o r d o f t he m e r c if ul d e s t r o y e r s hould s w e e p
‘

fr o m t h i s b e au t iful w or ld D re a m y n ot hi n gs ; ph a n t a s m s
.

o f m is e ry a n d m i sch i e f t h a t hold t h e i r d e a t h l i ke st a t e on
,
-

g l it t e r i n g t hr o n e s a n d i n t he l o a t hso m e d e ns o f pove rt y
,
.
 TH E A S S A S S I N S . 17 1

N o A ss a ss i n w o ul d subm i i v ly t m p o i s wit h vi c d ss e e r e e, a n

i cold ch i t y b co m
n p nd t f l s hood d d ol t i on
ar e e a a er o a e an es a .

Hi p th t h
s a g h t h wi ld n ss o f i vili s d soci t y w uld
ro u e er e c e e o

b m k d wi t h t h blood o f t h opp sso

e ar e d th e uin e re r an e r er .

Th w t h w ho m n t i on t m bl i g l y do
e re c ,
w o u ld xp i t a s re n a r e, e a e

i n hi t h ot t l i n g g sp t ho u nd li ns d d v n bl
s r ra a sa ce e an e e ra e

c im s
r e .

H w m n y hol y l i s
o a d p s i t s i n ol m g u i s ar an ara e ,
s e n e,

w o ul d hi s v i ou m d g f m t h i l ux u i s uch s
s a r ar ra ro
'

e r r ou co e ,

an d plun g i n t h old h n l t h t t h g n d m n y
e e c c ar e ,
a e re e an a

l gg d m o t s o f t h sl i m y g v m ig h t t ff t t h i
e e ns e r e ra e ea o a e r

l i su t h l i n m n t s f oot d m l ig n i t y d d t st d
e re e ea e o r e a an e e e

c unn i g Th n . p ct bl m — t h s m o t h s m i l i n g
e re s e a e an e o , ,

p o l i sh d v il le i w ho m l l t h i t
a n, y honou s ; w hos v y a e c r e er

t ra d i l i s d m u d ; who b y hi d i l y b d wi t h
e s e an r er u s
'

s a r ea

t h b l ood
e d t s of m an w ou ld f d t h v n wi t h h i s
e ar en , ee e ra e s

l i m bs Th A ss ss i w ould t nobly f t h y l ss
. e a n ca e r or e e e e

w o m s o f t h d t h c i o fo wl s o f h v n
r ear ,
an e arr n ea e .

Y t h e l igi o ere, d hu m n lov re h d i m bu d t h n an a e a e e

m anner s o f t hos sol i t y p eopl w i t h in x p ss i bl g n t l

e ar e e re e e e

n ss d b n ig n i t y C ou g
e an e d ct i v vi t u d th
. ra e an a e r e, an e

i nd ig n t i on g i nst v i c w h i ch b co m s h y i g d
a a a e, e e a u rr n an

i s i st i bl p i on sl pt l i k t h i m p i son d t hqu k
rr e e a ss ,
e e e r e e ar a e, o r

t h l ight i n g h ft t h t h n g i n t h g old n clou ds o f v

e n s a s a a e e e en

i n g Th y w i n noc nt b t t h y w c p bl o f m o
. e er e e , u e ere a a e re

t h n i nnoc nc
a f th g e t p i nc i pl s o f t h i f i t h w
e or e rea r e e r a e re

p er p t u ll
e y ckno a w l d g d d dv
a t d t ; h d t h ye e an a er e o nor a e

fo go t t n i t h i s un i n t u pt d qu i t t h u t ho o f t h i
r e , n e rr e e , e a r e r

f l icit y
e .

F ou c n t u i s h d t hus w o n w y wi t hou t p od u i n g
r e r e a r a a r c

an e ve n t M e n ha d die d an d n a t u ral t e a r s ha d be e n she d

.
,

u p on t h e i r gra v e s i n sorr o w t h a t i m p r ove s t he h e a r t ,

.
.

T hos e w ho ha d b e e n un i t e d by lov e ha d g on e t o d e a t h
172 E S S A YS A N D F RA G M E N TS .

t o ge t he r l ea v i n g t o t he i r fr ie nds t he b e qu e st o f a m o st
,

s a c re d grie f a n d o f a s a dn e ss t h a t is a ll i e d t o pl e a su r e
,
.

B a b e s t h a t hun g u p o n t he i r m ot h e rs b r e a s t s ha d b e com e
’

m e n ; m e n ha d d i e d ; a n d m a n y a w ild l ux u r i a n t w e e d
'

t h a t ov e r t o pp e d t he ha b i t a t i ons o f t he v a l e ha d t wi n e d it s ,

r oo t s a r ou n d t h e ir d i sr e g a r d e d bon e s T h e i r t ra nqu i l s t a t e
.

w a s l i k e a s u m m e r se a w hos e ge n t l e u n dul a t i ons d i s t u r b

,

n o t t he r e fl e ct e d st a r s a n d b re a k n o t t he lon g s t ill
,
l in e o f
t he ra i n bo w hu e s o f sun ris e .

C H A P TE R I I I .

W H ERE a ll is t hu s ca l m t he sl ig h t e st c i rcu m st a nc e is
'

re co r d e d a n d r e m e m b e r e d B e f o r e t he s ix t h c e n t u ry ha d
.

e x p i r ed o n e in c i d e n t o c cu r re d r e m a r k a bl e a d s t ra n ge
,
A n .

y oun g m a n n a m e d A l b e dir w a nd e r i n g in t he w ood s w a s

, , ,

st a rt l e d by t he s crea m i n g o f a b i r d o f p r e y a n d look i n g u p , , ,

s a w b l ood fa l l d r op by d r op fr o m a m on g t h e i n t e rt wi n e d
, ,

bo u ghs o f a c e d a r H a vi n g cl i m b e d t he t r e e he b e hel d a
.
,

t e rr i bl e a n d d i s m a y i n g sp e c t a cl e A n a k e d hu m a n body
.
.

w as i m p a l e d o n t he b r ok e n b r a nch I t was m a im e d a nd .

m a n g l e d ho rr i bl y e v e ry l i m b b e n t a n d b r u i s e d i n t o fr ig h t

f ul d i s to r t i o n a n d e x h i b i t i n g a b r e a t h i n g i m a ge o f t he
,

m os t s i ck e n i n g m ock e ry o f l ife A m ons t r ou s sn a k e ha d

.

sc e nt e d it s pr e y fr o m a m on g t he m oun t a i ns — a n d a bov e
hov e r e d a hun gry vul t u re Fr o m a m i ds t t h i s m a s s o f d e so
.

l a t e d hu m a n i ty t wo e y e s bl a ck a n d i n e x p r e ss i bl y b rill i a n t
, , ,

shon e wi t h a n u n e a r t hl y lus t re B e n e a t h t he blood s t a i n e d

.
-

e ye b r o w s t h e i r s t e a d r a s m a n if es t e d t he se r e n i t o f
y y y a n

i m m o rt a l po w e r t he c oll e ct e d e n e r gy o f a d e a t hl e ss m i nd
, ,

sp e ll s e cu red fr o m d i ss ol u t i on A b i t t e r s m i l e o f m i n gl e d
-
.

a b ho rr e nc e a n d s e e m d i s t o r t e d h i s w ound e d l i p — he a pp e a r e d
 TH E A S S A S S I N S . 1 73

c a l m ly toobs e r ve a n d m e a su r e a ll a r ound— s e l f poss e ss i on -

ha d n o t d e s e rt e d t he s h a t t e r e d m a ss o f l ife .

The y ou t h a pp r o a ch e d t he bou gh o n w hi ch t he b r e a t h i n g
co rpse w a s hun g A s he a pp r o a ch e d t he s e r p e n t r e l u c ta n t l y
.
,

u n w re a t h e d h i s glit t e r i n g co i ls a n d cre p t to w a r ds his d a r k

,

a n d lo a t hso m e ca ve The v u l t u re i m p a t i e n t o f hi s m e a l
.
, ,

fl ed t o t he m o u n t a i n t h a t r e — e cho e d w i t h
,
his ho a r s e
scr e a m s The c e da r b r a nch e s c r e a k e d wi t h t h e i r a gi t a t i n g
.

w e ig h t fa i n t l y a s t he d i s m a l wi nd a r os e A ll e l se w a s
, ,
.

d e a dly S i l e n t .

A t l e n gt h a vo i c e i ss u e d f r o m t he m a n g l e d m a n It .

r a t t l e d i n ho a r s e m u r m u r s f r o m h i s t h r o a t a n d lun g s — h i s

wo r ds w e r e t he conclu s i on o f so m e s t ra n ge m ys t e r i ous .

sol i loqu y Th e y w e r e b r ok e n a n d wi t hou t a pp a r e n t

.
,

conn e ct i on co m pl e t i n g wi d e i n t e r vals o f i n e x p r e ss i bl e
,

conc e p t i ons .

The gr e a t t yra n t i s b a ffl e d e v e n in s u cc e ss , Jo y j o y .

t o h i s t o r t u r e d fo e Tr i u m p h t o t he w o r m w ho m he t ra m p l e s
u nd e r h i s fe e t ! Ha ! H is su i c i d a l h a nd m ig h t d a r e a s
w e ll a bol i sh t he m ig h t y fr a m e o f t h i n g s ! D e l ig h t a n d
e x ul t a t i on S it b e f o re t he clos e d g a t e s o f d e a t h — I fe a r n o t

t o d w e ll b e n e a t h t h e i r bl a ck a n d g h a s t l y s h a do w H ere .

t hy p o w e r m a y n o t a v a i l ! T ho u cr e a t e s t — t is m i n e t o ’

r u i n a n d d e s t r o y — I w as t hy sl a v e — I a m
. t hy e qu a l a n d ,

t hy fo e — T hou sa nds t re m bl e b e fo r e t hy t h r on e w ho a t m y , ,

vo i ce sh a ll d ar e t o pluck t he g old e n c r ow n fr o m t h i n e
,

unhol y h e a d 1 H e c e a se d The s i l e nce o f noon sw al low e d

”
.

u p his w o r ds Al be dir clun g t ight e r t o t he t r e e — he d a r e d

.

n o t fo r d i s m a y re m ov e h i s e y e s H e r e m a i n e d m u t e i n t he
.

p e r t u b a t i on o f d ee p a n d c r e e p i n g ho r r o r
r .

A l be dir ! s a i d t he s a m e vo i c e
”
A l b e dir ! in t he ,
“

n a m e o f G o d a ppr o a ch H e t h a t su ffe r e d m e t o fa ll
, .
,

w a t ch e s t h e e — t he ge n t l e a n d m e r c if ul sp ir i t s o f s w e e t
 174 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

hum a n lov e d e l ig h t n o t i n a gon y a n d ho rr or Fo r p i t y s

, .
’

s a k e a pp r o a ch in t he n a m e o f t hy g ood G o d a p p r o a ch
, , ,

A lb e dir I The t on e s w er e m i ld a n d cl e a r a s t he r e spons e s o f

I Eo l ia n m usi c T h e y fl o a t e d t o A lb e dir s ea r l i k e t he w a r m
’
.

b r e a t h o f J un e t h a t l i n ger s in t he l a w n y g r ov e s s ubdu i n g
'

a l l t o so ft n e ss T e a r s o f t e n d e r a ffe c t i on s t a rt e d i n t o h i s
'

. .

e es I t w a s as t he vo i c e o f a b elov e d f r i en d T h p t n er
y . e a r .

o f h i s ch il d hood t he b r o t h e r o f h i s soul s e e m e d t o c a ll fo r
, ,

a id a n d p a t he t i ca ll t r e m ons t r a t e wi t h d l a H e
, y o e y .

r e s i s t e d n o t t he m a gi c i m pu l s e bu t a dva nc e d t o w a r ds t he
,

S p o t a n d t e nd e rl y a t t e m p t e d t o r e m ov e t he w ound e d m a n
, .

H e c a u t i ousl y d e sc e nd e d t he t r e e wi t h h i s w r e t ch e d bu r t h e n ,

a n d d e pos i t e d it on t he g r ound .

A p er i od o f s t r a n g e s il e nc e i n t e r v e n e d Aw e a n d cold .

ho r r o r w e r e slo w l y succ e ed i n g t o t he s o f t e r s e ns a t i ons o f

t u m ul t uous p i t y w h e n a g a i n he h e a r d t he s i lv e r m odul a
,

t io n s o f t he s a m e e nch a n t i n g vo i c e
. . W e e p n o t fo r m e .
“
,

A l b e dir ! Wh a t w r e t ch s o u t t e r l y los t b u t m ig h t i nh a l e ,

p e a c e a n d r e nova t i on fr o m t h i s p a r a d i s e ! I a m w o u nd e d ,

a n d i n p a i n ; b u t h a vin g f ound a r e f u g e i n t h i s s e clus i on ,

a n d a f r i e nd in y o u I a m w o r t h i e r o f e nvy t h a n co m p a s s i on
,
.

B e a r m e t o y ou r co t t a g e s e c r e t l y : I w ould n o t d i s t u rb y ou r
ge n t l e p a rt n e r by m y a pp ea r a n ce S he m ust love m e m o re .

d e a r l y t h a n a b r o t h e r I m ust be t he p l a ym a t e o f y ou r
.

ch i ldr e n ; a l r e a dy I r e ga r d t h e m wi t h a fa t h e r s love My ’
.

a r r i v a l m u s t n o t be r e ga r d e d a s a t h i n g o f m y s t e ry a n d

w ond e r Wh a t i nde e d bu t t h a t m e n a r e pr on e t o e r ro r
.
, ,

a n d e x a gge r a t i on i s l e s s i n e x pl i c a bl e t h a n t h a t a s t r a n g e r
, , ,

w a nd er i n g on Le ba non fel l fr o m t he r ocks int o t he va l e ?

,

he con t i nu e d a n d h i s d e e p e n i n g vo i c e a ssu m e d
”
A l be dir , ,

a wf ul sol e m n i t y in r e t u r n fo r t he a ff e c t i o n wi t h w h i ch I
“
,

ch e r i s h t h e e an d t hi n e t hou o w e s t t h i s sub m iss i on

,
.
”

Al be d ir i m pl i c i t y sub m i t t e d ; n o t e v e n a t hou g h t had

 TH E A S S A S S I N S . 17 5

po w e r t o r e f us e it s d e fe r e nc e He r e a ssu m e d his bu rt h e n
.
,

a n d p r oc e e d e d t o w a r ds t he cot t a ge H e w a t ch e d u n t i l .

K h a l e d should b e a bs e n t a n d conv ey e d t he s t r a n g er i n t o a n
,

a a rt m e n t a pp r o p r i a t e d fo r t h e r e c e p t i o n o f t hos e w ho
p
occa s i on a ll y v i s i t e d t h e i r h a b i t a t i o n H e d e s i r e d t h a t t he.

doo r should b e s e cu re l y fa st e n e d a n d t ha t he m ig h t n o t b e ,

v is it e d un t i l t he m o rn i ng o f t he follo wi n g d y a .

Al be dir w a i t e d w i t h im p a t i e nc e fo r t he r e t u r n o f Kha l e d .

The un a ccus t o m e d w e ig h t o f e v e n s o t ra n s i t o r y a s e c r e t ,

hun g on his i n ge nuou s a n d unp ra c t i se d n a t u r e l i ke a bl igh t ,

i n g cl i n gi n g cu r se The s t ra n ge r s a c ce n t s ha d lull e d him t o

,
.
’

a t r a nc e o f lw il d a n d d e l ig h t f ul i m a gi n a t i on H op e s s o .
,

v i s i on a r y a n d a e r i a l t h a t t h e y ha d a s s u m e d no d e no m i n a
,

t i on ha d sp r e a d t h e m se lv e s o v e r his i n t e ll e c t u a l f ra m e
, ,

a n d ph a n t o m s a s t h e y w e r e ha d m od e ll e d h i s b e i n g t o t h e i r
, ,

sh a pe S t i ll h i s m i nd w a s n o t e xe m p t fr o m t he v i s i t i n g s o f
.

d i squ i e t ud e a n d p e r t u r b a t i on I t w a s a t r oubl e d s t r e a m o f
.

t hou g h t ov e r w hos e fl uc t u a t i n g w a v e s uns e a r ch a bl e fa t e

,

s e e m e d t o p r e s i d e g u i d i n g it s un fo re s e e n a l t er a t i ons wi th a n
,

i n e x or a bl e h a nd A l be dir p a ce d e a r n e s t l y t he ga r d e n o f h i s
.

cot t a ge r e volvi g e ve ry c i rc u m st a nc e a t t e nd a n t on t he
,
n

i nc i d e n t o f t he da y H e e i m a ge d w i t h i nt e ns e t hou g h t
. r -

t he m i n u t e s t re c oll e c t i on s o f t he sc e n e I n v a i n — he w a s .

t he s l a v e o f su gg e s t i on s n o t t o b e con t r oll e d A s t on i s h .

m e nt ho r r o r a n d a w e — t u m ul t uous sy m p a t h y a n d a
, , ,

m ys t e r i o u s e l e v a t i on o f sou l hu r r i e d a w a y a l l a c t i v i t y O f
,

j udgm e n t a n d ov e r wh e l m e d w i t h s t u nn i n g f o r c e e v e r y
, , ,

a t t e m p t a t d e l i b e r a t i o n o r i nqu i ry .

H is r e ve r i e s w e r e i n t e r r up t e d a t l e n gt h by t he r e t u r n o f
Kh a l e d S he e n t e r e d t he co t t a ge t h a t sc e n e o f und i s t u r b e d
.
,

re p ose i n t he confide nce t h a t ch a n ge m ig h t a s se e n ove r

,

w he l m t he e t e r n a l wo r ld a s d is t u rb t h i s i nv i ol a bl e sa nc t u a ry
, .

S he s t a rt e d t o b e hold Al be dir W i t hou t p r e fa c e o r r e m a r k

.
,
 1 76 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

he cou n t e d wi t h
re g h st t h oc u nc s o f t h d y ea er a e e c rr e e e a .

K h a l e d s t r a nqu i l
p i i
’
t could h dl y k p p c wi t h t h s r ar ee a e e

b t hl
re a
p i d it y o f h i s
ess r a n
’

t i on S h w b wi l d d a rr a . e as e ere

wi t h st gge i n g w o d v n t h h i s on f us d t n s
a r n er e e o e ar c e o e ,

an d b hol d hi git t d coun t nc

e s a a e ena e.

C H A P TE R I V

ON t he foll o win g m o n i n g Al b di os t su is d r e r ar e a nr e, an

v i s it d t h s t n g
e H f ound him l
e ra d y is n er d
. e a re a r e , an

e m pl o y d i do n i n g t h l t t i c o f hi ch m b wi t h fl o w s
e n a r e a e s a er er

f o m t h g d n Th w so m t h i g i h i s t t it ud d
r e ar e . ere as e n n a e an

o cu p t i on i n g u l l y x p s i v o f hi
c a s ti f m il i i t y
ar e re s e s en re a ar

wi t h t h sc n Al b di h b i t t i on s m d t h v b n
e e e . e r s
’
a a ee e o a e ee

h i s c us t om d ho m
a c H dd ss d hi host i
e t on e . e a re e s n a e

o f g y a d ff ct i on t w l co m such
a n a en v f i ls t a e e e,
‘

as e er a o

co m m un i c t by sy m p t hy t h f l i n g s f o m w h i ch it fl ows
a e a e ee r .

M y f i nd s i d h r e t h b l m of t h d w o f
,
”
a v l e, e a e e our a e

i sw t ;
s i s t h i s g d n t h f vou d spo t w h t he
ee or ar e e a re e re

wi ds consp i t sc t t t h b s t odo s t h y
n re o find ? a er e e ur e ca n

C om l nd m you
e, e m wh i l I f l v y w k H
e r ar a e, ee er ea .
”
e

m o t i on d t w l k f o t h b t
e o if u n bl t p oc d s t d
a r ,
u ,
as a e o r ee , re e

on t h s t b s i d t h doo
e ea F f w m om n t s t h y w
e e e r . or a e e e e re

s il n t if t h i n t ch n g o f ch f ul d h ppy looks i t
e , e er a e e er an a s o

b c ll d s i l nc
e a e A t l s t h obs v de sp d t h t t d
e . a e er e a a e a res e

a g i n t t h w ll
a s Y h v onl y
e a p d b o th
.
“
ou a e one s a e, r er,
”

s id h
a
y e h v onl y
“
I sup
ou p os o f y o f
a t h e o ne, e, an e

i ns t u m n t s o f t i ll g Y ou g d n g ou nd t o cu p i
r e a e . r ar e r , o o, c es

a c t i p c w h i ch it wi ll b n c ss y t
er a n s a e l g Th i s e e e ar o en ar e.

mu t b s qui kl y m d i d I c nnot
e c n m y su p p o f
re e e . a ear er

t n ig h t
o -
o f t o m o o w b t h nc fo w d I do t m n
,
no r rr u e e r ar ,
no ea

to t th
ea b d o f i dl n ss I kno w t h t y w ould
e rea e e . a ou
 TH E A S S A S S I N S .
77

w i ll i n gly p e r fo rm t he a dd i t i on a l l a bou r wh i ch m y nou r i s h

m e n t w ould r e qu ir e ; I know a l s o t h a t y o u w ould fe e l a , ,

d e gr e e o f pl e a su r e i n t he fa t ig u e a r i s i n g fr o m t h i s e m p loy
m e n t bu t I sh a l l con t e s t wi t h y o u such p l e a su r e s a s t h e s e
, ,

an d such p l e a s ur e s a s t h e s e a l on e H is e y e s w e r e s o m e w h a t .
”

w a n a n d t he t on e o f his vo i c e l a n g u i d a s he s pok e
,
.

A s t h e y w e re t hus e n ga ge d K ha l e d c a m e t o w a r ds t h e m ,
.

The s t ran g e r b e c kon e d t o her t o s it b e s i d e him a n d t a k i n g ,

he r ha n ds wi t h i n h i s o w n look e d a t t e n t i ve l y o n he r m i ld
,

c oun t e n a nc e Kh a l e d i nqu i re d if he ha d b e e n r e fr e s h e d
.

by s l e e p H e r e pl i e d b y a l a u g h o f c a r e l e ss a n d
.

i no ffe nsive g l e e ; a n d pl a c i n g o n e o f he r h a nds wi t h i n

.

Al b e dir s sa i d I f t h i s b e s l e e p h e r e i n t h i s odo r ous

“
’
, , ,

v a l e wh e re t h e s e s we e t s m i l e s e nco m p a ss us a n d t he
, ,

vo i ce s o f t hos e w ho love a r e h e a r d — if t h e se he t he v i s i ons

o f s l e e p s i s t e r t ho s e w ho lie do w n in m i se r y s h a ll a r i s e
, ,

l ig h t e r t h a n t he bu t t e rfli e s I c am e fr o m m i d t he t u m ul t
. a

o f a w or ld ho w d iffe re n t fro m t h i s ! I a m u n e xp e c t e dly

,

a m on g o u i n t he m i ds t o f a sc e n e s uc h a s m i m a gi n a
y , y
t i o n n e ve r d a r e d t o p r o m i s e I m us t r e m a i n h e r e — I .

m ust n o t d e p a rt K h a l e d re cov e r i n g fr o m t he a d m i r a t i on
.
”
,

a n d a st on i sh m e n t c a us e d by t he st ra ng e r s w o rds a n d ’

m a nn e r a ss u r e d him o f t he h a p p i n e ss w hi c h s he should
,

f e l in s uch a n a dd i t i on t o he r so ci e t y A lbe dir t o o w ho

e .
, ,

h d b e e n m o r e d e e p l y i m p r e s s e d t h a n K h l e d by t he e v e n t
a a

o f his a rr i v a l e a r n e s t ly r e —a ssu r e d him o f t he a dou r o f t he

,
r

a ffe c t i on w i t h w h i ch he h d i n s p ir e d t he m T he s t r a n g e r
a .

s m i le d ge n t ly t o h e a r t he un a ccu s t o m e d fe r vou r o f .

Si nc e r i t y w h i ch a n i m a t e d t h e i r a dd r e s s a d w as r i s i n g
,

,
n

t o r e t i r e w h e n K h a l e d sa i d
, Y o u h a ve n o t ye t s e e n o u r
,
“

ch i ldr e n M a im u n a a n d A b dall ahf T h e y a r e by t he w a t e r

,

s id e pl a y i n g w i t h t h e i r fa vou r i t e sn a k e W e h a v e onl y t o
, .

cr o s s yond e r l i t t l e w ood a n d wi nd do w n a p a t h cu t i n t he
, ,

93
178 E S S A YS A N D F R A G M E N TS .

ock t h a t ove r h a n gs t he l a k e a n d w e sh al l fi nd t he m b e s ide

'

r ,

a r e c e s s w h i ch t he s ho re m a k e s t h e r e a n d w h i c h a ch a s m , ,

a s it w e r e a m on g t he r ocks a n d w oods e nclos e s

,
D o yo u , .

t h i nk y o u could w a lk t h e r e ? To s e e y ou r ch ild r e n
” “
,

K h a l e d ? I t h i nk I co u ld wit h t he a ss i s t a nc e o f Al be dir s
’
,

a rm , an d
y ou rs S o t h ey
.
-
w e n t t h r o ug h t h e w ood o f
a nc i e n t cy p r e ss i n t e r m i n g l e d wi t h t he b r ight n e ss o f m a n y
,

t i n t e d bl oo m s w hi c h g l e a m e d l i k e s t a r s t h r ou gh its
,

r o m an t i c g l e ns T h e y cr oss e d t he g re e n m e a do w a n d
.
,

e n t e re d a mon g t he b r ok e n cha s m s b e a u t if ul a s t h e y w e r e ,

in t h e i r i nv e s t i t u re o f odo r ife r o u s shr ubs T h e y ca m e a t .

l a s t a ft e r pu r su i n g a p a t h whi ch w ound t hr ou gh t he
,

in t r ica c1es o f a l i t t l e wi ld e r n e ss t o t he bo r d e r s o f t he l a k e
"
.
,

T he y s t ood o n t he r ock wh i ch ov e r hun g it fr o m w h i ch ,

t h e r e w a s a p r o s p e c t o f a ll t he m ir a cl e s o f n a t u r e a n d o f
a rt w h i ch e nc i r cl e d a n d a do r n e d it s s ho r e s The s t ra n ge r .

ga e d upon it wit h a cou n te n a nce uncha n ged by a n y

z

e m o t i on b u t as it w e r e t h ou ght fu l l a n d con t e m pl a t in g l y
‘

, , , y .

A s he ga z e d Kh a l e d a r d e n t l y pr e ss e d his hand a n d sa i d
, , ,

i n a lo w ye t e age r vo i ce Look look 10 t h e re ! H e ,

“
, ,
”

t u r n e d t o w a r ds he r b u t he r e ye s w e re n o t on him
,
S he .

looke d b e l o w— he r li ps w e r e p a rt e d by t he fe e l i n gs which
poss e sse d he r soul — he r b re a t h c a m e a n d w e n t r e gu lar ly
b u t i na ud i bl y S he l e a n e d ove r t he p re c i pice a n d he r d a r k
.
,

h a ir h a n gin g b e s i d e he r fa c e ga ve r e l i e f t o it s fi n e ,

l i n e a m e n t s a n i m a t e d by s u ch love a s e x c e e ds u t t e ra nce
, .

The s t r a n g e r f ollo w e d he r e y es a n d s a w t h a t he r ch ild r e n

,

w e r e in t he g l e n b e lo w ; t h e n ra is i n g h i s e ye s e x cha n ge d ,

wit h he r a ffe c t i on a t e looks o f con gr a t ul a t i on an d d e l igh t .

The b o y w a s a pp a r e n t l y e ig h t y e a r s t he gi r l a bou t t w o yea r s

,

y oun g e r. Th e b e a ut
y o f t h e i r f o r m a n d c o u n t e nan ce w a s

so m e t h i n g so di vi n e an d st ra n ge as ove r w hel m e d t he s e nse s

,
‘

o f t he b e hold e r l i k e a d e l ight fu l d r e a m wi t h i nsuppo r t a bl e ,

 TH E A S S A S S I N S . 1 79

ra v i sh m e n t Th e y w e r e a r ra ye d i n a loo s e r ob e o f
.

l i n e n t h r ou g h w h i ch t he e x qu i s i t e p r opo r t i ons o f t he i r f o r m
,

a
pp e are d U
. nconsc i ous t h at t he
y w e r e obs e r v e d t h e y d i d ,

n o t r e l i nqu i s h t he occup a t i on i n w h i c h t h e y w e r e e n ga g ed .

T h e y ha d con s t r uc t e d a l i t t l e bo a t o f t he b a r k o f t r e e s a n d ,

ha d gi v e n it s a i ls Of i n t e r w ov e n fe a t h e r s a n d l a unch e d it
,

on t he w a t e r T h ey s a t e b e s i d e a w h i t e fl a t s t on e on
.
,

wh i ch a sm a ll sn a k e l a y co ile d a n d w h e n t h e i r wo r k w a s
,

fin i s h e d t h e y a r ose a n d c a ll e d t o t he sn a ke in m e lod i ous

‘

t on e s s o t h a t it und e r s t ood t h e i r l a n g u a g e
,
F o r it u n
.

w r e a t h e d it s s h i n i n g c i r cl e s a n d cre p t t o t he bo a t i n t o ,

w h i ch no soon e r ha d it e nt e re d t h a n t he gi r l loose n e d t he
,

b a nd w hi ch h e ld it t o t he sho r e a n d it sa i l e d a w a y T h e n
,
.

t h e y ra n r ound a n d r ound t he l i t t l e c re e k cl a pp i n g t h e i r
,

h a nds a n d m e lod i ousl y pou ri n g o u t wil d sounds w h i ch t he

, ,

sn a k e s e e m e d t o a ns w e r by t he r e st l e s s gl a nc i n g o f his
n e ck A t l a s t a b r e a t h o f wi nd c a m e fr om t he s ho r e a n d
.
,

t he bo a t ch a n g e d it s cou r s e a n d w a s a bou t t o l e a v e t he
,

c r e e k w h i ch t he sn a k e p e r c e i v e d a n d l e a p e d i n t o t he w at e r ;
,

a n d c a m e t o t he l i t t l e ch ild r e n s f e e t T he gi r l s a n g t o it
’
.
,

a n d it l e a p e d i n t o he r boso m a n d s he c r o s s e d he r fa i r h a nd s
,

ove r it a s if t o ch e r i sh it t h e r e T h e n t he bo y a nsw e r e d
, .

wit h a s on g a n d it gl i d e d fr o m be n e a t h he r h a nd s a n d
,

c re pt t o w a r ds him . Wh il e t h e y we r e t hus e m ploye d ,

M a i m un a look e d u p a n d s e e i n g he r p a r e n t s on t he cl iff
, ,

r an t o m e e t t h e m u
p t h e s t e e p p a t h t h a t w ound a r ound it

a n d A bd a l l a h l e a v i n g h i s sn a k e f ollo w e d jo f ull
, , y y .
 LET T E R S

I .
-
T o T H O M AS H O O KH A M , O LD B O N D S T R E ET .

Ly m o u t /z , B a m pl e , A ug 1 8 t /z , 1 8 1 2
’
sza . .

D EA R S I R,
c e l a rr iv e d l a s t ni gh t fo wh i ch I a m
Y our p ar r
m uch obl i g B e fo e I a d v e t t o a ny o t h e r t op i c I will
,
ed r r

e xp l a i n t he con t e n t s of m i n e i n wh i ch t hi s is e nclo s e d
.
,
In the
fi s t p la ce I s e n d yo u fifty co p i e s of t he Le t t e r [t o Lo d
.

r r
I s e n d yo u a cop y of a wo k wh i ch I h a v e
,
E ll e n bo ough ] r r

i h i
.

p rocu r e d f o m A m e cra a n d whic r I a m e x c e e d ingl y a nx ou s

houl d b e p ubli sh e d I t de v e lop e s a s y o u wi ll p e rc e i ve by t h
,
s e
m o s t s u p e fi ci a l r e a d ing t he a c t u a l s t a t e of re p ubli c a niz e d
.
,

r
I e l a n d a n d a pp e a s t o m e a bo v e a ll t h i ng s c a lcul a t e d t o
.
,

r r

re m o v e t h e p ej u d ic e s wh i ch h a v e t o o long b e n c h e i s h e d of
, , ,

r e r

t h a t o p p e s s e d coun t ry
r I nclo s e a l s o t w o p a m p hl e t s which I
e

p in t d a n d d i t ibu t e d whil s t i n I e l n d s o m e m on t h s a g (no

.

r e s r r a o

book se ll e r d a ring t o p ubli s h t h e m ) T h e y we e on t h a t a c coun t . r

a t t n d e d wi t h onl y p a t i a l
e uc c a d I r e qu e t y ou r O p inion
s e s s, n r s

a s t o t h e p ob a bl e r e s ul t of p ubli h ing t h e m wi t h t h e a nn e x d
r s e

s ugg e s t i on i n o n e p a m p hl e t wi t h a n e xp la n a t ory p e fa c e in
s r

T h e y woul d fi n d t h e i wa y t o D ublin
, ,

L o n do n r

Yo u confe r on m e a n oblig a t ion an d i nvol v e a high co m p li

.
. .

m e n t by y ou r a d vi c e I s h a ll i f p o ssi bl e p re p a e a volu m e o f
,

e s s a ys m o ra l a n d r e l ig iou s b y N o v e m b e r ; b u t a l l m y M S S
, .
, ,

no w b e ing in D ubl in a nd f o m p e culi a r ci r cu m s t a nc e s n o t

, , , .

,
r
 LE T TE RS . 81

i m m di t ly obt in bl I
e a e wh h e r I ca
a a e, I do no t k w no
et n

e n c lo s e al s o b y wa y of s p e ci m e n h I h ve wr i t t e n of a
.

, al
l t at a
li t t l p o e m b e gu n s inc e m y a rriv l in ngl n
,

e I co n ce iv e l a E a d
h a v e m a t t e r e noug h fo r s ix m o e c n o will p e e i ve t h a t
.

r a t s Yo u rc

I h a ve n o t a t t e m p t e d t o t e m p er m y con st i t ut i on a l e n t h u s i a sm in
.

t h a t p oe m In dee d a p o e m is s afe : t he i on s oul e d At t o rn e y r -

G e n e a l woul d s ca r c e l y d a e t o a t t a c k [it ]
.
,

r T he P a s t t h e r

d co m p re h en s iv e
.
,
P e se n t a n d t he F u t u e a e t he g a n d
r ,
r ,
r r an

t o p ic of t hi s p o e m
s I h ave o t y e t h a lf e xh a u s t e d t he s e con d
. n
of t h e m ’

I s hall t ake t he l i be rt y of re t a in i ng t he t wo p o e m s wh i c h y o u
.

h a ve s e n t m e (M r Pe a c ock s ) a n d onl y g e t t h a t m y p owe rs

.
’
,
re r
a e s o ci cu m s c ib d a s t o p re ve n t m e f o m b e co m ing e x t e n
r r r e r
s vi e ly u s e ful t o you r f i e nd T he p o m s a boun d wi t h a g e niu r e s,

an d e x t e n t of w h i c h I a d m i e
.

a n info rm a t ion t he p ow in er r

p o p o rt ion a s I l a m e n t t he obj e c t of t h e i a p p lica t ion

, ,

r M r r.
P cock conc e i ve s t h a t c o m m e r c e is p o p e i t y t h a t t h e glo y
.

ea r s r r
of t h B i t i s h fl a g is t he h a p p in e s s of t he B i t i sh p e op l e ; t h a t
e r r
G e o g e I I I s f r f o m h a v ing b e e n a w a rr io a d a t y n t
r o a r r n ra
b e n a p a t iot T O m e it a p p a o t h e wi se ; a d I h v
.
, ,

h as e r e rs r n a e

igi dl y ccu st o m e d m yse lf n o t t be e d uce d b y t h lo v e li t

.

r a o s e es
e l oque nce t he s we e t e st str a in t o g d wi t h in t ll e c t u l
or s re ar e a
t ol a t ion t h a t w h i c h oug h t n t t o b e t ol
er te d by t h o wh o o e ra se

lo v e lib t y t u t h n d v i rt u e I m a n o t t s a y t h t M
er r a e n o a r
P a co k d oe s n o t l o v t h e m
. .
, ,
e c bu t I m a n t a y t h a t he e eg d e o s r ar s
t h os m e n s [a ] in s t u m e n t l t t h i p og s s whi c h I g d
ea s r a o e r r re re ar

[a s ] in t ru m n t l t o t h i d e st u ct ion
,
s e (
aS e G n i s f M e e r r . e e u o
l m es p p 2 4 2 6 2 8 7 6
a A t t he s a m e t i m e I a m f e e t r o
b yon d m e d io c i t y i n g niu s
.
, , , , , ,
s a y t h a t t he p o m a pp e s to b f e ar e ar e r e
an d r ifi ca t i n
ve s d t he c on lu ion of P l my r t he fi n e s t p i e ce
o an c s a a

of p o t y I e v I h v e t h a d t i m e t o e a d t he
, '

e r e d er r a a no r

d of c ou e m onl y h a lf a c q u a in t e d
.

P i i/ fi /zy f M l
z os o h ly o e a nc o an rs a

wi t h t h t g e niu s a d t h o s e p ow e wh o s e a p p l i t ion I houl d

,

a n rs ca s
c on s i de r m y se lf a h a d i m p e t in n t in c i t ici ing d id I
r s n ot r e r s n
on ce i v t h a t f a n kn e s s a d ju t i c e d e m a n d it
,
c e r n s

I s h oul d e st e e m it a s a fa v ou r if y u woul d p e se n t t h
.

o r e
e nclo s d l e t t t o t h C h v a l i e L w e n c e I h v
e er e d h is e r a r a e re a

f t / N i ; n a y h a v e it P fe t l y
.

E mp i re o ze a rs d d e ci d e d l y d o er c an

I s ub s c ibe t o t he t u t h of t h e p incip l e s w h i c h it is d e ign e d t o

.
,
r r r s
e s t a bli h s .

I hop e yo u will e x c u e n a y a n d d oub t n o t b u t y o u will t he s

f a nkn s s I h ave u e d C h a ra ct e rs of o u r lib e a li ty a re s
, , ,
r e s . r o

T he p o e m h e re a ll u de d t o is Q u ee n M ad — L S . .
 182 L E T TE R S .

won d ou s a e t h a t t he oon e r t h e y know e a ch o t h

r
’

r r s e r, a n d t he
full e r a n d m o e co m p l e t e t h a t know l e d g e is t he b e t t e r
,

D e a r S i p e rm i t m e t o re m a in
, .

r, .

Y ou rs ve y t ul y r r

YB Y
, ,

PER C . S H EL LE .

I bou t t ra n s l a t i ng a n o ld F e nch wo k
am a r r , pr o fe s sed ly by
M M i a b a u d— n o t t he fa m ou s o n e — L Sy s t em
r a de l a N a t u r e
D o y o u kno w a n yt hing of it 1
.
.

I I — T O T H O M AS H O O KHA M
. . .

Ta ny r a l t , D e e . 1 7 111, 1812 .

M Y D EA R S I R ,
Yo u will c iv
re e e t h e B ibl i ca l E xt r a ct s
"in a da y
o r t w o b y t he t wo nn o
pe y p st I onfi h
c d e t e m t o t h e a re c of a
on go ing ni l
.

p e rs to L on on Woul
d d not D a e ] Eat on ubli h
p s
h u i on in
. .

t em ? C ould t he q e s t k
b e a s e d h im any m a nn er ?
I am a s lo p re p a r ing v olu of ino o
a me m r p e m s , r e s p ec t i ng
who se p ubl i c ion I h ll qu
at s a re e st y ou j u g n bo h
r d m e t, t as

p ubl i h
s e r and fi n
r e d A v obvi ou u ion woul
e ry s q e st d be
ubj oin li of book w h ich
.

Will h t ey se llo r not ? S .

e d is a st s
I wi h
s y o u t o se d m e n v
e ry s oon I a m d e t e rm in e d t o a pp y l
h i gu ing v
.

m ys e lf u
t o a s t dy t a t is h ful
ate and d s st t o m y e ry
s oul bu t w h ich is , a bov u i n
e a ll s t d e s, e c e s s a ry fo r him who
of n i u
,

woul d be li n
st e e d t o a s a m e de r n a t q ated a bu se s I .

m ea n h
t a t re co of i
rd i i
c r m e s a n d m s e r e s , H s t ry i o Yo u s e e
h whi h h
.

t a t t he m e t a p ys c ah i l wo k r s to c m y e a r t b a nke rs a r e n o t
nu ou i n h i l i
m er s t s st O ne t hing will y o u t a k c of
e a r e f o r m e
c bl wo k on hi o
.

h ho
t at t n
s e s t a d a rd a n d r e s p e t a e r s s t ry, e t c ,

i i on Wi h
.

be of t he che a p e st p o ibl
s s e e d t s t r e c
sp e t to .

m e t p h y s ic a l wo k
a I a m l e s s s cru p ulou s
r s, .

S p ino a y o u m a y o r m a y n o t b e a bl e t o ob t a in
z K a n t is
t ra nsl a t e d i n t o La t in b y s o m e E ngl i sh m a n
.

I woul d p e fe r r

t h a t t he G e k cl a s s i c s s houl d h a v e La t i n o r E ngli s h v e
.

r e ion s rs

p r in t e d o pp o s i t e If n o t t o b.e ob t a in e d t hu s t h e y m u st be ,

s e n t o t h e r wi e s .

M rs S h e ll e y is a t t a cking La t in wi t h con s i d e ra bl e r e s olu t ion

a n d ca n a l e a d y e a d m a n y o d e s i n H o a c e S he uni t e s wi t h
.
,

r r r

h e s i s t e r a n d m y se lf in b e s t wi s h e s t o y ou e lf a n d b o t h e r
.

r rs r

Y ou v e y s in c e re fr i e n d
.

r r
Y
,

P B S H ELLE
. . .
 LE T TE R S . 83

III .
—T O T H O M AS H OO KH AM .

F e br u a ry , I 8I3 .

M Y D EAR S I R ,
boil i ng wit h in d ign a t i on a t t he ho ibl
I
~

am rr e

inju t i c e a d t y a nn y of the s e n t e n ce p onoun c e d on H un t

s n r r
a d h is b r o t h e r ; a n d it is on t h i s s ubj e c t t h t I w ri t e t o y
n a ou
S u e l y t he s e a l of a bj c t n e s s a d s l a v e y i in de libl y s t a m p e d
.

r e n r s

u p on t he ch ara ct e of E ngl a n d r
A l t hough I d o n o t r e t a ct in t he s ligh t e s t d e g re e m y wi s h f
.

r or

a s ub s c ri p t i on fo r t he wi d ow s an d chil d n of t h o se p oo m e re r n

hun g a t Yo rk y e t t hi s which t he H unt s a re se n t nc e d t e o

H un t is a b v e a
,

p y is a n a ff i of m o e c on s e qu e nc e
a a r r ra

goo d an d a n e nligh t e n e d m a n S u e l y t he p ublic f w h o m

.
,

r or
H un t ha s d on e s o m u c h will re p a y i p a t t h g e t d b t
, .
,
‘

n r e r a e

bl iga t io n whic h t h e y o we t he ch a m p ion of t h i r lib e t i

,
of o e r es

v i rt u s ; o r a e t h e y d e a d ol d s t on e h a t e d d
.

a nd e r c -
e r an

in s e n si bl e — b u t a li e d b y c e n t u i e s of un e m i t t ing bon d a g ?
, , ,
r z r r e
H ow e ve t h a t m a y b e t h e y s u e l y m a y b e e xci t ed i n t o o m
r ,
r s e

s ligh t a cknowl e d m e n t of his m r i t s Whil s t hun d e d of r s

g e .

t hou s a n d s a e s e n t t o t he t y a n t s of R u i a
r h e p in e s in r ss ,

a d ung e on fa r f o m a l l t h a t c a m a k e life d e s i re d
r n
W ll I am a t h p oo a t p e s e n t ; b u t I h a v e £ 2 0 whi c h
.
,
e , r er r r
i s o t i m m e d i a t e l y wa n t e d
n P a y b e gin a s ub s c i p t ion f r r or

t h at s um
.
,

t he H un t s ; p u t d own m y n a m e f a d wh e n I or n

h e a t h a t yo u h a v co m p l ie d wi t h m y e qu e s t I wi ll s e n d it
, ,

r e r

N o w if t h e e a e a y d i ffi cul t i e s in t he w a y of t hi s s c h e m e
,
’
yo u r r n
of ou s fo r t he lo ve of lib e t y a n d v i t u o v e c o m e t h e m O h I
.
,
r r r e, r
t h t I m i gh t wa llow fo o n e n i gh t i n t h e B a nk of E ngl a n d
.
,
a r

Q u ee n M a d is fini sh e d a n d t a n sc ib e d I a m no w p r p a ing r r e r
t he no t e s wh i ch s h a l l b e long a n d p h ilo s o p h i c a l Y u wi l l
.

e c e i ve it w i t h t h e o t h e r k h l
,
.

r
p o e m I t hin t a t t h e whol e hou d s s

fo rm o n e volum e b u t of t h a t we ca n s p e a k h e re a ft e
.

A s t o t he F re nch E n y cl op edia it is a book w h ich I a m

.

c
de si rou s — ve ry d e s i rou s—o f p o s se s s i ng ; a n d if y o u coul d g e t
m e a fe w mOnt h s c re d i t (b e i ng a t p re s e n t a t h e low in c a s h ) I
,
’
r r
s h oul d ve
y m uch d e s i e t o h a v e it
,

r r
M y d ea r s ir e xcu s e t he e a n e s t n e s s of t he fi rs t p a r t of m y
.

l e t t e r I fe e l wa rm l y on t hi s s ubj e ct a n d I fl at t e r m ys e lf t h a t
,
.
, ,

The H u n t s , o hwv f
e e r, r e u sed t o a c c e p t a n y su b sc r p t o i i n p ubl i c
iv l hi k
,

or p r a t e , a n d p a d t h e fi n e e t r eiy o u t o f t e r o wn p c e t s ni o .
—
L S . .
 1 84 L E T TE RS .

so long a your o wn in de p e n de c e a n d lib e ty

s n r re m a in
unco m p ro m i se d yo u a e i nclin e d t o s e con d m y d e s i e s
r r
Y ou r v y in ce e f i n d
, .

er s r r e ,

P B S H ELLE Y
no o t h e w a y ca n b e de v i s e d fo r
. . .

P S — If r t h is s s r pt ub c i ion
wi ll yo u t ke t he t roubl e on your s e lf o f w i t i ng a
. . ,
,
a r n a p p o p ri a t e r
a d ve tis e m e n t fo r t h e p a p e r s in s e rt in g by w a y
r o f s t i m ul n t a
m y s ub s c i p t i on
.

, , ,
r

O n s e con d t hough t s I e nclo se t he £ 2 0 , .

l V —T O T H O M A S
. J EFFE R S ON H O GG J . ”

M Y D EAR F R I EN D ,
ou r l e t t e r ha s l a i n by m e fo r t h e l a st we e k
0

Y '

r e p r o a ch i ng m e e ve y d y
,
I fou n d it on m y re t ur n f o m a
r a r

w a t e r e xcu rsi on on t he T h a m e s th e p a rt i cul a s of which will

.

h a v e be e n re coun t e d i n a no t h e r l e t t e r T he e xe ci s e a n d d i s i
,

r s

p a t io n of m ind a t t a ch e d t o such a n e x p e d i t ion h a ve p o duc e d s o

.

fa vou ra bl e a n e ffe ct on m y h e a l t h t h a t m y h a bi t u a l d ej e c t i on
an d i i t a bili t y h a v a l m o s t d e s e rt e d m a n d I c n d e v o t s ix
,

rr e e, a e

hou s in t he d ay t o s t u dy wi t hou t d i ffi c ul t y I h ve b e e n
r a

l a t e l y n t he co m m e nc e m e n t of s e v e ra l l i t e ra ry
.

e ng a g e d i

p l a n s wh i ch if m y p re s e n t t e m p e of m in d e n d u re s l s h a ll
'

p ob a bl y co m p l e t in t h e w i n t e r I h a ve c on se qu e n t ly d e se rt e d
, , ,

r e

C i ce o o r p o ce e d b u t lowl y w i t h his p hi lo s o p h i c d i a logu e s

.

r r s I
h a ve re a d t he O a t i on fo r t he p o e t Archi a s a nd am only dis
.
,
r

a p p oin t e d w i t h it s b v i ty
,

re

I h ave b e e n in duc e d b y o e of t he s ubj e c t s whi ch I a m now

.

p u r s uing t o c on s ul t B a yl e I t hink he b e t ra ys g e a t obliqui t y of r

un de st a n di ng a d co a se n e ss of fe e ling I h a ve a l s o a d t he
.

r n r . re

fou r fin e st book s of Lu c a n s Pizar li — a p o e m a s it a p p e a rs t o

’
sa a ,

m e of won d e rful g e niu s a n d t ra n s c e n d ing Vi g il M a y ha s r r

fini s h e d t he fi ft h book of t he E u eia a d he r p rogr e ss in La t in

, .

’
n

is s uch a s t o s a t i s fy m y b e s t e x p e c t a t ion s
,

T h e e a s t win d — t h e w i n d of u t u m n — is a b ro a d a n d e v e n
.

now t he l a v e s of t he fo e s t a re s h a t t e e d a t e ve ry gu s t Wh e n
,

e r r . .

m a y w e e x p e c t y o u ? S e p t e m b e is a l m o s t p a s e d a nd O c t ob e r
‘
r s

t h e m on t h of y ou r p o m i s e d e t u rn i a t h a n d wh e n we s h a ll
, ,

r r ,
s ,
b e h a p p y t o w e lco m e y o u a g a in t o o u r fi re s i de .

N e ve n t s a s y o u know d i t u rb o u t a nquilli ty
0 sAdi e u r r

E v e r a ffe c t ion a t e l y y ou
. .
, ,
‘

rs ,

Y Y
.

PE R C B . S H ELLE .
 LE T TE R S . 185

V —T O . T H O MA S LO VE P EAC O C K .

H o t e l de S ecizer o u , G e n e v a , M ay
'
1 5, 1 8 1 6 .

A ft e r a r ey of t en j ou n iv n v
d a ys , w e a rr e d a t G e e a
j ou n lik h of l if v ig
.

T he r e y, e t at e , wa s wi h in
ar e ated ingl
t t e rm ed
ra in
a nd s sun hin h ough h
e, t how w
t e s e m an y s e rs e re t o m e , a s

yo u know
, Ap r
i l how q i ckl
s e r s, u ing w
y p a ss fo lling
a a y, an d re t e
t he c a m l b igh
r tn e ss of u s m m er .

Th e j ou
rn e y was in o c l ligh ful
s m e re s p e t s e xc e e d in y de t , bu t

o g n c i of
u
t he p r de t au n i l on i
c i on i ing
s de r a t s ar s o ut t he e e ss ty

p e e t
r v n ing ld e a y, a n d t h e con inu l t n ion
a a tt e tc ni t o p e u a ry
c i bl f o l u of v lling
iz
d bu rs e m e n t s, d e t ra t t e rr y r m t h e p e a s re a ll t ra e
s e m e s.

Yo u li v e by t he sho re s of a t a nquil s t re a m a m ong low a nd r

woo h i ll Y o u live i n a f e e c oun t ry wh e e y o u m a y a ct

,
dy s r r

wi t h out e s t a in t a n d p o s s s t h a t w h ich y u p o ss e s i n
.
,

r r se o s
s cu ri t y a n d s o long a s t h e n a m e of coun t y a n d t he s e l fi h
,
e r s
c on c e p t ion s it in c lu d e s h ll s u bs i s t E ngl a n d I a m p e ua d d i
s a rs e s
t h m o s t f e e a d t h e m o s t re fi n e d
, , ,

e r n

Pe h a p s yo u h a v e c h o se n wi se l y b u t if I r e t u n a d follow
.

r r n

y ou e x a m p l e, it will b e no s ubj e t of re g re t t o m e t h a t I h a v e
,

r c

s e e n o t h e r t h i ng S u e ly t h e is m uch of b a d a n d m u c h of
s r re

goo d t h e re Is m u c h t o d i gu s t a d m uch t o e l va t w h ich h

.

s n e e, e
c nno t h a v e fe l t o k nown wh o ha s n e ve r p a se d t he li m i t s of hi
,

a r s s
n t i ve l a n d
a

S o long a s m an is s u c h a s he now i t h e e xp e i e n c e of w h i c h
.

s, r

I s ca k will n e ve r t a ch him t o de sp i s e t he coun t y of hi e r s

bi t — fa r o t h wi se lik Wo d wo th h e wi ll n e ve r know wh t
r er e r s r a
lo v e s ub si st s be t we e n t h a t a n d h im un t il a b s e n ce s h a ll h a ve
, ,

m a d e it s b e a u ty m o e h e art fe l t o u p oe t a d p hilo s o p h e rs o u
r r s n r

m o u n t a ins a d u r l a k e s th e r u a l l a n e s a n d fi e l d s w h ich a e s o
,

n o r r

t i e s whic h un t il I b e c o m e u t t l y
,
e s p e c i a ll y o u r own re a er

s n s l e s ca n n e v e r b e b r ok e n a sun d
, ,

e e s e r.
T h s e a n d t he m e m o ry of t h e m if I n e v e r s houl d r e t u n t h e
,

e r es

a n d t h e a ffe c t ion s of t h e m in d wi t h whic h h a v ing b e e n on c e

, , ,

, ,

uni t e d [t h e y] a re in s e p a a bl will m a ke t he n a m e of E ngl a n d r e,

d a t o m e fo e ve r e v e n if I s houl d p e rm a n e n t l y r e t u rn t o it
,

e r r ,
no m o e r
B t I u p p o e y o u d id n o t p a y t h e p o s t a g e of t hi s e xp e c t ing
.

u s s

no t h ing b u t s e n t i m e n t a l go s si p a n d I fe ar it wi ll be long b e fo re
,

,
1 86 LE T TE R S .

I p l a y t he t ou ri s t p ro p e l y I will h owe ve r t e ll yo u t h a t t o r

co m e t o G e n e va w e c o ss e d t h e Ju a b a nch o f t he Al p s
, , ,

r r r
of ho rse s high b i ll s p o s t ilion s a n d
.

T h e m e e d ifii cu l t ie r s
ch e a t ing l ying u be g zlvl s yo u ca n e a si l y conce ive fill u p t h a t
, , ,
a r e

p a t of t he p ic t u re a cco rd ing t o y ou r o wn e xp e i e nc e a n d it
, ,

r r ,
c a nno t fa il t o re s e m bl e
T he m oun t a in s of Ju a e xh i bi t s c e n e y of w on d e rful s ubli m i t y
.

r r
P i n e fo e s t s of i m p e n e t ra bl e t hickn e s s a n d un t ro d d e n n a y
.

in cc e s s ibl e e xp a n se sp e a ding o n e ve y s i de S o m e t i m s
, , ,
a r r e
d e s c e n d in g t h e y follow t he r ou t e i n t o t h e va ll e ys clo t h i n g t h e
, .
.

p e ci p i t ou s ock s a d s t ruggling wi t h kno t t e d r oo t s b e t w e n

, ,
r r n e

S o m e t i m e s t h e r o a d w i n d s high i n t o
,
t he m o t b a rr e n cl e ft s
s .

t h e r e gion s of f o s t a n d t h e e t h e se fo e s t s b e co m e s c a t t e re d
'

r r r
a n d lo a d e d wi t h s now
, ,

T h e t e e s in t h e se re g on s a re in c re d ib ly l a g e a n d s t a n d i n
.
'

r i r

N e v e w a s ce n e
,
s ca t t e e d c lu m s ove r t he whi t e wil de rn e s s
.

r
p . r s
m o e u t t e l y d e s ol a t e t h a n t h a t which w e p a s s e d on t he e ve ning
r r

of u l a s t d a y s jou n e y
o r
’
r
T he n a t u a l s il e n ce of t h a t uninh a bi t e d d e s e rt con t ra s t e d
.

s t a ng e l y wi t h t he v o i c e s o f t h e p e o p l e who con d uc t e d us fo r it
r

w a s n e c e s s a ry in t h i s p a rt of t he m oun t a in t o t a k e a nu m b e o f
,
r

p e s on s w ho s houl d a s si s t t he ho rs e s t o fo c e t h e ch a i s e t h roug h
r r

t h s no w a n d p re ve n t it fr o m fa ll i ng d own t he p r e c i p ic
,
e e.

W e a re now a t G e n e va wh e re o r in t he n e ighbou hoo d we

,

r
s h a ll e m a i n p r ob a bl y un t il t he a u t u m n
, , ,

r I m a y r e t u rn in a
fo t nigh t o r t h e e we e k t o a t t e n d t o t he l a t e x e rt i on s whic h
.

r r s, s
L i t o m a k e fo r t he s e t t l e m e n t of m y a ff i rs ; of c ou s e I
s a r

s h a ll t h n s e eyo in t he m e n t i m e it wi ll in t e re s t m e t o h e r
e u a a

a ll t h a t yo u h a v t o t e ll of y ou rs e lf
e .

P . B : S H E LLEY .

V I — T O T . L P EA C O C K
. .

M EI L LE R I E , C LAR EN S , C H I LL O N , VE VA I , LA U SA N N E .

M o n t a leg r e , ne a r Co l igru i, G e n ev a , j u ly 12 th [ 18 16 ]
I T is n e arl y a fo rtnigh t s inc e I h a ve e t u n e d fro m Ve a i r r v

T h i s jou rn e y h a s b e e n on e v ery a ccoun t d e lig h t ful b u t m o t

.

e p e c i a ll y b e ca u s e t h e n I fi s t kn e w t he d i vi n e b a u t y o f
,

s r e

R ou s s e a u s i m a gin a t ion a s it e xhibi t s i t s e l f i n Juli e

,
’
I t is
inconce iva bl e wh a t a n e nch a n t m e n t t he s ce n e i t se lf l e n d s t o
.
,
 L E T TE R S . 1 87

t ho se lin e a t ions f o m whi ch it s o wn m o s t t Ou ching ch a m

de r r
B t I w ill gi v e y o u a n a b s t r a c t of o u v o ya g
,

a i se s
r u whi c h r e,

l a st e d e ig h t days a n d i f yo u h a ve a m ap o f S witz e rl a n d yo u
.

follo w m e
, “ ,
ca n .

W e l e ft M on t a l e gre a t h a lf p as t t w o on t he 2 3 d of Jun e -
r
T h e l a k e wa s c a l m a n d a ft e t h re e hou s of r owing w e arr i v e d a t
.

r r
H e rm a nc e a b e a u t ifu l li t t l e v ill a ge c on t a i ning a ru i n e d t ow e r
,

bui l t t he villa ge s say b y Jul i u s C ae sa r T h e re w e re t h re e

, , ,

o t h e t owe rs s i m il a r t o it which t he G e n e ve se de s t r o ye d fo
, , .

r r
t h e i r o wn fo rt ific a t ion s i n 1 560 W e go t i n t o t he t owe r b y a
,

kin d of win dow T he wa l l a re i m m e n se l y sol i d a nd t he

.

s
s t on e of wh ich it is buil t s o h a rd t h a t it y e t r e ta i n e d t h e m a k
.
,

of ch i se l s T he bo a t m a n sa i d t h a t t hi s t owe r wa s onc e t h e e
,
r
t i m e s h i g h e r t h a n it is now T h e re a e t w o s t a i c a s e s i n t h e
.
,
r r
t h i ckn e s s of t he wa ll s o n e of which is e n t i e ly d e m oli h e d a d
.

r s n
t he o t h e r h a l f ru i n e d a n d onl y a cc e ss i bl e b y a l a d d r
, ,
T he e
t own i t s e lf now a n incon s i d e a bl e vi ll a ge i nh a b i t e d b y a fe w
.
, ,

,
r

fi sh e rm e n wa s buil t by a q u e e n of B u rgun dy, a n d e d u ce d t o it s r

in h a bi t a n t s of B e rn e who bu n t a n d
,

p e se n t st a t e by t h
r e r
a v a g e d e v e y t hing t h e
,
r
y coul d fi n d
r

Le a vi ng H erm a nc e w e a i ve d a t s un se t a t t he v ill a g e of
.

rr
H e rn i
,
A ft e r looking a t o u r lo dgi ng which w e re gloo m y a d s, n

I t wa s b e a u t i ful
.

d i t y w e w a lk d o u t b y t h e s i d e of t he l a k e
r e
t s e t he v a st e xp a n s e of t h e s e p u rp l e a n d m i s t y w a t e s b o k n
.
,

o e r r e
b y t h e c a gg y i l e t s n e a t o it s s l a n t a n d
r s b e a ch e d m a gin r
“
r
”

T h e e w e e m a n y fi s h s p o t ing i n t h e l a ke a n d m u l t it d e s we e
.

r r r u r

o ck s t o c t c h t he fli e s wh i c h inh a b i t e d
,

c l l e ct e d c lo s e t t he
o
o r a
tl em .

On urning t o t he vill a ge w e s a t on a w a ll b e s i de t he l a ke
re t

looking a t s o m e chil d n w h o we re p l a ying a t g a m e l ike nin e

, ,

re a

p in s T he c h il d n h e re p p e a d in a n e x t o d in a ry w a y
re a re ra r

M o s t of t h e m w e e c ook d a n d w i t h
.

d e fo m e d a n d d i e a s e d
r s r r e

b u t o n e li t t l e bo y ha d s u c h e x q ui s i t e gr a c in
.
,

e nl a g e d t h r o a t s
r e

h is m i e n a d m o t i on s a s I n e v e r b e fo re s a w e qu a ll e d in a chil d
n

H is coun t e n a n c e wa s b e a u t iful fo r t h e e xp re ss ion wi t h which it

.
,

e flo we d T h e re w a s a m ix t u e o f ri d e a n d g n t l e n e s i n
ov r
p r e s
h is e y s a n d li p s t he in d i c a t i on of s e ns i bi li t y wh i c h h is e d uc a
.

e s

t ion wi ll p ob a bl y p e r v e t t o m i se ry o r s e d uc e t o c i m e
, ,

r r b t r u

t h e re w a s m o e of g e n t l e n e s s t h a n of p ri de a n d it s e m e d t h a t
r e

t h e p i d e w a s t a m e d fro m it s o r igin a l w i l dn e s s b y t he h a b i t u l
,

r a
e x e ci se of m i l d e r fe e l i ng s
r M y co m p a n i on ga v e h im a p i e ce of
m on e y which he t ook wi t h ou t k
.

p e a ing wi t h a s w e e t s m il e s
of e a sy t h a nkfuln e s a n d t h e n wi t h a e m b a a se d a ir t u n e d
, ,

s, n rr s r

t o h is p l a y All t hi s m igh t s c a c e l y b e ; b u t t he i m a g i n a t ion

. r
1 88 LE T TE R S .

su e l y coul d n o t fo b e a t o b e a t h e int o t he m o st i n ani m a t e

r r r r
fo m s s o m e like n e s s of it s own v i s ion s on uc h a s e e n e a d
r s r n

glowi ng e ve ning in t h i e m o t e an d ro m a n t i c v illa ge b e s i de

, ,

s r

t he ca lm l a k e t h a t bo e u s hi t h e r
, ,
r

i nn w e foun d t h a t t he s e rva n t ha d
.

On t u r ning t o o u
re r

oo m s a nd d e p i v e d t h e m of t he gre a t e p o rt ion
,
a rr a ng d e o ur r r r
of t h i fo rm r d i s consol a t e a p e a a n ce T h e y re m in de d m y
,

e r e r .

c o m p a nion of G e e c e it w a s
r e ye a s h e s a i d s inc e h e ha d v r ,
T he i nflu e nc e of t he r e c oll e c t ion s e xc i t e d
,

s l e p t in such b e d s
b y t hi s c i r cu m s t a nc e on o u r c onve sa t ion gra d u a ll y fa d e d a n d I
.

r
re t i e d t o re s t wi t h no un l e a s a n t se n s a t ions t hinking of o u r
,
r
p
j ou rn e y t o m o row a nd of t he p le a sure of re coun t ing t he l it t l e
,
-
r

a d v e n t u re s o f 1t wh e n we
,
e t u rn r
T h n e xt m o rn i ng we p a ss e d Yvoi e a c a t t e e d i ll a g e wi t h
.

e r s r V
a n a nc i e n t c a s t l e who se hou s e s a e in t e r s p e r se d wi t h t e e s a d
,

r r n

w h ich s t a n ds a t a li t t l e d i s t a nce fro m N e n i on t he p r om on t o ry

, ,

whi ch boun ds a d e e p b a y s o m e m il s i n e xt e n t S o soon a s

,

e
w e a i v e d a t t h s p r o m on t o ry t h e l a k e b e ga n t o a ss u m e
.
,
rr i

a n a s p e ct of wil d e r m a gni fi ce n c e T he m oun t a in s of S a v oy

,

who se s u m m i t s w e e b i gh t wi t h now d e s c e n de d i n b roke n

.
,
r r s

lop s t o t he l a k : on hi gh t he ocks w e e d a k wi t h p in e
,
s e e r r r
,
fo r t whi c h b e c o m e de e p e r a d m o e i m m e n s e un t il t he i e
e s s, n r c

wi t h t he p oin t of n ke d o ck t h a t p i e c e t h
,

a n d s now m ingl e s a r r e

blu e a i b u t b low gro v e s of wa lnu t c h e s t nu t a d a k wi t h

r e n o

o p e ning s of l a wn y fi e l d s a t t e s t e d t he m il de r c li m a t e
, , , ,

.
,
A s oon a s w e h a d p a s e d t he o p p o s i t e p o m on t o y w e s a w
s s r r
t h e riv e r D r hic h d e s c e n ds f om b t we e n a c h s m n t he
,

ce w an r e a i

a n d m a k e s a p l in n e a r t h e l a k e i n t
,
m oun t a in s, s e c t e d b y it s
a er

d i vi d d s t e a m b e a u t i ful w a t e bi rd
,
T hou sa n d of bes o let
‘
e r s s s, r s,

like s e a gull s b t s m a ll e wi t h p u p l e on t h e i r b a ck s t a ke t h e i
.

-
u r, r r
t a t i on on t h e
, ,

s h a llow s wh e re it s wa t e rs m ingl e wi t h t he l a ke
s

A s we a p p o a c h e d E v i a n t he m oun t a in s d e s ce n de d m o e p e
.

r r r

c ip it o u s l y t o t h e l k e a n d m a ss e s of in t e m ingl e d w oo d a d
,

a r n

r o ck o v hung it s s hin i ng sp i re
,

er

r i v e d a t t hi s t own a bou t s e ve n o clo c k

.

W e ar a ft e r a d a y
’

wh i ch in v olve d m o re a p i d c h a nge s of a t m o p h e t h a n I e v r
,

r s er e

re c oll e c t t o h a ve ob s e rv e d b fo re T he m o rning w a s c ol d a d e n

w e t ; t h e n a n e a s t e rl y win d a n d t h e clou d s h a rd a d hig h ;

.

t h e n t hun d e r s ho we r s t he n
,

n d win d s hift ing t o e ve ry q u a rt e r

a

ou t h a n d sum m e r c lou d s h a nging o v r

,

a w a rm bl a s t f o m t he r s e

t h e p e a k s wi t h b ig h t blu e sky b e t w e n A bou t h a l f a n hou r

,

r e

a ft r w e h a d a rri ve d a t E v i a n a fe w fl
.
,
e h e s of ligh t ning c a m e as

f o m a da k clou d d i re ct l y o v e h e a d a n d con t i nu e d a ft e r t he
,
r r ,
r ,

clou d ha d d i sp e rse d D ie s p it e p e r p
. u a t o
“
a t e s e i
gt r r n n
 LE T TE RS . 1 89

e qu o s p h e no m non a which c e rt a inl y h a d no ei nflu e nc e on

m o e p on d ing wi t h t h a t whic h it p o du e d on H o c
e, c rr s r c ra e

a n e of t h e in h a bi t n t s of E v i a n is m o e w
.

T h a pp e ea r c t ch e d a r re

t h an I e v c oll c t t o h a v e
,

d i e a e d a n d p oo
s s r, en Th er re e se e

on t a st in de e d b e t we e n t h e subj e ct of t he King of S a d ini a

.
,

c r s r

an d t h e ci t iz e n s of t h e in d e p e n d e n t e p ubl i c s of S w i t e l a n d r z r

i e bligh t ing m i s chi e fs

,

a ffo d s r p ow ful llu

a s t a t ion of t
er h of r

d e sp o t i s m w i t hin t h e s p a e o f a fe w m i l e s T h e y h a v e m in l
c e ra

w t e s h e e e u x v o nn ses t h e y c a ll t h e m In t he e v e ning
.
,

a r r ,
a sa eu ,
.

w e h d s o m e d i ffi c ul t y a bou t o r p a s p o t s b u t so s oon a s t he
a u s r ,

s y n d ic h e a d m y c o m p a nion s nk a d n am e he p ologi s e d fo ’
r ra n a r

i cum s t a n e T he inn w a goo d D uri ng o u r v o ya g e on

,

th e c r c s

t h e d i t a n t h ig h t of a h ill c o v e d wi t h p in e fo re t s w e sa w a
. .
,
'

s e er -
s

uin d c t l e w h i h re m in de d m e of t h o e on t he R h in e
, ,

r e as c s

W e l ft E v i a n on t he following m o rn i ng wi t h a w i n d o f s uch
, ,

e ,

viol e n c a t p m i t b t e s s a il t o b e c
o er i e d T he w a v e s u one a rr

a l s o w e e e x ce e d ingl y h ig h a d o r bo a t s o h e v il y l a d e n t h a t
.

r n u a
t h e e a pp e a e d t b e o m e d a ng e r W e a i v e d h ow e v e r sa fe
, ,

r r o s rr

M e i ll i p a s s ing wi t h g e t p e e d m ig h t y fo
.
, ,
at a ft e er e, r t r a s re s s

w h i c h o v h ung t he l k e a n d l a wn s of e x q ui si t e v e d u e a d
er a r r n

o s e i m m e di a t e l y
, ,

m oun t a in s wi t h b e a d icy p oin t s which ar n r

f o m t he s u m m i t of t he o ck w h o s e b a s e s w e e e cho i ng t o t he
,

r r s, r

w v a es

M a i a Lou i sa ha d s l e p t a t
.

W he e he a d { e ha t th e E m p e
r r r ss r
M e ill e i e — b e fo e t he p
r e n t inn w a s buil t
r a nd wh n t he re s e
a c c o m m o d t ion s w e e t h o s e f t h e m o s t w e t c h e d v ill a g e — in
,

a r O 1

re m e m b a n c e of S t P e ux
r H o w b e a u t iful it is t o fi d t h a t t h e
r n

com m on s e n t i m n t s of h u m a n n a t ure c a a t t a c h t h e m s e l v e s t o
. .

e n

t h o s e who a e t h e m o s t e m o v e d f o m it s d u t i e s an d it s e nj o y
r r r

m n t s wh e n G e niu s p l a d s fo t h e i a d m i s s i on a t t h e g t e of
e ,
e r r a
P ow e T o own t h e m w a
r b e co m ing in t he E m p e a d s r ss, n
c on fi m s t h e a ffe t ion a t e p a i e
.

r on t in e d in t h e g t of a
c r s c a re re

g a t a d e nlig h t e n e d n a t ion A B ou bon d a re d t e v e n t o

re n r no
h v e m e m b d R ou s a u S he owe d t h i s p ow e t t h a t
.

a e r e re se r o
d m o c a c y w h i c h h e h u s b n d s d yn a t y ou t g e d a d of w h i h
.

’
e r r a s ra n c
it w a how v in s o m s o t t he p e s e n t a t i v e a m ong t h e
,

s, e e r, e r re r

n t ion s of t h e a rt h T hi li t t l e inci d e n t s h ow s a t onc how

,

a e s e

un fi t a d how i m p o s ibl e it is fo the a n c i e n t y t m of Op inion

.

n s r s s e s,
o r fo y p ow e b uil t u p on a con s p i a c y t
r an r viv e t h m r o re e ,

p e m a n e n t l y t o s ub i s t a m ong m a nkin d
r W e d in e d t h e re a n d
s
ha d s o m e h on e y t he b e s t I h v e e v e t a s t e d t he v e ry e s se n e
.
,

a r c

of t he m oun t a in flowe rs a d a f g a n t P ob a bl y t he vi ll a g e
, ,

n s ra r r
d i ve s it n a m e fro m t h i s p o d uc t ion
, .

er s M e ill e i e i t he w e ll r r s
known s c e n e of S t P e u x v i ion a y e xil e ; bu t M e ill e i e is
.

’
. r s s r r
 9° L E T TE R S .

in de e d e nch a n t e d groun d we e R ou sse a u no m a gi c i a n G ro ve s r

of p in e c h e st nu t a d w a lnu t o v e h a dow it ; m a gnific e n t a d
.
,

n rs n

unboun de d fo re st t o w h i ch E ngl a n d a ffo rd s no p a ll e l I n

, ,

s ra
t he m i d s t of t h e s e woo d s a e d e ll s of l a wn y e x p a n s
.

r in co e, n

c i a b ly v e rd a n t a d o n d wi t h a t h ou s a n d of t he
e v r e a e s t flow r r r e s,

a d o d o ou s wi t h t h ym e
,

n r

T he l a ke a pp e a re d s o m e wh a t c a l m e r a s w e l e ft M e i ll e i e
.

r .

s a il i ng clo se t o t he b a nk s who s e m a gni fi c e nc e a u gm e n t e d w i t h

,

t h e t u rn of e v e r y p o m on t o y
,
r B u t w e cong ra t ul a t e d ou s e lve s
r r

t h e win d g a d u a ll y inc e as e d in viol e n c e un t i l it bl e w

.

t o o s oon r r

a d a s it c a m e f o m t he re m o t e s t e xt e m i ty of
,

t re m e n d ou s l y n r r

t h e l a k e p o d uc e d w a v e s of a f igh t ful h e ig h t a n d cove e d t he

,

,
r r , r

whol e s u rfa c e wi t h a c h a os of fo am O n e o f o u r bo a t m e n who

w a s a d e a dfull y s t u p i d fe llo w p e r s i s t e d i n hol d ing t he s a i l a t
.
,

a t i m e wh e n t h e bo a t was on t h e p oin t of b e i ng d ive n un d e

,
r r

wa t e r b y t he hu ric a n e O d i s co v e ing h is e ro r he l t it
r n r r e

e n t i r e l y go
.
,

a n d t h e bo a t fo r a m o m e n t
,
e fu se d t o ob e y t h e r

h e l m in a dd i t ion t he ru dde w a s s o b oke n a s t o e n de r t he r r r

o n e w a v e fe ll in
,
m a n a g e m e n t of 1t ve y d i ffi cul t r an d t h e n
a no t h r M y c o m p a nion a n e xc e ll n t s wi m m e r t oo k o ff h is
, ,

e e

a n d w e s a t wi t h o u r a m s c o s s e d e ve y
.
, ,
c o a t I d id t he sa m e, r r r

in s t a n t e x p e ct ing t o b e s wa m p e d T he s a il w a s howe v e r a g a in
, ,

h e l d t he bo a t ob e ye d t he h e l m a n d s t i ll 1n i m m in e n t p e il f o m
.
, ,

r r

t he i m m e n s i t y of t he w a ve s w e a rr iv e d in a fe w m i nu t e s a t a
, ,

s h e l t e e d p o rt i n t he vi ll a ge of S t G in go u x
,
r

I fe l t i n t hi s n e a r p ro sp e ct of de a t h a m ixt u re o f s e n s a t i on s
. .
,

,
a m ong which t e o r e n t e re d t hough bu t s ubo rdin a t e l y M y
rr

fe e ling s woul d h a v e b e e n l e s s p a inful ha d I b e e n a lon e b u t I

.
,

kn e w t h a t m y com p a nion woul d h ave a t t e m p t e d t o a v e m e a n d s

I wa s o ve rco m e wi t h h u m ili a t ion wh e n I t hough t t h a t h i s l i fe

,

m igh t h a v e b e e n ri s k e d t o p re se ve m in e W h e n w e a rrive d a t
,

S t G in g o ux t he i nh a b i t a n t s who s t oo d on t he s ho re u n a c cu s
.

t o m e d t o s e e a ve s se l a s fra i l a s ou rs an d fe a ri ng t o v e n t u re a t
.
, , ,

a l l on s u c h a s e a e xch a n ge d looks o f won de a n d cong a t ul a t ion

,
r r

wi t h o u r bo a t m e n who a s we ll a s ou rs e lve s w e e w e ll p l e a se d
,

, , ,
r

t o s e t foo t on s ho e r

S t G ing o u x i e v e n m o re b e a u t i ful t h a n M e ill e i e

.

s th r e

m oun t a in s are h i gh e r a n d t h e i loft ie st p o i n t s o f e l e va t ion

.

O n high t he a e ri a l s u m m i t
,
d e c e n d m o e a b ru p t l y t o t h e l a k e
s r s

s t ill ch e r i s h gr e a t d e p t h s of s no w i n t h e i r ra v in e s a n d i n t he
.
,

f
,

p a t h s of t h e i un se
r e n t o e n t s O n e of t h
rr e high e s t o t h e se
is c a ll e d R och e d e S t Jul i e n b e n e a t h w ho s e p i nn a cl e s t he
.

fo e s t s b e co m e de e p e r a nd m o re e x t e n sive t he ch e s t nu t gi ve s a
.
,
r

p e culi a ri t y t o t he s c e n e wh i ch i s m o s t b e a u t iful a n d w i ll m a ke
, ,
 LE T TE R S . 19 1

a p ic t u er in m y m e m o r y d i s t i nc t fr o m a ll O t h e r m oun t a i n s c e n e s
whic h I h a ve e v e b e fo e vi s i t e d
,

r r

A s w e a ive d h e re e a l y w e t ook a v o it u r e t o vi s i t t he m ou t h
.

rr r ,

of t he R hon e W e we n t b e t we e n t he m oun t a in s a nd t he l a k e,

un de g o v e s of m igh t y ch e s t nu t t e e s b i de p e p e t u a l t a m
.

r r r es r s re s,

whic h a re nou i s h e d by t he nows a bo v e a n d fo m s t a l a c ti t e

,

r s r s

on t he rock o v e r whi c h t h e y fa ll W e s a w a n i m m e n s e ch e st
,

s,

n u t t re e whi c h ha d b e e n ove rt h r o w n b y t h e hu rr i c a n e of t h e
.

m o rn i ng T he p l a c e wh e e t he R hon e j o i n s t he l a ke w a s
,
“

m a rk e d by a l i n e of t re m e n d ou s b re a k e s t he iv e r is a s r a p i d
.

r r

a s wh e n it l e a v e s t h e l a k e b u t is m u dd y a n d d a rk , We we n t .

a bou t a l e a gu e fa t h e on t he ro a d t o La Va l a i s a n d s t op p e d a t
r r

a c a st l e c ll e d La T ou r d e B ou v e ri e wh i ch s e e m s t o b e t h e
,

f on t i e r of S wi t e rl a n d a n d S a v o y a s w e we e a ske d fo r o u r
,
r z r

p oc e e d i ng t o I t a l y
,

p a s s p o rt s on t h e s u pp o s i t ion of o u r r
O n o n e s i d e of t he o a d w a s t h e i m m e ns e R och e d e S t Juli e n
.
,

which o v e hung it ; t h oug h t he ga t e wa y of t he ca st l e we s w

.
,

r r a

t h e s nowy m oun t a in s of La Va l a i s clo t h e d i n clou ds a n d on , , ,

t he o t h e s i d e w a s t he willowy p l a in of t he R hon e in a ch a ra c t e r
r

of s t iking con t a st wit h t he e s t o f t he s ce n e boun de d by th e

, ,

r r r

d a k m oun t a in s t h a t o v e h a ng C l a re n s Ve i a n d t he l a ke t h a t
,

r r , va

oll s b e t w e e n In t he m i d st of t he p l a i n ri se s a l i t tl e i s ol a t e d
,

hill on w h ic h t he whi t e s p i e of a c hu rch p e e p s f o m a m ong t h e

.

r r

t uft e d ch e st nu t w oo d s
,
W e re t u rn e d t o S t G in go u x b e fo e r

s un s e t an d I p a ss e d t h e e v e ning i n re a di n g
. .

As m y co m p a n i on ri se s l a t e I ha d t i m e b e fo re b r e a kfa s t on
,

t h e e n s uing m o ning t o hun t t he wa t e rfa ll s of t he ri v e r t h a t fa ll

, ,
r

in t o t he l ake of S t G i go ux T he s t re am is i n de e d f o m t he
,

n r
d e clivi t y o v r wh i ch it fa ll s onl y a s ucc e s s ion o f w a t e rfa ll s
. .
, ,

e
which ro a r o v e t he r ocks wi t h a pe rp e t u a l s oun d a n d s u s p e n d
, ,

t h e i r unc e a s i ng S p ra y on t he l e a v e s a n d flow e r s t h a t o v e h a ng
,

a n d a do rn it s s a v a g e b a nk s T he p a t h t h a t con d uc t e d a long
t hi s r ive r so m e t i m e s a vo i d e d t he p re ci p i c e s of it s s ho e s b y
.

le a ding t h r ough m e a dow s s o m e t i m e s t h re a de d t he b a se of t he

,

p pe r e n d i cul a r a n d c a v e m e d r ock s I g a t h e r e d in t h e s e m a d ow s e

s a w in E ngl a n d a n d whi c h
.

a no se g a y of s uch flow e s a s I n e ve r r

I t hough t m o re b e a u t i ful fo r t h a t ra ri t y
,

O n m y re t u rn a ft e r b re akfa s t w e s a i l e d fo r C l a r e n s d e t e r
.

m inin g fi r st t o se e t he t h re e m n th s of t h e R hon e and t h e n t he

, , ,

o ,

C a s t l e of C hillon ; t he d a y wa s fi ne an d t he w a t e r c a l m We
e blu e w a t e rs of t he l a k e o v e r t he s t re am of t h e
, .

p as s e d fr o m t h
R hon e which i s r ap i d e v e n a t a gr e a t d i s t a nc e fr o m it s con
fl u e n c e wi t h t he l a k e t h e t u bi d w a t e s m i x e d w i t h t ho se of t he
,

r r

l ake b u t m ixe d wit h t h e m unwill ingly (S ee N o u z/ell e H el o ise

, .
,
19 2 L E T TE R S .

L e tt r e 17, Part I
ove rflowin g a s it
re a d Juli e all da y ; an
now s e e m u oun de d b y t h s n e w h i ch it ha
.
,
s, s rr won d e ce s s so er

fully pe o p l e d of s ubl i m s t g e niu s an d m o e t h a n h u m a n e r

M e i l l i e t he C t l e of C hillon C la re n s t he
, ,
s e n s ib 1lit y er as
m oun t a i n s of La V a l a i s a d S a v o y p r se n t t h e m s e l v e s t
.
, , , ,

nt he e o

i m gin t ion a s m onum e n t s of t h ings t h a t w e onc e fa m ili ar

, ’

a a er

T h e y w e re c re a t e d
,

a n d of b e ing s t h a t w e e on ce d e a t o it r r
in d e e d by o n e m i n d b u t a m in d s p owe full y b igh t a s t o c st
.

o r r a

a s h a d e o f fa l se hoo d on t he r e c o d s t h a t a e ca ll e d e a li ty
,

r r r

W e p a sse d on t o t he ca s t l e of C h illon a n d vi si t e d it s d unge on s

.

T h e s e ri s on s a r e e x c a va t e d b e low t h e l a k e ; t h
,
a n d t ow e s e
r
p
p i nci p a l d ung e on 18 s u pp o t e d b y s e ve n colu m n who e
.

r r s, s

b a n chi ng ca p i t a ls sup p o t t he oof C lo s e t o t he v e ry w a l l s

r r r

t h e l a k e is e i gh t hun d e d fe e t d e e p ; i on r ing s are fa s t e n e d

.
,

r r

t o t h e se colu m n s an d on t h e m w e e e ng a v e n a m ul t i t u d of r r e

n a m e s p a rt ly t h o s e of v i s i t o s a n d p a t l y d oub t l e ss of t he
,

r , r

p ri s on e rs of who m now no m e m o ry re m a in s an d who t hu s

,

be guil e d a s oli t u de whi c h t h e y h a v e lon g c ea se d t o fe e l O e

, ,

. n

d a t e w a s a s a nci e n t 1 67 0 A t t h e co m m e nc e m e n t of t h e
as
R fo m a t ion a d in de e d long af t e r t h a t p e io d t h i s d ung e on
.

e r n r
w s t he re c e p t a c l e of t h o se who s hook o r w h o de n i e d t he y t m
, ,

a s s e

of i dol a t y f o m t he e ffe c t s of wh i ch m a nkin d is e ve n n w

,
r , r o
s lowl y e m e rging
C lo s e t o t h i s long an d loft y d ung e on w a s a n a row c e ll a d
.

r ,
n

b e yon d it n e l a rg e r a n d far m o e lofty a nd d a k s u pp o t e d

o r r r

u p on t wo u no m a m e n t e d a rc h e s A c o s s o n e of t h e e a ch e s
,

r s r

o t t e n on wh i ch p i s on e s w
.

w a s a b e a m n o w bl c k a n d a r r r e re

hu ng i n s e cre t I n e v e r s a w a m onu m e n t m o re t e rr ibl e of t h t

, ,
. a

c ol d a n d inhu m a n t y ra nn y whi c h it h a d b e e n t h e d e ligh t of

I t wa s i n d e e d o e of t ho se m n y
,
m a n t o e x e ci se ove r m a n r n a

t e m e n d ou s fu l fi l m e n t s wh i c h r e n d r t he
.

p n ic ie s hu m a ni
“
r e er

g n e i s of t he g e a t T a c i t u s s o s ol e m n a n d i rre f a ga bl e a
e r
”
r r

p o
r p h e c y T h e g e n d a rrn e who con d uc t e d u s ov e t h i s c t l e r as

t ol d u s t h a t t h e e w a s a n o p e n i ng t o t he l a k e b y m e n s of
.
, ,

r a a

c e t s p ing conn e c t e d wi t h w h i ch t he whol e d ung on

,

se r r e

m igh t be fill e d wi t h w a t e r b e fo re t he p i s on e rs coul d p o s s ibl y

,
r

e s ca p e

We oc e e d d wi t h a con t ra ry win d t o C l a re n s a g a i n s t a
pr e

h e a vy s we ll I n e v e fe l t m o re s t ngl y t h a n on l an di ng a t r ro

C l a e n s t ha t t he s p i i t of o ld t i m e s ha d d e s e t e d it s on c e
.

r r r

c h e r i s h e d h a b i ta t i on A t hou s a n d t i m e s t h ough t I h a v e Juli a

, .

d S t P e ux wa lk e d on t h i s t e ra c e d r o a d looki ng t ow ar d s
.
, , .

an . r r ,

t h e e m oun t a in s which I now b e hol d ; n a y t e a d ing on t he

s r

g oun d w h e re I now t re a d F ro m t he w i n dow of o u lo dging

,

r . r
 L E T TE RS . 19 3

o ur l a ndl a dy p oin t e d o u t le bo s qu e t de Juli e A t l e a s t t h “ ”

e
in h a bi t a n t s of t h i s vi ll a ge a e i m p e s s e d wi t h a i de a t h a t t h e
.

r r n

v
,

p e s on
r of t h a t s o m a nc e h a d a rc t u a l e xi s t e nc e In t h e e e ning
I t is i n d e e d Juli a s woo d
.

we wa lke d t hi t h e
’
r. - T he h a y w a s
m ki ng un de t he t e e s ; t he t e e s t h e m s e lv e s w e e a g e d b t
.
, ,
a r r r r , u
vigo ou s a n d in t e s p e s e d wi t h young e on e whi ch e d e t in e d
r r r r s, ar s

t o b e t h e i s ucc e ss o s a n d in fu t u e y e a rs wh e n w e a e d e a d t
,

r r , r r o

a ffo d a s h a d e t o fu t u e wo rs h i pp s of n a t u re w h o lo v e t h
, ,

r r er ,
e
m e m o ry of t h a t t e n d e n e ss a n d p e a c e of which t hi s wa s t h e r

i m a gin a ry a bo de W e wa lke d fo w a d a m ong t he v in e ya d r r r s,

who se n a o w t e rra c e s ove rlook t h i s a ffe ct ing s ce n e W hy d id

.

rr .

t h e col d m a xi m s of t he wo rl d co m p e l m e a t t hi m om ent to s

re p e s r t he t e a s of m e l nchol y t a n p o t which it w oul d h a v e

s r a r s r

b e e n s o s we e t t o in d ulge i m m e a u a bl y v e n un t il t he s r e

d a k n e s s of nig h t ha d s w a llow e d p t h e obj e c t s w h i c h e xci t e d

, ,
r u

th e m
I fo go t t o re m ark wh a t in de e d m y c o m p a n i on e m a ke d t o
.

r r r

m e t h a t o u r d a ng e f o m t h e s t o m t ook p l c p e ci l y in t he
,
r r r a e r se

p o t w h e e Juli a d h e lo v e r w e n e a l y o v e e t a d wh e re
,

s r e n r re r rs n

t m p t e d t o p lung e wi t h h e r i n t o t h e l a k e
,

S t P e ux w r as e

O t he followi ng d a y w e w e n t t o s e e t h e c a t l e of C l a e n s a
. .

n s r

s q u a e s t r ong hou se wi t h v e y fe w win d ow s

,

r u oun de d b y r s rr a
d oubl t e a ce t h a t o v e look t h e v a ll e y o at he
, ,

e rr r t h e p l a in f s ,
r r r o

C la ns re T he o a d whi c h on d uc t e d t r it woun d u p t h s t p c o e ee

W e gat h e d
.

a c e n t t h ough woo d s of w a lnu t

s r d ch e t nu t an s re

o se on t he t e ra c e i n t he f e ling t h a t t h y m ig h t b e t h
.

r s r e e e

i h
,

p o t e
s t y of r s o m e p l a n t e d b y Juli e s a n d W e s e nt t h e i d e a d
’
r

d wi t h e e d l e a v e s t t h a b s e n t
.

an r o e .

W w e n t a g a in t
e t he bo q u e t d e Juli e o
“
a d foun d t h a t t h s ,
”
n e

p rec i e s p ost w a now u t t e l y obli

s t e a t e d a d a h e p of s t on e
r r n a s

ke d t h e p l a ce w h e e t he li t t l c h p e l h a d on c e s t oo d
,

m ar r e a

W h il t we w e e x c a t ing t he a u t h o of t h i s b u t l fo ll y
.

s er e r r r a our

gui de info m e d u s t h t t he l a n d b e longe d t t he c on v n t of S t

,

r a o e

B e n a d a d t h a t t h i s ou t a g e h d b e e n co m m i t t e d b y t h e i
.

r r n r a r

o de s I kn e w b e fo e t h a t if a v a ic e c oul d h d e n t h e h e a t
,
r r r r ar r s
of m n a s ys t e m of p e c i p t iv e e ligi on ha a influ e n ce f
.
,

e ,
r s r r s n ar

m o e ini m i c a l t
r a t u a l s e n s ibili t yo n I know t h a t r i s ol t e d . an a

m an i o m t i m e s e s t a in e d b y h m e fro m ou t aging t h
s s e r r s a r e
v n e a bl e f e lings a i ing u t of t h e m e m o y of ge niu whi ch
e r e r s o r s,

on c m a d e n a t u e e ve n lo ve li e t h a n i t s e lf b t a oci a t d m a
e r r u ss e n
hol d it a s t h v e y s a m e n t of h is union t o fo s we a a ll
s e r a cr r r
d e li c a c y a ll b e n e vol e c a ll em e ; a ll t h a t is t ru e
n e, or r o rs
‘

, ,
t e n de r o r s ubli m e
W s a i l e d fro m C l a re n s t o Ve v a i Ve a i is a t own m o e
.
,

e . v r

94
 1 94 L E T TE RS .

b e a u t iful i n it s s i m p lici t y t h a n a n y I h a ve e v e s e e n I t s r .

m a k e t p l a c e a s p a ciou s s q u a e in t e rs p e r se d wi t h t e e s look s
r -
r r

d i e c t l y u p on t h e m oun t a in of S a v o y a n d La Va l a i s t h e l a k e
, ,

r s

a n d t he v a ll e y of t h e R hon e
, ,

I t w a s a t V e a i t h a t R ous se a u v

conc e i v e d t he d e ign o f j u l ie
.

O uch y a vi ll a g e n e a La u s a nn e
.

F o m Ve a i w e c a m e t
r v o r

T he c o s t s of t h e P a ys d V a u d t houg h full of v ill a g e s a d

.
,

a e n

vin e ya d p e s e n t a n a sp e c t of t a nqu i l l i t y a n d p e culi a b uty

,

r s, r r r ea

whi c h w e l l co m p e n a t e s fo r t h e s oli t u de w h ich I a m a ccu t o m d

s s e

t o a dm i e T he hill s a re v e y h igh a n d r oc k y c own e d a d

r r r n

in t e rs p e s e d wi t h woo d Wa t e fa ll s e cho f o m t he cl i ffs a d

.
,
r s r r n

s h in e a fa r
.
,

In o n e p l a c e w e s a w t he t a ce s of t wo o ck s o f
. r r

i m m e n s e s iz e which ha d fa ll e n fro m t h e m oun t a in b e hin d

O n e of t h e s e lo dg e d in a r oo m wh e re a young w o m a n w a s
,
,

s l e e p ing wi t hou t inju ing h e r T he v in e ya ds we re u t t e ly

, r . r r

d e t o y e d in it s p a t h a n d t he e a t h t o n u p
s r r r

W e how e v e
.
,

T h e a in d e t in e d u s t w o d a y s a t O uch y
r a r,

vi s i t e d La u s a nn e a n d s a w G ibbon h ou s e W e w e s h own
.
,
’
s er

t h d e c a y e d s u m m e h ou s e w h e e h e fini s h e d h i H i s t o y a n d
.
,
e r- r s r

t h e O ld a c a ci a s on t he t e rr a c e fr o m w h ic h h
,

s a w M on t B l a n c e

h aving w i t t e n t he l a st s e n t e nc e T h e e is s o m e t h in g
, ,

a ft er r r

g a n d a d e v e n t ou ch i ng in t he re g e t wh ich he e xp e s a t
.

r n r re s s

t he c o m p l t ion of hi t a s k e I t w a c onc e iv e d a m i d t h s uin s of s e r

T h e s u dd e n d p t u e of h is c h e i sh e d a d a c cu s
.

t h e C a p i t ol e ar r r n

t m e d t oil m u s t h a v e l e ft h im like t he d e a t h of a d e a r f i e n d
.

o r ,
,
sa d d s oli t a y
an r
M y o m p nion g t h e d s o m e a c a ci a l a v e s t o p v in
.

c a a er e re s e r e
re m m b n ce of h im
e ra I e fra in e d f o m d oing s o f ing t . r r ,
ea r o
ou t ge t he g e t a d m o re c d n a m of R ou s u t he
ra r a er n sa re e se a

c on t m p l a t ion of who e
e i m p e i h bl e c e t ion s ha d l ft no s r s a r a e

v a n cy in m y h e a t fo m o t a l t h ing G ibbon ha d a c ol d a d
ac r r r s n

uni m p a s s ion e d p i i t I n e v e fe l t m o e in clin a t i on t o il a t

.

s r r r ra

t h p j u di c w h i h li g t o s u ch a t h ing t h a n now t h t j u l ie
.

e re es c c n ,
a

a d C la e n
n La u s a nn e a d t h e R o m n E m pi e c o m p e ll e d m e
r s, n a r ,

t o a c on t ra s t b e t w e e n R ou s e a u a d G ibbon s n

W h e n we re t u n e d in t he onl y in t e v l of s un s hin e d u ing

.

r r a r

w h i ch t he l a k w a l a shing wi t h
,
t h e d a y I w a lk d on t he p i e er e s

it s w a v s A a inbow p nn e d t h e l k
,

e r a th e e st e d o e s a a e, o r r r r n

x t e m i t y of it a h u p on t h w t e r d t h o t h e r a t t he foo t
.

e r s rc e a an e

of t h m oun t a in s of S v oy S o m e w h i t h ou e s I know n o t
,

e a e s

i f t h e y w e t h o s of M e ill i s h on t h o g h t he ye llow fi re
.
,

er e er e, e r u

q ui t t d O u c h y n d a ft e
.

O S t u d a y t he 3 t h of Jun
n a r w o e, e e a r

of p l e a a n t s a il ing a ive d on S un da y e v e ning t

, ,

t wo d y a s s rr a

M on t a l e g e r .
 LE T TE RS 19 5

V I L— T o T . L P EAC O C K
. .

G e n ev a , j u ly 1 7 171, 1 8 1 6 .

M y o p inionof t u ning t o o e s p o t of e a t h a d c a lling it o r n r n ur

h o m e d of t h e e xce l l e n i e d u s fuln e ss of t h s n t i m e n t
an c s an e e e s

i ing u t of t h i s a t t a c h m e n t ha a t l e ng t h p o duc e d in m e t he
,

ar s o s r

olu t i n of a c q ui ing t h i s p o s se s s ion

,

re s o r

Y o u a e t h e onl y m a n who h a s u ffi c i e n t e g a d f
.

r me t s r r or o

t k a n in t e e s t in t h e ful fi l m e n t of t h i s d e s ign a d who s e t a s t e s

a e r ,
n

c onfo m s uffi c i e n t l y t o m in e t o e ng a g e m e t c onfi de t he

r o

e x e cu t ion of it t o you d i c e t ion r s r

I d n o t t oubl e yo u wi t h a p ologi e s fo r gi v ing yo u t h i s c o m

.

o r

m i ion ss I e q ui e onl y u a l x t ion w a lks a d i c ui t ou

r r r r e er n c r s

wa n de ing s o m lig h t n e go t i a t ion s a bou t t he l t t ing of a

.
, ,

r ,
s e s e
hou se — t he s u p e in t e n d e n c e of a d i s o d e l y g a de n s o m e p a ling s
r r r r

book s t o b e m o v e d a d s e t p
,

t o be m e n de d s o m ,
e e r n u .

I wi sh y o u woul d ge t a ll m y book s a d a ll m y fu ni t ure f o m n r r

B is h pg a t e a n d a l l o t h e e ffe c t s a p p e t a ining t o m e
o I h ve r r a

t o s e cu e a ll t h a t b e l ong s t o m e t h e e t o y o u
.
,

w itt e n t
r o r r

I h a ve w i t t e n a l s o t o L t o g iv e u p p o s s e s s ion of t he hou s e
.

r
on t he 3 d of A ugu s t r
W h e n y o u h v e p o se s e d y ou s e lf of a ll m y a ff i I wi h
.

a s s r a rs , s

y o u t look t fo
o a h om e f m e a d M a y a d Willi a m
ou r d or n r n an

t h ki t t n w h o i now u p I wi h y o u t g t a unfu
,

e e io s e en s n s o e n r

n i he d h ou e wi t h a
.
,

s goo d a g rd e n a s m a y b n Win d o
s ,
s a e, ear s r
F o e st a nd t k a l
r , of it f fou t e e n t we n t y n e y e a
a e e a se or r or -
o rs .

T he hou s m u t n t b e t o e m a ll I wi h t he s i t u a t ion t o
s o o s s

l y a p o ibl e t h t of B i ho p g a t d h oul d
.

r e e m bl e a s n
s ear s ss a s e, an s
t h ink t h a t S unning H i l l W inkfi e ld P l in o t he n ig h bou ,
or a ,
r e r
hoo d f Vi gini a Wa t e woul d a ff o d o m p o ss ibili t i
o r r r s e es
e now e xc e e d ingl y c h e a p
.

H ou se s ar d p l e n t iful b t I an u
e n t ru s t t he whol e of t h i s a ff i e n t i e l y t o y ou own d i c e t ion a r r r s r .

M y p re s e n t in t e n t ion i t o e t u rn t o E ngl n d a n d t o m ake s r a

t h t m o t e xc e ll n t of n a t ion
,
a s m y p e p t u a l e s t ing p l a e
e I s r e r c
t hink it i e x t e m e l y p ob a b l e t h a t w e s h a ll e t u n n e x t p ing
.

s r r r r s r

p e h p s b fo e p e h a p s a ft e r b u t c t in l y w e s h a ll r t u n
r a e r r er a e r
t h e m o t iv e h j
, , .

O a d on t he con u nc of i ou n I
‘

n
q e s t
s s n e y se e r
e se v e m uch e x p l n t ion fo
,

r r s o m e fu t u e win t e r w a lk o
a s m
a r r r u
m er e x p e d i t ion T h i m uch lon e i c t a in t h a t b e fo e w e s a s er r
re t u n w e s h a ll h a v e e n and f l t a d h
.
,
r d a m ul t i p li c i t y of
s e e n ear
t h ing s w h ic h will h un t o r t a lk a d m k e u s a l i t t l e b e t t e r
, , ,

a u n a

wo t h knowing th a n w e w e e b e fo e o u d e p a t u e
r r r r r r .
 LE T TE RS
‘

I f p o s s ibl e w e t h ink of d e s ce n d ing t he D a nub e m a bo a t of

vi s i ti ng C on s t a n t inop l e a n d A t h n s t h e n R o m e a d t he T u c a n
,

e n s

ci t i e a d e t u ning by t he s ou t h of F a n ce a lwa ys following

,
s, n r r r

g e a t v e s T he D a nub e t he P o t he R hon e a d t h G a onn e

,
r ri r n e r
r i v e s a e n o t lik e r o a d s t h e wo k of t he h n d s of m a n t h ey
.
, , ,
r r r a

i m i t a t e m in d w h ich wa n d e s a t will o v e r p a t h l e ss d e s e t s a d
,

r r n

flows t h ough n a t u re s lo ve li e s t e c e se w h i c h a re in a cce s s ibl e

, ,
’
r r s s,
t o a n y t h ing b e s i d e s T h e y h a v e t he v il e a dv a n t a g e a l s o of
. r
a ffo d ing a ch e a p r m o de of conv e ya nc e
r e
T hi s e a st e rn s c h e m e is o n w h i c h ha s ju s t s e i z d on
.

u e e o r

i m a gin t ion s I fe t h a t t he de t a il o f e xe cu t ion will d st oy it

a ar e r

wil d a d b e a u t i ful vi si on s ; b u t a t a ll e v e n t s yo u
.
,

a s a ll o t h e r n

will h e a f o m u s wh e e ve w e a re a n d t o wh a t e ve r a dv n t u e s
r r r r ,
e r

d e t in y e nfo c e s u s
s r .

T ll m e in re t u rn a l l E ngli s h n e w s
e Wh a t h a b e co m e of m y s

I hop e it ha s a l re a dy s h e l t e e d i t se lf in t h e bo s o m o f
.

p oem r
it m o t h e O blivion fro m w h o s e e m b a c e s no o ne coul d h a v e
s r, r

b e n o b arb a ou s a s t o t e a it e xc e p t m e
,

e s r r .

T e ll m e of t h e p oli t ica l s t a t e of E ngl a n d— it li t e ra t u re of s

whi c h wh e n I sp e a k C ol e ri dge is in m y t h ough t s — you se lf

,

r
l a s t l y you own m p lo ym e n t s y ou r h i st o ic a l l a bou s
,

r e ,
r r .

I h d w i t te n t hu s fa wh e n y ou r l e t t e r t o M ar y da t e d t he 8 th
a r r

a rr i v e d W h t y o u sa y of B i ho p g a t e of cou e m o d i fi e t h a t
a s rs s

p rt of t hi s l e t t e wh i ch re l a t e s t o it
.

a r I conf s I d id n o t l e a es rn

u in w i t hou t s o m e p a in b u t it is w e ll fo r m e p e
.

t he d e s t in e d r r
'

h p t h a t a s i t u a t ion e qui ring s o l a ge a n e xp e n se s houl d b e

,

a s r r

p l c e d b e y on d o u r ho p e s
a

Y o u m u s t s h e l t e r m y oofl e s P e n a t e s d e d ic a t e s o m e n e w
.

r s

t e m p l e t o t h e m a n d p e fo rm t h e func t ion s of a p i e s t in m y
,

r r

T h e y a e innoc e n t d e i t i e s a n d t h e i r wo s hi p n e i t h e
,

a b se n c e . r ,
r r

s a nguin a y o a b su d
r n r r

Le a v e M a m m on a d J e ho v a h t o t ho e w h o d e ligh t in wi k d
.

n s c e

n e s a n d s l a v e y— t h e i a l t a s a e s t a in e d wi t h bloo d o r p ollu t e d
s r r r r

wi t h gol d t h p i c e of bloo d B u t t he h in e of t h Pe n t
e r s r s e a es

win dow f a m e i n t e t win e d wi t h c p

.
,

a e goo d woo d fi e s o
r r r r s r re e

ing p l n t s t h e i h ym n s e t h p u ing of k i t t e n t he hi i ng
,

a r ar e rr s, ss

of ke t t l e s t h long t a lks o ve t he p st a n d d e a d t he l a ug h of
e r a

c h il d e n t he w a m win d of s u m m e fi lling t he q ui e t h ou a n d
, ,

r r r se,

t ru ggling in v a in fo e n t a n ce
,

t h p e l t ing s t o rm of w in t e
e r I s r r n

t lki ng of t he Pe n a t e s will y o u n o t lik e n m e t o Juliu s C ae s

.

a ar

d di c a t ing a t e m p l e t o Lib e rt y A s I h a v e sa i d in t he fo m e r
,

e r

i
.

p a t
r of m y l e t t e r I t u s t e n t i e l y t o, y ou r d i s c rert on on t h e r

Pre sum a b y A l as tor .—H B F l . . .

 L E T TE RS ; 119 7

s ubj e ct of a hou s e C e t a inl y t he F o re s t e ng ag e s m y p re fe r r

e nc e b e c a u se of t h e s yl v a n n a t u e of t h e p l a c e a n d t h e b e a s t s
.

wi t h whi c h it is fill e d B u t I a m n o t i n s e n s ibl e t o t he b e a u t i s

, ,

e
of t he T h a m e s a d a n y e x t a o rd in a ry e ligib i li t y of i t u t ion
.

n r s a
i w h e l m o u h a bi t u a l
,

y o u m e n t ion n y ou r l e t t e r woul d ov e r r

a ffe c t ion f t he n e ig h bou hoo d of B ish p g a t

or r o e.

I t s p r oxi m i t y t o t he s p o t y u h a v e c h o s e n is a n ar gu m e n t o

wi t h u s i n fa v ou r of t he T h a m e s R e coll e c t h ow v e r w e a e e r

now c hoo s ing a fixe d se t t l e d e t e rn a l h o m e a d a s s uc h it s

.
, ,

in t e n a l qu a li t i e s wi ll a ff c t u s m o re con t a n t l y t h a n t ho se which
, , ,

r e s

c on s i s t in t he s u rr oun d ing c e n e y whi c h wh a t e v e it m a y b e a ts r r

fi t will s ho rt l y be no m o e t h a n t he colou s wi t h which o u

,

rs r r r

h ll i n v e s t it
,

Ow n h a bi t s s a
I am gl a d t h a t ci c u m t a nc e s d o no t p e rm i t t he c hoi c e t o b e
.

r s

m y own I s h a ll a bi de b y you rs a s o t h e rs a bi de by t he n e ce s s i t y
of t h e i r bi t h
.

r .

P B S
. . .

V I I I —T o . T . L P E AC O C K
. .

ST . M AR T I N S E R V OZ CHAM O U N I — M O N T AN VER T
M O N T B LA N C .

H aze l ’ ’
L an a r e s , Clz a m o u m j u ly 2 2 n d , 1 8 1 6.
‘

ae ,

WH I LS T yo u m y f i en d a re e nga g e d in s e c u ing a ho m e fo r
r r

u s w e a e w a n d e ing i n s e a r ch of e coll e c t ion s t o e m b e lli s h it

, ,
r r r

in conce i vi ng t h a t y o u re in t e e s t e d in de t il s of ll
, .

I do t no e rr a r a a
t h a t is m aj e s t i c o b e a u t iful in n a t u r b t how s h a ll I d e c ib e re u s r

t o y o u t he s c e n e s b y whi c h I a m no w u r oun d e d ? T o e xh u t s r a s

t he e p i t h e t s w hic h e x p e s s t h e a s t oni h m n t a n d t h e a d m i a t i n
r s e r o

t he v e ry e xc e s s of s a t isfi e d a t oni h m n t wh xp e ct t ion s s e ,

e re e a

s ca ce l y a cknowl e dg e d a n y boun d a ry is t hi s t o i m p
r s u p on re s

y ou m ind t h e i m a g e s w h ich fi l l m i n e now e v e n t ill it o v e flow ?

,

r r

I t o o h a v e e a d t he a p t u re s of t a v e ll e
,
r r I will b e w n d b y r rs ar e

t h i e x am p le
e r I will i m p ly de t a il t o y o a ll t h t I s lat u a ca n re e,
or a l l t h a t if ela t d woul d e n a bl e y o u t o on c e i v e w h a t w e
r e c
h a ve d on e o se e n s inc e t h e m o ning of t he 2 0 t h wh e n w l ft
, , ,

r r , e e
G n e va
e

W co m m e nc e d o u i n t e n d e d j ou rn e y t o C h a m ouni a t h a lf p a t
.

e r -
s
e ig h t i n t he m o rn i n g W e p a s se d t h ough t he c h a m pa i n . r
198 LE T TE R S .

coun t ry wh i ch e xt e n ds fro m M on t S alé v e t o t he b a se of t he

hig h e r A l p s T h e coun t y is u ffi c i e n t l y fe t il e c o v e e d wi t h
,

r s r r

a n d i n t e s e c t d b y s u d d e n a ccli v i t i e s
.
,

c o rn fi e ld s a n d o ch a d s
-
r r ,
r e
wi t h fl a t s u m m i t s T he d ay wa s c lou dl e ss a n d e xc e s ive ly h t s o

t h e A l p w e e p rp e t u a ll y in S igh t a n d a s w e a d v a nc e d t h e
.
,
s r e

m oun t a in s w h ich fo r m t h e i ou t s ki t s clo s e d in a r oun d s

, ,
W r r u e

p s s e d a b i d g e ove a s t e a m w h i c h d i s c h a r g e i t se lf in t o t h e
, , .

a r r r s
A ve T he A v e i t s e lf m u c h s woll e n by t h e flow
,

r . r a in
, r s, s

c on t n t l y t o t he igh t of t he r o a d
‘

s a r

A w e a p p o a c h e d B onn e v ill e t h ough a n a v e nu e c o m p o s e d

.

s r r
of a b u t iful sp ci e of d oo p ing p o p l a w e ob se rve d t h a t t he
ea e s r r,
c o n fie ld
r -
on e a ch s i de w e e cov e d wi t h inun da t ion
s r er

B onn e v ill is a n e a t li t t l e t o wn wi t h no c on s p icuou s p e culi a r i t y

.

e xc e p t t he whi t e t ow e rs of t h e p i s on a n e x t e n s i v e bu i l di ng
, ,

r
o ve looking t he t own A t B onn e v ill e t he Al p s co m m e nc e o n e
,

r .
,
of whi c h clo t h e d by fo r e s t s i s e s a l m o s t i m m e di a t e l y fro m t he r

o p p o si t e b a nk of t he A r ve
, ,

F o m B onn e v ill e t
.

r C lu se s t h e r o a d con d uc t s t h ough a
o r

s p a ciou s a n d fe t il e p l a i n s u roun d d on ll s i de b y m oun t in s rr e a s a

c o v e e d lik t ho s e of M ill e i e wi t h fo e s t s of in t e m ingl e d p in e
, ,

r e e r r r

a n d c h e s t nu t A t C lu se s t he r o a d t u n s s u d de nl y t o t h e righ t r

following t he A r ve a long t he ch a s m whi c h it s e e m s t o h a ve

.
,

hollow e d f r i t s e lf a m ong t he p e p e n d icul a m oun t a in s T he

o r r

s c e n e a s u m e s h e e a m o e s a v a g e a d colo s sa l c h a a c t e r
.

s r r t he n r

va ll e y b e co m e s n a ow a ffo d ing no m o e s p a c e t h a n is s u fli c ie n t
rr r r

f r t h e riv e a n d t he r o a d
,

o r T he p in e s d e s c e n d t o t he b nk s a
i m i t a t ing wi t h t h e i i e gul a r s p i e t he p yra m i da l cra g w h ich
.
,

r rr r s, s,

lift t h e m s e l ve s fa r a bo v e t he gion s of fo e t in t o t he d e e p a zu e
,

re r s r

of t he sky a n d a m ong t he whi t e d a z l i ng c lou ds T h s ce n e z e

a t t h e d i s t a nc e of h a lf a m il e f o m C lu s e s d i ff e s f o m t h t of
.
, ,

r r r a

M t lock i n li t tl e e l e t h a n i n t he i m m e n s i t y of it s p ro p o r t ion s
,

a s ,
a d in it s un t a m e a bl e in a cc e ss ibl e s oli t u d e inh a bi t e d onl y b y
n

t h e go a t s whi c h we s a w b row s i ng on t he ock s

,

wi t hi n a l e a gu e of e a c h o t h e w e sa w t w o
.

N e a r M a gla n s, r,

wa t e fa ll s T h e y w e e no m o re t h a n m oun t a in i v ul e t s b u t t he
r r r
h e ig h t fro m w h 1ch t h e y fe ll a t l e a st of t w el v e hun d e d fe e t
,
.

m a d e t h e m a s s u m e a c h a a c t e in c on i s t e n t wi t h t he
, ,

m a lln e s s
r r s s

of t h e i r s t e a m T he fi s t fe ll f o m t h o v e h a nging b ow of a
r r r e r r

bl a ck p ci p i c on a n e no m ou s ock p re c i se ly re s e m bling
.

re e r r ,

s o m e colo s s a l E gy p t i a n s t a t u e of a fe m a l e d i t y I t s t ruck t h e e

h e d of t h vi s ion a y i m g e a d g a ce full y d i vi di ng t h e f ll
.

a e r a n r er e

f o m it in fol d s of fo a m m o e lik t o c lou d t h a n w t e i m i t t ing

, ,

r r e a r, a

a v e il of t h m o s t e x q ui s i t e w oo f
e I t t h e n uni t e d c onc e a ling .
,

t he low e p a t of t he st a t u e a d hi d in g i t s e lf in a win d in g of it s
r r ,
n
 LE T TE RS . 1 99

ch a nn e l bu t in t o a de e p e r fa ll a n d c o s s e d o u ou t e in it s
rs r r r

h
, ,

pa t t ow d s t h e A r
arv e
T h o t h e r w a t e fa ll w a s m o e con t inuou s a d l a g e r
.

e r T he r n r

v iol nce wi t h which it f ll m a de it look m o e like s o m e h a p

.

e e r s e
whi ch a n e x h l a t ion ha d a ss u m e d t h a n like w a t e r fo it
a r

s t e a m e d b e y on d t he m oun t a in whi c h a p p e a re d d a k b e hin d it

, ,

r r

a it m ig h t h a v e a p p a e d b e h in d a n e v a n e s c e n t c lou d
, ,

s e r

T h c h a a c t e of t h e ce n y c on t i nu e d t he s m e un t il w e
.

e r r s er a

ar riv e d t St M a t in (ca ll e d in t he m a p s S a ll a n c h e s ) t he
a r

m oun t in s p e p e t u a l l y b e co m ing m o e e l e v a t e d e x h ibi t ing a t

.
,

a r r

e v e y t u n of t h e
,

r ro a d m o e c a ggy s u m m i t s loft i e a n d wi de
r r r ,
r r

e x t e n t of fo e t d a k e a n d m o e d e e p re c e e
r s s, r r r ss s .

T he following m o rning w e p roc e e d e d f o m S t M a t in on r r

m ul e s t o C h a m oun i a co m p a ni e d by t w o gui d e s
.
,

We p o c r

c e e d d a s w e h a d d on e t h e p e c e d ing d a y a long t h e v a ll y of
, , .

e r e
t h e A v e a v a ll e y u oun d e d on a ll
, ,

r i de s by i m m e n se m oun
s rr s

who s e ugge d p e c i p ic e s a e in t e rm ix e d on h ig h wi t h
,

t a in s, r r r

d zzling s no w
a T h e i b a se w e e s t ill c o v e e d wi t h t h e t n a l
r s r r e er
fo e st s w h ich p e rp e t u a ll y gr e w d a ke a d m o e p ofoun d a
.

r ,
r r n r r s

w e a pp r o a c h e d t h e 1 n e r re gion of t he m oun t a in s n s

O n a i v ing a t a s m ll v ill a g e a t t he d i t a nc e of a l e a gu e
.

rr a s

f o m S t M a t in we d i s m oun t e d f o m o u m ul e s a d we con
r r r r n re

gui d e s t o v i e w a c a ca de W e b e h l d a
,
.
,

d uc t e d b y u o r s e n
im m e n se bo dy of w a t e fa l l t w o h un d e d a n d fift y fe e t d a s h ing
.

r r

f o m ro ck t o r ock a n d ca s t ing a sp a y w h ich fo m e d a m i s t

,

r r r

a r oun d it in t h e m i d s t of whi c h h ung a m ul t i t u d e of s unbow s

,

wh i ch fa d e d o b e ca m e un sp e ka bly v i vi d s t he in on t n t
, ,

r a a c s a

s h on e t h ough t h e clou d s
,

su n r Wh e n w e a pp o a ch e d n e a r t o r

it t h e a in of t he s p ra y re a c h e d u a n d o u c lo t h e s w e re w e t t e d
.

,
r s, r

by t he q uick fa lling bu t m inu t e p a t icl e s of w a t e r T he c a t a a ct

-
r r

f ll f o m a bove i n t o a d e e p c a ggy ch a sm a t o fe e t wh e e
.

e r r ur r
c h a ng i ng it s ch a a c t e r t
, ,

t h a t of a m oun t a in s t e m it p u u e d
r o r a rs
it s cou rs e t o wa d s t he Arv e o a ing o ve r t h e ock s t h t i m p e d e d
,

r ,
r r r a
it p og e s s
s r r

t e s t i ll l a y t h r ough t h e v ll e y o
.

As we
p o ce e d e d o u rou r r a r

ra t h t he v a s t a v in e wh i ch i a t onc
, ,
a
e r, t h a d now b e c o m
s i e, r s e

t he cou c h a n d t he c e a t ion of t he t e ibl A v e

,

W e a ce n de d
r rr e r . s ,

win ding b t we e n m un t a in s who s e i m m e n s i t y s t a gg s t h

e o er e

im gin a t ion W e c o e d t he p a t h of a t o e n t w h i h t h
,

a r ss rr c re e

d a y s s inc e ha d d e s c e n d e d f o m t he t h a w i ng no w a n d t o n t h
.
,

r s ,
r e

r o a d a wa y .

W e d in d a t S e rvo z a li t t l e vill a g e wh e e t h e e a e l e a d a d
e , ,
r r r n
co pp m in s a n d wh e e we a w a a bin e t of n a t u a l c u io i t i e
er e r s c r r s s,

like t ho of Ke s wick a d B e t hge le rt We saw in t hi s a bin e t

,

se n . c
 200 LE T TE R S .

so m e ch a m o i s ho rn s a n d t he ho rn s of a n e xc e e d ingl y ra e
’
r

a ni m a l c ll e d t he bou q u e t in w h ich inh a bi t s t h e d e s e r t s of s now

,
a ,

t o t he Sou t h of M on t B l a n it is a n a ni m a l of t he s t a g kin d c

it s h o n s w e igh a t l e a s t t w e n t y s e v e n E ngli s h p oun d I t is

‘

r -
s

i nconce i va bl e ho w s o s m a ll a n a ni m a l coul d s up p o rt s o
, , .

'

i no d in a t e a we igh t T he ho n s a re of a v e ry p e c ul i a con
r . r r
fo m a t ion b e ing b ro a d m a ssy a nd p oin t e d a t t he n d s a n d
r e
oun d d wi t h a nu m be r of ing s wh i ch a re s up p o e d t o
, , , ,

su
‘

rr e r s
i n d i ca t ion of it s a ge : t h e e we re s e ve n t e e n ings on
,
a ffo d a
‘

r n r r

t h l a g e s t of t h e s e ho n s
'

e r r .

F o m S e rvoz t h r e e l e a gu e s
r e m a in t o C h a m oun i — M on t r

B l a nc w a s b e fo e u s— t h e A l p s wi t h t h i innu m e a bl e gl a c i e s
r e r r r

on h igh a ll a oun d clo s in g i n t he co m pli c a t e d wi n d ings of t he

,
r
s ingl e v al e —fo re s t s in e xp re s s i bl
,

y b e a u t 1f u l b u t m aj e s t ic in t h e i r

b e a u t y in t e m i ngl e d b e e ch a n d p i n e a n d o ak ove s h a dowe d

,
-
r r

e c e d e d whil s t l a wn s of s uch v e rd u e a s I h a v e
, ,
o ur ro a d o r r r

n e v e r se e n b e fo re occup i e d t h e se o p e nings a n d g a d u a ll y
, ,
r

b e ca m e d a rke in t h e i re c e ss e s M on t B l a nc wa s b e fo re u s
, ,

r r

b u t it w a s co ve r e d w i t h clou d it s b a se fu r ow e d w i t h d re a dful
.
,

g p s wa s s e e n a bove Pi nn a cl e s of s now i n t ol e a bl y b igh t

,

a ,
. r r ,

p t of t h e c h a in c onn e c t e d wi t h M on t B l a nc s hon e t h ough

ar r
t h e clou d s a t i n t e r v a l s on hig h I n e v e kn e w— I n e v e r
,

i m a gin e d— wh at m oun t a in we re b e fo re T he im m e n si t y of
.

t h e s e a i a l s u m m i t s e xci t e d wh e n t h e y s u d d e nl y b u s t u p o n
.

er r

t h e s igh t a s e n t i m e n t of e c s t a t i c w on de n o t un a ll i e d t
,

,
m ad r, o

n s An d e m e m b er t hi s w a s a ll o n e s c n e it a ll p re s e d
es r e s

h o m e t o o u e ga rd a n d o u r i m a gin a t ion T hough it e m b ra ce d

.
,
r r

a v a s t e x t n t of s p a c e t he
.

e no wy p yra m i d s which shot in t o t he s

'

b ig h t blu e s ky e e m e d t o ve h a n g o u r p a t h ; t he ra vin
,
’

r s o r e,

clo t h e d wi t h gi g a n t ic p in e s a n d bl a ck wi t h it s de p t h b e low s o
d e e p t h a t t he v e y o a ri ng of t h e un t a m e a bl e A v e which r oll e d
, ,

r r r

t h oug h it c oul d o t b e h e a d a bo v e
,

r n a l l w a s a s m uch o u r own r -

a s i f w e h a d b e n t h e c e a t o s of s uch i m p ss ion s in t h e m i n d s
, ,

e r r re

of o t h e s a s w occu p i e d o u own N a t u e w a s t he p o e t
r no r r

who se h a m on y h e l d o u s p i i t s m o e b e a t h l e s s t h a n t h a t of
.
,

r r r r r

t he d i v in e s t
A w e e n t e e d t he v a ll e y of C h a m ouni (wh i c h in fa c t m a y b e
.

s r

con i de e d a s a con t inu a t ion of t h o se whic h w e h a ve followe d

, ,

s r

f o m B onn e v ill e a n d C lu se ) clou d s hung u p on t he m oun ta in s

r s,

a t t h e d i s t a nc e p e h a p s of 60 0 0 fe e t f o m t h e e a r t h
r but s a s r ,
o

e ffe t u ll y t o conc e a l n o t onl y M on t B l a n c b u t t he o t h e r '

c a

a s t h e y c a ll t h e m h e e a t t a ch e d a n d
, ,

a ig u il l es , ubo rd in a t e t o it r s

W e w e e t a v e lling a long t he va ll e y wh e n s u d d e nl y we h e a rd a
.
,

r r

oll i n g a bove ; ye t
,

s o u n d a s of t he b urs t o f s m o t h e re d t hun de r
'

r
 LE TTE R S . 20 1

h o h ing in t he soun d t h a t t ol d u s it could n o t be

t e r e wa s s m e t
O u r gu i d e h a s t il y p o i n t e d o u t t o us a p a t of t h e
,
t hun de r r

m oun t a in o p p o s i t e f o m wh e nc e t h e s oun d c a m e
.

I t wa s a n
r

a v a l a nch e
.
,
W e sa w t he s m ok e of it s p a t h a m ong t he r ock s a d n

I t fe l l on
.
,

c on t inu e d t o h e a r a t in t e rva l s t he bu rs t ing of it s fa ll

t he b e d of a t o e n t wh i ch it d i sp l a c e d a n d p e s e n t l y w e
.

rr aw r s

it t a wn y colou re d w a t e s a l s o s p e a d t h e m s e l v e o v e r t h e r a v in e
, ,

s -
r r s

which wa s t h e i r cou ch
,

W e d id n o t a s w e i n t e n de d vi s i t t h e G l a cier a s B osso u s
.

’
e

t o d a y a l t hough it d e s c e n d s w i t h i n a fe w m i nu t e s w a lk of t h e
, ,
’

o a d wi shing t o s urve y it a t l e a s t wh e n unfa t igu e d W e a w

,
r s

t hi s gl a c i e which c o m e s c lo se t o t he fe rt i l e p l a in a s we p a ss e d
, .

r,

I t s s u fa c e w a s b ok e n in t o a t hou s a n d un a c c oun t a bl e fi gu e s
, .

r r r

c oni c l a n d p y a m i d i ca l c rys t a lli a t ion s m o e t h a n fift y fe e t in

a r z r

h e ig h t ri s e f o m it s s u rfa c e a n d p re ci p ic e of 1c c of d a zzling
,
r s

s p l e n d ou r o v e h a ng t he woo d s a n d m e a d ow s of t h e v a l e
, , ,

r T hi s

gl a ci e r wi n d u p wa ds fro m t he v a ll e y un t il it jo i n s t he m a ss e s
.
,

s r
of f o s t f om whic h it wa s p o d uc e d a bo v e win d ing t h rough it s
,

r r r

own a vin e l ike a b igh t b l t flung o ve r t he bl a ck e gi on of p in e

,
r r e r s
T h e i s m o re in a ll t h e s e s c e n e s t h a n m e e m a gn i t u d e of
.

er r

p op o rt ion : t h e re is a m aj e s t y o f ou t lin e ; t h e re is a n a wful

r

g a c e in t he ve ry colou s whi ch inve s t t h e se won de ful S h a p e s

.

r r r

a c h a rm w hi ch is p e cul i a t o t h e m q ui t e d i s t i nc t e v e n f o m t h e r , r

re a li t y o f t h e i r unu t t e r a bl e gr e a t n e s s.

j u ly 2 4 .

Y e t e rd a y m s o rn ing w e we n t to t he s ou r ce of t he A rv i o n e r
l e a gu e f o m t hi s v ill ag e ; t he ri ve r r oll s fo t h
.

I t is a bout a r
-

i m p e t uou sly f o m a n a ch of ice a nd s p re a d s i t s e lf in m a n y

r r

st e am s o v e r a va st sp a ce
,

r of t he va ll e y a va ge d a n d l a i d ,
r

b a e b y it inun da t ion T he gl a ci e r b y whi c h t s wa t e s a

r s s. i r re

nou i s h e d o ve rh a ng s t hi s c a v e rn d t he p l a in a n d t he fo e s t
r an r s
of p in e whi c h s ur oun d it w i t h t e ibl e p e ci p i e s of s oli d ice
, ,

r rr r c

o t h e r s i de ri se s t he i m m e n s e gl a ci e r of M o n t a e rt
, .

O n th e nv
fi ft y m il e s in e xt e n t occupy ing a ch a sm a m ong m ount in s of
,

, a

inconc e iva bl e h e igh t a n d of fo m s so p oin t e d a n d a b ru p t t h a t r

t h e y s e e m t o p i e c e t he s ky F o m t hi s g l a ci e r w e s a w a w e
, ,

r . r ,
s

s t on a
a ock clo s e t o o ne of t he s t e a m of t he A r e iro n
r r s v

m a s se s of ic e de t a c h t h e m s e l v e s f o m on hig h a n d ru s h wi t h a
, ,

r
lou d d ull noi se in t o t h e va l e T he vi ol e nc e of t h e i fa ll t u rn e d
,

t h e m i n t o p ow d e wh i ch flowe d o v e r t h e o c ks in i m i t a t i on of
.

r, r

w a t e fa ll s who e ra vin e s t h e y u su p e d a d fi ll e d
r- s r n

In t he e ve ning I we n t wi t h D u cré e m y gui d e t he onl y

, .

, , ,
202 L E T TE RS .

t ol e ra bl e p e rs on I h a v e s e e n in t hi s coun t y t o v i si t t he gl a ci e r r

of B o s on s T h i s gl a c i e like t h a t of M n t a n e rt co m e s clo e
,
'
s r, o v s
t o t he v a l e o v e h a nging t h e g e e n m e a d ow s a n d t he d a k woo d s
.
,
r r r
wi t h t he d a zzl ing w h i t e n s of it s p e ci p ic e s n d p inn a cl e
,

e s r a s, ‘
which a e like p i s of ra d i a n t c y st a l cove e d wi t h a e t wo rk
r s re r r n -

il v e T h e se gl a ci s flow p e p e t u a ll y i n t o t he va ll e y
,

o f f o st e d
‘

r s r. er r
r a v ging i n t h e i r s low b u t i
,
a e s i t ibl e p og e s s t he p a s t u e s a n d
rr s r r r
t h fo e s t s whi c h s u roun d t h e m p e fo rm i ng a wo k of de s ol a
e r r r r
t ion i n a g e s w hi c h a iv e of l a v a m igh t a cco m p li s h in a
,
r r hou n r,
b u t fa r m o re i e t i e va bl y ; fo wh e re t h e ice ha s onc e d e ce n d e d
,
rr r r s

t he h a d i e s t p l a n t e fu e s t o g ow ; i f e ve n a s in s o m
,
r r s e x t ra r e

o d in a y in s t a nc e s it s h oul d e ce de a ft e r it s p rog e s s ha s onc e

,
r r r r
,

co m m e nce d T he gl a ci e r p p e t u a lly m ove onw d a t t h s er ar e

y wi t h a m o t ion t h a t co m m e nc s a t t he
.
,
ra t e of a foo t e a ch d a e “

s p o t wh e r e on t he boun d a i e s of p e p e t u a l c ong e l a t ion t h e y

, .

r e r ar

p o du ce d b y t he fr e e zing of t he w a t e s w h ich a i s e f o m t he
, ,

r r r r

p a rt i a l m e l t ing of t h e e t e rn a l s now s T h y d ra g w i t h t h e m e
f o m t h e e gion s w h e nc e t h e y d e iv e t h e i o igi n a ll t he ruin s of
.
,

r r r r r

t h e m oun t a in e no m ou s o ck s a n d i m m e n e a ccu m ul a t i on s of
,
.

’
r r s
T h e s e a e d iv e n onw a d s b y t h e i e s i s t ibl e
, ,

s a n d a n d s t on e s
'

r r r rr

a m of s oli d ic e ; a n d w h e n t h e y a rr i v e a t a d e c li v i t y of t h
.

st re e
m oun t a i n s u ffi ci e n t l y r a p i d r oll d own s c a t t e ing u i n I sa w r r

n e of t h e s e
, , , .

o ocks which ha d d e c e n de d in t he p ing (win t e

r s s r r
h e e is t he s e a on of s il e nce a n d s a fe t y ) wh i ch m e a s u re d fo rt y
,

r s

fe t i e v e y d i e c t ion
,
e n r r
T h v e g e of a gl a c i e r lik e t h a t of B o ss on s p e se n t s t h e m o s t
.

e r r

v ivi d i m a g of d e s ol a t i on t h a t it is p o s sibl e t o conce ive N o

, ,
e .

o n e da t o a p p o a ch it ; f
re s t he e no m ou s p inn a cl e s of ic e
r or r
which p e p e t u a lly fa ll a e p e p e t u ally e p o duce d T he p i n e
r r r r r s

of t he fo e t whi c h boun d it a t n e e xt e m i t y a e o ve rt h own a n d

.
,
r s ,
o r ,
r r

s h a t t e d t a wi d e xt e n t a t it b a se T h e e is s o m e t hing
re ,
o e ,
s . r

in e xp s s ibl y d re a d ful in t he a s p e ct of t he fe w b a nchl e s s

re r

t unk s w hi ch n e a r e s t t o t h e ic e r ift s s t ill s t a n d i n t h e u p r oo t e d

r
oil T he m e a d ows p e i s h o v e wh e l m e d wi t h sa n d a d s t on e s
, , ,

s r r n

Wi t h in t h i s l t ye a t h e s e gl a ci e rs h a ve a d va n ce d t h e e
.
.
,

as r, r

hun d e d f e t in t o t he v a ll e y S a u s u e t he na t u a li s t ay
r e s r r s s,

t h t t h e y h a ve t h e i p e rio d of i n cre a se a d d e c a y
.
, ,

a r t he p e o p l e s n

of t he coun t ry hol d a o p i nion e n t i e l y d i ffe e n t ; b u t a s I ju dg e

n r r ,

m o e p ob a bl e
r r It i g e e d by a ll t h a t t he s now on t h
s a r e

u m m i t of M on t B l a nc n d t he n e i ghbou ing m oun t a in p e r

.
,

s a r s

p e t u a l l y a ug m e n t s a d t h a t ice i n t h e fo m of
n gl a ci e ub i sts r rs , s s

wi t h ou t m e l t ing in t he v a ll e y of C h a m ouni d u ing it s t a n i e n t

, ,
r r s

a d v
n i a bl e s u m m e If t he s now whic h p o d uc e s t h i s gl a ci e r
ar r. r

m u s t a u gm e n t a n d t he h e a t o f t he va ll e y is no ob s t a cl e t o t he
,
 L E T TE R S . 20 3

p e rp e t a u l e xis t e nce of s uch m a s se s of ice a s h a ve a l e a dy r

cn
d e s e de d in t o it t he cons e qu e nc e is ob v iou s ; t he gl a ci e s r
m u st a ug m e n t a n d will s ub s i s t a t l e a s t un t il t h e y h a v e o e fl o we d
,
.

v r

t hi s v a l e
,

I will n o t p u s u e B u ffo n s subl i m e b u t gloo m y t h e o ry t h a t

.

’
r -

t h i s glob e w hi c h we in h a b i t will a t om e fu t u e p e io d h s r r e
c h a ng e d in t o a m a s s of fro s t by t h e e nc o a ch m e n t s of t he
, ,

p ol a r r

ice a n d of t h a t p o d uc e d on t h e m o t e l e v a t e d p oin t s of t he
r s

D o y o u wh o a s s e t t h e s u p e m a c y of Ah i m a n i m a gin e
,

e a th r r r r
h im t h on e d a m ong t h e s e d e s ol a t ing s now s a m ong t h e
.
, ,
r es

p a l a c e s of d e a t h a n d f o s t so s cul p t u e d in t h i t h e i t e r ibl e
,

r r s r r

m a gnific e nc e b y t h e a da m a n t in e h a n d of n e c e s s i t y a d t h a t he
,

c a s t s a oun d him a s t he fi st e s ys of his fin a l u u p a t ion

,

r r s a s r

a va l a n c h ocks a n d t hun de a d a bove a ll t h e s e

, ,

t o e nt s e s, rr r rs , n

d a d l y gl ci e s a t onc e t he p r oof a d y m bol s of h i e i gn

, ,

e a r n s s r

a dd t o t his i
, ,

t h e d e g a da t ion of t he hu m a n p e
r c e s — who in s

t h e se re gion s a e h a lf d e fo m e d o r i d io t i c a d m o s t of w h o m
, ,
r r n

a e d e p r i v e d of a n yt hi ng t h a t ca n e xci t e in t e s t o r a d m i a t ion
, ,

r er r

T hi s i p a rt of t he s ubj e c t m o e m ou nful a n d l e s s ubli m e ;

.

s r r s

b u t s uc h a s n e i t h e r t he p o e t n o r t he p hilo s o p h e r s houl d d i s d a i n
to eg d r ar

T hi s m o rning we d e p a rt e d on t he p ro m i s e of a fi n e d a y t o
.

v i s i t t he gl a ci e of M t a n v e rt In t h a t p a rt wh e e it fi ll s a
, ,
r on r

s l a n t i ng v a ll e y it is ca ll e d t h e S e a of I ce
.

T hi s va ll e y is 9 50
t oi s e s o r 7 60 0 fe e t a bo v e t he l e v e l of t h e s e a
.
,

, ,
W e ha d n o t .

p roc e e d e d fa b e fo r e t h e a inrb e g a n t o f ll b u t w e p si ste d

e r r a

un t il we ha d a cco m p l i h e d m o e t h a n h a lf of o u j ou n e y wh e n
,

s r r r ,

w e e t u n e d w e t t h r ough
r r ,
.

Cfi a m o u u i, j u ly 2 5M .

We h a v e re t u n e d f o m vi i t ing t he gl a ci e r of M o t a e t o
r r s n nv r r

it is c a ll e d t h e S e a of I ce a s c e n e i n t u t h of d izzy ing
,

a s ,
r

won de r T he p a t h t h t win d s t o it a long t he s i de of a a

now in t e e c t e d wi t h s nowy
.

m oun t a in now clo t h e d wi t h p in e s, rs

h ol l ow s is wi de a n d s t e e p T h bin of M t a e rt is t h e e
,

e ca on nv r

l e gu e s f o m C h a m oun i h a lf of w h i c h di st a nc is p e fo m e d on
.
,

a r e r r

foo t e d b t t h a t On t he fi s t d a y t he n e w h i c h
,

m ul ot
e s, n o su s re - u r o

I o d e f ll in wh a t t he gui de s c a ll a m a u v is p s o t h a t I
r e
‘

a as ,

n a owl y e c p e d b e ing p e ci p it a t d d own t h m oun t a in W e

rr s a r e e

v v h v
.

p a s d o
se e hollow co e e d wi t h
r a now d own w ich a st r s ,

t on e a ccu s t o m e d t o oll O n e h a d fa ll e n t he p c e ding ‘

s a s re r . re

d a y a li t t l e t i m e a ft w e h a d e t u n e d : o u gui d e s d e s i e d u s
er r r r r

it is s a i d t h at s o m e t i m e s t he l e as t s ound
,

t o p a s s quickl y fo ,
r
204 LE T TE R S .

will a cce l e ra t e t h e ir de s ce n t W e a rrive d a t M o nt a nv e rt

howe v e r s a fe
.
,

O n a ll s i d e s p re ci p i t ou s m oun t a i n s t h e a bo d e s of un re l e n t in g
.
,

fro s t s u oun d t h i s v a l e : t h e i r s i de s a e b a nk e d u p wi t h ice

,

rr r

a d s no w b r ok e n h e a p e d hig h a d e x h ibi t i ng t e i fi c ch a s m s
,
n n rr
T he s u m m i t s a e s h a p a n d n a k e d p inn a cl e s who s e o v e
, , , .

r r r

h nging s t e e p n e s s will n o t e v n p rm i t snow t o e s t up on t h e m

,

a e e r

Lin e s of d a zzling ic e o c cu p y h e e a d t h e re t h e i p e p e n d i c ul a
.

r n r r r
r i ft s an d s h in e t h roug h the d iv ing v a p ours wi t h in x p e s ibl e r e r s

b illi a n ce : t h e y p i e r c e t h e clou d s l ike t hing n o t b e longing t o

,

r s

t hi s e a t h T h e v a l e i t s e lf i fi ll e d wi t h a m a s s of un d ul a t ing
r s

ic e a n d ha s a a sc e n t u ff ici e n t l y g a d u a l e v e n t o t h e e m o t t
.

,
n s r r es

a b y se s of t h e s e ho r ibl e d e s e t s
s I t is onl y h a lf a l e a gu e
r r .

(a bou t t w o m il e s) in b e a dt h a d e e m s m uch l e s s I t e xhi b i t

r ,
n s . s

a n a p p e a a nc e a s if f o t h a d s u dd e nl y boun d u p t h e w a ve
r r s an d s
W h i l p ool s of a m i gh t y t o e n t
r W e wa lke d so m e d i s t a nc e u p on
rr
T h e w a ve s a e e l e va t e d a bou t t w e l v e o r fift e e n
.

it s s u rfa c e r

fe e t fro m t he s u fa c e of th e m s s wh i ch is in t e s e c t e d b y long
.

r a r

g ap s of unfa t h o m a bl e d e p t h t h e ice of who s e s i de s is m o e

,
r

b a u t ifully a zu re t h a n t he s ky In t h e se e gion s e v e yt h ing

,

e r r

c h a nge s a n d is in m o t ion T hi s va s t m a s s of ice ha s o n e

.

g e n e a l p og e s s which c e a s e s n e i t h e r d ay n ni gh t it b e a k s
.
,

r r r or r

a d bu s t s fo r e v e r s o m e u n d ul a t ion s s ink wh il e o t h e
,

n r ie rs r s

it is n e v r t h e s a m e T he e cho of r ock s o r of t he ic e a n d s now

‘

wh i ch fa ll fro m t h e i r o v e h a nging p e cip ice s o r r oll fro m t h e i r

.
,

r r

O e w oul d
,

a e i a l s um m i t s
r s c a rc e ly c e a e fo r o n e m o m e n t
,
s s . n

t hink t h a t M on t B l a n c lik e t h e g o d of t he S t oic s w a s a v a s t

a n i m a l a d t h a t t he fr oz e n bloo d fo r e v e c i cul a t e d t h r ough h is
, ,

,
n r r

s t on y ve in s
W e d i n e d (M an d I ) on t he gr a s s i n t h e o p e n
.

C
a ir s u rr oun d e d b y t h i s s c e n e T he a ir i s p i e r cing a n d cl e a
,
r

W e re t u rn e d d o wn t he m oun t a i n s om e t i m e s e n c o m p a ss e d b y
. .
,

t he d ivi ng v a p ou rs s o m e t i m e s c h e e re d b y t h e s unb e a m s a d
r n

a r i ve d a t o u r inn by se v e n o clock
, ,
’
r .

M o n t a leg r e, j u ly 2 8 th

T he n e xt m o rn i ng we re t u rn e d t h rough t he r a i n t o S t M a rti n
ce n e ry ha d lo s t s o m e t hing of it s i m m e n i t y t h i ck clou d
. .

T he s s s
h nging o v e r t he h igh e t m oun t a in s b u t vi s i t ings of s unlig h t
,

a s

in t e v e n e d b e t we e n t he s how e rs a n d t he blu e sky h on e b e t we e n

r s

t h e a ccu m ul a t e d clou d s of s no wy whi t e n e s s wh i c h b ough t t h e m ;

,
r

t he d a zzling m oun t a in s s o m e t i m e s gli t t e e d t h r oug h a c h a s m of r

t he clou d s a bo v e o u r h e a d s a d a ll t h e ch a m o f it g a n d e u r ,
n r s r
 L E T TE R S . 20 5

re m a in e d W e e p a s se d P o m P e l l is ier a woo de n b i dge o v e r

r
¢
r

t h e Arve a n d t he a v in e of t he A v e
.
,
W e e p a s e d t h e p in e
r r r s

fo e s t s w h i ch ove rh a ng t he d e fil e t he ch a t e a u of S t M ich a e l
.
,

r , .

a h a un t e d uin buil t on t h e e d g e of a p e ci p ic e a n d s h a d ow e d
r r

ove r by t he e t e rn a l fo e s t W e re p a s e d t he v a l e of S e r voz a
, ,
r s

va l e m ore b e a ut iful b e ca u s e m o e luxu i a n t t h a n t h a t of

.
,
r r

C h a m ouni M on t B l a n e fo m s o e of t he i de s of t h i s v a l e a l s o
, ,
r n s

a d t h e o t h e r is i n c lo se d b y a n i r e gul a r a m p hi t h e a t e of e no
.
,

n r r r

m ou s m oun t a i n s o n e of whi c h is i n r u i n s a n d f ll fift y y e a s a g e r o

in t o t he h igh e p a t of t he va ll e y ; t he s m oke of it s fal l wa s s e e n

, ,

r r

in P i e dm on t an d p e op l e w e n t fro m T u rin t o in v e s t i ga t e wh e t h e r

a v olc a no ha d n o t bu r s t fo rt h a m ong t he A l p s
,
I t con t inu e d
f lling m a n y d a ys sp e a ding wi t h t he s h ock a n d t h un de of it s
.

a r r

r uin con s t e n a t ion in t o t he n e ig h bou ing v a l e s In t he e ve ning

, ,

r r

w e a i ve d a t S t M a t i n T he n e x t d a y w e woun d t h roug h t he
.
,
rr r

v ll e y wh i ch I h ave d e s c ib e d be fo re a n d a rrive d i n t he e ve ni ng
. .

a r

h om e
, ,
at uo r
W e h a v e bough t s o m e s p e ci m ens of m i n e a l s an d p l a n t s a d
.

r n

t wo o r t h e e c rys t a l s e a l s a t M on t B l a n e t o p e s e ve t h e
,
r r r

e m e m b a nc e of h a v ing a pp o a c h e d it
, ,

r r T h e e is a c a bin e t f r r o

l is l o ir n a t u r l le a t C h a m ouni ju t a s a t K e s w i ck M a t lock
.

l e e s

t he p r o p ri e t o of w h i c h is t he v e y vil e t p e c i m e n
, , ,

a d C lift on
n r r s s

of t h a t v il e s p e ci e s of q u a ck t h a t t og e t h e wi t h t he whol e a m y , ,
r r
of a ub e gi s t a d gui d a d in de e d t he n t i e m a s of t he
r es n e s, n e r s

p p o ul t ion a ub i t on t hse w e a kn e s s
s s a n d c e d uli t y of t a ve ll e r r rs

s l e c h e s s ub i s t on t he i ck T he m o s t in t e e s t ing of m y
,
a e s s . r

p u chr s e s is
a a l a g e coll e c t ion of a l l rth se d of a e a l p in e e e s r r

p l a n t s wi t h t h e i r n a m e s w i t t n u p on t h e ou t i d e of t h e p p r e s a e rs
t h a t c on t a in t h e m
,

T he se I m e n t c oloni s e in m y g d e n in a o ar

E ngl a n d a n d t o p e m i t y o u t o m a k wh a t c h oic e y
.

r
p l e a se e ou
f o m t h e m T h e y a e co m p nion s w h i c h t he C e l a n d in — t h
,

r r a e e
cl a s i C e l n d in — n e e d n t d e s p i e t h e y a e a wil d a d m o
.

s c a e o s r s n re
d ing t h a n h
ar d will t e ll h im t a l e of t h ing s e v e n a s t ouching
e, an s

an d ubli m e a s t h e g z of a v e rn a l p o e t
s a e
D id I t e ll y u t h a t t h e e a e t roo p s of wol v e s a m ong t h e s e
.

o r r

m oun t a in s ? In t he w i n t e t h e y d e s c e n d i n t o t h e v a ll e y s w h ic h r

t h e s now occu p i e s s ix m on t h s of t he ye a a d d e v ou e ve y
,
r, n r r
t h ing t h t t h e y e a n fi d o u t of d oo s
a A wolf is m o e p ow e rful
n r r

fi ce s t a n d s t onge st d o g T h e re a e no b e a s in
.

than th e er r r r
th W e h a d w h e n w e w e e in Lu ce m e t h a t t h e y
.

e
es e gion r s e r r

we e oc c a s ion a lly foun d in t he fo e s t s which su rroun d t h a t l a ke

.
, ,
r r .

Ad i e u . S .
206 LE T TE R S .

IX — . J O UR N AL .

G e ne v a , S u n day , 1 8 l lc A ug u s l , I 8 16 .

S e e Ap s Se t ollo
x on who t e ll s ’
m a ny m y s t e i e of h is
*
us r s
lk of h o s t s N e i t h e r Lo d B yron n o M G L
,

t ra de W e ta G r r
b e li e ve i n t h e m a n d t h e y bo t h a g e e in t he ve ry fa ce
. . . . .

s eem t o r

of a s on t h a t non e coul d b e li v in gho s t s wi t h ou t b e li e v ing in

,
re e e
I d n t t h ink t h a t a ll t he p e s on s w h o p ofe s s t d is
,

G d o o o r r o
c e d i t t h e s e vis i t a t ion s e a ll y d i c e dit t h e m o i f t h e y d o in
.

r r s r r,
t h e d a yligh t a e n o t a dm oni s h e d b y t h e a p p o a ch of l o n l i
,

r r e
n e s a d m i dn i gh t t o t hink m o e e sp e c t full y of t he wo l d of
, ,
s n r r r
s h a d ow s
,

Le wi s re c i t e d a p o e m which h e ha d co m po s e d a t t he
.

e q u e s t of t he P i n c e s s of Wa l e s
,

r T he P inc e r of Wa l e s h r ss e
i e d wa s n o t onl y a be li e v r i n g h o s t b u t in m a gi c a d
.
,

p r
e m s e s, n
wi t c hc a ft a n d a s s e t e d t h a t p o p h e ci e s m a d e in he y ou t h ha d
,

r ,
r r r
,
b e e n a c c o m p li sh d s inc e T he t a l e wa of a la dy in G e m a nye s r
T hi l a dy M inn a ha d b e n e xc d ingl y a t t a c h e d t o he r
. .

s e ee

hu sb a n d a d t h e y ha d m a d e a v ow t h a t t h e e wh o d i e d fi t
, ,

n on rs
s h oul d r e t u n a ft e d e a t h t o v i i t t h e o t h e a s a gho s t
,
r r S he s r
s i t t i ng cha m be r wh e n
.

w as n e d a y a lon e in h e o h h e a rd r , s e an
unu su a l s oun d of foo t s t e p s on t he s t a i s T he d oo o p n d r r e e

d he r hu s b a n d s sp e c t e g a h e d wi t h a d e p woun d a c o ss
,
.

’
an r s e r
in m ili t y h a bi l i m e n t e n t e re d S he
,

t he fo e h e a d and
r ar s,

a p p e a e d s t a t l e d a t t h e a pp a i t ion ; a d t he g h o s t t ol d h e
, .

r r r n r,

t h t wh n h
a h oul d v i si t he r in fut u e he woul d h e a a p a ing
e e s r s r ss
b ll t oll a n d t h e se wo ds d i s t in ct l y u t t e e d lo se t o he e a
,

e ,
r r c r r,

M inn a I a m h e O n in q ui y it w a s foun d t h a t h e r hu sb a n d
er
”
r

h a d fa ll n in b t t l e on t h e v y d a y he w a s vi s i t e d b y t he
.
, ,

e a er s

vi s ion T he in t e c ou s e b e t w e e n t h e g h o t a n d t he wom a n
. r r s

c on t inu d fo o m e t i m e un t il t he l a t t l a i d a s i de a ll t e o
e r s er rr r,

a d in d u l g e d h e e lf in t h e a ffe c t ion w h ic h
,

n h e ha d f l t fo him
rs s e r

wh il li v ing O ne e ve ning s he we n t t o a b a ll a d p e m i t t d
e .
,
n r e

he t hough t s t o b e a li e n t e d by t h e a t t e n t ion s of a F lo e n t in e
r a r

g n t l e m a n m o e wi t t y m o e g a ce ful a d m o e ge n t l e a it
e r r r n r s

p p e e d t o he t h a n a y p e s on he ha d e v e s e e n
, , , ,

a ar r, A s he wa
n r s r s

t h oug h t he d n c a d e t h b ll t oll e d
.

c on d uc t ing h e r r M inn a e, a -
e a,
t t e n t ion s d i s re g a d e d
.

lo st in t h e fa cin a t ion of t he F lo e n t in s r
’
e s a ,
r ,

o r d id o t h e a r t he s oun d n A con d p e a l lou de r a d m o e se n r

d e e p s t a t l e d t he w h ol co m p a n y w h e n M inn a h e a d t h
,
.

r e r e
g h o s t a ccu s t o m e d w h i sp e a n d ra i s ing he r e y e s sa w in a n
, ,
’
s r, ,

M G L wi r. n m d in E gl i li B d d S l l R i w
. e s, s o a e n r ar s an co c z ev e er s .
 LE T TE RS . 0 7

Op p o si t e m fl c ion of t h gho t t n ding ov h

irro r t he r e e t e s s a er e r.
i d t h v d i d of t o
,

Sh i e s sa o a e e e rr r.
L wi t ol d fou o t h
e s t o i — ll g i m r er s r es a r .

T h u d y 9 1h A ugus t — W d p t f o m G n v
rs a 2 t nin i e e ar r e e a, a e n

v y l ow d iv b id whi h
,

t h m o ning
e T h S wi
r e ss a re er s r e rs es es c
h v Ju t m oun t ; w t h fo go v y f w p o
.

w e a e ra o e, e re re , a er e sts

t od y-
a Th n y i v y b u ifu l d w e s ce m n y m g ifi
er s er ea t an e see a a n

c nt vi w W p w h ich wh n w c o d in
.
,

e e L
s . R ou e a ss es sse s, ,
e e r sse
th p ing w
e s r d p in no w W l p as M ee s e S ee at o rr e z
F i d y 3 th — W l v M i v i n t h v ning t
.
, .

r a o d e ea e o r re z , a n a rr e e e e a
v iou d y
, .

D OI ft
e, a er a ar s a
R ou v y wh
.

S t u d y 3 t — F o m D Ol w go t
a r a 15 w r e e o ra ere e
t h ough D ij on ; ft D ij on t k
, .
,

l p W p
s ee e d a ss r an a er a e a
n t ou t t h n t h t whi c h w follow d on t h t w o t h
.
, ,

d i ff e re r e a a e e e o er
oc ion T h c n y h o m b u y d ingul i t y in t h
cas s e s e er as s e ea t an s ar e
lin of t h m oun t in w h i h u oun d t h V l d S uzon L w
.

e e a s c s rr e a e o

y t p ci p i t ou h il l co v d wi t h v in d wi t h
.
,

e re s woo d s, e re es or s, an
s t re a m m d ows, d p op l ea t t h bo t t o m s, a n a rs, a e
v R ou v y p A ux w h
.

S un d y S p t m b a t —L e e er I s ea e ra a ss e rr e , e re
i v t t w o clock t Vi l l n u v
, .
,

w d in p t t y t own d
’
e e a re , an a rr e, a o , a e e e
l G ui d
e ar

F o m V ill n u v l G ui d w iv t F
.

M on d y d — a 2n r e e e e ar e a rr e a on

d v n
, .
,
t ia ne bl Th e au n y oun d t hi p l i wil d
e s ce er ar s a a ce s an e e
v g T h oil i full of o k pp n t l y g ni t w h i h on
.

sa a e e s s r c s, a a re ra e, c

v y i d b k t h ough t h g oun d T h h ill

.

e er s e re a low b t
r e r e s a re u
h v ll y qu ll y wil d
.
,

p re c i p i t ou d oug sT h an r h d d e a e s, e a a re s a e

In t h m i d t of t hi wi l d n
,
.

b y fo t re s s t nd th e p l s s er e ss s a s e a a ce

qu l in m gni fi n
. .

S o m of t h e p t m nt e a ar ny t hing t h t Ie s e a a ce ce a a

c oul d on i v c Th oofce f t t d wi t h gol d

e d h e r s a re re e an t e
no p i of v l v t F o m F on t in bl u w p o d t V
.
,

ca es e e r a e ea e r ce e o er

i l l in t h ou t t ow d R ou n W i v t V ill t nin
.

sa e s, er e ar s e e a rr e a e rs a es a e
il l
. .

Tu d y 3 d — W es a w h p l d g d n of V
r e sa t e a a ce a n ar e s e r sa es
Th y u p F on t in b l u
,
.

an d l G n d t P t i t T i non
e ra e e r a e s r a ss a e ea
full of t u v
. .

Th g d n e ar e s a refoun t in d colonn d sta e s, a ses, a s, a n a es

In ll t h t g d n th y
.

a n t i ll y b long t
a e s se t
a e s o a ar e e a re e x ra o r
di na ril y d fi i n t T h o ng y i
e c e t up i d p i of x p n e ra er s a s e ce e e se

Th
. .

w
e re o ng t as o ne t pp n tl y l d own in 4 4
ra e - re e , n o a a re so o ,
s 1 2 .

W w onl y t h g d n
e sa d th th t th e P t i t T i non
ar e s an e e a re at e e r a

in t h E ngli h t t
.

Th g d n e ar e s d x t m ly p t t y
a re e s a s e, an e re e re

um m p l c lig h t
.

T h G n d T i non w
e ra op n It i r a as e s a s er a a e,
fi v vd
.
,

y t e m gni an t W w un bl t
ce d o t t h tim it d e e re a e o e e e e e se r e
Th
.

t o th g ll y of p in t ing h
e a er w p o t i t of
a s e re e re as a r ra

p nt nt m i t
.

M ad m d l V lli e t h
a e e a of Loui XI V
a re , e re e a s re s s s .
20 8 LE T TE R S .

S he w a s m e a l nchol y b u t e xc e e d ingl y be a u tiful a nd wa s re p e r ~

hol ing a s kull a d s i t t i ng b e fo e a crucifix p a l e a n d

, ,

n
se te d a s d n r
wi h o wnc e ye s
, , ,
t d a st .

W e t h e n w e n t t o t h e g re a t p a l a c e T he a p a t m e n t s a e r r
unfu ni s h e d b u t ve n wi t h t hi d i s a dva n t g , a re m o e m a gni
.

r e s a e r
fi ce nt t h a n t ho s e of F on t a in e bl e a u T h e y a e lin e d wi t h r
m a bl e of v a r i ou s c olou rs who se p e d e s t a l s a n d c a p i t a l s a e gil t
.
.

r r
a d t he c e i l ng is r i chl y gil t wi t h co m p a t m e n t s of
, ,
n
i p a in t ing r
T he a rra ng e m e n t of t h e s e m a t e i a l s h a s i n t h e m it is t u e
.

r r
o ya l C oul d a G e ci a n a chi t c t
, ,
s o m e t hing e ff e m in a t e a n d r r r e
h a v e c o m m a n de d a ll t he l a bou r a d m on e y whic h w a s e xp e n de d
.

n
on Ve s a i ll e he woul d h ave p ro d uc e d a fa b i c wh i c h t he w h ol e
r s, r

wo l d h a s n e v e r e qu a ll e d W e s a w t he H a ll of H e cul e s t he
r r

b l c on y wh e e t he King a n d t he Q u e e n e xhibi t e d t h e m e l ve s t
.
,

a r s o
th e Pa i s i a n m o br T he p e o p l e who s h ow e d u s t h ough t h r e

p a l a c e ob s t in a t e l y e fu e d t o s a y a n yt h i ng a bou t t he R e
.

r s lu vo

W e coul d n o t e ve n fi n d o u t i n which ch a m b e t he io t e s
,
t ion . r r r

of t he 1 0 t h A ugu st foun d t he king W e s a w t he S a ll e d O p é a .

’
r ,

wh e e a e now p e s e rve d t he p o t a i t s of t he king s T h e re w a s

r r r r r .

t h e r a c e of t h e hou se of O l e a n s wi t h t h e e x c e p t ion of E g a li t é r , ,
a l l e x t re m e l y h a n d s o m e T h e e w a s M a d m e d e M a in t non . r a e ,

a n d b e i d e h e r a b e a u t iful li t t l e gi l t h e d a ugh t e r of La V a lli er e

s r , .

T h e p ic t u re s ha d b e e n hi d d e n d u ing t he R e volu t ion W e sa w r

T he lib a i a n h a d h e l d s o m e p l a c e
.

t he lib a y of Loui s XV I
r r r r

in t he a nci e n t cou t n e ar M a i e An t oi n e t t e H e re t u n e d w i t h
.

r r -
. r

t h e B ou rbon s a n d w a s w a i t ing fo r s o m e b e tt e r s i t u a t ion He

s h ow e d u s a book whi c h h e h a d p e s e v e d d u i ng t h e R e o l u
.
,

r r r v

t ion I t w a s a book of p a in t i ng s e p re s e n t ing a t ou n a m e n t a t r r

t h e C ou t of Lou i s X I V
.
,
r a n d it s e m e d t h t t h e p e se n t d e s o e a r

l a t ion of F ra nce t he fu y of t he inj u e d p e op l e a n d a ll t he

.

r r

ho o s t w h ic h t h e y a b a n don e d t h e m s e l v e s s t ung by t h e i r
, ,
rr r o

long s u ffe ring s flow e d n a t u ra ll y e nough f o m e xp e n di t u re s s o

,
r

i m m e n e a s m u s t h a v e b e e n d e m a n de d by t h e m a gn ifi ce nc e of
,

t h i s t ou n am e n t
,
r T he va c a n t r oo m s of t hi s p a l a c e i m a g e d w e ll
t he h ollow s h ow of m on a c h y A ft e s e e ing t h e s e t h ing s w e
.

r r

d e p a rt e d t ow a d s H a v e a n d s l e p t a t A uxe e
.

r r rr

W e d n e sda y 4 t h —W p a s e d t h roug h R ou e n a d s a w t he
.
,

, . e s ,
n

c at he d a l a n i m m e n se
r p e ci m e n of t h m o t c o s t l y a n d m a g ifi
s e s n

c e n t go t hic T he in t e i o r of t he c h u ch d i s a pp oin t s W e s a w
,

r r

t he bu i a l p l a c e of R i c h a rd C oe u r d e Lion a n d his b o t h e r
. .

r - r .

T he a l t a r of t he chu rch is a fi n e p i e c e o f m a bl e S le ep a t r

Yve t ot
.

T hu rs d a y st h —W e a rrive a t H a vre a n d w a i t fo r t he p a ck e t
.

—win d con t ra ry
, .
,

. S .
 L E T TE R S . 20 9

X .
-
To MR . AN D M RS . LEI G H H UN T .

G r ea t M a r l o w , 2 9 t lcj u ne 1 8 1 7 .

M Y D EA R F R I E N D S ,
fo rm e d m y p o m i s e a n d a rr i v e d h e e t he
I p e r r r

nig h t a fte r I s e t Off E ve rybo dy u p t o t h i s m inut e ha s b e e n a d

,

con t inu e s we ll I oug h t t o h a ve w i t t e n ye s t e d a y fo t o d a y I

.

r r r

know n t h ow I h a v e so con s t a n t a p a in in m y s i de d u h a
.
, ,

o , ,
an s c

d e p e s s ion of s t re ng t h a d s p i i t s a s t o m a k e m y hol d ing t he

r n r

p e n whil s t I w ri t e t o y o u a n a l m o s t in t ol e ra bl e e x e t ion
,

T hi s r

y o u know w i t h m e is t ra n s i t o ry
.
,

,
D o n o t m e n t ion t h a t I a m .

unwe ll t o y ou r n p h e w ; fo t he a dvoc a t e of a e w s ys t e m of
e r n

d i e t is h e l d boun d t o b e in v uln e ra bl e b y d i s e a s e in t he s a m e
m a nn e a s t he s e c t a i e s of a
,

r e w s ys t e m of e ligion a e h e l d t o
r n r r

be m o e m o ra l t h a n o t h e r p e o p l e o a s a r e fo rm e d p a li a m e n t
r ,
r r

m u s t a t l e a s t b e a s s u m e d a s t h e r e m e dy of a ll p oli t i c a l e vil s

N 0 o e w ill c h a ng e t he d i e t a d o p t t he e ligion o r e fo m t h e
.

n ,
r ,
r r

p a li am n t e l e
r e s
We ll I a m ve y a nxiou s t h e a h ow yo u g e t on a n d I in t e a t
.

r o r r

M a i nn e t o e x c i t e H un t n o t t o d e l a y a m inu t e i n w i t ing t h e
, ,

r a r

n e ce a y l e t t e s a n d i n info rm i n g m e of t he e sul t King a e

ss r r r s r

onl y t b e a pp o a c h e d t h ough t h e i r m in i s t e rs w h o in de e d a s
.
,

o r r

M a i a nn e s h a ll know t o h e r c o t if he d on t t a k e ca re
,
’
r e s , S ar

a ll t h i
,

re s p on ibl e s o t onl y f n c o m m i s s ion bu t a m o e

or e r s, r
d e d ful e sp on ibili t y fo r a l l t h e i r o m is sio s
,

r a r s A n d I know n o t n

w h o h a s a ig h t t o t h e t i t l e of king if n o t a cc o d ing t o t he
.
,

r r

who m t he King of ki ng s ha d d e l e g t e d t he
,

S t oi cs h e t o a
i e c e a t i on
,

pr e og a
r t v e of lo r d of t h r

Le t m e know h ow H e n y g e t s on a n d m a k e m y b e s t r e s p e c t s
.

t o y ou b o t h e r a n d M s H un t
,

r r A di e u r . . .

A lw y s m o st a ff ct ion a t e l y y ou
a e rs ,

P B S . . .

XI -
To W I LL I A M G OD W I N .

M a r l o w , D e ce m be r 7 171, 1 8 17 .

M Y D EAR G O D W I N , — T o b e gi n wi t h t he s ubj e ct of m o s t
i m m e d i a t in t e e st : c lo se wi t h R ich a d s on ; a d wh e n I s a y
e r r n

t h i s w h a t r e li e f s h oul d I o t fe e l f o m a t hou sa n d d i s t e s ing n r r s

if I c oul d b e li e v e t h a t he w a s i n e a n e s t in his o ff e !
,

e m o t ion s, r r
I h a v o t h e a rd f o m Lo n gdill t houg h I wi h e a rn e st ly f r
e n r ,
s o

info rm a t ion .
 LE T TE RS .

My h e a l t h ha s b e e n m a t e i a ll y wo s e M y fe e l i ng s a t i n t e va l sr r . r

a e of a d e a d l y a d t o p i d kin d o r a w a k e n e d t o a s t a t e of
r n r u ch , s

unn a t u ra l a n d ke e n e xci t m e n t t h a t onl y t o in st a nc e t he o ga n e r

of s igh t I fi d t he v e y bl a de of g a ss a n d t he boug h of d i s t a n t
, ,

n r s r s

p re s e n t t h e m s e l v e s t o m e wi t h m i c o s co p ic a l d i s t i n c t n e s s
,
t ee
r s r

T ow a d s e v ning I s ink i n t o a s t a t e of l t h a gy a d in a ni m a
.

r e e r n ~

d oft e n re m a in fo r h ou s on t h e s ofa b e t w e e n s l e e p a n d
,

t ion an r

w a king a p e y t o t h e m o s t p a inful i rri t a bili t y of t hough t S uch

, ,
r

w i t h li t t l e i n t e rm i s si on is m y c on di t i on T he hours d e vo t e d t o
, .
,

s t u d y a e s e l e c t e d w i t h v igil a n t c a u t ion f o m a m ong t h e s e

, .

r r

p e io d s of e n d u a nc e
r I t is n o t f r t hi s t h a t I t hink of t r a v e ll i ng
r o

I t a l y e ve n if I kn e w t h a t I t a l y woul d re l i e ve m e B u t I
.

t o

h a v e e xp e i e nc e d a d e ci sive p ul m on a ry a t t a ck ; a nd a l t hough a t
.
,

p e s e n t it h a s p a sse d a w a y w i t hou t a y v e r y con s i d e a bl e

,
r n r

ve s t i g e of it s e xi s t e n ce ye t t hi s sym p t o m uffi ci e n t l y s hows t he,

s

t u e n a t u re of m y d i e a se t o b e con s u m p t on
r I t is t o m y
s i

a d v a n t a g e t h a t t h i s m a l a d y 5 i n it s n a t u e s low a n d if o n e is
.

1 r

s u flicie n t ly a li v e t o it s a d v a n ce s 1s s u s c e p t ibl e of cu re f o m a
, ,
‘
r

w a m c li m a t e In t he e v e n t of it s a s s u m i ng a y d e ci d e d sh a pe
,

r n

it woul d b e m y a u ly t o go t o I t a l y w i t h ou t d e l a y a n d it i s onl y
.
,
’

wh e n t h a t m e a s u e b e co m e s an in di sp e n a bl e d u t y t h a t con t a y
r s r r
t o bo t h M
,

y s fe e ling s a
arn d t o m
’
in e a s t h e y e g a d y o u I sh a ll r r

go t o I t a l y I n e e d n o t e m i n d y o u (b e s i d e s t he m e re p a in
, ,
r
e n d u e d b y t h e s u rv i v o s ) of t h e t in of e v il con se qu e nc e s
.

r r ra

whi c h m y d e a t h woul d c a u se t o e n s u e I a m t hu s ci rcu m

s t a n t ia l a n d e x p lici t b e c a us e y o u se e m t o h a v e m i s un de s t oo d
.

I t is n o t h e a l t h b u t life t h a t I s houl d s e e k i n I t a l y ; a d
,

me n

t h a t n o t fo r m y o wn s a k e — I fe e l t h a t I a m c a p a bl e of t ra m p ling
.
, ,

on a l l su ch w e a kn e s s— b u t fo t he s a ke of t ho se t o who m
,
r
m y li fe m a y b e a ou rc e of h a p p in e s s u t i li ty s e c uri t y a d
s , , ,
n

honou a n d t o s o m e of who m m y d e a t h m igh t b e a ll t h a t is t he

r,

re v e rs e
I ough t t o sa y I c a nnot p e se ve e i n t he me a t d i e t Wh a t
.

r r

h i
.

y o u s a y of M a l t u s fill s m e a s fa r a s m y n t e ll e c t is c once n e d r

wi t h life a d s t e ng th I b e li e ve t h a t I h a v e a m o s t a nxiou s
, ,

n r
d e s i re t h a t t he t i m e s houl d q ui c kl y co m e t h a t e v e n s o fa
.

s r a

y o u a e p e rs on a ll y conc e rn e d y o u s h oul d b e t a n q ui l a d
,

r ,
r n

in d e p e n de n t B u t wh e n I c on s i de t h e in t e ll e ct u a l lu s t e wi t h r r

whi h yo c lo t h e t h i s wo l d d how m uc h t h l a st ge n e a t ion

.

c u r an e r

o f m a nkin d m a y b e b e n e fi t e d b y t h a t ligh t flowing fo t h wi t hou t

,
r

t h e i n t e rv e n t i on of o e s h a d ow I a m e l e v a t e d bo v e a l l t hough t s
n ,
a

whi c h t e n d t o y o u o r m ys e lf a s a n in divi dua l a nd b e co m e b y

i i ra bl e m i n d s t o
, ,

sym p a t hy a rt o f t ho s e d s t a n t a n d nnu m e
p
whom you r w i ti ngs m u st be p re se n t
,

r .
 L E T TE R S . 2 11

I
m ea t to a n h v wi n e bour t te t o yo u a ol e l y ; t M a n a e v il l e
’
* s

bu t I
w a s s o rr t a e i i bl a n d w k h I coul d n o t w i t e a l t hough ea t at r

uch t o s a y I h a ve re a d M n d v ill e b u t I
,

I t ho u gh t ha d mI a e

g in oon fo r t h e i n t e re s t is of t h a t i e i s t i bl e a d
.
,

u
m s t 1 e a d it a a s rr s n

o v wh l ing kin h a t t he m in d i n it s influ e nc e 15 lik e a c lou d

,

er e m d, t
bo rn e on by a n i m p e t uou s win d— like o e b e a t hl e s s l y c a i e d n r rr

fo wa rd who ha s no t i m e t o p a u se o ob se rv e t he c a u s e s of his
r r

c a e e r I t h i nk t he p owe r of M n dev il l e is infe rio r t o no t hing

,

r . a

y o u h a ve d on e ; a d w e e i t nno t fo r t h e ch a a
r c t e of F a lkl a n d r r

no in st a nc e i n whi c h y o u h a ve ex e rt e d t h a t p owe r of cr t io n
,

ea

w h i ch yo u p o s se ss b e yon d a ll con t e m p o ra y w i t e s m ig h t r r r

co m p a re wi t h i t F a lkl a n d 15 s t ill a lon e ; p owe is in F a lkl a n d

,

t u m ul t hu ri e d onw a rd b y t h e t e m p e s t
.
, ,
n o t a s in M n de v il l e a r

b u t t ra nqui lli t y s t a n d ing un s h a ke n a m i d it s fi e c e st ra g e

, , ,
B ut r

C l e b Wil li m s n e ve r s h a ke s t he d e e p e st s oul l i ke M a n de v il l e
.

a a

I t m u s t b e s a i d of t he l a t t e y o u rul e w i t h a r o d of i on
.

r, T he r .

p ic t u e ris n e v e r b igh t ; an d w
r e won d e wh nc e y o u d e w t he r e r

d a kn e s s wi t h wh i ch it s s h a d e s a e d e e p e n e d un t i l t he e p i t h e t
r r ,

of t e nfol d m igh t a l m o s t c e a s e t b e a m e t a p ho T he n o n o r. u
s m o rfi t ouch e s s o m e c o rd wi t h i n u s w t h s uch a col d a n d
a i

j a ing p owe r t h a t I s t a t e d a n d fo r s o m e t i m e coul d s c a rce

rr r

b e li e ve b u t t h a t I wa s M a n de vill e a n d t h a t t hi s h i de ou s g i n
, ,

, r
w a s s t a m p e d u p on m y own fa c e In s t yl e a n d st e ng t h of . r

e x p re s s ion M n a ev il l is won d e full y g re a t a n d t h e e n e g y a n d

’
a e r r

s we e t n e s s of t he s e n t i m e n t s s c a r c e l y t o b e e q u a ll e d
, ,

th e

C li ffo r d s ch a ra c t e r a s m e b e a u t y is a d i vi n e a n d s oo t hing
.

’
er

con t ra s t ; a n d I d o n o t t h ink— if p e h a p s I e xc e p t (a d I
, ,
r n
know n o t if I ough t t o d o s o ) t he s p e e ch of A g a t h on in t he
, ,

S y mp o si u m of P l a t o — t h a t t h e r e e ve w a s p o d u c e d a m o a l r r r
d i cou s e m o e ch a r a c t e r i s t i c of a l l t h a t is a dm i a bl e a n d
s r r r

lo v e l y in hum a n n a t u e — m o re lo v e ly a n d a dm i abl e in i t s e lf
r r

t h a n t h a t of H e n i e t t a t o M a n d e v i l l e a s he i
r e co v ing f o m s r er r
S h a ll I s a y t h a t wh e n I d i s co v e e d t h a t he w a s
,
m a dn e s s r s

i h v
.
,

p l e a d ng a l l t i s t i m e s w e e t l y f h e r lo e r a n d wh e n a t l a s t s h e
or
w a kly a ba n don e d p oo M a n d v ill e I f l t a n in v olun t a y
,
e r e ,
e r
a d p e rh a p s a n un r e a s on a bl e p a ng ?
n Ad i e u
A lw a ys m o s t a ffe c t i on a t e l y you
, ,

r s,

P S . .

God i wn ’
s n o v e l s o ca ll e d, —L S
v l of C
. .

1 I n t he
'

n o e a le b I/Vil lia m s .
—L S . .
 XI I — T o W I LLI A M
. G OD WI N .

M a r l o w , D e ce m be r I I l b, 18I 7 .

I h a v e re a d a n d con s i de re d a ll t h a t yo u La y a bou t m y g e n e a l r

p ow ser a n d t h e p a t icul a in s t n c of t he p o e m in wh i c h I h a v e
r r a e

a t t e m p t e d t o d e v e lo p t h e m N o t h ing ca n b e m o e s a t i s fa c t o ry
,

t o m e t h a n t h e i n t e re s t whi c h y ou r a dm oni t ion s e xp re s s

.

B t I . u
t hink y o u a e m i s t a k e n in s o m e p oin t s wi t h
r e g a d t o t he r r

p e uli a n a t u re of m y p ow e rs wh a t e ve r b e t h e i r a m oun t
c r I
li s t e n e d wi t h d e fe e n c e a n d s e lf s u sp ici on t o you r c e n u re s of
, .

r -
s

b u t t he p o d u c t ion s of m n e whi c h y o u
’
L on a a Cy l b n
an a r i

co m m e n d hol d a ve y low p l a ce in m y own e s t e e m a n d t h i s

,

r ,

re a s s u e d m r in s o m e d e g e a t l e s t T he p o e m wa s p o
e, r e a r
d u c e d b y a s e i e s of t houg h t s w hi c h fil l e d m y m i n d wi t h
.

unboun d e d a d s u st a i n e d e n t h u s i a sm I f l t t he p re c a i ou s n e s s
n e r

of m y life a d I e s ol v e d in t h i s book t o l a v e s o m e e co ds of
.

n r e r r

M u ch of wh a t t he v olu m e con t a in s wa s w i t t e n wi t h
,

m y s e lf . r

t h e a m e fe e ling a s e a l t hough n o t s o p r o p h e t ic a s t h e c o m
s r
ic a t io n s of a d yi ng m a n I n e v e r p re s u m e d in de e d t o
, , ,
m un

con i d it a n yt h ing a p p ro a c hi ng t fa ul t l e s s ; b u t wh e n I
.
, ,

s er o ,
con s i de e d con t e m p o a y p ro duc t ion s of t he s am e a pp a n t
r r r re

p e t e n s i on s I will own t h a t I w a s fill e d w i t h c onfi de nc e

r I fe l t
t h t it w a s in m a n y e sp e c t s a g e nuin e p ic t u e of m y own m in d
.
,

a r r

I f l t t h a t t he s e n t i m e n t s we e t u e n o t a s s um e d : a n d i n t hi
.

e r r s

h a v e I long b li e ve d— t h a t m y p ow e r con s i s t s in s ym p a t h y an d
,

t h a t p a rt of i m a gi n a t ion whi c h e l a t e s t o
,

e n t i m e n t a n d con r s

t e m p l a t io n I a m fo m e d i f fo a n yt h ing n o t in co m m on wi t h
r r

t he h e rd of m nkin d t o a p p e h e n d m inu t e a n d e m o t e d is
.
,
a r r

t i c t io n s of fe e ling w h e t h e r e l a t iv e t o e x t e n a l n a t u e o r t he
,

n r r r

li vi ng b e ing s w hi c h s u oun d u s a d t o c o m m unic a t e t he con

,

rr n

c e p t io n s which r e s ul t f o m con s i d e i ng e i t h e
,

t he m o a l o r t h e
r r r r

m a t e i a l un iv e se a s a w h ol e
r r Ye t a ft e r a ll I ca nno t b u t
b e c on s ciou s in m uch of w h t I w i t e of a n a b e n c e of t h a t
.
, ,

a r s

t a n q uill i t y whi c h is t he a t t i bu t e a d a c co m p a ni m e n t of p ow e
, ,

r r n r .

T hi s f e ling a lon e woul d m a ke y ou m o s t kin d a n d wi e

e r s

a d m oni t ion s on t h e s ubj e c t of t h e e c ono m y of i n t e ll e c t u a l fo c e r

va lua bl e t o m e An d i f I li v e o r if I se e a ny t u s t in co m ing
, ,

.
, ,
r

y e a s d oub t n o t b u t t h a t I sh a ll d o s o m e t hing wh a t e ve r it
r

m igh t b e wh i c h a se i ou s a n d e a n e s t e s t i m a t e of m y p ow e rs
, ,

r r

wi ll s ugg e s t t o m e a n d wh i ch wi ll b e i n e ve y
,

e sp e c t r r

a cco m m o d a t e d t o t h e i r u t m o s t l i m i t s
,
.
 LE T TE RS . 2 13

XI I I .
—T o C H A R LE S O LLI ER .

M a r l o w , D e ce m ber H i ll , 1 8 1 7 .

D EA R S I R ,
I t is t o b e con s ul t y ou re g re t t e d t h at y o u d id no t r

own s a f v n ge (if y u con s i de r it conn e c t e d w i t h t he

e t y an d a d a t a o
n n p ublic ion of
o -
at boo k ) b e fo e y ou d e c lining t he p ublic a
my r r

t ion a ft e r h a vi ng a c e p t e d it woul d h a v e op e a t e d t o oc r s

e x t e n s i v e a n d s e iou s a inju y t o m y vi e ws a s now T he

, ,
r n r
in t a nc e s of a bu s e a n d m e n a c e whi c h yo u ci t e we e s u c h a s y u
.

s r o
e x p e ct e d a nd w e e a s I conce i v e d p e p a e d f r If n t it r r or o

woul d h a v e b e e n j u s t t o m e t h a v e gi ve n t h e m t h e i d u e w e ig h t
.
, , , ,

o r

a d con s i d e a t ion b e fo e
n Y o u fo r e s a w y o u fo e kn e w a ll t h a t
r r r

t h e s e p e o p l e woul d s y
.
, ,
Y o u d o y ou b e s t t o con d e m n m y book
a r

b fo e it i gi v e n fo t h b e c a u se yo u p ubli h it a n d t h e n w i t h
.

e r s r s

d a w ; 5 0 t h a t no o t h e book se ll e will p ubli s h it b e c a u s e o e

, ,
r r r n
ha s a l e a dy ej c t e d it Y o u m u s t b e a w a e of t he gr e a t i nju y
,

r r e r r

which y o u p e p a e fo r m e If I ha d n e v e c on s ul t e d y ou r
.

r r r

a d v a n t a g e m y book woul d h a v e h a d f i h e a ing B t now it

.

a a r r u
is fi r s t p ubli s h e d a n d t h e n t he p ubli s h e r a if t he a u t ho r h a d
, .

d e ce i v e d him a t o t he c on t e n t s of t h e wo k— a n d a s if t he
, ,
s r
in e v i t a bl e con e q u e nc e of it p ubli ca t ion woul d b e igno m in y a n d
s s

p uni h m s n t — d a s if non e h oul d d a e t o t ouc h it r look t it

e an s r o a
— e t a c t s a t a e io d w h e n no t h ing b t t h e m o s t e x t ra o rd in a
r r p r y u r

j u t ify his t a ct on
,

a n d unfo re e e n c i cu m s t a n ce s c a
s r n s re r i

I b e s e e c h y o u t o e con s i de r t he m a t t e r fo y ou s a ke no l e s s
.

r r r

t h a n fo r m y own A s s u m e t h e h igh a n d s e cu e g roun d of

,

ou a ge T he p e o p l e who v i i t y our shop a d t h e wre t ch e d

.

c r s n

bigo t who ga ve h is wo t h l e s s cu st o m t o s o m e o t h e book se ll e

.
,

r r r
,

a e r o t t he p ubli c
n T he p ubli c re p e c t t a l e n t ; a d a l a g e s n r

a l e a d y un d e c e i v e d wi t h
.

p o t ion of t h e m
r e ar e g a d t o t he r r r

p rej u di c e s whic h m y boo k a t t a c k Y u woul d lo e s o m e s. o s

cu s t o m e r bu t yo u woul d ga in o t h e rs Y ou t a de woul d b e
s, r r

d iv e t e d in t o a c h a nn e l m o e con s i s t e n t wi t h y ou
.

r own r r

p in c i p l e
r N o t t o s a y t h a t a p ubli s h e r is in no wi s e p l e d g e d t
s o

d that h m y
.

a ll t h o p inion of his p ublica t ion s o t

e s y r o an an e a

hi p o t e s t w i t h e a h cop y s ol d e i t h
,

e nt e r s r g in t t he t u t h o r c er a a s r

t h e d i s c re t ion of t h e p in c i p l e of t h e boo k s h e ll B t t h e re
,

r s se s u

is a m u c h m o e i m p o t a n t c on s i d e a t ion in t h e
.

r Yo u a e
r r ca s e r

a n d h a ve be e n t o a
.
,

c e rt a in e x t e n t t h e p ubli s h e r I d on t ’

b e li e v e t h a t if t h book w a s qui e t ly a d gul a l y p ubli h d

.
,

e n re r s e

t h e G ov rn m e n t woul d t ouch a n yt h ing of a c h a a ct e o re fi n d

, ,

e r r s e

e m o t e f o m t he c onc e p t ion s of t h e v ulg a r T h e y wou l d

,

and o s r r

h e s i t a t e b e fo re t h e y i nva de d a m e m b e r of t he high e r ci c l e s of
.

r
2 14 LE T TE RS .

the ubl i c of l e t t e rs B u t if t h e y s e e u s t re m bl e t h e y wi ll
re p
m a k e no di s t inc t i on s t h e y will fe e l t h e i r s t r e ngt h Yo u m ig h t
.
, ,

b ing t he a m of t he la w d own u p on u s by fl in chin g n w

r r o
D i e ctl y t h e s c oun d e l s s e e t h a t p e o p l e a e a fra i d of t h e m
.

r se r r
t h e y s e iz e u p on t h e m a n d hol d t h e m u p t o m a nkin d a s c i m in a l s
,

r
a l e a dy
r con v i ct e d by t h e i r own fe a rs Yo u l a y y ou se lf . r

p r o s t r a t e a n d t h e y t ra m p l e on y o u
, H o w gl a d t h e y woul d b e .

to iz e on a ny conn e c t ion of H un t s b y t hi s m o s t p ow e rful

se
’

of a ll t h e i r a m s— t he t e rro s an d s e lf con de m n a t ion of t h e i

r r -
r

v ict i m R e a d a ll t he x ofi cio c a se s a n d s e e wh a t re w ard e

book e ll e s a d p i n t e rs h a ve re c e i v e d fo t h e i s ubm i s ion
.
,

s r n r r r s

If con t ra ry t o co m m on s e n s e a n d ju s t i ce yo u e s ol v e t o gi ve
.

p y o u s h a ll e c e ive no d e t ri m e n t fro m a conn e c t ion wi t h

, ,
m e u r
m e i n s m a ll m a t t e s t h ough y o u d e t e rm in e t o i nflict s o se iou s a
,
r r
o n e on m e i n g e a t Y o u s h a ll n t b e a t a fa t hing s e x p e n e
,
’
r o r s

I s h a ll s t ill s o f a s m y p owe s e xt e n d do m y b e st t o p o m o t e
. .

ar r r

O n t he con t r y s u p p o s i t ion e ve n a dm i t t i ng y o u
, ,

y ou in t e e s t
r r ra
d e ive no b e n e fi t f o m t h boo k i t s e lf— an d it shoul d b e m y c a e
.
,
r r e r

t h t y o u s h a ll d
a s o — I h ol d m y s e l f r e a d y t o m a k e a m m
o e
in de m n i ty fo a y lo s s y u m a y s u st a in
r n o .

T h e e is o n e co m p o m i s e y o u m igh t m a k e t hough t h a t woul d

r r

b e s t il l i nj u iou s t m e S h e woo d a n d N e e l y wi s h e d t o b e t h e
,
r o r

p i nc i p a l p ubli s h e rs C ll on t h e m a n d s a y t h a t it w a s t h r oug h
.

r a

a m i s t a k e t h a t y o u un d e t ook t h e p ri nci p a l d i re c t ion of t he

,
.

book a s it wa s my w islc t h a t it shoul d b e t h e i rs a n d t h a t I h a v e

w ri t t e n t o yo u t o t h t e ffe c t T h i s if it woul d b e a dv a n t a ge ou s
, ,

i ve of
.
,
to y o u woul d b e d e t i m e n t a l t b u t n o
r t u t t e l y d e s t r uc t o, r

m y v i e ws T o wi t h d a w y ou n a m e e n t i re l y woul d be t o i nflic t
, ,

r r

on m e a bi t te a n d un de s e rve d inju y
.
,
r r .

Le t m e h e a r f o m y o u by r e t u rn of p o s t
r I ho p e t h a t yo u will
b e influ e nc e d t o ful fi l you r e ng a g e m e n t wi t h m e a n d p oc e e d
.

wi t h t he p ublic a t ion a s j u s t i ce t o m e a d in de e d a we ll un de
,

n -
r

o wn i n t e re s t a n d c h a a c t e de m a n d I
, , , ,

s t oo d e s t i m a t e o i y ou r r r,

d o ho p e t h a t y o u will h a v e t o o m u c h r e g a rd t o t he w e ll c ho se n
.

m o t t o of y ou r s e a l t o p e m i t t h e m u m u rs of a fe w bigo t s t
*
r r o

ou t w igh t he s i ou s a n d p e rm a n e n t con s i de a t ion s p e se n t e d

e er r r

in t hi s l t t e T o t h e i e m on s t ra nc e yo h a v e onl y t o re p l y
e r r r s u

I d id t w i t e t he book ; I a m n o t e p on sibl e ; h e re is t he
. ,
“
no r r s

a u t h o s a d d e ss s t a t e y ou obj e c t ion s t o him I do no m o e

’
r r -
r r

e ll it t o t h o e w h o inqui e fo
.

t ha n s s it ; a n d if t h y a re n t r r e o

i i w o re c e i v
,

p l e a s e d w t h t h e r b a g in t h a u t ho e
r m p o ae rs m e t e r e

A s t o t he i n t e rfe re nc e of
,

t he book a n d t o r e t u rn t he m on e y
”
.

“
In om nib us l ib e r ta s .
 LE T TE R S .

G o v e n m e n t no t h ing is m o e i m p ob a bl e [t h a n ] t h a t i n a y
r , r r n
c a s it woul d b e a t t e m p t e d bu t if it s houl d it woul d be owing
e

p e r s e v e ra nc e i n t he g oun d l e ss a p p e h e n s ion s
, ,

e n t i e l y t o y ou
r r r r

whi ch d ic t a t e d you r co m m uni ca t ion e c e i v e d t hi s d a y d r an

con s ci ou s t e rr o woul d b e p e rv e t e d in t o a n a gum e n t of gui l t
,
r r r

I h a ve ju s t e c i v d a m o s t kin d a n d e ncou a ging l e t t e r f o m

.

r e e r r
M r. M oo e on t he ubj e c t of m y p o e m
r s I h a v e t he f i e t a r s

p o a c hi ng m y wo rk wi t h unbi
.

c h a nc e of t h e p u b l ic a p red a d ass n
un p e rve t e d f e ling : t he f ui t of e p u t t i on (a d yo u know f
r e r r a n or
w lz l pu rposes I v a lu e it ) is wi t hin m y e c h
a I t is fo y r a r o u,
now yo u h ave b e e n once n a m e d a s p ubli s h e r a n d h a v e m e in
.

y ou r p ow e r t o bl a s t a l l t hi an d t o hol d u p m y li t e y s, ra r
-

ch a a c t e r i n t he e ye of m a nki n d a s t h a t of a p o s c i be d d
,
r r r an
re j c t e d ou t c a s t
e An d f no e v il t h a t I h a ve e v e r d on e y
or o u,
b t in re t u rn f r a p re fe e nce whi c h a l t hough y o u fa l s e l y n w
.

u o r o
e s t e e m inj u i ou s t o y u w a s s oli c i t e d b y H un t a n d confe r e d
,
r o , , r
by m e a s a s ou r c e a n d a p r oof of no t hing b u t kin d in t e n t ion s
, .

D e ar S ir,
I re m a i n you inc r s e re we ll wi h e r -
s

YB Y
,

P ER C . S H ELLE .

XIV — T o LEI G H H U N T
. .

Ly o ns , M a r ci: 2 2 , 18 18 .

M Y D EA R F R I EN D , —Why d id
wa ke m e t h a t nigh t yo u no t
b e fo e we l ft E ngl n d yo u a n d M a i a nn e ? I t ak t hi s a
r e a r e s

ra t h e r a n unkin d p i e c e of k i n d n e s s in y o u
,
b u t whi ch in ,

c on i d e a t ion of t he s ix hun d re d m il e s b e t w e e n u s I fo give

s r r

W e h a ve jou rn e ye d t owa d s t h e s p ing t h a t ha s b e e n h a s t e n

,
.

r r

ing t o m e e t u s f o m t he s out h a n d t h ough u r w e a t h e wa s a t

,
r o r
fi s t a bo m in a bl e w e h ave now wa m s unn y d y s a n d s oft win d
r r a s,
I e v e a w T he h a t
, ,

a n d a s ky of d e e p a zu e t he m o s t s e re n r e r s e
in t h i s c i ty t o d y is li k e t h a t of Lon d on in t he m i d s t of s u m m e
.
,
-
a r.

M y s p i ri t s a n d h e a l t h sym p a t hiz e i n t he h a ng e In d e e d b e fo e
,
c r

I l e ft Lon don m y s p i i t w e e a s fe e bl e a s m y h e a l t h a n d I ha d
.
,

r s r

d e m a n d s on t h e m wh i ch I foun d it d i ffi c ul t t o u p p l y I h ve
, ,

s a

wi t h m o st of t he p o e m s I a m a l a dy fa m ili
.

F oli a g e
“
re a d re ar .

Wh a t a d e ligh t ful p o e m t he N ym p h is 1 I t is t ul y p o t ic l s
”
r e a

in t he i n t e n s e a n d e m p h a t ic s e n s e of t he wo d If ix hun d e d
,

r s r

m il e s w e re n o t b e t w e e n u s I s h oul d s a y wh t p i t y t h a t g l ib w a s
.

,
a

n o t o m i t t e d a n d t h a t t h e p o e m is n o t a s f ul t l e s a s it is b e a u t i a s

ful B u t fo r fe a r I s houl d spo il your n e xt p o e m I wi ll n o t l e t

,

.
, ,
sli p a wo d u p on t he s ubj e ct
r .
2 16 LE T TE RS .

G iv e my lo veto i t ll M a ri a nn e
M a r i a nn e and he r s s t e r, a n d e
s he d e f a u of a ki s s b y n o t wa king m e wh e n s he we n t
r de d m e -

a wa y a n d t h a t a s I h a v e no b e t t e m o d e of con ve y ing r

h
, ,
m u s t t a ke t he b e s t a d a s k y o u t o p a t he d e b t W ne n sh
y
s e yo u a g a i n ? O h t h a t it m igh t b e i n I t a l y ! I c on fe ss t h a t
, .

e
t h e t houg h t of h ow long w e m a y b e d i v i d e d m a k e s m e v e y
,

r
m e l nchol y
a A d i e u m y d a f i e n ds Wri t e s oon e r r

E v e m o st a ffe c t ion a t e l y y ou
.
, . .

r rs ,

P B S
. . .

XV .
-
J O U R N AL .

M a r clc 2 6, Tnu r s a a y ’
.

We v l t ow d t h m oun t in d b gin t n t t h
t ra e ar s e a s, an e o e er e
v ll y of t h A l p T h oun t y b co m o v d g in wi t h
a e s e s e c r e es c e re a a
v du d ul t i v t i on d w hi t
.

er re a n cl t d c tt
a d t an e c ra e a u x an s a e re co -l

T h vi n
,
t g a m ong woo d of l d
es a k d w lnu t t s o oa an a re e s e e s a re
h p uli l y p ict u qu t h y
.

e re ec ar t lli d u p on i m m nre s e e a re re s se e se

t k
s a d t h t unk of t h m
e s, a n mo ecov d d ho y wi t h
r s e a re s s- e re an ar
a g e U nlik t h F nch v in ewhich p lowl y on h
e re e s, c re e t e
g oun d t h y fo m ow of in t l d bow w h i h w h n h
.

r e r r s e r a ce e rs , c e t e

l v h nging m ong t h o
, ,

ea g n d th d g p
e s a re re e an e re ra es a re a a se

ho y b n h will ffo d d ligh t ful h d ow t t h who it

ar ra c e s, a r a e s a o o se s

up on t h m o un d n t h T h vi n
e ss om t i m pl n t d
er ea e es a re s e es a e
d om t im
.

1n t h op n fi ld
e e m ong loft y o ch d of pp l
e s, a n s e es a r ar s a e
an d p t thear t wig of whic h w j u t b co m ing p u p l
re e s , e s e re s e r e

wi h t h bu ing blo o m
t e rs t ss s .

W d in d t L E ch ll
e e vill g t t h foo t f t h m oun
a es e e s, a a e a e o e
t in of t h n m t h boun d i of F nc d S vo y
‘

a m e sa e a e, e ar e s ra e an a
n t op p d t P on t B on v o i in wh t h
.

B fo e t hi w h d b
re s e a ee s e a s e re e
l g l li m i t of t h F nc h d S d ini n t i t o i
,

e a s e pl
re d an ar a e rr r es a re a ce
h d t h t M il n h d b n n t b ck ll t h w y
.

W h e e re ear a a a e se a ee se a a e a
to Ly on b u h i p p o t w un au t ho i d b y t h S
s, e ca se s ass r as r se e ar
d i ni n C on ul
a f w d y b fo s d th t w
a houl d b
e a s e re , an a e s e
ubj c t d t t h
,

s e e m t t m nt
o W e p t t
sa th e re a e e, in re s ec o e
h t of
.

c a ra c e r n t ion I upp o w o ur uff d t p a O s se, e re s e re o a ss . ur

book how v w s, ft long d i u ion n t t C h m b y
e e r, e re , a er a sc ss se o a er
ub m i t t d t t h c n o ; p i t who d m i t no hing of
, ,

to b e s e o e e s r a r es , a s t
ou ol i
R s se a , V t a re , e t c , u t in o
t he d m o inion of t he King of
s .

S a rd a A ll sini uch book

s a re r edbu n
h ll win ing a long a o a d
. .

A te r d f inn c n
e r w e a s e d e d Le s E c e e s , d r

cu t t r p p
eh ough
r e d a n icul
r r s, ock of i
m m e s en e l e va t i on by ,
 L E T TE RS . 17

C h a l e s E m a nu e l D uke of S avo y in 1 58 2 T he r ocks whi ch

r
c a nno t b e l e s s t h a n a t hou sa n d fe e t in p e rp e n d icul a h e ig h t
.
, , ,
'

s o m e t i m e s o v e r h a ng t h e o a d on e a ch si de a n d a l m o s t s h u t o u t
,
r

T he s c e n e is l i k e t h a t d e s c rib e d i n t h e Pr o m e t h e u s of
,

t h e sky .

E s chylu s Va s t r ift s a d ca ve rn s in t he g r a ni t e p re ci p ic e s
n
wi n t ry m oun t a in s wi t h ice and snow a bove ; t he lou d s oun d s o f
.
,

un s e e n wa t e rs wi t hin t he c a ve rn s a nd wa ll s of t o p p ling r ocks

only t o b e s ca l e d a s he de s crib e s by t he wi nge d ch ari o t of t he
, ,

,
oce a n n ym p h s
Un de r t he d o m i n i on of t h i s t y a nn y t he i nh a b i t a n t s of t h e
.

fe rt il e va ll e ys boun de d b y t h e s e m oun t a in s a e i n a s t a t e of
,

, ,
r

m o s t frigh t ful p ove rt y a n d d i se a s e A t t h e foo t of t hi s a s c e n t

w e e cu t in t o t he rocks i n s e ve ra l p l a c e s s t o ie s of t he m i s e y
.
,
r r r

of t he in h a b i t a n t s t o m o ve t he com p a ssi on of t he t a ve ll e r
,

O ne o l d m an l a m e an d bl i n d c a wl e d o u t of a hol e in t h e r ock
.
,

we t wi t h t he p e rp e t u a l m e l t ing of t h e s no ws of a bo v e a d
, , ,
n
d i p p ing l ike a s ho we r b a t h
,

r -

T h e coun t y a s we d e s c e n d e d t o C h a m b e y con t i nu e d a s
.

r r

be a u t iful t hough m a ke d wi t h s o m e wh a t of a soft e r ch a ra c t e r

, ,
r

t h a n b e fo re w e a rri ve d a l i t t l e a ft e r nigh t fa ll -
.

XV I — T o T. . L P EA C O C K
. .

M il a n , Ap r i l 18 18 .

M Y D E AR P
h ol iv
of o u r j ou rn e y— t h a t
.
,

Be d us a rr e d at t he e n d
is wi t hin a i l of it — b e ca u s e w e d e sign t o p e n d t he
fe w m e s s

ho of t he l a k e of C o m o O u j ou rn e y wa
,

s um m e r on t he s re r s

t he c ol d— a n d i n no o t h e r m a nn e
.

s o m e wh a t p a inful fr o m r

in t e e s t ing un t i l w e p a s se d t he A l p s : of c ou e I e xc e p t t he
r rs

A l p s t h e m se l v e s ; b u t no s oon e r ha d w e a i v e d a t I t l y t h n rr a a
t he lo v e lin e s s of t h e e ar t h a n d t h e s e e ni t y of t he ky m d t he
,

r s a e

g e a t e t d i ffe e n ce in m y s e n s a t ion s I de p e n d on t h e se t hing s

r s r .

for lif ; fo in t he s m oke of ci t i e s a n d t he t u m ul t of hu m a n

e r ,

kin d a d t he chilling fogs a n d a in of o u o wn coun t y I c a n

n r r r

h a d ly b e sa i d t li ve Wi t h wh a t d e ligh t d id I h e a t he
, ,

r o r

wo m a n w h o c on duc t e d u s t o s e e t he t iu m p h l
.

h of r a a rc
A ugu s t u s a t S u s a s p e a k t h e c l e a a n d co m p l e t e l a ngu a g e o f
,

r
I t a l y t houg h h a lf unin t e lligibl e t o m e a ft e t h a t n a sa l a d
,

r n

a bb e vi a t e d c a co p h on y of t h e F en h !
, ,

r A uin d a r ch of r c r e
m gni fi c e n t p o p o t ion s in t h e G re e k t a s t e s t a n d ing in a kin d
a r r

of o a d of g e e n l a wn o v rg own wi t h viol e t s a n d p ri m o s e
,

r r e r r s,
a d i n t h e m i d s t of s t u p e n d ou s m oun t a in s a n d a bl o n de w o m a n
,
n
, ,
2 18 LE T TE RS .

of l igh t g a ce ful m a nn e rs o m e t hing in the s t yl e of Fu se li s

an d r s
’

E v e w e re t he fi s t t hing s we m e t in I t a l y
,

r
T h i s c i t y is ve y a g e e a bl e
, .

W e w e n t t o t he o p e ra l a s t nigh t
r r
— wh i ch is a m o s t sp l n di d e xh ibit i on T he Op a i t se lf wa s
.

e . er
n o t a fa vou r i t e a n d t he s ing e r s v e y infe rio r t o u r own But r o

t he b a ll e t o r a t h e r a k i n d of m e lo d ra m e o p a n t o m i m ic d ra m a
, .

, r r ,

w a s t he m o s t s p l e n d i d s p e c t a cl e I e ve r s a w W e ha v e no M i ss

M e l a n i e h e e— in e ve ry o t h e r e sp e c t M i l a n is unqu e s t ion b l y
.

r r a
T he m a nn e r i n wh i ch l a ngu a g e is t r a n s l a t e d i n t o
,
s u p e r io r
g e s t u re t he com p l e t e an d full e ffe c t of t he whol e a s i llu st a t ing
.

t he hi s t o ry i n qu e s t i on t h e un a ffe c t e d s e lf p o s s e s s ion of e a c h
,
-
,
of t he a c t o rs e ve n t o t he chil d n m a de t hi s c ho a l d a m a re r r

m o re i m p e s s i v e t h a n I coul d h a ve conc e iv e d p o s ibl e

, ,

r T he s

it l e ft no d i s a g re e a bl e
.

s t o ry is O l lze l l o a n d s t ra ng e t o sa y
im p e ss ion , ,

I w i t e bu t I a m n o t i n t he hu m ou r t o w ri t e a nd yo u m u s t
.

e x p e c t long e r i f n o t m o re e n t e rt a in i ng l e t t e s s oon — t h a t is i n
, ,
r

a we e k r s o —wh e n I a m a li t t l e
, , ,

o e cove re d fro m m y jour n e y r

P r a y t e ll u s a l l t he n e w s wi t h re g ard t o o u r ow n o ff p r ing who m
.

w e l e ft a t nu s e i n E ngl a n d ; a s we ll a s t ho s e of o u r fri n d
,
r e s.

M e n t i on C obb e t t a n d p oli t ics t o o —a n d H un t —t o who m M a y r

i now w i t ing a n d p a t icul a r l y y ou r own p l a n s a n d y ou r e l f

s r -
r s

Y o u s h a ll h e a r m o re o f m e a n d m y p l a n s s oon
.

M y h e a l t h is
i m p ro v e d a l e a dy— a n d m y spiri t s s o m e t hing— a n d I h ave m a ny
.

li te a s ch e m e s a n d o n e i n p a rt i cul ar— which I t hi rs t t o b e

r r

I h ave o rde re d O ll ie r t o s e n d yo u
,

s et tle t h a t I m a y b e gin
fo r r e vi si on
. ,

s om e sh e e t s e t c
Ad i e u — A lwa ys fa i t h full y you s
.
, .
,
r ,

P B S . . .

XV I I S—T O T . L P EA C OC K
. .

M il a n , Ap r i l 2 0 , 1 8 18 .

M Y D EAR P — I h a d no conc e p t i on t h a t t he di st a n ce b e t we e n
a ve
.

u s m e a s u e d b y t i m e inr p e c t of l e t t e r s w a
re ss s o g e at I h r

bu t j u s t e c e i ve d y ou rs d t e d t e a n d wh e n y o u will
.
, ,

r h 2 n d — a

r e c e i v e m i n e w i t t e n fro m t hi s ci t y s o m e wh a t l a t e r t h a n t h e
r
I a m o ry t o h e a t h a t you h a v e
.

s a m e d a t e I c a nno t know s r r

b e e n oblig e d t o re m a in a t M a low a c e t a i n d e g e e of o c i e t y
.
,
r r r s

b e ing a l m o st a n e c e s s i ty of life p a rt i cul a rl y a s we a e n o t t o e r se

h i
,

y o u t is s u m m e r in I t a l y B u t t h s I s u pp o s e m u s t b e a s it i s.

I oft e n re v i si t M a rlow in t hough t T he cu s e o f t h i s life is th a t

.
, ,

wh a t eve r i s once kno wn ca n n e ve r be unkno wn Yo u in h a bi t

.
,

.
,
 LE T TE RS . 2 19

a ot which b e fo re yo u i nh a bi t it i s a s i n di ffe re n t t o yo u a s
sp

a n d wh e n
, ,
a n y o t h e r s p o t u p on e a rt h p e rs u a d e d b y s o m e
n e c e s si t y yo u t h i n k t o l e a ve it yo u l e a v e it n o t ; it ling t
, ,
c s o
an d wi t h m e m o ri e s of t h i ng which i n you e xpe ri e nc e of
, ,

y o u — s, r

t h e m g a ve no s uch p ro m i s e re v e ng e s y ou
,

, d e s e rt i on T im ,
r . e
flows on p l a c e s a re ch a nge d f i e n d s who we re wi t h u s a e no
, r ,
r

l o nge r wi t h u s y e t wh a t ha s b e en s e e m s ye t t o be b u t ba re n r
m d s t ip p e d of life S e e I h a v e s e n t y o u a s t u dy fo r N i gh t m a re
,

a
r .
,
A be y
inc I l a s t wro t e t o y o u we h a ve b e e n t o C o m o looki ng fo r
.

S e
T h i s l a k e e x c e e d s an y t h i ng I e ve r b e h e l d i n be a u t y
,

a hou s e .
,
wi t h t he e xce p t ion of t he a rbu t u s i s l a n ds of Kill a rn e y I t is
long a n d n a row a n d ha s t he a p p e a a nc e of a m igh t y iv e r
.

r r r
win d ing a m ong t he m ou n t a i n s a nd t he fo e s t s W e sa il e d f o m
,

r . r
t he t own of C o m o t o a t ra c t of coun t y c a ll e d t h e T re m e in a r z

a d s a w t he v a iou s a sp e ct s p re s e n t e d b y t h t p a rt of t he l a k
,
n r a e.
T he m oun t a in s b e t w e e n C o m o a n d t h a t vill a g e r r a t h e r clu s t e r o

of vi ll a g e s a re cove e d On h igh wi t h ch e s t nu t fo e st s (t he e a t i ng
,

r r

c h e s t nu t s on w h i ch t he inh a bi t a n t s of t h e coun t ry s ub s i s t in
,

t i m e of sc a rc i t y) w h ich so m e t i m e s d e sc e n d t o t he v e ry ve g e of
,
r

t he l a k e o v e h a nging it w i t h t h e i r ho a ry b ra nch e s
,
r B u t u s u a ll y
t he i m m e d i a t e bo rd e r o f t h i s s ho r e is co m p o s e d of l a u re l t e e s
.
,
-
r

a d b a y a d m y t l e a n d wil d fi g t re e s a n d oli ve s which g o w

,
n n r r
-
-

in t he cre v ic e s of t he r ocks an d o v e h a ng t he c a ve n s a n d
, , ,

r r

h a d ow t he d e e p gl e n s which a re fi ll e d wi t h t he fla s hing ligh t

, ,

of t he wa t e rfa ll s O t h e r flowe ring s h rub s wh i ch I c a nno t

,

n a m e grow t h e e a l s o O n h igh t he t o we rs of vi ll a g e chu rc h e s

.
,
r

a re se e n wh i t e a m ong
, .
,
t h e d a k fo re s t s B e y on d on t he r

o p p o s i t e s ho re whi ch fa c e s t he s ou t h t he m oun t a i ns de s c e n d
.
,

l e s s p e ci p i t ou s ly t o t he l a ke a nd a l t h ough t h e y a re m uch
, ,

h igh e a d s o m e co v e re d w it h p e rp e t ua l s now t h e re in t e rve n e s

,
r, n
b e t we e n t h e m a d t he l a ke a a ng e of lowe h ill s w hi ch h a v e
,

n r r

gl e n s a n d rift s o p e ning t o t he o t h e r s uch a s I s ho u ld f ncy t he

,

, a

a by s s es of I d a o r Pa n a s s u s H e e a e p l a n t a t ion s of olive a nd
r . r r ,

o a nge a n d l e m on t re e s whi c h a e now s o lo a de d wi t h f ui t

r r r

t h a t t h e is m o e f ui t t h a n l a v e — a n d vi n e ya rds
, , ,

er r r T hi s e s

s h o e of t h e l a k e is o e con t inu e d v ill a g e

.

r a n d t he M il a n e se
n ,

nobili t y h a ve t h e i r vill a s h e e T he union of c ul t u re a nd t he r .

un t a m e abl e p rofu s ion a n d love lin e s s of n a t u e is h e e s o clo s e r r

t h a t t he l i n e wh e e t h e y a re d ivi d e d ca n h a d l y b e d i s cove re d
,

r r

B u t t h e fin e s t s c e n e y is t h a t of t he V i ll a P l i n i a n a ; s c a ll e d
.

r o

fro m a foun t a i n whi c h e bb s a nd flo ws e ve ry t h re hou s e r ,

d e s c ri b e d by t he y oung e P lin y wh i ch is i n t he cou t yar d r r -

T h i s hou se wh i ch wa s onc e a m a gn i fic e n t p al a c e and is no w

.
,

, ,
 220 LE T TE RS .

h a lf in ruin s nde a vouri ng t o p ocu re I t i s bu il t up on

we a re e r

e l a k e t og e t h e wi t h it s
.
,
t e rra c e s r i f r o m t h
a s ea
e bo t t o m
’
of t h r

ga de n a t t he foot of a s e m ici c ul a r p re c i p ice o ve rs h a dowe d by

,
r r

p o foun d fo re st of c h e s t nu t
, ,
r T he s c e n e f om t he colonn a d e is
s r
t he m o s t e xt a o d in a ry a t onc e an d t he m o s t lov e l y t h a t e ye
.

r r

e ve r b e h e l d O n o n e s i d e is t he m oun t a in a n d i m m e d i a t l y
, ,

e
o ve r y o u a re clu st e rs of cyp e s s t e e s of a n a st on is hing h e ig h t
.
,
r -
r

which se e m t o p i e ce t he sky Abo ve y o u fro m a m ong t he

,
r
c lou d s a s it we re d e s c e n d s a w a t e fa ll of i m m e ns e s i z e b ok e n
.
,

r r
b y t he woo dy r ock s i n t o a t hou s a n d c ha nn e l s t o t h l a ke
, , ,

On e

s i d e is s e e n t he
.

t he o t h e r blu e e xt e n t of t he l a ke a n d t he
m oun t a i n s s p e ckl e d w i t h sa il s a n d S p i re s T h e a p ar t m e n t s o f
t he P lin i a n a a re i m m e n s e l y l a rg e b u t i ll fu ni s h e d a n d a n t i q u e
.
,

r
T h e t e rra c e s whic h o v e look t he l a ke a d con d uc t un d e r t he
, .

r n
s h a d e of s uch i m m e n se l a u re l t r e e s a s d e s e r v e t he e i t h e t o f
, ,

p
-

Py t hi a n a re m o st d e l i gh t ful W e st a i d a t C o m o t w o d a y a n d s,

h a v e no w e t u rn e d t o M il a n wa i t ing t he i ss u e of o u r n e go t i a t i on
, .

C o m o is onl y s ix l e a gu e s fr om M i l a n a n d it s
,
a bou t a hou s e
m oun t a i n s a e s e e n f o m t h e c a t h e d a l
.
,

r r r
T h i s c a t h e d ra l i s a m o st a s t on i s hing wo rk of a rt I t is bu i l t
.

of wh i t e m a bl e a n d c t in t o p inn a cl e s of i m m e n se h e i gh t a n d
.

r u
t he u t m o s t d e lic a cy of wo r km a n s h i p a n d lo a de d wi t h s cul p t u e
, ,

T he e ffe c t of it p i e ci ng t he s ol i d blu e wi t h t ho s e g ou p s of
.
,

r r

d a zling s p i e s r l i e v e d by t he s e re n e d e p t h of t hi s I t a li a n
,
z r e

h e a ve n o by m oonl igh t wh e n t he s t a rs se e m g a t h e e d a m ong

,

,
r r

t ho se clu s t e e d h ap e s is b e yon d a y t hing I ha d i m a gin e d

r s n

a rc h i t e ct u e c a p a bl e of p o d ucing T he in t e rio r t h ough v e y

,
r r r

is of a m o e e a rt h l y c h a a c t e an d wi t h 1t s s t a n e d
.
,

s ubli m e r r r, i

gl a s s a n d m a ssy gra n i t e colu m n s ove lo a de d wi t h a n t i q u e

,

figure s a n d t he s i l ve r l a m p s t h a t bu rn f r e v e r un de t h e o r

c a nop y of bl a ck clo t h b e si d e t he b ra z e n a l t ar a n d t he m a bl e
, ,
r

fre t wo k of t he d o m e gi v e it t he a sp e c t of so m e go ge ous
r ,
r

s e p ulch re T h e re is o n e s oli t a ry s p o t a m ong t ho se a i s l e s

b e hin d t he a l t a wh e re t he ligh t of da y is d im a n d ye llow un de r
.
,

r,
t he s t o i e d w i n d o w wh i c h I h a ve c h o s e n t o v i s i t a n d
r ,
ead ,
r

D a nt e t h e e r

I h a v e de v o t e d t h is s u m m e a nd in de e d t he n e x t y e a r t o t he
.

r,

co m p o s i ti on of a t a ge dy on t he s ubj e c t of T a s s o s m a d n e
,
’
r s s,

whic h I fi d up on i n sp e c t ion i i f p op e rly t e a t e d a d m i a bl y

n s, r r r

B u t y u will s a y I h a v e no d ra m t ic
,

d a m a t ic a n d p o e t ic a l
r o a

t a l e n t ; v e ry t u e in a c e t a in s e n s e ; b u t I h a v e t ak e n t he
.
, ,

r r

e s olu t i on t o s e e wh a t kin d of a t ra g e dy a p e s on w i t h ou t
,

r r

d a m a t i c t a l e n t coul d wr i t e
r I t s h a ll b e b e t t e r m o l i t y t h a n ra

F a i o a n d b e t t e r p o e t ry t h a n B e rt a m a t l e a s t
.

z ,
Y o u t e ll m e r ,
.
 L E T TE R S . 22 1

no t h i ng o f R ho do da p hn e a book fro m which I confe ss I , , ,

e xp e c t e d e x t a o d in a y succ e s s r r r

Wh o live s i n m y hou se a t M arlo w now o r wh a t is t o b e d o ne

.

wi t h it ? I a m e i ousl y p e rs ua de d t h a t t he s i t u a t ion wa s
,

s r

inj u ri ou s t o m y h e a l t h o I s houl d b e t e m p t e d t o fe e l a ve ry r

a b s u d i n t e re s t in w h o is t o b e it s n e x t p o s e s s o
,
r T he e x p e n s e s r.

of o u io u rn e y h e e ha s b e e n ve ry con s i de ra bl e —b u t we a e now
r r r

li v ing a t t he ho t e l h e i n a kin d of Pe ns i on whic h is v e y er , , r

r e a s on a bl e in e s p e c t of p ic e a n d wh e n w e g e t in t o a m e n a g e
r r

of o u r o wn we h a v e e ve y re a s on t o e xp e ct t h a t w e sh a ll e xp i
,

r er
T he fi n e s t
,

e nc e s o m e t hing of t h e bo a s t e d ch e a p n e ss of I t a l y
b e a d m a de of a s ift e d flou r t he whi t e st a n d t he b e st I e ve r
.

r , ,
t s t e d is onl y o n e E ng l isn p n ny a p oun d
a A ll t he n e c e s sa i e s e r

of lif b e a p r op o t i on a l e l a t i on t o t h i s B u t t h e n t he
.
,

e ar r r
luxu i e s t e a e t c a e v e y de a r —a n d t he Engli h a s u s u a l a e
.

r r r s r
c h e a t e d in a w a y t h a t i q ui t e r i d i culou s if t h e y h a v e n o t t h e i r
.
, , , , , ,

s ,

wi t s a bou t t h e m W e do n o t know a s ingl e hu m a n b e ing a d

.
,
n

t he O p e a un t il l a s t nigh t ha s b e e n a lw a y s t h e s a m e
r ,
Lo d , . r
B y on w e h e a r ha s t a k e n a hou se fo r t h e e ye a rs a t Ve nic e
r r

w h e t h e r we s h a ll s e e him o r n o t I do n o t know T he nu m b e r
, , ,

of E ngl i s h who p a s s t h rough t h i s t own is ve ry gr e a t T h e y

, .

oug h t t o b e in t h e i own c oun t y in t he p re s e n t c i i s T h e i r

.

r r r s

c on d u c t is w h oll y in e x c u s a bl e T he p e o p l e h e e t hough in o fl e n
.

'

i v e e noug h s e m bo t h in bo dy a n d oul a m i s e a bl e a ce T he
.
,
s e s r r

m n a e h a d l y m e n ; t h e y look lik e a t ib e of s t u p i d a n d
.
,

e r r r

s h i v e ll e d
r l a v e s a n d I d o n o t t hi nk t h a t I h a ve s e e n a gl e a m
s ,

of in t e llige nce in t he coun t e n a n ce of m a n s inc e I p a sse d t he

Alp s T he wo m e n in e n s l a v e d c oun t ri e a e a lwa y s b e t t e r t h a n s r

t h e m e n ; b u t t h e y h a v e t igh t l a c e d figu e s an d figu e s a n d

.

-
r r

m i e n w h i c h e x p re s s (O how unli k e t h e F re nch I) a m ix t u e of

,

t h e co q u e t t e a n d p u de whic h re m i n d m e of t he wo rs t
r s

c h a a ct e i t i c s of t he E ngli h E ve y t hing bu t hu m a ni t y is in
,
*
r r s s r

m u c h g e a t e r p e f c t ion h e t h a n in F ra n ce
.

r r e T h e c l e a nlin e s s
er
s o m e t h ing q ui t e E ngli s h
.

a d c o m fo rt of t h e inn s i
n T he s

c oun t ry is b e a u t ifull y c ul t i v a t e d a n d a l t og t h e
.

if y o u can a s e r, ,
on e ough t a lw a ys t o d fi n d y ou r h a p p in e s s in you rs e lf it is a
o,

m o s t d e l i gh t ful an d co m m o d iou s p l a ce t o li v e in
,

A di e u — Y ou a ff e c t i on a t e f i e n d
.

r r ,

P B S. . .

T h
i m p e ion of S h ll y wit h g d t th I t l i n fo m d
e se r ss s e e re ar o e a a s, r e
d wi t h p ip i t t ion b m l t og th l t d ft
,

in ign n o ra ce , an re c a e ca e a e er a e re a er a
l ng t y in I t ly H q i kly d i v d t h xt d i y int l
o er s a a e u c
,

s co e re e e ra o r na r e

f thi w d f l p p l
.

lig d g i
e n ce an m i d t t h ig o n
e n us o in s on er u eo e, a s e n ra ce
 L E T TE R S .

XV I I I — T o . T . L . PEAC OC K .

M il a n , Ap r il 3 0 t h, 18I 8 .

M Y D E AR P, w i
I r t e , s m p y t o t e y o u , t o d re t y r e t
-
i l ll
i c ou n x
h v ng g v u ino
.

l o
e t t e rs , P s t e R e s t a t e , P s a n
W e a e e a e d a e tt r i fo r
il n j ou n
.

h i
t a t c t y, an d e a e M a l v t o m rr m r O ur r ey
-
o ow o ning
wi l l oc u vn
.

c p y s ix o r s e e d ay s .

i
P s a is n o t s ix m e il s f o
r m t h e M e d t e rra e a , t c it i n n wi h whi h
co uni
mm c a t e s by t h e r e r Ar no iv
We s a p a s s by P a ce a , . h ll i nz
Pa r m a , B ologn a, t he Ap e nnin
e s, a n d F re e, a nd lo nc I will
n v ou
e de a ll
r to te yo u s m e t o hing of h
t e s e c e e r a t e d p a ce s l b l in
my n x l e t e t t e r ; bu t a I c nno o i
t p r m se m fo r , t my uch hough
uch i ii
,

h lh
ea t is m m pr ov
e d, m y s p r t s a r e e q a , a nd se e m t o un u l
d e se r t m e wh n I e a ttem pt t o r te wi
i of u
.

i h
P s a, t e y s a y, is a uninh bi bl in
ta e t he m d s t s m m e r— w e
h ll
s a h fo
d o , t e r e re , at wh o h o l i lo n
t e r p e p e d o , re t r e t o F r e ce , o r
t o t he m oun in ta s B ut I will w i l n fo
r t e t o y o u o u r p a s r m P sa , i
w h n I h ll un
.

e s a n h b
de rs t a d t e m e t t e r m y se f l
conj c u
.

il
Yo u m a y e a s y e t re t he m t es o iv which
le d u s t o fo go
re

t he d i vi n oli u
e s t de C m of o o
T o m e, se cw h o hi f l u in
e p e a s re
l i on of n u i gi n how g
.

lif e is t h e con te m p a t a t re , y o u m a y m a e rea t

h i lo
is t s ss
ho
.

h fo
Le t u s e a r r m y o u o n ce a f o r l n iglzl D o no t r et t se fo g
who
.

fo g
do n o t r e t yo u

i i nc l ou
.

A d e u — E e r m st s e re y y r s, v o
P B S H ELL E . . Y .

XI X .
-
T O T L PEA COC K . . .

L iv o rn o , j u ne 5, 1 8 18 .

M Y D E AR P , — W e h a ve n o t h e a rd fro m y o u s inc e t he m i ddl e

of A p il— t ha t is we h a ve re c e iv e d onl y o n e l e t t e f o m y u
.

r r r o

I t n e c e s s a i l y follow s t h t
,
s in c e o u r d e p a rt u e f o m E ngl a n d
r r r a
s o m e a cci d e n t h a s i n t r c e p t e d t h e m
.

A d d e ss in fu t u e t o
e r r

t h e c a e of M r G i s bo rn e Liv o rno— a n d I s h a ll r e c e iv t h e m
.
, ,

r e

t hough s o m e t i m e s s o m e wh a t ci r cu i t ou s l y y e t a lw a y s s e cu re l y
.
, ,

, .

W e l e ft M il a n on t he I s t of M a y a n d t a e ll e d a c o s s t he r v r
A p e nnin e s t o P i s a T hi s p art of t he A p e nnin e is fa r l e s s b e a u t i
,
.

wh i h t h y
c e f lly k p t by th i l
a re ca re u d th v i
e f t d by e r ru e rs , a n e ce s, o s e re
a l i gi y t m— wh i h th
re o us s s e m l h v u d th i m t
c e se sa e ru e rs a e se as e r os
f l gin M S
,

s u cc e s s u en e. . .
 LE T TE R S . 22 3

ful t h a n t he Al p s ; t he m oun t ai ns a re wi de an d wil d a n d t he

in e t he i m a gi n a t ion
,
whol e s c e n e ry b o a a r d n d un d e t e rm d —
c a nno t fi n d a ho m e in it T he Pl a in of t he M il a n e s e a d t h a t n

of Pa rm a is e xqu i s i t e l y b e a u t iful— it is like o e ga d n o r

.
,

n r e

ra t h e r cul t iv a t e d wil d e n e s s
, ,
b e c a u s e t he co rn an d t he m a d o w
r e

g a s s g o w un de r high a n d t hick t re e s fe s t oon e d t o o n e a no t h e

r r r

b y e gul a r fe s t oon s of vi n e s O n t he s e v e n t h d a y w e a r ive d a t

,

r r

P i sa w h e re w e e m a in e d t h re e o r fou d a y s
.

r A l a ge d i s a g e e r r r

a bl e ci t y a l m o s t w i t hou t i nh a bi t a n t s
.
,
W e t h e n p oc e d e d t o r e

t h i s g e a t t ra d i ng t own wh e r e w e h a ve r e m a in e d a m on t h a d
.
,
r n

whi c h in a fe w d ay w e l e ave fo t he B a gn i d i Lucc a a kin d of

, ,

,
s, r ,

w a t e ing p l a c e s i t u a t e d in t he d e p t h of t he Ap e nnin e s t h e
r -

sc e n e ry s u r oun d ing t hi s vi ll ag e is v e ry fin e
.

W e h a v e m a d e s o m e a c q u a in t a nc e wi t h a ve ry a m i a bl e a d
.

a c c o m p li s h e d l a d y M G i s bo n e who is t he s ol e a t t ra c t ion in
rs r

t hi s m o t un a t t a c t i v e of c i t i e
.
, ,

s r W e h a d no i d e a of sp e n d ing a s

m on t h h e r e b u t s h e h a s m a d e it e v e n a g re e a bl e W e s h a ll s e e
.

s o m t hing of I t a li a n s oci e t y a t t he B a gn i d i Lucc a wh e e t h e

, .

e r

m o s t f s h ion a bl e p e o p l r e s o rt
,

a e

Wh e n y o u s e n d y p a ce l wh i c h by t he by I s h oul d
.

m r — - -

i i I wi s h y o u cou l d
, ,

re q u e t ys u t o d e c
o t t M r G s bo rnre — o

con t iv e t o e nclo s e t he t wo l a s t p a t s of C l a ke s T a v e l s
.

’
r r r r

Y u k now l
,

r e l t ing t o G re e ce a n d b e longing t o H o o kha m

a o

t h e e s t ill — a d I h a v e d e t e m in e d t t a ke t he
, .

s ub s c rib e r n r o
E x a m in e h e e rY u woul d t h e e fo e oblig e m e by s e n d ing it
r o r r
we e kl y a ft e h aving re a d it y ou rs e lf t o t h s a m e di re c ti on a n d
.
, , ,
r e

s o cli pp e d a s t o m a k e a s li t t l e w e ig h t a s p o s s ibl e
, , ,

I w i t e a s i f w ri t ing wh e e p e rh a p s m y l e t t e r m a y n e ve r
, .

r r

a r i ve
.

Wi t h e ve ry goo d wi s h f o m a ll of u s
.

B e li e v e m e m o s t s inc e re l y y ou s
,

r ,

P B S . . .

XX — T o . MR . AN D M R S G I S B O R N E,

YOU c a nno t know a s s o m e f i e n ds i n E ngl a n d do t o who m r

m y s il e nc e is s t ill m o e i n e x c u s a bl e t h a t t hi s s il e nc e is no p oo f
, ,

r , r
of fo ge t fu ln e s s o r n e gl e ct
r

I h a v e i n t u t h no t hi ng t o s ay b u t t h a t I s h a ll b e h a pp y t o
.

,
r , ,

s e e y o u a g a in a n d r e n e w o u d e ligh t ful w al k s un t il t he d e s i e r r
o t he d u t y of s e e i n g n e w t hings hu r i e s u s a wa y
, ,
r W e h a ve sp e n t r .
22 4 LE T TE R S .

a m on t h h e re i n o u r a ccu st o m e d s oli t u de wit h t he e xc e p t i on of ,

o n e nigh t a t t h e C a s ino ; a n d t he hoice s oci e t y of a ll a ge s c

w h i c h I t ook ca e t p c k u p in a l a ge t runk b e fo re w e l e ft
,

r o a r

E ng l a n d h a v e e v i i t e d u s h e re r I a m e m p lo ye d ju st now
s
h a v ing li t t l e be t t e t o d o i n t ra nsl a t i ng n t o m y f in t a d
.
, ,
r i a n
in e ffi ci e n t p e io d s t he d i v in e e lo q u e nce of P l a t o s S ym p o s iu m
,
’
r

onl y a s a n e x e rc s e o p e h a p s t o gi ve M a y s o m e i d a of t he
,

i ,
r, r ,
r e

m a nn e s a d fe e ling s of t h e A t h en i a n s— so d i ffe re n t on m a n y
r n

s ubj c t s f o m t h a t of a ny o t h e
e r co m m uni t y t h a t e ve e xi s t e d r r

W e h a v e a lm os t fi ni s h e d A ri o st o — who is e n t e t a ining a n d
.

gra c e ful a n d s o m t im es a p o e t F o rg ive m e w or shi pp e s of a

e r

m o e e qu a l a n d t ol e a n t d i v ini t y i n p o e t ry if Ari o s t o p l e a e s m e
.
, ,

r r s
l e ss t h a n y o Wh e e is t he ge n t l e s e r iou n e s s t he de lic a t e
,

u . r s ,
s e n s ibili t y t he c a l m a n d s u s t a in e d e n e gy wi t hou t which t ru e r

g e a t n e s c a nno t b e ? H e is s o c ru e l t o o i n his d s c ri p t ion ;

, ,

r s e s
h is m o s t p riz e d vi t u e s a e v i c e s a l m o s t w i t hou t d i gu i se
, ,

r r He s

c on s t a n t l y vin d ic a t e s a n d e m b e ll i s h e s r e v e ng e in it s g o s s e s t
.

fo rm t he m o st d e a d ly s up e rs t i t i on t h a t e v e r infe s t e d t he wo l d r

H o w d i ffe e n t f o m t he t e n de r a n d s ol e m n e n t hu s i a m of
.

r r s
P e t a rc h — o r e v e n t he d e li a t
r m o r a l s e n s ibili t y of T a ss o c e ,

t hough s o m e wh a t ob s cu e d b y a n a ss u m e d a n d a t ifici a l
r r
s t yl e

e a d a goo d d e a l h e e — a n d w e r e a d li t t l e i n Li v o no
.

W e r r r

W e h a v e i d d e n M a y a n d I onc e onl y t o a p l a c e ca ll e d P a t o
.

r r r

F io r i t o on t he t o p of t he m oun t a in s t he r o a d win d ing t h oug h

, , ,
r

fo re s t s a n d ove t o rre n t s a n d on t he v e g e of g e e n ra v in e s
, ,

,
r ,
r r ,

a ff o d s s c e n e y m a gnific e n t l y fi n e
r r I ca nno t de s c ib e it t o y o u r

b u t b id y o u t houg h va inl y co m a n d s e e I t a ke g e a t de lig h t

.
,

, ,
e . r

in wa t hing t he ch a nge s of t he a t m o sp h e e h e re a nd t he g ow t h
c r r

of t he t hun de r s h owe s wi t h wh i ch t he noon is oft e n o ve r

,
r

s h a d ow e d a n d which b e a k a n d fa d e a w a y t ow a d re v e ning r s

i n t o flocks of de li c a t e clou d O u fi e fl ie s a e fa d ing a wa y

,

s r r -
r

fa st b u t t h e e is t he p l a n e t Ju p i t e r who ri se s m aj e s t ica ll y o v e
.

r r
t h e r ift i n t he fo e s t co v e e d m oun t a in s t o t he s ou t h a d t h e
,

r r n

p a l e s u m m e r lig h t ning wh i ch is s p e a d u t e v e ry nig h t

,

at r o

in t e rva l s o v e t he sky N d oub t Pro vi d e nce ha s con t i v d

,

r o r e

t h e s e t h i ng s t h a t wh e n t he fi fli e s go o t t he lo w flying owl
.
,

, ,
re u , -

m a y s e e h e r wa y ho m e .

R e m e m b e r m e kin d l y t o t h e M a c h in is t a

Wi t h t he se n t i m e n t of im p a t i e nc e un t il w e s e e yo u a ga in in
.

t he a u t um n
I a m you rs m o st s ince re l y
,

Y
, ,

P B S H ELLE
. . .

B ag n i
’
ai L u cca , j u ly l o t/z ,
18 18 .
 LE T TE RS . 225

XXI .
—T o WI LLI A M G OD W I N .

B ag n i ( li L u cca , j u ly 2 Si n, 18 18 .

M Y D EA R G O D W I N , — W e h a v e a s y t s e e n no t hing of I t l y e a

w h i c h m k s it t s a s t he h bi t a t ion of d e p t e d g e a t n e
, ,

ar o u a ar r ss

T he s e e n e s ky t he m a gni fi c n t s c e n e y t he d e lig h t ful p

.

r ,
e r ,
ro

d c t io s of t he cli m a t e a e known t u in d e d a s t h s a m e
u n r o s, e e

wi t h t h o e which t h a n ci e n t s e njoye d B u t R o m e a d N p l
, ,

s e n a es

e v e n F lo e nc e a r e y e t t o s e e
.

-
r a d if w e w e t o w ite y at n re r ou

p s e n t a hi t o y of o u i m p re ss ion s it woul d gi v e y o u no i d e a
,
re s r r

t h a t w e l iv e d in I t a l y
,

I m e xc e e d ingl y d ligh t e d wi t h the p l a n y o u p o p o e of a

.

a e r s

boo k illu s t t i ng t h c h ct of u c a lu m ni t e d e p ublic a n s

ra e a ra er o r a r

I t i p e ci s e l y t h e s ubj t f M y a d I i m a gin e t h a t b u t fo r
.
,

s r ec or ar n

t he fe a of b e ing e x c i t e d t t o book s n t wi t hin h e re a c h

,
r e fe o r r o r

woul d a tt e m p t t o b e gin it h e e a n d o d t he wo rks y u

,

sh e r r er o

no t i c e I a m unfo rt un a t e l y l it t l e kill e d in E ngli s h hi s t o ry a d

,

s n

t he in t e e s t whi c h it e x c i t e s i n m e i s o fe e bl e t h a t I fi d it a
.
,

r s n

d u t y t o a t t in m e e l y t o t h a t g e n e a l knowl e d g e of it which i
,

a r r s

i n d i sp e n s b l a e

M a y h a s ju s t fini sh e d A io st o w i t h m e a d in d d ha
.

r r n ee s
a tt a in e d a v
, , ,

y c o m p e t e n t knowl e d g e of I t li a n
er S h i now a e s

e a d ing Li vy I h a v e b e e n con t a n t l y oc u p i d in li t a t u
.

r s c e er re ,

bu t h a v e w i t t e n li t t l e — e xc e p t s o m e t a n s l a t ion f o m P l a t o in
.

r r s r

w h i c h I e x c i s e d m yse lf in t he d e p a i of p o d u c ing a ny t h ing

,

er ,
s r r

o igin a l T he S ym p o ium of P l a t o e m t o m e o e of t h
r s s e s n e
m o t v a lu a bl e p i e ce s of a l l a n t iqui t y wh e t h e w e c on s i d e t he
.

s r r
in t in s i c m e i t of t he co m p o s i t ion o t he ligh t w h i c h it t h ow
r r ,
r r s
on t he in m o t s t a t e of m a nn e a n d o p inion a m ong t he a n ci n t
s rs s e

G re e k s I h a v e occup i e d m ys e lf in t n l a t ing t h i
. d it h ra s s, a n as
e x it d m
c e t o a t t m p t a n E s s a y u p on t h
e ca u e
e of s o m e e s

d i ff e n ce in s e n t i m e n t b e t w e n t h e A n i e n t s a n d M o d e rn s
er s e c
wi t h e sp e ct t o t he s ubj e ct of t h d i a logu e
,

r e

T w o t hing s gi v e u s p l e a u e in y ou l a s t l e t t e s
.

T he s r r r

w er t o] M a l t h u d t he fa v ou a bl e
.

r e s u m p t ion of [y u o r s, an r

t u rn of t h e g n l e l e c t ion If M ini s t s d n o t fi d o m
e e ra er o n s e
m e a n s t o t a ll y in on c i v bl e t o m e of p lunging t h e n t ion in
.

c e a a

d o yo u i m gin e t h a t t h e y ca n s ub i s t ? P ce is a ll t h a t a
, ,
wa r, a s ea

c oun t y in t h re s e n t s t a t e of E ngl a n d s e e m to e q ui e t
r
p ,
e ,
s r r ,
o
a ffo d it t a n q
r ll it y a n d l e i s u re fo a t t e m p t ing o m e e m d y ;
r u1 r s r e
n o t t o t h e uni v e rs a l e v il of a ll con s t i t ut d oci t y b u t t o t he s e s e

p e culi a s y t m of m i s rul un d e w h ich t h o e e v il s h a v e b e e n

,

r s e e r s

e x a sp e a t e d now r I wi s h t h a t I ha d h e a l t h o r p i i t t h a t
. s r s

9 6
 22 6 LE T TE RS .

woul d e n a bl e m e t o e n t e in t o p ubli c a ffa i rs o t h t I c oul d r r a

fi d wo d s t o e xp e s s a l l t h a t I fe e l a d know
,
n r r n
T he m o d e rn I t a li a n s s e e m a m i s e a bl e p e o p l e wi t h ou t
.

r ,
s n ibili t y o
e s i m a gin a t ion un d e s t a n d ing T h e i ou t s i de i
r or r r s

p ol i h e d a d a
, , .

s in t e r cou se wi t h t h e m s e e m s t o p ro ce e d wi t h
n n r

m u c h fa c ili t y t h ough it e n d s n no t h ing a d p ro d uc e s no t h ing

,
1 n

T h wo m e n a e p a rt i c ul a l y e m p t y a d t h ough p o ss e se d of t he
, , .

e r r n s
m e kin d of s u p e fi ci a l g a c e a e d e vo i d of e v e y c u l t i v a t ion
,

sa r r r r
e fine m ent T h e y h a v e a b a ll a t t h e C a s ino h e e e v e ry
,

a d n r r

S un d a y w h ich w e a t t e n d — b u t n e i t h e M a y n o r C
.

d a n ce r r

I d o n o t know wh e t h e t h e y re fra in f o m p hilo s o p h y

.
,

r r or

p ot e t nt i m
r s a s

I h e a t h a t p o o M a y s book 5 a tt a cke d m os t v iol e n t l y in t he

.

’
r r r 1

Q u a t e l y R e vi e w W e h a v e h e a d s o m e p a i e of t a d
r r r r s i , n

a t i cl e of W a l t e S co t t s i n B l a ckw oo d
.

m ong o t h e rs a
’ ’
a ,
n r r s
M g a zin e
a

I f y o u shoul d h a v e a n yt h i ng t o s e n d u s— a n d I a s s u e y o u
.

a n y t h ing e l a t ing t o E ngl a n d is i n t e e s t ing t o u s — co m m i t it t o

, ,

r r
t he c a e of O lli e r t h e book e ll e
r o P t he y se nd m e a s r, r

p c
ar l ve y qu a t e
e e r r r

M y h e l t h is I t h in k b e t t e a n d I i m a gin e con t inu e s t

.

a r, o

i m p o ve b u t I s t ill h a v e bu sy t hough t s a nd d i sp iri t ing c a e s

, , , ,

r r

w h i c h I woul d h a ke o ff— a n d it i now Su m m e r

, ,

s A t hou s an d s -

goo d wis h e s t o you s e lf a n d y ou r un de t a king

.

r r s

E v e m o s t affe c t i on a t e l y y ou rs
.

r ,

P B S . . .

XXI I — . TO T . L . P E AC OC K .

L u cca , j ly 2 sl it
’
B ag n i ai u ,
18 18 .

M Y D EA R P E A C OC K, — I c e i ve d on t he s a m e da y you r l e t t e re rs

m arke d 5 d 6 t he o e d i e ct e d t o P i s a a d t he o t h e t o Liv o no
an n r n r r

a d I ca n a s u e y o u t h a t t h e y a e m o s t w e lco m e v i s i t o s
, ,

n s r r r

O u life h e e is a s un v i e d b y a y e x t e n a l e v e n t s a i f w e
.

r r ar n r s

we e a t M a low w h r a il u p t he i v
r r j ou n e y t o Lon don
e e sa r er or a r

m k e s a e p oc h I h a ve i d de n o v e
,
a S in ce I l a s t w o t e t o yo
n r u, r r

t Lu c ca on ce w i t h C a n d on c e a lon e a d w e h a ve b e n o ve
.

o n e r

ino w h e e I c a nno t sa y t h e e i a n y t hing e m a ka b l

.
, ,

to t he C as r r s r r e,
wom n b ing fa e m o v e d f o m a n yt h ing which t he m o t
,

th e e e r r r s

l i be l a nno t a t o woul d in t e p re t in t o b e a u t y o r g a ce a nd
ra r r r ,
 LE T TE RS . 2 27

a pp a r e n t l y p o s se ss ing no i n t e ll e c t u a l e x ce ll e nc e s t o c o m p e n sa t e
th e d fi ci ncy e I a su e y u it is w e ll t h a t it is
e s r fo r t he o so ,

i h a t it
.

d n e ci ll w l z x u i l b u iful
.

a c p s, e sa y t h ae t a e s o e q s t e ey a t t r e

woul d b e a li t t l e d a ng e ou s t o t he n e wl y unf oz n s n e a d
,

r r e e s s n

i m gin a t ion s of s m ig a t o s f o m t he n e ig h bou hoo d of t h e

a u r r r r

ol A it i — e x c e t in t h e d a k— t h e e c a n b e no e il T he
p e s s p p r r r

t m o sp h e h e e un l ike t h a t of t h e e t of I t a l y is d i v e ifi d
. .

a er r r s rs e

wi t h c l ou d w h i c h g ow in t he m i ddl of t h d a y a d o m
, ,

s, r e e n s e

t i m e s b ing t h un d e a d lig h t ning a d h a il a bou t t h e s iz e of a

,

r r n n

v v
,

p ig one s gg
’
a d ed e c e a e t ow a n d s t h e e ning r l e a ings onl y r e

t h o e fi n e l y wo v e n w e b of v a p ou wh i c h w e s e e in E ngli s h
, ,

s s r

s k i e a d flocks of fle e cy a d s lowly m o v ing clou d s w h i c h a ll

s, n n

v ni h b fo e s un e t d t he nigh t s re f r e ve r s e e n e a d
,

a s e r s an a o r ,
n

w e s e e a s t a in t h e e a s t a t s un e t — I t hink it i Ju p i t e — l m o s t
r s s r a
a s fi n e a s V e nu s w a l a s t u m m e bu t it w a n t a c e rt a in s il v e
s s r s r

a d ae i l
n a di an e
r a a d r oft y t p i e c ing p l e n d ou whi h
c n s e r s r, c

b e long s I up p o s t o t h e l a t t e p l a n t by v i t u e of it t on c e
,

s e, r e r s a

d i v in e a d f m a l e n a t u e I h a v e fo go t t e n t a k t he l a d i e s i f
,

n e r r o s

Ju p i t p o du ce s on t h m t he s a m e ffe c t I t a k g e a t d e ligh t
.

'

er r e e e r

in wa t h ing t he c h a nge of t he a t m o p h e e In t h e v e ning

.

c s s r e
i de f ho se a e c h e a p in
.
,

Ma y r d I oft n t a k e a
an e r or r s r

thi In t h e m i dd l e of t h e d y I b a t h e in p ool
,

s c oun t y r . a , a or

foun t in fo m e d in t h e m i d d l e of t he fo e s t by a t o n t I t is
a r r s rre

u oun d e d on a ll s i d e s b y p c i p i t ou s o cks a d t he w a t e f l l
.
,

s rr re r n r a

of t he t m w h ic h fo m it f ll in t o it on i d e wi t h
,

s re a r s a s o ne s

p p e t u a l d a s h ing
er C lo e t it on t he t o p of t h e r o c k s a o s, re

s a d a bo v e t h e g e a t c h s t nu t t e e s w h o e long a d
,
.

ald er n r e r s n

v
, ,

p oin t e d l a e p i e c e t h e d ese p blu e k

er y in s t ong e li e f T he s r r

wa t e of t hi s p ool w h i ch t o v e n t u
.

r an u
, y t h m ic a l p a ph
, e re nr ra ra s
,

is
“
ix t e n fe e t long a d t e f e t wi de is a s t n s p a e n t a t h
s e n n e
”
ra r s e
t h a t t h e s t on s a d s a n d a t t h e bo t t o m s e m a it w e e
,

ai r, s o e n e s r

m bling in t he lig h t of noon d a y

, ,
t re I t i e x c e e d ingl y ol d . s c

al o s . M y cu s t o m is t un d ss a d s it on t he o ck o e d ing re ,
n r s, r a

H e o d o t u s un t il t h p e s p i a t ion ha s ub s i d e d a d t h e n t l p
r e r r s n o ea
f o m t he e dg of t h o k in t o t h i s foun t a in— a p a ct i c e in t he
, ,
r e e r c r

h o t w e a t h e e x ce ss i v e l y e f e h ing
r T hi t o e n t i c o m p o e d r r s s rr s s

of a ucc e s ion of p ool s a d w a t f l l u p w h i h

.
,

a s it w e re , s s n er a s, c

I s o m e t i m e s a m u s m ys e lf by c li m bing w h e n I b a t h e a d e n

e c e iv ing t he p a y o v e a ll m y bo dy w hi l s t I c l a m b e u p t h e
,

r s r r r

m oi t c a g s wi t h d i ffi cul t y
,
s r .

I h a ve l a t e l y foun d m y e lf t o t a ll y inc a p bl of o igin a l co m s a e r

p o s i t ion I e m p lo y d m y m o ning t h e e fo e i n t a n s l a t in g r s, r re , r
Sy m p iu m w h i c h I a c c m p l i he d in t e n d a y s
.

th e os Ma y o s r
is now t a n c ibing it a n d I a m w r i t i ng a p e fa t o y e s s y
, .

r s r , I r r a .
228 L E T TE R S .

h a v e b e e n e a d ing s c a rc e l y a n yt hing bu t G re e k a n d a l i t t l e
r

I t li a n p o e t y wi t h M a y We h a v e fi ni h e d A r io st t oge t h e
,
a r r s o r
a t hing I c o l d n o t h a v e d on e a g in a lon e
.

-
u a
F r nkens t in se e m s t o h a v e b n w e ll e c e iv e d f r a l t hough
.

a e ee r o
t h e unf i e n d l y c i t i c i m of t h e Qu
r t r ly i a n e v il f
r it y e t it
s ar e s or

p o
r v s t h e
a t it i e a d in s o m e c on s i de a bl d e g e e a n d it woul d
s r r e r
,

b d i ffi cul t f t h e m wi t h a n y a p p e a a n c of f i n e s s t o d n y it
,

e or r e a r e
m e i t a l t og e t h e T h e i no t ic e of m e a d t h e i e x p o s u e of
,

r r. r n r r
t h e i r t ue m ot i ve s f
,

r t no t i c ing m y book s how s h o wor no

w ll un de s t oo d a h o s t ili t y m u s t s ub i s t b e t we e n m e a n d
,
e r n s

t h em

n e w of t h e re s ul t of t he e l e c t i on s e sp e c i a lly t h a t of t he
.

T he s

m e t o p oli i h ighl y in p i i t ing I r c e iv e d a l e t t e r of t wo d a y

,
’
r s, s s r e s

l t e r d a t e wi t h y ou s w h i h a nnoun c e d t he unfo t un a t e t e rm in a
.
,

a r c r

t ion of t h a t of W e s t m o e l a n d
, ,

I wi s h yo u h a d s e n t m e s o m r e

of t he o v flowing vi ll a in y of t ho s p o t a t e s Wh a t a p i t iful
.

er e a s

w e t c h t h a t Wo d s wo t h I T h t s u ch a m a n s houl d b e uch a
.

r r r a s

p oet l I c a n co m p a re him wi t h no e b u t S i m oni de t h a t on s,

fi a t te e of t he S i c ili a n t y n t s a d a t t h e s a m e t i m e t he
r r ra n

m o t n a t u a l a n d t e n d e of l y i c p o e t
,
s r r r s

Wh a t p l e a s u e woul d it h a v e gi v e n m e if t he wing s of i m a gin a

.

t i on cou l d h a v e d i vi d e d t he s p c e wh i c h d i v i d e u s a d I c oul d a s n

h a v e b e e n of y ou p a t y I h v e s e e n no t hing s o b e a u t iful a s
,
r r a
V i gi n i a Wa t e r in it s kin d A d m y t houg h t f e ve
.

r cling t o . n s or r

Win d s o r F o e t an d t he cop s e s of M a low like t h e clou ds

r s , r

w h i ch h a ng u p on t he woo d s of t h e m oun t a in s lo w t a iling

,

d t houg h t h e y p s a w a y l e a v e t h e i b e s t d e w wh e n t h y
, ,

an a s r e

t h e m s l v e s h a v e fa d e d h a ve fi ni s h e d
,

e Yo u t e ll m e t h a t y ou

I h o p e t h a t y h a v e gi v e n t he e n e m y no
.

N ight m r e A bbey a ou
qu a t e R e m e m b e r it i a s a c e d wa W e h a v e foun d a
.

r r s r r. n

i
.
,
e x ce ll e n t uo ion n Jon on E M i f i ’
q t a t B e n s r y n n s s ve a l

H m our u I wi l l t ra n s c ri be it a s I d o n o t t hink yo u h a ve t h e s e
.
,

p l a y s a t M a r low .

M A TT H E W 0 it s onl y y ou fi n e hu m ou s ir
.
,
Y ou r t u
’
r r, . r e

m e l a nchol y b e e d s y ou r fi e w it s i r I a m m e l nchol y m ys e l f n r. a

div s t im e s
,

er i ; a n d t h e n d o I no m o re b u t t a k e p e n an d
s r
v
,

p pa per
r e s e n t l y a d o e rflow y o u h,a lf an s co e o a d oz e n of r r

s onn e t s a t a s i t t ing .

E D K N O W E LL S u e he u t t e s t h e m b y t he g o s s r , r r

T r ul y s ir ; a n d I love s u c h t hing s o u t of
. . .

“
S T EP H EN .
,
m e a su e r

I fa i t h b e t t e r t h a n i n m e a s u e l ll
.

E D K N O WE LL
'

“ ’ ’
. .
,
r ,

un de rt a ke .
 LE T TE R S . 229

“
M A TT H EW W hy I p ra y yo u , s ir, ma ke u se of m y s t u dy
vi c e
,
.

it ’
s at y ou r ser .

“
S T EP H E N I t h a nk .
yo u , s ir ; I s h a ll
be bol d I wa ,
rra nt
H a v e y o u a s t o o l t her e t o be m e l a n clz o ly — E v er
yo u . u p on y
Ma n
. in iris H u m o u r , A c t 3 , sc e n e i .

T he l a s t e xp re s s i on woul d no t ma ke a ba d m t t o o .
*

XxI I l — T o T . . L . PEA C OC K .

’
B ag n i ae L u cca , A ug . I 6t lt , 1 8 1 8 .

M Y D EAR P EA C O C K,
v n t h b n dd d t m y lif in I
N0 ne w e e as ee a e o e s ce
w o t l t t l t non wh i h m igh t t h v t k n p l
r e as : a eas e c no a e a e a ce as
w ll on t h b nk of t h T h m
e e a on t h o of t h S c h io I
s e a es as se e er

p oj c t oon h o t xcu ion of w k

.

r e s a s t ro m of t h e rs a ee or so , o s e e
n ig h bou ing i t i ; d on t h t n t h of S p t m b w l v
,

e r c es an e e e e er e ea e
t hi p l c f
s F lo n
a e wh n I h l l t l t b bl t t ll y
or re ce , e s a a eas e a e o e ou
of o m t h i ng which y
s e nno t s f o m you win d ow o u ca se e r r s
I h v fini h d by t king d v n t g of
.

a e s e f w d y of a a a a e a e a s
in p i t i on w h i h h C m h v b n l t ly v y b ck w d
,

s ra c t e a eo n ce a e ee a e er a ar
in conc di ng— t h l i t t l p o m I b g n n di ng t t h p
e e in e e e a se o e re s s
Lon d on O ll i will n d y t h p oof I t t uct u i lig h t
er se ou e r s s s r re s s
ubj c t i d l T h m t co p on d wi t h t h
. .

an d i y ; it a r s s e ea e e re rr e s s e

p i i t of t h p o m
.

s r d v i ewi t h t h flow of t h f ling I

e an ar e s e e ee
h v t n l t d d M y h t n c ib d t h Sy m p i m
, .

a e ra s a e ,
an ar as ra s r e e os u , as
w e ll a s m y p o e m a n d I a m p roc e e d ing t o e m p loy m ys e lf on a
d i s cou u p on t h e s ubj e ct of which t he Sy m po iu m t e a t
rse , s r s,
con s i de ring t he s ubj e c t wi t h e f e n c e t o t he d i ff nc e of r er e re

s e nt i m e nt s r e s p e c t ing it e xi s t ing b e t w e e n t h e G e e k d r s an
ubj e c t t o b e h a n d l e d wi t h t h a t d li c t
,

m o d e n n a t ion sr a s e a e
c a u t ion which e i th e r I c a nno t o r I will n o t p a c t i e in o t h r s er

m a t t e s b u t w h ich h e e I a cknowl e d g e t o b e n e c e s s a y
r r N t r o

t h at I ha v
.
,

a y se r ious t hough t of p ubli s hing

e n e it he r t hi s

d i c ou e
s t h S y mp o s iu m a t l e a s t t i ll I r e t u n t o E ngl a n d
rs or e r

w h n w e m a y d i c u s s the p o p i e t y of it
, ,

e s r r

We ll wh a t is i n it ? Wh a t is it ?
.

N ight m r A bb y fini sh e d a e e

Yo u a e a s s e cr e t a s if t he p ri e s t of C e e s h a d d i c t at e d it s s a c d
.
,

r r re

I d p t d th i p g nd m ott om i tt ing E K w ll ’
a o e s a s sa e as a se co o, no e
'

s
i nt l o t i n T L P
.

er cu o s
.
-
. . .
2 30 LE T TE R S .

p a ge s Ho w v I u pp o I h ll
e e r, s se s a i n t im wh n m y s ond
see e, e ec
iv b n t B y wh t con v y nc
.

p a c erl a rr es . My fi rst is ye t a se . a e a e
d id y o u s e d it ? n
P r a y, a re y o u ye t cu re d of y ou r N ym p hol e p sy ? T is a s w e e t ’

i
d se a s e b u t o n e a s ob t in a t e a n d d ang e ou a s an y— e v e n w h n
s r s e

h
t h e N y m p is a P oli a d Wh e th e su c h b e t he c a s e o n o t I r r
hop e y ou r n ym p hol e p t ic t a l e is n o t a b a n don e d T he s ubj t i f
.
,

ec

t e a t e d wi t h a d u e s p i c e of B a cch i c fu y an d i n t e r wo v e n wi t h
.
,
r r
t h e m a nn e rs an d fe e ling s of t ho s e d ivin e p e o p l e wh o in t h i
,

e r

v y e rro rs a re t he m i rors a s it we in which a ll t h a t is

, ,

er r re ,
d l i ca t e a n d g a c e ful c on t e m p l a t e s i t s e lf is p e rh a p e qu a l t o
, ,

e r y s an
W h t a won d e ful p a s sa g e t h e e i in P /t cea r u s — t he b e gi nning
.
,
’
a r r s
I t hink of o n e of t he sp e ch e s of S oc ra t e s — in p ra i se of p o e t i c
,

m a d n e s s a n d in d e fin i t ion of wh a t p o e t ry is a d how a m a
,
n n

b co m e s a p o e t E v e y m a n who l iv e s i n t hi a ge a n d d e s i e s
, ,

e r s r

t o wr i t e p o e t ry ough t a s a p re s e rva t ive a g a in s t t he fa l s e a d

.

n a ow s ys t e m s of cri t ici s m wh i ch e ve ry p o e t ica l e m p i i c v e n t

, ,
rr r s,

t o i m p re s s hi m se lf wi t h t h i s se n t e nc e i f he w oul d b e nu m b e d re

a m ong t hos e t o who m m a y a p p l y t h i s p r ou d t hough s ubli m e

,

, ,

e x p e s s ion of T a s s o :
“ ’
r N n e a in m o n o c/zi m r it n o m e ti o a e a c

cr ea t o re , cbc
”
D io e d ii P o e t a
now
.

T he w h
e at e r h as b n b illi n l
ee r a t y fin e and ong h , am t e se
m oun in uu n l
t a s , t he a t m a a ir is e b co i ng l s
m es ci ll in
h o t , e sp e a y
t he m r o ning s a nd e e v ning s T he ch nu woo
e st t now
d s a re
in x ibl b u iful c h nu s h v b co l g
.

e p re s s y e a t fo r t h e e s t t a e e m e a r e a n d
i chn
, ,

a d d a ne w r e ss t o t h e full foli g a e W e s e e e re p t e r
h Ju i in
nus I b li v i l f
.

t he e a st a n d Ve , e e e , a s t v ning
h e e e s t ar ,
d re c t y a t e r

s un se t
M o e a n d b e t t e r in m y n e x t
r M a n d C d e s i re t h e i r kin d
e m e m b a nc e s — M o s t fa i t hfull y y ou r fri e n d
. . .

r r
Y
,
P B S H E L LE
. . .

g ll d d t is t his
The p as sa e a Th u e v l k ind y
o e re a re se e ra s, sa s
S t
o cra e s , of d iv i m d “
T h t wh i h p
ne a d f om t h M
n e ss . a c r o ce e s r e u se s

t k ing p o
a ion of t d s se ss d uno p i
a d l
en w ker ni g and cc u e so u a a e n an

d o t h p t y d ni g m y i d
, ,

b hi l ly n p i i g it t w d ong
a s s er oe r a or n
a cc
e I s r n o ar s an r a s
wi t h t
,

of n nt d d i t t
a ci e ee di g g n
s, ti b t h wh
ns r u c s s u cce e n e e ra o ns , u e o, ou

t h i m dn
s f m th M
a e ss ropp h t h e p t i l g
u s e s, t h v i
a g ro a c es e oe ca a e s, a n

p d
e rsu a d h i m e l f t h t by t l
sen h m y b a o m ffi
ar i n t l y a o p t e e a ec e su c e a oe

wi ll fi d t h d hi own i m p f t i n d th p t y f hi l d
,

n In e en s er ec o an see e oe r o s co

p d
ru v ni
e n ce h i t o an t h i g s b f n t h l igh t
o o f t h
n t w h i
ne ss h h e o re
,

e a c as

s
p g f
ru no m d i v i r i ni t y
—Pl t i
ne P b nsat p 4 5 .
”
T L P a on s a v r u s, . 2 a .
-
. . .
 L E T TE R S . 231

XXI V — T o . M R S S H E L LE Y, .

B
( GN I
A DI
'

U CCA)
L .

F l or e n ce , Tnu r s a ay , I 1 o cl o ck,
’ ’

2 0 t h A ug u s t , 18 18
Y
.

D EA R ES T M AR
h a ve be e n d e l a ye d i n t h i s ci ty fou r hou rs fo r
,

We
t h e A u s t ri a n m ini s t e s p a s sp o t b u t a re no w on t he p oin t
,

r
’
f r o

s e t t i ng o u t wi t h a ve t t u i no who e ng a g e s t o t a k e u s on t h e
,

t hi d d a y t o Pa d u a ; t h a t is w e s h a ll onl y s l e e p t h re e nigh t s on
,
r ,

t he r o d Ye s t e d a y jo u r n e y p e fo m e d in a o n e ho s c a b ’
a r s r r -
r e

io l e t a l m o s t wi t hou t s p i ng s o ve r a ough o a d w a s e xc e i v l y
,
.

r r r r ss e

d m o t f o m t ; fo a s t o m y s e lf t h
, , ,

fa t iguing s u ff e re s r i r, e re

a e oc c a s i on s in w h i c h f t igu e
.
,

r e e m s a us eful m e d i c in e as I a s

h a ve fe l t no p a l u i n m y s i de — a m o t d e l i gh t ful e p t e — s in c I
,

s r s i e

l ft y o u T he coun t y w a s v a iou a n d e x e e d ingly b e u t iful

e r r s c a

S o m e t i m e s t h e e w e e t h o s e low c ul t i v a t e d l a n d s wi t h t h e i
. .

r r r

v in e fe t oon s a n d l a ge bunch e s of g a p e s ju s t b e co m ing p u pl e

,

s r r r
a t o t h e rs w e p a s se d b e t w e e n h ig h m oun t a in s c r own e d w t h
,
-
1

s o m e of t h e m o s t m aj e s t i c G o t hic uin s I e ve r s aw w h i h
,
r ,
c

f own e d fro m t he b a e p re c p ic e s o r w e e h a lf s e e n a m ong t he

r r i r

o l i ve co p e s A s we a pp o a c h e d F lo e n ce t he coun t y b a m e
,
-
s r r r ec

cul t i v a t e d t o a v e y high d e g e e t he p l a in wa s fil l d wi t h t he
.
,

r r e

e a c h t he
,
m o t b a u t iful vill a s a n d a s fa r a
s e t he e y e coul d s r

m oun t a i n w e e co v e e d wi t h t h m
, , ,

s rf t he p l in s a e boun d d
r e or a r e

on a ll s i de s b y blu a n d m i s t y m oun t a in T he v in e a e h e
e s s r er

e d s in t e rwo v e n i n t o c r o s e
.

t a il e d on l o w t re l lis s e s of
r t s up re s s o

p o t t h e m a n d t he g a p e
r now a l m o t p e a e e xc e e dingl y r s, s ri r

Y u e ve y wh e e m e e t t ho s e t e a m of b e a u t iful w h i t e
, ,
a bun d a n t o r r s

oxe n w h ich a e now l a bou ing t he li t t l e v in e d i v i de d fi e l d s wi t h

.

r r -

t h e i Vi gili a n p lough s a d c a t
,
r r F lo e n ce i t lf t h t i t h e n r s r se a s
Lung A no (fo r I h a v e se e n no m o ) I t h i nk is t h e m o t
.
,
’
r re s

b u t iful c i t y I h a ve ye t s e e n I t i u oun de d wi t h cul t i v a t e d

,

ea s s rr

h i l l a d f o m t he b i dge w h i ch c o s se t h b o a d ch a nn l of
.

s, n r r r s e r e

t h A no t he v i e w is t h
e r m o s t a ni m a t e d a d e l g a n t I e v e e n e r
Y u se e t h e e o r fou b i d g s o
,

sa w o p p a e n t ly s up p o t e d
r r r e ne a r r
b y C o in t h i a n p i l l s a d t h e w h i t s a il s of t he bo t li e v e d
.
,

r ar ,
n e a s , re

b y t he d e p g e n of t he fo s t which co m e s t o t he w a t
e r e s re er
’

e d g e a n d t he s lo p ing hi l l co v e d wi t h b ig h t v ill a s on e ve y
,

, s er r r

s i de D o m e s a d t e e p l e r i e on l l s i d e sn d t he c l e a nlin e s s
s s s a an

O t h e o t h e r i d e t h e a e t he fol d ing
.
,

is rem a k a bl y g e a t r r n s er r s

o f t he Va l e of Arno a bove ; fi rs t t he h ill s of ol iv e a n d vin e t h e n

.

,
2 32 L E T TE RS .

t he c h e s t nu t woo ds a n d t h e n t he blue a n d m i st y p in e fo e s t s r

whi ch in v e s t t he a e ri a l Ap e nnin e s t h a t fa de in t h d i t a nce

, ,

e s

I h a ve s e l d o m s e e n a c i t y s lo ve l y a t fi rs t s igh t a s F lo re nc e
, .

W e s h a ll t a v e l h e nce wi t hin a fe w hou s wi t h t he s p e e d o f

.

r r

ince t he d i t a nc e is 1 90 m il e s a n d w e a e t o d it i n
,

t h e p o st s s r o

t h e e da y s b s i d e s t he h a lf d a y which is s o m e w h a t m o e t h a n
, ,

r ,
e , r
s ix t y m il e s a d a y W e h ave n o w g o t a c om fo t bl e ca i g e
-
r a rr a
a d t w o m ul e s a d t h a nk s t o P a olo h a ve m a d e a v e y d e c e n t
. .

n n r
b ga in com p i sing e ve yt hing t Pa du a I s houl d s a y w e ha d
, , ,

ar ,
r r ,
o .

d e ligh t ful f ui t f b e a kfa s t— fig v e ry fin e — a d p e a ch e

r or r s, n s,

unfo t un a t e l y ga t h e e d b e fo e t h e y we re r i p e who e s m e ll wa s
r r r s

lik wh a t o n e fa n ci e s of t he wake ning of Pa a di e flowe s

,

e r s r

We ll m y d e e s t M a y a e yo u v e ry lon e l y ? T e ll m e t uth,
.

ar r r r

m y s w e e t e s t d y o u e v e c y ? I s h a ll h e a r f o m y o u onc e a t
, ,
o r r r

Ve n i c e a nd onc e on m y e t u rn h e e If y u lo v e m e y u will
,

r r o o

k e e p u p you r sp i ri t s— a n d a t al l e v e n t s t e ll m e t ru t h a bou t it
, .

I a u e y o u I a m n o t of a d i p o si t ion t o b e fl a tt e re d b y
, ,

f o r, ss r s

y ou s o o w t h ough I s h oul d b e b y y ou c h e e fuln e s s ; a d

,

r rr r r n

a bo v e a ll b y s e ing
, ,

uch f ui t s of m y a b s e nc e a s we re p o duc e d
e s r r

wh e n we we re a t G e n e v a Wh a t a c q u a i n t a nce s h a ve y o u
,

m d e ? I m igh t h a ve t a v e l l e d t o Pa d u a wi t h a G e rm a n w h o
.

a r
ha d j u s t co m e f o m R o m e a n d h a d s c a r c e e co v e re d f o m a
,
r r r

m a l a r i a fe v e r c a ugh t in t he P on t in e M a s h e s a w e e k o
,

t wo
‘

,
r ,
r

s in c e a n d I conc e d e d t o s e n t re a t i e s — a n d t o y o u r a b s e n t
’

s ugg e s t i on s a nd o m i t t e d t h e o p p o t un i t y a l t hough I h a ve no r

g a t fa i t h in s uch sp e ci e s of con t a gi on I t is n o t v e ry ho t
, , '

re

n o t a t a ll t o o m uch so fo r m y se n sa t ion s ; a d t h e onl y t h i ng

.

t h a t i nco m m o d s m e a r e t h e gn a t s a t nigh t w h o r o a r lik e s

e ,
o

m a n y hu m m ing t o p s in on e s a — an d I do n o t lwa ys fi n d ’ ‘
-
e r a

a nz a ri e e
-

z H o w is W illm o u e a d li t t l e C l a a ? T h e y m u s t
r s n r

b e k i ss e d fo m e — a n d y o m u s t p a t icul a r l y e m e m b e t o s p e a k
.

r u r r r

m y n a m e t o Will i a m a d e e t h a t h e d e s n o t qu i t e fo rg e t m e
,
n s o

b e fo re I re t u rn A d i e u— m y d e a e s t gi l I t hink t h a t w e s h a ll r r
I s h a ll w i t e a g a in f o m Ve nice A d i e u d e a
.
,

s oon m e e t . r r .
,
r

M a ry !
I h a ve b e e n re a d ing t he N o bl Kins m e n i n wh i ch wi t h t he e

e xc e p t ion of t h a t love l y s c e n e t o whi ch y u a d d e d s o m uc h

, ,
o

g a c e i n e a din g t o m e I h ave b e e n d i s a p p oin t e d T he J a ilo s

,
’
r r r

D a ugh t e r is a p oo r i m i t a t ion a n d d e fo r m e d T he whol e s t o r y

.
,

w a n t s m o ra l d i s c i m in a t ion a n d m o de s t y I d o no t b e l i e ve t h a t
.
,

S haks p e a re w ro t e a w o rd of it
.

.
 LE T TE R S . 2 33

XXV — T o M R S S H ELLE. . Y ,

(BA G N I DI L UC C A) .

Ve n ice , S u n clay M o r n ing .

M Y D EA R E S T M A R Y ,
i v d h e re l a s t nig h t a t t w l v e o clo k a d
We a rr e e
’
c ,
n

it is now b e fo e b re a kfa s t t he n e x t m o ning

r I c a of c ou r n, rs e ,

this
.

t e ll y o u no t hing of t he fu t u e a d t hough I s h ll n o t clo r n a se

l tt e t ill p o s t t i m e ye t I d o n o t know e xa c t l y wh e n t h t is
e r a

Y e t if y o u a e v e y i m p a t i e n t look a long t h l e t t e a d yo u
.
,
r r e r n

will se e a no t h e r da t e w h e n I m a y h a ve s o m e t hing t o re l a t e
, ,

I ca m e fro m Pa du a hi t h e i n a gon dol a a n d t he gon d ol ie e

, .

r r

a m ong o t h e r t hing s wi t h ou t a n y hin t on m y p a rt b e g a n t a lking

, ,

, ,
of Lo d By on H e s a i d he w a s a g io v i o t t o I g l e wi t h a
r r n n es

n o m e s t r a v g n t e who li v e d v e y luxu iou s l y a n d s p n t g e a t

.
,
a a r r e r
T his m a
, ,

s u m s of m on e y it e e m w a s o ne of Lo d B s gon ’
n, s s, r

N o s oon e h a d w a i v e d a t t he inn t h a n t h e w a i t e r
. .

d o l ie i r . r e rr ,

b e g n t al king a bou t him — sa i d t h a t he f e q u e n t e d M rs H S

a r
’

co n er s a z io n i v e y m uc h
, . .

v r

O u jou n e y fro m F lo e nc e t o Pa d u a con t a i n e d no t hing whi c h

.

r r r

m a y n o t b e re l a t e d a no t h e r t i m e A t P a du a a s I s a i d w t ook .
, , e

a gon d a a n d l e ft it a t t h e e o c lock
ol — T h e s e gon d ol a s a e t h e r
’
r

m o t b e a ut i ful a n d con v e ni e n t bo a t in t he wo rl d T h e y a e
.

s s r

fi n e ly ca p e t e d a nd fur ni sh e d wi t h bl a ck a n d p a in t e d bl a c k T he
.

cou c h e s on which yo u l e a n a e e xt a o din a ily s oft a n d a e s

.
,

r r r r r o

d i sp o s e d a s t o b e t he m o s t co m fo t a bl e t t h o s e who l e a n o
,
r o r

s it T h e win d ow s h a ve a t will e i t h e V e n e t i a n p l a t gl a s s r e-

flowe d o Ve n e t i a n blin d r bl i n d s of bl a ck clo t h t o hu t o t

.

re r s, o s u

T he w e a t h e h e e is e x t e m e l y col d— in d e e d s o m e
,

t h e ligh t r r r

ve y p a infully so a d ye s t da y it b ga n t o i n W e
.
,

t im e s r n er e ra

l o t v iol e n t
.
,

p a s e d
s t h e g un a in t h e m i d d
a l e of t h nigh t in a m e s

st o m r of win d a in a n d lig h t ning I t w a v e y u iou s t o

r s r c r

ob se rve t he e l e m e n t s a bo v e in a st a t e of s u c h t e m e n d ou c
.
, ,

r s on
l i n a n d t h e u fa c e of t h e w a t e r a lm o s t c a l m ; fo t h
vu s o s r r e se
l gun s t h oug h fi e m il e b o a d a p c e e nough in a s t o rm t
,
a a v s r s a o
s i nk a gon d ol s h a llo w t h a t t h e bo t m e n d i v e t h e bo a t
, ,

e s a, a r o a r

a long wi t h a p ol e T he se a w a t e fu iou s l y a gi t a t e d by t he -
r, r
win d shon e wi t h sp a kl e s like s t a s Ve ni ce now hi dde n a d
.

r r n

now d i s clo se d b y t he d riv in g a in s hon e d i m ly wi t h it s lig h t s

, .
,

r
We l l d i e u
, .

W e w e re a ll t hi s whil e s a fe a d co m fo t a bl e n r .
,
a ,

d e a e t : I sh a ll a s M i s s B y on sa ys
r s e sum e t h e
, p e n in t h e r ,
r

e ve nin g .
 L E T TE RS .

S u n a a y N ig lzt , 5 o cl o cle in t he M o r n ing

’ ’
.

We ll I will t ry t o
,
l
re a t e e v e ryt hing in it s o rd e r .

At t h re e o c lo ck I c a ll e d on Lo r d B y on : he
’
r wa s de ligh t e d t o
se e m e
ook m e i n his gon d ol a a cros s t he l a gun a t o a long
.

He t
s a n d y i s l a n d wh i ch d e fe n d s V e n i c e f o m t h e A d i t i c Wh n r r a e

d i s e m b a rke d w e foun d his ho se s wa i t i ng fo r u s a d w e

, .
(

w e r n

o de a long t he s a n d s of t he s e a t a lking O u con ve sa t i on

, ,

r r r
con s i st d in hi t o ri e s of his woun de d fe e lings a n d q u e s t i on s a
, .

e s s

t m y a ffa i s a n d g re a t p rofe s ions of fri e n d s hi p a n d e g a d fo r

,

o r s r r
H e sa i d t h a t i f h e h a d b e e n i n E ngl a n d a t t he t i m e of
,

me
t he C h a nc e ry a ff a i r h e woul d h a ve m o v e d h e a v e n a n d e art h t o
.
,

h a ve p e ve n t e d such a d e ci s ion W e t a lke d of li t e ra ry m a t t e

,
r rs,

his F ou rt h C a n t o whic h h e s a y s is ve ry g oo d a n d in d e d
.

'

, , , ,
e

e p e a t e d s o m e s t a nz a s of g e a t e n e rgy t o m e Wh e n w e ‘

r r

whi h
.

r et u n e d t
r o hi l c
s pa a e — c

Tlze l e tt er is ne r e t o r n ) .

i bl o l I v
T h e H o pp n e r s are t he m s t am a e p e p e e e r kn e w u o
h
T e y a re much ch a t ta ch h
ed to ea h v nic li l
o t e r, a n d a e a e tt e
v n on h
b o y , se e m t s o ld in b u ifull
Mr H p a ts ea t hi y, a n d t s
x u ion wh i ch x i i on
. . .

e c rs ju
h e ha s s t p u t o ff, w a s a n e p e d t t o t he
in hi n igh bou hoo
,

Juli na Al p s , t s e r k of k ching
d— fo r t he s a e s et

ocu win fo nig h

,

to pr re lo n
t e r e m p ym e t onl H e ha s y a rt
’
t s .

l i u c ific
e s r e , a n d he ha s s a r of ng who
e d t w o d a ys it t o s t ra e rs m
n v b fo
h e e e r sa w e re h l w look
M rs H ha s a z e e ye s a n d s e e t . s . . .

(P ap e r t or n .
)
We ll bu t t he t im e p e ss e s ; I a m now going t t he ba n ke s r o r
’

t o s e n d y o u m on e y fo r t he jou n e y which I sh a ll a d d e
,

to
‘

r ,
r ss

yo u a t F lo e nc e P o s t o flice Pr a y co m e in s t a n t l y t o E s t e
‘
r -

wh e re I sh a ll be wa it ing i n t he u t m o t a nxi e ty fo r y ou r a i v l
.
, ,

s rr a

Yo u c a n p a ck u p di r c t l y yo u ge t t hi l e t t e r a d e m p lo y t h
.

e s n e

n e x t da y on t h a t T he da y a ft e ge t u p a t fou r o c loc k a n d go
,
’
r,

Lucc a wh e e y u will a i v e a t s ix
.
,

p o st t o T h e n t a ke a
r o rr
v t t u ino fo F lo e nce t o a i v e t he s a m e e v e n ing F o m
.
,

e r r r rr r

ve t t u ino j ou n e y— a n d y u
.

F lo nc e t o E t e is t h e e d a y
re s r s
’
r r o

c oul d n o t I t h ink d o it q uick e r b y t he p o s t M ak e Pa olo t k a e

v v
.
, ,

y ou t o goo d inn s a s w e foun d e r y b a d on e s a n d p a y a oi d r

M o i a t B ologn a p e r ch e v i s ono co ine s p s s ibili e i

,

t he T re r se re n

l e t t i I d o n o t t h i nk y o u c a b u t t y t o ge t f o m F lo e n ce t
,

n, r r r o

B ologn a i n o n e d a y D o n o t t ake t h e po s t fo r it is n t m u ch
.

o
.
,
 L E T TE R S . 23 5

fa s t e r v y xp n iv I h v b n oblig d t d i d on
a nd er e e s e a e ee e o ec e
t h ing wi hou t y I h v d on f t h b t — d
.

a ll t h e se s t ou : a e e or e es an
m y own b lo v d M ol d m i f I
.

y y e m u t oon co m
e d ar ou s s e an sc e

h v d on w ong d ki m i f I h v d on igh t — f I m
,

a e e r an ss e a e e r o r, a
t kno w wh i h — v nt t h t
,

s u I d re , o no d it i onl y t h c an s e e e a can

sh o w W h ll t l t b v d t h t oubl of i n t o d u t ion
e s a a eas e sa e e r e r c

d h v fo m d cqu in t n w i t h l dy who i
.
,

an a e r e a goo d a a ce a a s so so

ng l i c l l y m il d t h t w
,

b u t iful
ea , so a he wi t a h , a e re s e as se oo, s e
woul d b qui t e H y e a lik fl t ion of y ou er e e s a re e a re ec rs

l ik you w h n y know d lik p on

.

H erm nn a e rs a r e e rs e ou an e a e rs

t how t h i
.

D o
y kno w d ou l t t w w i tt n ? B y
e a re s s e er as r e

d p t h
, ,

s cr a p s an d in t u p t d v y m inu t
a c e s, Th an e rr e e er e . e
gon d ol i w ao m t t k m t t h b nk
s no c E t i
e o a e e o e a er s
’
s e s

foun d wi t hout d i ffi cul t y I h ll

.

a li t t l p l e d t h hou a ce , a n e se s a
oun t fou d y f t h i l tt
.

c r a s d y f orp cking fou f s e er : o ne a or a ,

r or

c o m ing h — d on t h nin t h t n t h d y w h ll m t
e re an e or e a e s a ee
ov t k
.

I m t l t f t h p o t— b t I n d
a oo a e or xp t e s u se an e r e ss o er a e
it . E nclo d i o d f fift y p oun d If y kn w ll t h t
se s an r er or s . ou e a a
I ha d t o d o I
love b e we ll be h a pp y co m e t o m e — c
D e a r e st , , ,
o n fide in y ou r

own con t a n t a d a ffe c t ion a t e

s n P B S . . .

Ki s t he blu e e ye d d a ling s fo r m e a n d d n o t
s -
r o le t Wi l li am

fo g e t m e C l a a c a nno t e c o ll e c t m e
,
r . r r .

XX V I .
—T o M RS . S H ELL E Y ,

( I C A PP U C C I N I — E S T E ) .

’
P a a u a , m ez z o gio r n o .

M Y B ES T M A R Y, — I foun d a t M oun t S e li e a fa v ou a bl e c r
o pp o t uni t y fo going t o Ve ni ce w h e e I h a ll t y t o m k
r r ,
r s r a e
som a e a ng m e n t f
rr y u a n d li t t l e C a t o co m e fo s o m e d y
e or o r a s,

h a ll m e e t y if I do n t w i t e a nyt hing in t he m e n
.

a nd s o u, o r a

t i m e a t P a d u a on T h u s d a y m o ning C s a y s h e is oblig d r r s e
o m e t o s e e t he M e dico who m w e m i s s e d t hi m o ning a d
. .
, ,

t o c s r n
wh o h s a pp oin t e d a s t he onl y hou a t whi h he c a n b e a t
, ,

a r c
l e i u e — h l f p a st igh t in t he m o ning Yo m u st t h e e fo e
s r a -
e r u r r
nge m a t t s s o t h a t yo u s houl d co m e t o t he S t ll a d O o a
.
, ,
’
a rr a er e r

li t t l b e fo t h a t hou — a t hing t o b a c c o m p l i s h e d onl y by

e re r e

s e t t ing o u t a t h a lf p t t h e e in t he m o ning -
Y u will by t hi s
as r r o

i ve a t Ve ni ce v e ry e a rl y in t he d y d a v oi d t h e
.

m e an a s rr a an
h e t whi c h m ig h t b b a d fo t h b a b e a d t ke t he t im e w h n
,

a e r e n a e
r ea t p a t o f t h e t i m e
, , ,

s he woul d a t l e ast s l e e C w ill r tu n

p g r . . e r
 L E T TE R S .

wi t h t he e t u rn c a i a ge a n d I s h all m e e t yo u o r se n d t o y o u
r rr , ,

a t Pa d u a
M e a nwhil e e m e m b e r C h a rl e s t he F i s t — a n d d o yo u b e p e
.

r r r

p a r e d t o b ring a t l e a s t s o m e of M y a t ra n s l a t e d ; b ing t he rr r

book a l s o wi t h y o u a n d t he sh e e t s of P o m e t h e u s Unboun d
,
r ,
”

whi ch y o u will fi n d nu m b e e d f o m o e t o t w n t y s ix on t he r r n e -

t a b l e of t h e p a vil i on M y p oo r l i t t l e C l a ra how is s he t o d a y ?
'

-
.
,
In d e e d I a m s o m e wh a t un e a sy a bou t h e r a d t hough I fe e l n

it woul d b e v e y co m fo t a bl e t o
,
s e cu e t h a t t h e e is no d a ng e
r r r, r r

h a ve s om e e a s on a bl e p e s on s op in i on a bou t he r T he M e di c o
r r
’
.

a t P a d u a is c e t a inl y a m a n in g re a t p a c t ic e b u t I confe ss h e
r r

d o e s n o t sa t i s fy m e
,

A m I n o t lik e a w i l d s wa n t o b e gon e so su dd e nl ? B u t n
.

y ,
1

fa c t t o s t ff a lon e t o Ve nic e re q ui e d a n e x e t on I fe l t
e o r r i

m y s e lf c a p a bl e of m a king it a n d I kn e w t h a t y o u d e s i d it
.
,

re

W h a t will o t b e —if o it is d e s t in e d— t he lon e l y j ou n e y

, .

n s r

t h ough t h a t w i de col d F ra nc e ? B u t w e s h a ll s e e
r

A d i e u m y d e a e s t lo v e — e m e m b e r C h a r l e s I a d M yrra
.
,
r I r n

h a v e b e e n a l e a dy im a gining h o w yo u will c on d u ct s o m e s n e s
. .
,

r ce

T he s e con d volu m e of S t Le on b e gin s wi t h t hi s p ou d a d t u e

.

r n r
J T h e e is no t hing w h i c h t h e hu m a n m i n d c a n
.

se n t i m e n t —
‘
r
c onc e i v e which it m a y n o t e x e cu t e S haksp e are wa s on l y a ”

h u m a n b e ing
.
,

A d i e u t i ll T hu rs d a y Y ou r e v e r a ff e c t ion a t e
.

-
.

P B S
. . .

XXV I I — T o . T . L P EA C O C K
. .

E s t e , Oct o be r 8 , 1 8 18 .

M Y D E AR P —I h a v e n o t w i t t e n t o y o I t hin k fo s ix r u, r

we e ks B u t I h ave b e e n on t he p oin t of w i t ing m a ny t i m e s

.
,

B u t I h ave
.
,

a n d h a v e oft e n fe l t t h a t I h a d m a n y t hing s t o s a y
n t b e e n w i t hou t e v n t s t o d i t u b a d d i t a c t m e a m ong t
.

o e s r n s r s

w h i c h is t he de a t h of m y l i tt l e gi l S he d i e d of di s o de p
,
r a r r e en

li a r t o t he c li m a t e W e h a ve a ll ha d b a d S p i i t s noug h d I r e an

in a dd i t ion b a d h e a l t h I in t n t o b e b t t e r s oon t h e e i no
.
, ,
’
e a e r s

m a l dy bo d il y o r m e n t a l whi c h d o s n o t e i th e k ill o r is k il l e d
.
,

a e r

W e l e ft t he B a t h s of Lu c ca I t h ink t he d y a ft e r I w o t e t o
, .
,

a r
v
, ,

y o u — o a i sui t t o Ve nic e — a r t l y fo r t h e s a k e of s e e ing t he

p
city W e m a d e a ve y d e lig h t ful a c q u a in t a n c t h e wi t h a
. r e er

M a d M s H o pp n e r t he g e n t l m a n a n E ngli s h m a n a d t he
r . n r .
,
e ,
n

l a dy a S wis s e s e m il d a n d b a u t iful a nd un p eju d ic e d in t he

s e r

b e st se n se of t he wo rd T he kind at t e n t i ons o f t h e s e p e o p l e
, , ,

.
 LE T TE R S . 2 37

m a de o ur s ho nic e v y p l e a s a n t I a w Lo d
rt s t ay at Ve er s r

on a d re a lly h a d l y kn e w him a g a in ; h e is c h a ng e d in t o
.

B yr n r

li v li st a d h a p p i e st —looking m a I e ve r m t H e e a d m
,

t he e e n n e r e

fi st ca n t o of h is D o Jua n —a t h ing in t he s t yl e of
.

“
t he r n

B e pp o b u t infini t e l y b e t t e r a n d d e di ca t e d t S ou t h y n t e o e
’

1 n or

a d oz e n s t a nz a s m o e lik e a m ix t u e of wo rm woo d a d v e d i
, , ,

r r n r

g e a se t h a n s a t i e Ve nice is a won d e ful ly fi n e c i t y T he

,

r r r

p p o a ch t o it o v e r t h
. .

a r l a gun a wi t h it s d o m e s a d t u e t s
e n rr

gli t t e ing in a long l i n e ove r t he blu e wa v e s i o n e of t h fi n e t

,

r s e s

a c h i t e c t u a l d e lu s ion s in t h e wo l d I t se e m s t h a ve — a d
,

r r r o n

li t e l l y it ha — it s foun d t ion s in t h e a T he il e n t s t e e t
.

ra s a e s s r s

v h h h
.

a re p a e d wi t w a t a d y o u h e a no te r,ing b u t t h e d n
a ing of r s

t he o a s a n d t he o c ca ion a l c i e
r of t h e gon d oli e i I h e d
s r s r ar

no t h ing of T a s s o T he gon d ol t h e m e l ve s a re t hing s of a

.
,

. as s

m o s t r o m a n t ic a n d p i c t u re s qu a pp e a a nc e I ca n onl y co m p a e e r r

t h e m t o m o t h s of w h ich a c o ffi n m ig h t h v e b e n t h ch y s a li s a e e r .

T h e y a r e hung wi t h bl a ck a n d p a in t e d bla ck a n d c a p e t d , ,
r e

wi t h g y ; t h e y c u l a t t he p ow a n d s t e m a d a t t he fo m e r
re r r n r

t h e e is a non d e s c i p t b e a k of s h ining s t e e l whi c h gl i t t e rs a t t h e

,

r r ,
e d of it s long bl a ck m a
n s s.

T h e D og e s p a l a c e w i t h it s lib a ry is a fi n e m onu m e n t of
’
,
r ,

a i s t oc ra t ic p ow e r
r I s a w t he d unge on s wh e e t h e e s c oun d e l r s r s

u s e d t t o rm e n t t h e i vic t i m s T h e y a e of t h e e kin d s— o e
.
,
o r r r n

a dj oining t h e p l a c e of t i a l
.

wh e e t h e p i s on e s de t in e d t r r r r s o
i m m e d i a t e x cu t ion w e e k p t I coul d t d e s c e n d in t o t h e m
,

e e r e no

be c a u s e t he da y on w h i c h I v i s i t e d it w a s f s t a A no t h e un d
.
,

e r er

t h e l e a d s of t he p l a ce w h e e t h e s u ffe
.

a we e o a s t d t r re r s r r e o

of a n I t l i a n s n a d o t h
,

d e a t h o r m a d n e s s by t h e a d ou
'

r rs a u n e rs

ca l l e d t h e P ozz i — o we ll s d e e p un d n e a t h a d c o m m uni c t ing

r er n a

wi t h t h o s e on t he oof b y s e c e t p a ss a ge s— wh e e t he p i on
, ,
r r r r s e rs

w e e con fi n e d s o m t i m e s h a lf u p t o t h e i r m i d d l e s i n st inking
r e

wa t e r Wh e n t h F n h c a m e h e t h e y foun d only e l d
e re c er on o

p eak
.
,
m a n in t h e d unge on a d h e c oul d n o t s, B u t V nic
n s e e,
w hi ch w a s on c e a t y a n t i now t he n e x t wo t t hing a s l a ve ;
.

r ,
s rs ,
for in fa c t it c e a s e d t o b e f e o wo t h o u e g e t a s a n a t ion re r r r r r

f o m t he m o m e n t t h a t t h e olig a c h y u s u p e d t he ight s of t he
,

r r r r

p e op l e Y e t I d o n o t i m a gin e t h a t it w a s e ve s o d e g a d e d a
.
, r r s
it h a s b e e n s in c e t h e F e n h a d e p e ci a ll y t he A u s t i a n y ok e r c ,
n s r .

T he A u s t i a n s t a ke s ix t y p e r c e n t in t a x e
r a n d i m p o se f e e . s, r

qu a t e s on t he inh a bi t a n t s A ho de of G e m a n s ol d i e s a
r r r r r s

v i c ou s a n d m ore d i sgu st ing t h a n t he Ve n e t i a n s t h e m s e l ve s

.
,
i ,

in sul t t h e se m i s e ra bl e p e o p l e I ha d no conc e p t ion of t he

whi ch a v a ic e cowa d i c e s u p e s t i t ion gn o a n ce
.

e x ce s s t o r r r i r

p s s ionl e ss lu s t a n d a ll t he in e x p re s s ibl e b ru t a l i t i e s which

, , , ,

a ,
2 3s L E T TE R S .

g
d e ra d e hu m a n n a t u re coul d b e c a i e d u nt il I ha d p s e d a
,
rr ,
as

fe w d a y s a t Ve ni ce
W e h a v e b e n li v ing t h i s l a s t m on t h n e a t h e li t t l e t own f o m
.

e r r

w h i c h I d a t e t hi l t t e in a ve y p l e sa n t v ill a w h i ch h b e n
s e r, r a as e

l n t t o u a d w e a e now on t he p oin t of p o d ing t

e s, n r r ce e o

F lo e ncr e R o m e a d N p l e — a t whi h l a s t c i t y w e s h a ll
n a ps d c s en

a n d re t u n no t h w a d s in t h e s p ing
, ,

t h e win t e B hi n d us
-
r, r r r r e

h e e a e t he E g e a n hill n o t so b a u t iful a t h o of t h
.

r r u an s, e s se e

B a gni d i Lu cca wi t h A q u a w h e e P t ra c h h ou se a d t o m b
’
r r e r s n

v v
, ,

a e r e ligiou s l y
r p e s e e d a n d i irt e d A tr t h e e d of s n o ur

ga de n is a n e x t e n s i v e G o t h ic c a s t l e now t h e h bi t t ion of owl s

.

r a a

wh e e t h e M d ici fa m il y e s i de d b e fo e t h y c m t
,

a d bat
n s, r e r r e a e o

F lo e n ce r W e s e e b e fore u s t h e w i de fl a t p l a in s of Lo m b dy ar

in which we s e e t h e su a nd m oon i se a d s e t a d t he e v e ning

.
,

n r n n

d a ll t h e gol d e n m a gni fi c e nc e of a u t u m n a l clou d

,

st a r, a n But I s

e e v e won d e r f r N a p l e s
.

r s r o

I h a v e b e e n wr i t i ng— a d i n de e d h a v e j u st fi ni s h e d t he fi t
.

n rs

a c t of a l y ic a n d l a s s ica l d a m a t o b e c a ll e d P ro m e t h e u s
r c r
“

Will y o t e ll m e w h a t t h e e i in C i c e o a bo t
,

Unboun d ”
u r s r u

m a s u p p o s e d t o h a v e b e e n w i t t e n b y fE sch yl s un d e
.

a d ra r u r

t hi s t i t l e
I oug h t t o s a y t h a t I h a ve j u s t re a d M a l t hu s i n a F e n ch
.

t a n l a t ion
r s M a l t hu s is a v e y c l e v e m a a d t h e wo l d woul d r r n, n r

g e a t g in e if it woul d e riou s l y t a k e h is l e s on in t o c
.

be a r a r s s s on

s i d a t ion if it we re c ap a bl e of a t t e n d ing se iou s l y t o a n yt h ing

er r

b u t wh a t on e a t h d o e s he m e a n b y s o m e of hi
,

b u t m i c hi se f— r s

infe e nce s
r Y ou e v e r fa i t hfull y P B S rs ,
. .

I w i ll w i t e a ga i n f o m R o m e a n d F lo e nc e — in b e t t e sp t
r r r r ir1 s,

a d t o m o e a g e e a bl e p u p o s e I h op e w t ho e b a u t i
’

n r r Y r o u sa s e

ful t a nz a s i n t h fou rt h c a n t o a bou t t he N ym p h E g e i W e ll

.
,

s e r a.

I d id n t whi p e r a wo rd a bou t n ym p h ol e p sy I h o p e y u
,

o s o

a c q ui t m e — a d I ho p e y o u w i ll n o t ca y d e lic a c y s o fa r a s t o n rr

le t t h i s s u p p re s s a n y t h i ng n ym p hol e p t ic .

XXV I I I .
-
To T . L . PE A C O C K .

F e r r a r o, N o v . 8 l n, 1818 .

M Y D EAR l ft E st e ye st e d y on o jou n e y t ow d
P— We e r a ur r ar s

T h e r o a d w e re p a t i c ul a l y b a d w e h a v e t h e e fo e
.

N ple s a s r r r r

a c o m p li h e d on l y t w d a y s j ou n e y of e igh t e n
.
, ,

c s d t we n ty fou
o
’
r e an -
r

an d yo u m a y i m a gin e t h t o u
,

m il e a chs e ho s e s m u t b a r r s e

t ol e a bl y goo d on e s t o d a g o u r c a r i g wi t h fi e p e op l e a d
,

r r r a e, v n
,
 L E T TE R S . 2 39

h e a v y lugga ge t h ough d e e p a n d c l a y e y r o a d s T he o a d r r s a re ,

howe ve goo d d u i ng t he re s t of t he way

.
,

r, r

T he c oun t ry s fl a t b u t in t e se c t e d b y lin e s of woo d t e l li e d

.

i r r s

wi t h v in e s w h o se b o a d l e a v e s a e now s t a m p e d wi t h t he e dn e s s
, ,

r r r

of t h e i r d e c a y E v e y h e e a d t h e e o n e s e e s p o p l e e m p lo ye d
,

. r r n r e

in a gricul t u a l l a bou s a d t he p lough t he h a ow

r thr , n rr or e

d a wn b y long t e a m s of m ilk whi t e o r d o v e c olou e d

, ,

ca rt ,
r - -
r

oxe n of i m m e n s e s ize a d e x q ui i t e be a u t y T hi s in d e d n s .
,
e ,

m igh t b e t he c oun t y of P a i p h a e s In o n e f m ya d I r s ar -
r

w a s s hown s ix t y t h e e of t h e s e lo v e l y ox e n t i e d t o t h e i r s t a ll
.

-
r in ,
s,

e x c e ll e n t con d i t ion A fa m y a d in t hi s p a t of I t a l y is s o m e r -
r r

w h a t d i ffe e n t f o m o ne in E ngl n d F i s t t h e h ou s e w hi c h i
.

r r a r s

l ge a n d hig h wi t h s t a ng e looking un p a in t e d win d ow s hu t t e s

, ,
.

ar ,
r - -
r ,

g n e a ll y clo s e d a n d d e a y b e yon d conc e p t ion T he fa m

e r r r r

y a d a n d o u t buil d ings h ow e v e
.
,

a e u s u a ll y in t h e n e a t e s t
'

r -
r, r

o de r T he t h re shing fl o o r is n o t un de c o ve r b u t like t h a t
,

r .
-
r ,

d e c ib e d in t he G e o gic s u s u a ll y fl a t t e n d by a b oke n colu m n

s r r ,
e r ,

a d n e i t h e t h e m ol e n o
n r t he t o a d n o t h e a t c a fi d on it r r n n n s

a re a a c e vi c e fo r t h e i r d w e lling A oun d it a t t hi s s e a s on a e
, , ,

r r r

n d s t a lk s of In d i n co n w h i h
.
, ,

p il e d t h e s t a cks of t he l e a ve s a a r ,
c
h a s l a t e l y b e e n t h re s h e d a d d i e d u p on it s s u r fa ce A t a li t t l e n r .

d i s t a nc e a e va s t h e a p s of m a n y c olou e d zucch e o r p u m p kin s

r -
r

o m e of e no rm ou s s iz e p il e d a s win t e foo d fo t he hog s T h e

,

s r r er

a e t u k e y s t o o a d fowl wa n d ing a bout a n d t w o t h

, .

r r n s er o r re e

d og s who b a k wi t h a s h a p h y l a c t i s m T he p e o p l e w h o a
, , ,

r r re

oc c u p i e d wi t h t he c a e of t h e s e t h ing s e e m n e i t h r ill c lo t h e d
.
,

r s e -

n o r ill fe d a n d t he blun t i nc iv ili t y of t h e i

-
m a nn e s h a s r r an

E ngli s h a ir wi t h it v e y d i c ou a ging t o t h o e who a e

,
r s r s r

i m p u d e n t a n d p oli h e d l ying of t he in h bi t
,

a c cu s t o m e d t o t h e s a

ant f t he c i t i e
s o I s h oul d ju dg e t he a g icul t u ra l e s ou c e s of
s r r r
t h i coun t y t o b nc e it ca w e a s o flou ri s h ing
.

s m m e se
r e 1 n si n r an
in p i t e of t he e no m ou s d i c ou a ge m e n t s w h i c h t he
,

a p p e a a nc r e, s r s r

v a iou s t y a nny of t he go ve n m e n t s i nfli ct on it I ough t t o y

r r r s sa

t h a t o e of t h e fa m s b e long s t o a Je w b a nk e
.

n r a t V e ni c e r

i v e d l a t e a t t he inn wh e e I now
,
a no t h e r S h y lo c k — W e a . rr r

w i t e ; it w a s onc e t he p a l a c e of a Ve n e t i a n nobl e m a n a n d is
r

now a n e xc e ll e n t inn T o m or o w we a e going t o s e e t he

,
-
r r
ig h t s of F e rr a a
.

s r .

N ov 9
h a v h a d h e avy ra in a n d t hun de r a ll nigh
.

We e t ; a n d t he
fo rm e t ill c on t inuing w e we n t in t he c a i a ge a bou
r s own rr t the t
W e w e n t fi t t look a t t he c a t h e d a l b u t t h e b e gg a v e y s oon
, .

rs o r rs r
e t e a t ; s o wh e t h e r a s it is s a i d t h e e is
,

m a d u s s oun d a
e r r , , ,
r
2 40 LE T TE RS .

a co p y of a p ic t u e of M i ch a e l Ange lo t h e e o no I c nno t t e ll
r r r a

T hi
.
,

A t t h e p ublic lib a y w e w e m o s uc c e s ful

r r is er re s s

in d e d a m a gni fi c e n t e st a bli h m e n t c on t in i ng a s t h e y sa y
,
.

e s a
v olu m e W e s w om e i l lum in a t e d m a nu s c ip t s
, , , ,

s a s r

of t he p s a l m s in t e rl i n e d b e t w n
.

of c hu ch m u s ic wi th ve
r rs e s ee

t he s q u e no t e s e a c h of w h ich c on i t e d of t h e m o t d e li c t e
,

ar s s s a

t a c e y in c olou s incon c e iv a bl y v i v i d T h e y b long e d t o

,

r r r e

n ighbou ing con v e n t of C e t o s a a n d a e t h e e o fou r

, .

th e e r r r r r
hun d e d ye a s l d ; b u t t h e i hu e s a re s f e sh a if t h e y ha d
,
r r o r a r s
b e n e x e cu t e d ye s t e d a y T he t o m b of A io t o o c cu p i e s o n e
e r r s

g e st s a loon of whic h t he lib a y is co m p o s d it

.

e n d of t h e l ar r r e
is fo m d of v a iou s m a bl s s u rm oun t e d b y a
r e r xp e i ver e n e r ss

bu t of t h p o e t a n d ub c i b e d wi t h a fe w La t i n v e s e s in
,
s e s s r r

a l e s s m i s e a bl e t a s t e t h a n t h o s e u s u a ll y e m p lo y e d fo r s i m i l r
, ,

r a

p u pro s e s B u t t h e m o t in t e s t ing e xhi b i t ion s h e e

s e t h e er r ar

w i t ing s e t c of A io st o a d T a ss o wh i c h a e p e v e d a d
.
,

r . r n r r se r ,
n
, , ,

w e e c once a l e d f o m t he un d i s t ingui s hing d e p e d a t ion s of t he

r r r

F e nch wi t h p i ou s c a e
r T h e e is t h e a rm c h a i r of A i o s t o
r . r -
r ,

a n o l d p l a in woo d e n p i e c e of fu r ni t u re t he h a d s e a t of whi c h r

on ce occup i e d b y bu t ha s now s u viv e d it s cu s hi on a s

,

w as r
I coul d fa n cy A io st o s i t t ing i n it ; a n d t h e
, ,

it ha s it s m a s t e r r

own h a n d w i t ing wh ich t h y unfol d b e s i de it

.

s a t i e s in hi
r s r e

wh i h
,

a d n t he l d b onz e ink s t a n d lo a d e d wi t h figu e s

o r r c

b e longe d a l s o t o h im a s i st s t he willing d e l u s ion T h i s

, ,

inks t a n d h s a a n t iqu e ra t h e r t h a n a a nci e n t a pp a a n c e

.
,

a n n e r

T h e e n y m p h s l e a n fo t h f o m t he ci cu m f e nc e a d on t h e
.
,
r r r r er n

t o p of t he l id s t a n d s a cu p i d wing e d a n d looking u p wi t h
,

a t o c h in o e h a n d h is bow i n t h e o t h e a n d his q u iv e
, ,

r n ,
be i d e r, r s

h im A m e d a l w a s boun d oun d t he s k e l e t on of A r io t o r s

wi t h his li k n e s s i m p e ss e d u p on it I c a nno t s y I t h ink

.
,

e r a

it h d m u c h n a t ive e x p re s ion ; b u t p e h a p s t h e a t i s t w a s
.

a s r r

in f ul t O n t h e v e se i a h a n d cu t t ing wi t h p a i o f
, ,

a . e r r s a r
,

s ci s s o t he t ongu e f o m a s e rp e n t u p a i se d f o m t he g a s
rs r r r r s,

wi t h t hi s l e g n d— P r o bo n o m l u m Wh a t t hi s re v e s e of
,

e a r

t h e bo a s t e d C h i s t i a n m ax i m m e a n s o r how it a pp li e s t o
.

A io t o e i t h e r a s a s a t i i s t o r a se i ou s w i t e
,

r s I c a nno t e x a c t l y
r r r r,

t e ll
,

T h e C ic e on e a t t m p t e d t o e x p l a in a n d it is t
r e his o

co m m e n t a y t h a t m y b e wil d e ing i p rob a bl y du e — if i n de d

.
,

r r s e

t h m e a ning b e v e y p l in a s is p o s s ibl y t h e c a s e
, ,

e r a

T h e e is h e a m a nu sc i p t of t he e n t i e G e u s a l e m m e
.
,

r er r r r

Lib e ra t a w ri t t e n by T a s s o s own h a n d ; a m a nu sc i pt of s o m e ’
r

i
,

p o me s w r , t t e n in p i s on t o t h e D uk e A lfonsor a d t
,
h e sa t i e s n r

of A io s t o w i t t e n a l s o by h is own h a n d a n d t he P a st o r F i d o
r r

of G u a ini T he G e ru s a l e m m e t hough it had e vi de n t l y b e e n

,

r .
,
 L E T TE RS . 2 41

co p i e d a n d re cop i e d i in t e lin e d p a t icul a rl y t owa rd s the e nd

s r r

wi t h nu m e ou s co e c t ion T he h n d w i t in g of Ari o st o i s a
, , ,

r rr s a -
r

s m a ll fi m an d p oin t e d c ha a c t e r e x p e ss i ng a s I s houl d s a y a
.

r r r

t r ong a n d k e e n b u t c i r cu m s c r ib e d e n e gy of m in d ; t h a t of
, , , , ,

s ,
r

T a s o is l g e f e e a n d flowing e xc e p t t h a t t h e re is a ch e ck e d
s ar r

e x p e s ion in t he m i d t of it s flow wh i ch b ri ng s t he l e t t e rs in t o
, , ,

r s s

a s m a ll e c o m p a s s t h a n o n e e x p e c t e d fr o m t he b e ginn i ng of t he
,

wo d I t is t he s ym bol of a n in t e n se a n d e a rn e st m in d
r

e xc e e d ing a t t i m e s it s own d e p t h a n d a d m on i s h e d t o r e t ur n b y
.
,

t h e c hilln e s s of t h e w a t e r s of oblivion s t ri ki ng u p on it s
,

a d v e n t u ou s fe e t r Y o u know I a lw a ys s e e k i n Wh a t I se e t h e
.

m a nife s t a t ion of s o m e t hing b e y on d t he p re se n t a n d t a ngibl e

obj e ct a n d a s we d o n o t a g e e in p h y si ogn o m y s o we m a y n o t r

B u t m y bu s in e s s is t o r e l a t e m y own s e n s a t i ons a n d
,

a g e e now
r

t t o a t t m p t t o in s p i e o t h e s wi t h t h e m
.
,

no e S o m e of t h e M S S
r r

of T a ss o w e e s onn e t s t o his p e rs e cut o r wh i ch con t ai n a g e a t

. .

r r

If Alfon s o s gho s t we e a s ke d
,
d e a l of wh a t is c a ll e d fl a t t e y ’
r r

how h e fe l t t ho se p ra i se s now I won de r wh a t he woul d s a y

.

.
,
B t t o m e t h e re is m uch m o e t o p i ty t h a n t o con d e m n in t h e se
u r

e n t e a t i e s a d p ra i s e s of T a s s o
r n I t is a s a b i go t p ra y s t o a n d
i h
.

p ra s e h is g so d w o m h e know s t o b e t h e m o s t r e m o rs e l e s s
a d infl e xibl e of t y a n t s b u t who m h e know s a l s o t o
, ,
c p i c iou
a r s, n r

b e o m nip o t e n t T a ss o s s i t u a t i on w a s wi d e l y d i ffe re n t fr o m t h a t
,
’
.

of a ny p e rse cu t e d b e ing of th e p e se n t day fo r from t he de p t h r

of d unge on s p ublic Op inion m igh t no w a t l e ngt h be a wa ke n e d

,

t o a n e cho t h a t woul d s t a rt l e t he o p r e s so r
,

B u t t h e n t h e e wa s
p r
no h o p e T h e e is s o m e t hing i e s st ibl y p a t h e t i c t o m e i n t he
.

r rr i

s i gh t of T a ss o s own h a n d w ri t i ng m oul d ing e x p r e s s i on s of

.

’
-

a d ul a t i on a n d n t e a t y t o a de a f a n d s t up id t yra n t in a n a ge
,
e r

wh e n t he m o s t h e r o i c virt u e woul d h a v e exp o se d it s p o s s e s s o t o

,
r

h op e l e s s p e rs e cut i on a n d— s uch is the a lli a nce b e t we e n vi rt u e

a d g e niu s — which uno ffe n d ing g e niu
,
n coul d n o t e s ca p e s .

W e w e n t a ft e wa d s t o se e h is p i s on in t he ho sp i t a l of S a n t
r r r
’

A nn a a n d I e nclo s e y o u a p i e c e of t h e woo d of t h v e y d oo e r r,
w h i c h fo s e ve n y e a rs a n d t h re e m on t h s d i v i d e d t hi s glo iou s
,
r r

b e in g f o m t he a ir a n d t he ligh t which ha d nou i h e d in

r r s

h im t ho s e influ e nc e s wh i ch he ha s co m m unic a t e d t h r oug h h i s

h low a n d d a rk a d
,

p o te r
y t t ou s a n dos T he d ung e on is n

w h e n I sa y t h a t it is re a lly a ve ry d e ce n t d unge on I s p a k a s
, .
,

who ha s s e e n t he p ri s on s i n t he d og e s p a l a c e of Ve nice
’
,
’
o ne

t a d m e a n e s t t h ing
.

B t it is a ho r ibl a bo d e fo r t he co ar
u r e se s n

t h a t e v e r wo e t h e s h a p e of m an m uch m re fo o n of d li c t e
r o r e e a
s u s c e p t ibili t i e s a n d e l e v a t e d fa nc i e s
,

I t is l o w a n d h s g a t e d
‘

a a r

win dow an d b e ing s unk s o m e fe e t b e low t he l e ve l of t h t h

.
,

, e e ar ,

Q7
 LE T T E R S .

is full o f unwhol e s om e da m p s In t he da ke s t c o n e r is a m a k r r r

in t he wa ll wh e e t he ch a in s w e iv e t t e d wh ic h boun d him
.

r re r

h a n d d foo t A ft e o m e t i m e a t t he i n t a nc e of o m e
,

an r s s s

C a d in a l h is f i e n d t h e D u k e a llo w d h is v ic t i m a fi e p l a ce ;
.
,
r , r ,
e r -

th m e k wh e it wa s wa ll e d u p y t e m in
ar er e r a s

A t t he e n t n c e of t h e Li c o w h e e t h e lib a y is w e w e e
.

ra e r r r r

co m p l e t e l y n ve lo p d in a
, ,

m e t by a p ni t e n t ; h is fo m w a e r s e e

g h o s t l ike d a p e y of wh i t e fl a nn e l h i b a e f e t we e s a n d ll e d
-
r r s r e r a
a d t h e e w a s a k in d of n e t wo k v i s o
n r d ra wn o v e h i e y e s s -
r r r s o

n t i e l y t o conc e a l his fa c e I im a gi e t h a t t h i s m a ha d
,

as e r n n

b e e n a dj u dge d t s u ffe r t h i s p e n a nc e fo s o m e c i m e k nown

.

o r r

only t o h i m s e lf a n d his c onfe ss o r a n d t hi s kin d of e x h i bi t ion is

t iking in s t a n ce of t h p o we r of t he C a t holic s u p e t i t ion
,
a s r e rs

o ve t he h u m a n m i n d H e p a sse d ra t t ling his woo de n box fo

r r
ch a ity
.
,
*
r .

A d i e u — Yo u will he a r fr o m m e a g a in b e fo re I a r ive a t . r
N ap le s
You s e v e r s in e e l y
.

r ,
c r ,

P B S. . .

XX IX .
—T o T . L P EA C O C K
. .

B o l og n a , M o n d ay , N o v .
9 1k,
1 8 1 8 .

M Y D EAR P v
qu a n t i t y of t h ing s h e re — chu rch e s
— I ha e seen a
i d p i c t u re s ; a n d m y b ra i n is a t
.
,

p a l a c e s s t a t u e s foun t a n s a n

t h i mo m e n t like a p o rt folio of a n a r chi t e c t o r a p in t ho p o r

, , ,

s r -
s

I w i ll t y t o re coll e c t s o m e t hing of
, ,

a co m m on p l a c e book -
r

wh a t I h a ve s e e n ; fo r in de e d it e qui e s if it wi ll obe y a n a ct
.

r r

of v oli t ion F i rst w e w e n t t o t he c a t h e d al whi ch con t a in

, , , ,

r s

n t h ing m a rka bl e e x ce p t a kin d of s h in e o r a t h e r a m a bl e

.
, ,
o re ,
r ,
r r

c a no p y lo a de d wi t h c ul p t u e s a n d s u p p o t e d on fou r m a bl s r r r e

c ol um n s
, ,

W e w e nt t h e n t o a p a l a c e — I a m s u
. I fo g e t t he re r

n a m e of it— wh e e w e a w a l g e g a ll e y of p i c t u e O f r s ar r r s

c ou s e i n a p ic t u e g a ll e y y u s e e t h re e h un d e d p ic t u
.

r r s yr o r re ou

I r e m e m b e h owe v e a
,

fo g e t f o
r yo u e m e m be r
or ne r r, r, n

in t e e t ing p i c t u e by G ui d o of t h e R a p e of P o e p in e in
.
,

r s r r s r

w h ich P o se p i n e ca s t s ba ck he r l a ngui d a n d h a lf unwi l ling

, ,

r r
e ye s a s it w e e t o t h e flow e s h e h a d l e ft ung a t h e e d in t he
r r s r

fi e l d s of E nn a T h e e wa s a n e xqui si t e ly e xe cu t e d p i e c e of
, ,

. r

Th p ni t n t ask l m
e se to b
e p nt in m
e s f t he oul in
a s, e s e a sse s or s s

p g
ur a t o y
— M S r .
 L E T TE R S . 2 43

o
C rre ggi o bou fou in
a t r s a t who
s, o n e O f m h v
se e m e d t o a e a pe t
gon in l h I v il who
,

d ra a eas ol h
w a s t d t a t it w a s t he d e wa s
k n hing of fou in
.

boun d m t a t s t y e — bu t
h l who c a n m a e a yt r sa ts ?
Fo r wh h u o
a t ca n t e y b e s p p se d t o b e a bou h t ? T e re w a s o n e

p a in ing in
t d e e d b yhi t s m a hi
s t e r C r s t b in x
e a u t ifi e dibl e p re ss y
’

h lf fi gu ing wi h
, , , ,

fine I t IS a a on
re , s e a t e d of lou
a m a ss c d s, t ed t
w h ol
.

h l o lik lu
a n e t e re a , r s e e x n
s t re ; t h e a rm s a r e e p a d e d ; t h e e
f il
ra m e s e e m s d a t e d wi h x ion
t e p re s s oun n nc h v
t he c te a e is e a y,

a s it w e re ,wi h t w igh of
t he e t u of
t h e ra p t r e ii li
t he s p r t t he ps
p a r t e d b u t c c l
s a r e y p a r wi h
t e d t b h of in n
t h e r e a t t e s e b u t
gul
, ,

re at e d p a ss ion l b nign n
t h e e y e s a re c a m a n d e whol a t t he e
f u h oni
e a t re s a rm se din j w n
m a e s t y a n d s e e t e ss h i T he a r is
fo h f ll in h v lo k on h i
.

p a r t e d on t h e re e a d, a n d a s e a y c s e a c s d e

f in
.

I t 15 m t o ionl e s s , bu t s e e m s a sif b h woul

t he a t e s t re a t d m 01e
it T he c olou ing I u o
r u
s p p se , m s t b e v goo if I oule ry d, c d
k
.
,

re m ar a nd un n
d e rs t a d it of
T he sky is l i l o ng
a pa e aer a . ra e,
lik e t he t in of l
ts un
a t e st s se t o in oun
it d e s n o t se e m p a t e d a r d
and b on
ey d t he fi gu v hing
r e , b u t e e r yt h v bob
se e m s to a e a s r e d,

a nd t o hv b n n
a e ee hu I
p e e t r a t e d b y it s es hinkdo n o t t we
o h of o ggio ci n gi v v
.

sa w a ny t er C rre hi
, but t s spe me es m e a e ry
x l i
e a t e d de a of o
his p w e r s
h e a v n know s how m a n y m o e p l ce
.

W we n t t o se ee e r a a s
R an i M a isca l chi A ld b a d i
uz z rr If y u w a n t I t l i n n m o r n o a a a es
h e e t h e y a e I hou l d b e gl a d of t h m if I
, .
,

f or a y pu po n r se , r r s e

w a s w i t ing a no v e l r I s a w m a ny m o e of G ui d o O n e a . r .
,

S a m s on d inking w a t e r o u t of a a s j bon i of ’
r a w t h m d t n s 5 -
e , 1n e s

t he s l a ugh t e e d P hili s t in e s W hy h e is s u p p o e d t o d t hi s
r s o

G o d w h o g a v e h im t hi s j a w bon e a lon e know s — b u t c e t a in it

.
,
-
r

is t h a t t he p a i n t ing i a v e ry fi n e n T h fi gu
, ,

,
of S a m on s o e . e re s
st a n d in s t ong li e f in t h e fo g oun d colou e d a it w
s r re re r r s e re ,
in t he h u s of h u m a n life a d full of s t e ng t h a d e l e g a n
, ,

e n r n ce
R oun d h im lie t h e P h ili s t in s in a l l t h a t t i t u d e s o f d e a t h
, .

O e e ne

lig h t con v ul ion of p in j u st p a ing f o m h i

.

p ron e wi t h t h e s s a ss r s
fo e h e a d wh il t on hi li p d c h in d a t h l i s h vy
,

r s s s an e es a ea as
A no t h e l e a ning on h i a m wi t h h i h n d w h i t
,

sle e p r d s r s a e an
h a nging u t b e y on d In t he d i st n e m o e d d
.
, ,

m o t ionl e s s, o a c r ea

bo d i e a n d t ill fu rt h e b e y on d t he blu e s e a a d t h b l u e
.
,

s s r n e
w h i t e a d t n q uil s a il
, ,

m oun t in a d a s, n o ne n ra .

T he e a M u de r of t he Inno ce n t s a l o b y G ui d o fi nly
is r r s e
colou e d wit h m u h fi e e x p e s ion — b t t he ubj c t i v e y
, , ,

r c n r s u s e s r

h o ibl e a d it s e e m e d d e fi ci e nt n s t e ngt h — a t l e t y o u
,

rr ,
n i r as ,
r e q ui e t he high e st i d e a l e n e g y t h e m o s t p o e t i c l a d e x a l t e d
r r a n
c onc e p t ion of t h e s ubj e ct t o e c on c i l e y o u ch a con t e m p l
,

t r u o s a
T h e e w a s a J s u s C h i t c u c i fi e d by t he s a m e v e y
,
t ion . r e r s r , ,
r
2 44 LE T TE R S .

fine g e t s t i e d in d d w h a t e v e r m a y b e t he conc e p t on
On e r ee i

e x e u t ion of it of s e ing t h t m ono t onou

.
, ,
and c a d a goni e d e a s n s

fo m f r ve r e xhibi t e d in n e p e s c i p t i v a t t i t u de of t o t u
,

r o e o r r e r re .

B t t he M a g da l e n clinging t o t he c o s s wi t h t h e look of p
u i ve r a ss
b e a m ing f o m b n a t h he r b igh t fl x h i
,

a d ge n t l e d e p i
n s a r r e e r a en a r,
a d t he fi gu
n of S t John wi t h his loo k s u p lift e d in p s ion t e
re as a
o m p a s ion ; his h n ds cl a sp d a d h is fi ng e t wi t ing t h e m
.
,

c s a e n rs s

lv t og e th e r a it we e wi t h in v olun t a ry a ngui h ; h i f t
,

se es s r s s ee

s ym p a t h y
, ,

a l m o t w i t hing u p f o m t h e g oun d wi t h t h e
s r am r r s e

a d t he whol e of t h i s a r a ye d n colou rs of a d i vi n e r n t u e y e t
n r i a r

O f t h e con t e m p l a t ion of t hi s o e wou l d

,

m o t lik e n a t u e 5 s e l f
’
s r n
n v w ay
.

e er e r

T he
.

w sa re F o t un ” t o of G ui d o ; a p i e c e of m e re b e a u t y
a
“
r e, o
T h e e w a s t h e figu e of F o t un e on a glob e g e l y p o ce e d ing
.
,

r r r e, a r r

onw a ds a n d Lo ve w a s t y ing t o c a t c h h b a ck b y t h h i
r r er e a r,

h e r long c h e t nu t
,

a d h e r fa c e w a s h a lf t u n e d t ow a d s h im
n r r s

h a i w a s flo a t i ng in t h t e a m f t he win d a d t h e w it s
r e s r
'

o ,
n r

s h a d ow ove r he r fa i r fo e h e a d H e h a e l ye w e e fix e d on r r z e s r

h e r p u u e wi t h a m e a ning l ook of p l y fu l n e s a d a lig h t

.

rs r, a s n

s m il e w a s ho v ing on he l i p s T h e colou w hi c h a ye d
,

er r rs r ra

h e d e lic a t e l i m b s w e r e e t h e re a l a n d w a m
.

r r

B t pe h p
.

u , t h e m o s t in t e e t ing of a l l t h
r a s, pi tu e of r s e c r s

G ui d o whi h I s a w w a c M a d onn a La t t a n t e S he is l e ning

s a a

o v e he chil d a d t he m a t e n a l fe ling s wi t h w hi c h s he i
.

r r n r e s

p v a de d a e
,

er s h a d ow e d fo t h on he r s oft a d g e n tl e
r r n

c oun t e n a nc e a n d in h e r s i m p l e a n d a ffe c t ion a t e g e s t u e s— t h e e r r

is wh a t a n unf e ling ob v e woul d c a l l a d uln e s in t h

,

e se r r s e

e x p r e s ion of h e r fa c e ;
s h e ye s a e a l m o s t lo s e d ; h l ip er r c er

d p re s e d ; t h e
e s is a e iou s a d e v e n a h e a vy
re l a x t ion
s r n re a

l whi c h a c ll e d in t o a c t ion b y
, ,

a s it w e e of a ll t h m r e u sc e s re a

o d in a y e m o t i on s b t it is onl y s if t h e sp i i t of lo v l m o t
,

r r u a r e, a s

in u p p o t a bl e f o m it s in t e n s ty w e e b oo d ing o v a d
.

s r r i r r er n

w e ig h ing down t h s oul wh a t ve it is wi t hou t whi ch t h e

,

e ,
or e r ,

m t e i a l f a m e 15 in a ni m t e a d 1 e xp
a r r si e a n n re s v

T her is a no t h F ra nc e ch ini
.

e p in t r h e e ca ll d er a a e r e s

B ologn e s e w h o t houg h c t a inl y v e y inf io r t o G ui d o i

, ,

er r er s

h h h
, , ,

y t
e a p e on of e x ce llrs
e n t p ow e s O n t i u t t r ne e re c rc a

of S a n t a C a t a in a is co v e d b y hi wo k s I d o t kno w
.
,

r er s r no
w h e t h r a y of his p i t u h a ve e v e b e n s e e n in E ngl a n d
.
,

e n c re s r e

H is colou ing i l e s s w a m t h a n t h a t of G ui d o b u t no t h ing

.

r s r

it is a s if h e coul d h a v e d i pp d
,

c an b e m o e cl e a a n d d li c t e r r e a e

hi s p e ncil in t h e hu e s of s o m e s e e n e s t a n d t a s hinin g r s r

t wiligh t H i fo m s h a v e t h e s a m s d e l i c a cy a n d a e i a l
r e r

lo ve lin e s s ; t h e i e y e s a e a ll b ig h t wi t h nno ce nc e a n d lo v e ;
.

r r r i
 L E T TE R S . 24;

t h e i li p s s ca c e divi de d by s o m e ge n t l e a n d s we e t e m o t ion
r r

H is wing d c h il d n a e t h e lov li e s t i d a l b ing e v

.

e re rce t d e e e s er r a e

b y t he h u m a n m in d T h e s e a e g n e a ll y w h e t h e . in t h e r e r ,
r

c a p a ci t y of C h e rubi m o r C u p id a cc e s s o i s t t he e s t of t h e r e o r

a n d t he un d e r p lo t of t h e i r lo v e l y a n d in fa n t in e p l y
,

p c
i t u re a

is s o m t h ing a l m o s t p a t h e t ic f o m t h e e xc e s s of it s un p e t e n d
e ,
r r

ing b a u t y O ne of t he b e s t of his p i e c s i a n Annun i a t ion

)
e . e s c

of t h Vi gin —t he Ange l is b e a m ing b e a u t y t he Vi gin

e r in r ,

s oft e t i ing a n d s i m p l
,
r r ,
e .

W e a w b e s i d e s o ne p i c t u e of R a p h a e l — S t C e cili a : t hi s
s r

i in a no t h e a n d h ig h e s ty l e ; y o u fo g e t t h a t it is a p ic t u e
.
, ,
s r r r r

a s y o look a t it ; a n d y e t i t is m o t unlike a n y of t ho s e t hing s

u s

w h i h w e c a ll e a li t y I t is of t he i n sp i re d a n d i de a l kin d
c r

d s m s t h a v e b e e n con c e i v e d a d e x e cu t e d in a i m i l a r
.
,
an ee o n s

s t a t e of f e ling t o t h a t which p o d uc e d a m ong t h e a nci e n t t ho se

e r s

p fe c t S p c i m e n s of p o e t y a d
er e ul p t u e whi c h a t h b affling r n sc r re e

m od l of u c e e d ing g e n e ra t ion T h e e i a uni t y a d a

e s s c s r s n
T he c e n t a l fi gu e
.

p f c t ion in it of a n inco m m uni a bl e kin d

er e c . r r ,

S t C e c ili
. see m s a p t in s u c h in s p i a t ion a s p r o d uc e d h
a, r r er
m g in t h p in t e s m in d he r d e p d k e loq u e n t y ’
i a e e a r e ar e es

lift e d p ; h c h snu t h a i r flung b a ck fr o m he fo h e a d— he

, , ,

u er e r re s

h ol ds a n o ga n in he r h a n d — he r c oun t n a nc e s it w
r s e a e re ,
l m e d b y t h d p t h of it s p a s ion a n d a p t u e a n d p e n e t ra t e d
,

ca e e s r r

t h oug h ou t wi t h t h w a m a d r d i n t lig h t of l if
,

r e Sh r n a a e. e
i li t ning t o t h e m u s ic of h e a v e n a d a s I i m a g i n e h a s j u t
s s e n s
ing f t h e fou r figu s t h a t s u oun d he vi d n t l y
, , ,

ce ased t o s or re rr r e e
h ; p a r t i ul a l y S t John
,

p oin t b y t e i r t t i t u d e s t ow a d s h e a r r c r

w h o wi t h a t n de y e t i m p a s ion e d g e st u e b e n d hi
, , .
,

e r s r s s

oun t e n a n ce t ow d s h r l a ngui d wi t h t he d e p t h of h is
, ,

c ar e ,

e m o t ion A t h e fe e t lie v a iou in s t u m e n t s of m u s ic b ok n

. r r s r ,
r e
an d un s t ung O f t h c olou ring I d
r o t s p e a k ; it e c li p e s o n e s
n a t u y e t it ha ll h t u t h a d s oft n e s
.

re , s a er r n s

of D o m e ni h ino C a a c ci A lb a no
.

W sa w o m p i t u e s e c re s c r

G u c ino E l iz b t t a S i ni
, , ,
er T h t w fo m — e m m b e
a e ra I do e o r er r e r,

th
.
,

no t p e t e n d t o t str I c a nno t a d m i e O f the l t te

a e- r a r e re

o m e be a u t iful M a d onn a s T h e e a re s e v e a l of G u e r cino

.

a re s r r

w h i c h t h e y s a i d w e v y fi n e I d a e y t h e y w e re fo t he
.
,
‘
er er r sa r
t e ngt h a d c o m p li c a t ion of h is fi gu e s m d e m y h a d t u n
.
,

s r n r a e r
r oun d O n in de e d wa s c e t in l y p ow ful I t w a s t h
e, r a er e
h
,
. .

re p t t i
re s e n a n of t h e foun dce r of t h e C t u i a n s e x ci i g ar s er s n
hi a u t e i t
s in t he d e s e t wit h a y ou t h a his a t t e n d n t
s r ie s r , s a
k n ling b e i d him a t a a l t ar ; on a no t h e a l t t oo d
,

ee s e n r ar s
a k ul l a d u ci fi x a n d a roun d we re t he o k a n d t h e t e s
s n a cr r c s re

of t he wil de rn e s s I n e ve a w s u ch a figu e a s t hi s fe llo w . r s r .

 2 46 L E T T E R5 .

H is fa ce w a s wrinkl e d li ke a d i e d s n a ke s s kin a n d d a wn r
’
r

in long h a d l i n e s his v e y h a n d s w e e w ri nkl e d H e looke d

,

r r r

li ke an a ni m a t e d m u m m y H e wa s c lo t h e d i n a loo s e d e ss
.

of d a t h colou d fl nn e l s uch a y o u m igh t fa ncy a s h ou d

.

e re a s r

m i g h t b e a ft
,

it h a d w a p t a co p s e a m on t h o t w o
er I t ha d
r r r
a y e llow p u t ifi e d g h a s t l y h u e w h i c h it c a s t on a ll t h e obj e c t s
, .

t h a t t he h a n d s a n d fa c e of t he C
, , ,

a r oun d s o t hu s i a n a d ar n
h i co m p nion w e j a un d i c e d b y t h i s s e p ulc h a l gl i m m e
,
s a er r r.
W hy w i t e book s a ga in s t e ligion wh e n w e m a y h a ng p
r r u
s u c h p i c t u re s ? i t h e r w ill n o t o c a nno t s e e
,

B u t t he wo l d r e r .

T he gloo m y e ff e c t of t hi w a s s oft e n e d a d a t t h e s a m e t i m e s n
d i m i n i s h e d b y t h e fi gu re of t he Vi gin a d
, , ,

it s s ubli m i t y r n

C h il d in t he ky looking d o wn wi t h a d m i ra t ion on t he m onk

,
s , ,
a d a b e a u t iful fl y ing figu e of a n a ng e l
n r
E nough of p i c t u e s I s a w t he p l a ce w h e re G ui d o a n d his
.

r .

m i st e s s rE li a b e t t a S i a ni z w e e bu i e d T hi s l a dy w a s r r r

p oi s on e d a t t he a g e of t w e n t y s ix b y a no t h e lo v e r a j e cte d
, , .

-
,
r ,
re
o n e of cou r s e O u gui d e s a i d she w a s ve y ugl y a n d t h a t we
. r r ,
m igh t s e e he r p o t a i t t o m o r ow r r r
We ll goo d nigh t fo t he p e se n t
.

T o m o r o w t o f e sh
r r -
r r

fi l ds a n d p a s t u e s n e w
, , .

”
e r .

N o v e m be r 16 .

T o da y we -
fi s t we n t t o s e e t h o s e divin e p i ct u e of R a ff l
r r s ae

a nd G ui o g a in a n d t h e n ro de u p t he m oun t a in s b e h in d t hi s
d a
ci t y t o vi si t a c h a p e l d e d ic a t e d t o t h M a d onn a I t m a de m e
, ,
e

m e l a n c hol y t o s e e t h a t t h e y h a d b e e n v a ni s hing a n d
.
, .

s t o ing r re r

s om of t h e s e p ic t u e s a n d t h a t e ve n s o m e h a d b e e n p i e e d
e r rc

b y t he F e n c h b a y on e t s
,

r T h e s e a e y m p t o m s of t he m o t a li t y r s r

of m a n d p e h p s f w of his wo k a e m o e e v a n e sc e n t t h n
.

a n, r a e r s r r a

S c u l p t u e e t a in s it s f e s h n e s s fo t w e n t y c e n t u i e
,

p in t ing s
a r r r r r s

t h e y We e
.

— t h e A ollo a n d t h e Ve nu a a B u t book s a re s re s r
p
p e h a p s t h e onl y p r d u c t ion s of m a n c o e v a l wi t h t h e h u m a n
.

r o

ra c e S op h ocl e a d S ha k p e a e c a n b e p o d uc e d a d e p o
s n s r r n r r

d u ce d fo e ve B u t how e v a n e s c e n t a e p a in t ing s ! a n d m u s t
.

r r. r

n e ce s sa il y b r T h o e of Z e uxi s a n d A p e ll
e a r e no m o r
s d es e an

p e h a p s t h e y bo
.

r th s am e e l t ion t
re H o m e r a d t E s c hy l u
e r a o n s,

t h t t h o s e of G ui d o a d R a ff a e l b e a t o D a n t e a n d Pe t a c h
a n r r r

T h e is o n e
.

er fug f o m the d e p on de n c y of t hi s c on t e m p l a t ion

re e r s

T h e m a t e i a l p a t i n d e e d of t h e i wo k m u t p e i h b u t t h e y
.

r r r r s s r s

u v i v in t he m in d of m a n a n d t h e r e m e m b a nc e s conn t e d
, , ,
s r e r ec

wi t h t h e m a re t a n sm i t t e d fro m g e n e t ion t o ge n e a t ion

,

r ra r

of
.

T he p o e t e m bo d i e s t h e m in h is c e a t ion ; t he s ys t e m r s s

p hilo s op h e s a re m od e ll e d t o g e n t l e n e s s b y t h e i r con t e m p l a t ion

r
 L E T TE R S . 2 47

o p inion t h a t l e gi l a t o is infe c t e d wi t h t h e i i nflu e nce m e n

s r, r

b co m e b e t t a d wi e ; a n d t he un se e n se e d s a e p e h p s
s
,

e er n s r r r a
t hus own w h ich s h a ll p o d u ce a p l a n t m o e x lle n t v n
s r r e ce e e
t h a n t h a t fro m whi c h t h e y fe ll B t a l l t hi s m ig h t s w e l l b e
,
u a

t houg h t a t M
.
,

s a id o r low a s B ologn a ar
T he c h a p l of t h e M a d onn a is a v y p e t t y C o in t h i a n
.

e er r r

buil d ing— v e y b e a u t iful in de e d I t com m a n d s a fi n e v i w of

r e
t h e se fe rt il e p l a in s t h e m a n y fol d e d A p nnin e
.

d t he c i t y I -
e s, a n

h a ve ju st e t u n e d f o m a m oonlig h t w a lk t h oug h B ologn a I t

, .

r r r r

is a ci t y of c olonn a d e s a n d t h e ff c t of m oonligh t is t iking l y

.

e e s r

h e e o e 4 0 0 fe e t hig h
,

p i t u e qu e
c r T h e e a e t wo t ow e
s r r rs r n
-

ugl y t hing buil t of b i k whi c h l a n bo t h d i ffe e n t wa y s a d

.

s, r c e r n
wi t h t he d e lu s ion of m oonligh t s h a d ow yo u m igh t a l m o s t f n c y
,
s, a
t h a t t he ci t y is ock e d b y a n e a rt h q u a k e r T h e y s a y t h e y we e r
buil t s o on p u p o s e bu t I ob se v e in a ll t he p l a in of Lom ba dy
.

r r r
t he c hu ch t o w e r le a n rs
A d i e u — G o d g a n t yo u p a t i e nc e t o e a d t hi s long l e t t e
.

r a nd r r,

cou a ge t o s upp o t t he e x p e c t a t ion of t he n e xt P ra y p t t h m

r r ar e

f o m t he G bb t ts on y ou r b e a kf s t t a bl e — th e y m ay fig h t it u t
.

r a e r a o
in y ou m in d r .

You s e ve r m o t s inc e l y r s re ,

P B S. . .

XXX — T O T . L P E AC O C K
. .

R o m e , N o v e m ber 2 0 t lz , 1 8 1 8 .

M Y D EA R P ol d m e n t he c a p i t a l of t he va ni sh e d
-
Be h i

B u t I h a v e e e n no t h i ng e x c p t S t P e t e
.

’
wo ld l r a d t he
s e . r s n

Va t ica n ove loo king t he c i t y in t he m i t of d i s t a n c

r a d t he s e, n
D og a n a wh e e t h e y t ook u s t o h a v e
,

r u lugg g e x a m in e d o r a e

wh i c h is buil t be t we e n t he ruin s of a t e m p l e t o A n t oninu P iu

, ,
s s
T he C o in t h i a n c olu m n s i e o v t he d win d l d p a l a c s of t he
.

r r s er e e

m o d e rn t o wn a n d t h e w oug h t co rn ic e is c h a ng e d on o n e s i d e r

e s of w a v e wo rn p re ci p ic e s wh i ch o v e h a ng
, ,

a s it w e e t o m a r ss -
r

fa fa on h ig h
, ,

y o u, r, r
I t ke a d va n t ge of t hi s ra in y e v e n n g a n d b fo e R o m e h s
.
’

a a i e r a

e c oll c t ion s t o e n d e a v ou t o c l l t h v a ni h e d
,

e ff c d a l l o t h e
a e r r e r re a e s

c n e s t h oug h whi c h W e h a v e p a ss e d
,

s e r W l e ft B ologn a I e

fo g t on wh a t d a y a d p a ing b y R i m ini F a no a d F o l igno

.
,

r e n ss n

a long t h e V ia F l m ini a a d T e m i h a v e a i ve d a t R o m e a ft e
, , , ,

a n rr r

t e d a y s o m e w h a t t e d i ou s b t m o t in t e t ing j ou rn e y
,
’
n s T he u s re s

ka bl e t h ing s we s a w w e re t he R o m a n e xc v t ion s in
.
,

m o t em s r ar a a

t he r ock a n d t he g re a t w a t e fa ll of T e rn i O f cou s e y o u h a v e
‘

,
r . r
2 48 LE T TE RS .

h e a rd h
t a t t e re a re a R m a h
o n b i dg e a nd a t i um p h a l a ch a t r r r
R i m ini a d in wh a t e xc e ll e n t t a s t e t h e y a e bui l t
,
n T h b i d ge r . e r
15 n o t unlik e t h S t n d b i dg e b t m o e h l d in p opo t ion
ra r u re o r r

d of cou s in fi ni t l y m l l
, ,
an r e F Om F O w e l e ft t h e c o
e s a t e r. r II as
fo l l owing t h e c ou
a

o
f
t he A d i t i a d e nt r a e d t h Ap c, mn er e en n e s, rs e

of t he M e t u ru s t he b a nks o f wh ich we t h e s c n e of t h
a re e e

f t o t he boo k )
,
d f t of A s d u b a l :
e ea d it is s a i d (y o u ca
r an n re e r

t h t Livy h a gi v e n a v e y e x a c t a d a ni m a t e d d s c i p t ion of it
a s r n e r

I f g t a ll a bou t it b u t s h a ll look a s s oon a s o u box e

.

or e r s a re
o p n d F ollowing t he r ive r t he va l c on t a ct s t he b a nk of
,
e e e r s

i ve b e c o m e s t e e p a n d o ky t he fo r t of o ak a d il x
.
, ,

th e r r r c es s n e

w h i h o v e h ng it s e m e a l d c olou e d t e a m cling t o t h e i r a b u p t
,

c r a r -
r s r r

l v
,

p rec i p i ce s A bou t fou . m i e f o m F o s o m b on e t h e rri e fo c e s s r s r ,

r r

for i t e lf a p
s ge b e t we n t h wa ll a d t o p p ling p re ci p ice s of
a ss a e e s n

t h e loft i e t A p nnin e s w h i c h a e h e re ift e d t o t h e i r ba s e a n d

e s, r r ,

un d m in e d b y t he n a ow a d t u m ul t uou t o n t I t w a
er rr n s rr e . as

c lou dy m o ning a n d w e h a d no c on ce p t ion of t he s e n t h a t

r ,
c e

a w i t d s S u dd nly t he low clou ds w e e s t u ck by t he c l e r

a e u e r r a
no t h W in d a n d li ke c u rt in s of t he fi n e st ga uz e e m ove d o e by
.

r a r n

we e d a wn f o m b e fo e t h e m oun t a n w h o s e h a v e n
, ,
o e n r r r r i e

cl e v ing p inn a l e a d bl c k c g o ve h anging o ne a no t h e

, ,

a c s n a ra s r r,

s t oo d a t l ng t h d fi n e d in t he lig h t of d a y
e e T he r o a d run s
p a a ll e l t t h e i ve
.

r o a t a c o n i d e a bl r h igh t a n d is c a i d
r, s r e e rr e

t h oug h t he m oun t in b y a v a ul t d v n T he m a k s of t he
,

r a e ca er r
ch i l of t h e l e gion i e s of t he R o m a n C on s ul a e y t e vi de n t
.

se ar r e .

W e p a s se d on d y a ft e d a y un t il w e c m t o S p ol e t o I a r a e

om n t i c c i ty I e v s w T h e e is h e a n
, ,

t hink t he m o s t r a er a r er

a qu e d u c t of a t oni s h ing e l e v a t ion wh i ch uni t e s t wo o c ky

.

s r

m oun t a in s — t h e is t he p a t h of a t o e n t b low whi t e ning t he

,
er rr e

g e n de ll wi t h it s b o a d a n d ba e n t a ck f st on e s a d a bo ve
,
r e r rr r O n

t he ca s t l e n t l y of g e a t s t e ng t h a n d of t e m e n d ou s
,

I
re s a app e, ar r r r

m a gni t u d e w h i c h o v h a ng t h e c t y a d w h o e m a rbl e b a st ion er s i n s s

p e p e n d icul a wi t h t h v
, ,

a re r
p re c i p ic r I n e r s a w a m o r
e e e e

i m p e s s i v e p i ct u e ; in whi h t he s h a p s of n a t ure a e of t he
.

r r c e r

g n d t o de b t o ve w h i ch t he c a t ion s of m a s ubli m e
ra es r r, u r re n,

f o m t h i a n t i q ui t y a d g e a t n e s s e e m t p e d o m in at e T he
r e r n r s o r

t l e w a s buil t by B e l i iu s o r N ars e I fo rge t which b u t wa s

.
,

c as sar s,
of t h a t e p oc h
,
.

F o m S p ol e t o w e w e n t t T e ni a n d sa w t he c a t a ra c t of t he
r o r

V e l ino
,

T h gl a c i e s of M n t a n e t a n d t h e s ou c e of t he
e r o v r r

i o n is t h e g a n d e s t s p e c t c l e I e v r s a w
.

A rv e r r T hi s is t h e a e

on d I m gin e a i ve s ixt y fe t in b e a t h wi t h a va s t volu m e

.

sec a r r e r

of w t e t h ou t l e t of a g e a t l a ke a m ong t he hig h e r m oun

.
,

a rs , e r

t in
a fa lling 30 0 f e t in t o a s igh t l e s s gulf of s now wh i t e va p ou r
s, e 7 ,
 LE T TE R S . 2 49

wh i h bu c rs t s v f o m ci l of bl k
up fo r e v er and fo r e e r, r a rc e ac
c ra g d h n
s, anl p i g d ownw d m d fi
t e ce i oth ea n ar s, a e ve or s x er
c t c h fi fty
a t a ra c s , e a h un d d f t high which xh ibi t on or a re ee e a
d w i t h b u iful d ubli m v i y t h
, ,

s m ll a c l e r s a e, an m ea t an s e ar e t , e sa e
a pp nc
e a ra B t wo d ( d f es l s coul d p in t ing ) will t
u r s an ar es a no
S t n d u p on t h b ink of t h p l t fo m of l i ff whi h
.

e xp it
re s s a e r e a r c c
v m o vi ng w
.
,

is d i ct l y op p o i t
re Y th s e t m ou se e e e e r- a te r s re a
in h i k d t wn y fol d fl king ff lik oli d
.

d own I t co m
. es t c an a s, a o e s
s now gli d ing d own m oun t n I t d o t m hollow a ai es no se e

wi t h in b t wi t hou t it i un u l lik t h fol d ing of l i n n t h own

.

a
l l y d own you y qll w it d it i lo t b low ; t
, u s e ,
e e e r
c a re e s s r e e o s an s s e no
in t h bl ck o k wh i ch gi d it oun d b t in it own fo m
,

e a r c s r ar u s a
d p y i n t h clou d lik v p ou boi ling p f o m b low
,

an s ra e -
e a rs u r e
w h ic h i t lik i n mi t
, ,

s no p y fo m b t w t
e ra no r s no r s ra no r a u a e r,
in h p wholl y unlik nyt h ing I v
, , , ,

a s a e w b fo It i e a e e r sa e re s as
now b t t h i k d i m p n t bl t t h y T h
.

whi t e as s u c an e e ra e o e e e e
v y i m gin t on i b wil d d t A t h un d co m
,

er a a i s p f o me e re In i er es u r

t h oug h i v oun d it i
.

th eby won d ful t h

a ss f er o e ar o r, t e er s s, s
n v t h m b mo dul t d b y th h nging m o t ion i
e er e sa e, u t, a e e c a r ses

d h lf
,

an d f ll in t m i t t ingl y ; w p
a s er hou in po e a sse a an r o ne s t
lo king t it d t houg h t b t f w m inu t h d gon by T h
o a an u a e es a e e

n y i in it kin d t h lo v li t d m o
, .

s u oun d ing
rr s ce er s, s e e es an st
ubli m t h t on i v d In
,

s e b a fi t w lk w p
ca n e d c ce e our rs a e a s se
t h oug h om oli v g o v of l g wh o
.

r s e d n i nt t e r e s, ar e an a c e re e s, se
ho y d t wi t d t unk l n d i n ll d i c ion W t h n
ar an s e r s ea e a re t s e e

o d p t h of o ng t iv i d l d n wi h
.

cr s se a by t h
a ra e re e s e r er s e, a e t
t h i gol d n f ui t d m t fo t of il x of l g iz
e r e r an ca e o a re s e a ar e s e,

v g n d co n b ing bough w in t t win d

,

who se e er re e an a r -
e ar s e re er e
ov er ourwin d ing p t h A oun d h m m ing in t h n ow v l a . r ,
e
’

e a rr a e,
w p inn cl of loft y m oun t in of p y m i d ic l o k lo t h d
e re a es a s ra a r c c e

wi h ll e v g n p l n t
t a d er ; th v t p in w h o
re e a s an t re e s e as e, se
f t h y foli g t m bl d i n t h b l u i t h il x t h t nc t l
ea er a e re e e e a r, e e a a e s ra
in h bi t n t of h
,

a a m oun in th bu t u wi t h it c i m on
t e se ta s, e ar s s r s

colou d f ui d g li t ing l v Af hou w lk ’

re r t an t er ea es te r an r s a we
b n t h t h c t c t of T ni wi t hin t h d i t n of h l f
.
,

ca m e e ea e a a ra er e s a ce a

h h
,

a m il ; n e y c nno t o
e a re r
pp c f t h N w
ou i h h a a r a or e a r, c as
h it conflu n wi t h t h V l ino b t h p g W th n
,

e re s e ce e e a rs e a ssa e. e e

c o d t h i v fo m d by h i onflu nc o v
,

r s se e r er n ow r e t s c e e, er a a rr
n u l b i d g of o k d w h
at ra r e c t f o m h p l t fo m
r c an sa t e ca t a ra r t e a r

I fi t m n t ion d W t h in k of p n ding o m t i m n xt y
,

rs e e e s e s e e e ear

w t f ll T h inn is v y b d h oul d h v
.

n ear t hi s a er a w . e er a ,
or e s a e
sta y d th e long e re er
m f o m T ni l t nig h t t
.

W e ca e r pl ll d N p i er d as o a a ce ca e e an
o t h m uc h b l i d C m p gn di
,

t d y
o a iv d t R o m
a rr e a e a cr ss e e e a a a
2 50 L E T TE R S .

R m a, o l a c e I confe s s infin i t l y t m y t a s t e I t i a fl a t t e ing

a p e o . s r

p i c t u e of B g s ho t H e a t h
r B t t h e n t h e e a e t h A p e nnin e s
a u r r e
on o n e s i de n d R o m e a d S t Pe t e s on t he o t h e a d it is
.

’
a n r r, n

i n t e s e c t e d by p e p e t u l d e ll s clo t h e d wi t h a rbut u s a d il x
, .

r r a n e .

Ad i e u — ve ry fa i t hfull y y ou s P B S r , . . .

XXXI — T o . T . L . PEA C OC K .

N ap l es , D ece m be r 22, 18 18 .

M Y D EAR P c e iv e d a l e t t e fro m y h e e d t d
-
I h a ve re r ou r , a e

N ove m be r I s t ; y o u s e e t he e c i p oc a t i on of l e t t e
.

f o m t he r r rs r

t e m of
r t a v l s is m o e s low
o ur r eI e n t i e l y a g e wi t h w h a tr r re

h i h h s w it t n
.

y o u s a y a bou t C il d e H a ol d T h e s p i i t n w i it ir r c r e

i if in s a n e t h e m o s t w icke d a n d m i c hi v ou s in ni t y t h a t e v e r
.

s, s e sa

w a s gi v e n fo t h
,

I t is a kin d of ob s t in a t e a d
r lf will e d foll y n se -

in w h i c h he h a de n h im s e lf I e m on s t a t e d wi t h h im in v a in
.
,
r s r r
on t he t on e of m in d f o m which s u h a v i e w of t hing s a lon e
.

r c

a i se s
r F o it s l oo t is v e y d i ffe e n t f o m it s a p p a e n t o n e
r re a r r r r r

N o t h ing c a b e l e s s s ubli m e t h a n t he t u e s ou ce of t h s e
. .

n r r e
e xp e ss ion s of con t e m p t a n d d e s p e ra t ion
r T he fa c t i t h t fi s t s, a r

t h e I t a li a n wo m e n wi t h who m h e a s s oc i a t e s a e p e h a p s t he
.
,
r r
m o s t con t e m p t ib l e of a ll who e x i s t un d e t he m oon —
,
t he m o t r s

i gno a n t t he m o st d i sgu st ing t he m os t bigo t e d ; coun t e e s

r ss

(w h o) sm e ll s o s t o gl y of g a lic t h a t a n o rd in a y E ngli h m a n
, ,
r n r r s
ca nno t a p p o a c h t h e m W ll L B is f m i li a wi t h t he low e s t
r e a r

s o t of t h e wo m e n t h e p e o p l e h is gon d oli e i p ick u p i n t he

.
, . .

r es r

H e a s s oci a t e s w i t h w e t ch e s who s e e m a l m o s t t o h a v e
,

s t re e t s r

lo s t t he ga i t a nd p h y iogno m y of m a a n d who d o n o t s c u p l e
.

s n, r

t a v ow p a t ic e whic h a e
o r c o t onl y n o t n a m e d b t I b e li e v e
s r n u
e l d o m e v e n conc e i v e d in E ngl a n d H e s a ys h e d i s a pp o v e s
,
s r

H e is h e a r t il y a d d e e p l y d i s con t e n t e d wi t h
.
,

b u t he e n d u s re . n

hi m lf ; a d c on t m p l t ing in t he d i s t o t e d m i o of his own

se n e a r rr r

t houg h t s t h e n a t u a d t h e d e st in y of m re w h a t c he b hol d
n an, an e

b u t obj c t s of con t m p t a n d d e s p a i ? B t t h a t h is a g e t
e e r u e r a

p o e t I t h i nk t h e a dd e s t o O c e a n p o v e s A n
r d sh e h a s a c e t in r r a
d e g e e of ca n d ou w h i l e y o u t a lk t o him b u t unfo rt un a t e l y it
,
.

r r ,

d o e n o t ou t l a t y ou d p a t u e
s s N o I d n t d oub t a d fo
r e r r .
,
o o
,
n ,
r
h is s a k e I ough t t o hop e t h a t h is p e s e n t c a r e e m u s t e n d s oon r r

i n s o m e v iol e n t ci cu m t a nc
, ,

r s e
I h a v e e n t he u i n s of R o m e t he
.

S in c e I l a s t w o t e t o y o r u, s e r
Va t ic a n S t P e t e r s a n d a ll t he m i a cl e s of a nc i e n t a n d m o d e rn
,
’
, .
,
r
 LE T TE R S . 2 51

art con t a in e d in t h a t m aj e s t i c ci t y T he i m p e s s ion of it e x c e d r e s

a y t hi g I h a v e e v e e x p e i e nc e d in m y t a v l s
.

n n W e s t a ye d
r r r e

t h e onl y a w e e k in t e n d ing t o re t u n a t t he e n d of F b u a y
.

er r e r r

a d de v o t e t wo o r t h e m on t h s t o it s I nin e s of in e x h a u s t ibl e
, ,
’
n re

c on t e m p l t ion t o wh i c h p e io d I
a fe yo u f a m inu t e a c coun t r re r or

of it W e v i i t e d t he F o ru m a d t he ruin s of t he C oli se u m
,

s n

ev
.

y da y
er T h e C oli s e u m is unlik a y wo k of hu m a n h a n d s e n r
I v e w b fo e I t is of e no m ou s h e igh t a n d ci cui t a d
.

e r sa e r . r r ,
n

t h a ch e buil t of m a sy s t on
e r s e p il e d on o e a no t h a d
s es ar n e r, n

j t in t o t he blu e a i h a t t e e d in t o t h e fo m of o v e h a nging
u r, s r r s r

r o cks I t ha s b e e n c h a ng e d by t i m e in t o t he i m a g e of a n
a m p h i t h e a t e of ocky hill s o v e g r own by t he wil d oliv t he
.

r r r e,

m y t l e a d t he fi g t e e a n d t h e a d e d b y li t t l e p t h s whi c h
r , n -
r ,
r a ,

win d m ong it ruin e d st a i rs a n d i m m e a s u a ble ga ll e i e s : t he

a s r r

co p e woo d o v e s h a d ow s y o u a s y u w a n d t h ough it s
s r o er r

l a b y in t h s a n d t he wil d we e ds of t hi s cli m a t e of flow e bloo m

r rs

un d y ou fe e t T he a e n a is c ove e d wi t h g s s a d p i e c e s
,

er r r r ra n r

like t he s ki t of a n a t u a l p l a in t he c h a m s of t he b oke n a c h e s
.
, ,

r s r ,
s r r
a oun d
r B u t a s m a ll p a t of t h e e x t e io c i cu m fe e n c r r r r r e

e m a i n s — it is e xqui s i t l y l ig h t a n d b e a u t iful
.

r a n d t h e e ffe ct of
e

t he p fe c t ion of it s a r h i t c t u e a d o rn e d wi t h a nge s of
er c e r r

C o rin t h i n p il a s t e rs s u p p o t ing a bo l d c o nic is s uc h a s t

,

a ,
r r e, o

d i m ini h t h e ffe c t of it g e a t ne s s
s e T he in t e io is l l uin sI r r r a r

ca n s ca c l y b e li e v e t h a t w h e n e n c u t d wi t h D o i n m a bl
. .

r e r s e r a r e

a d o n a m e n t e d b y colu m n s of E g y p t i a n g a ni t e it s e ff c t coul d
n r r e

h a v e be e n o s ubli m e a n d o i m p e s s i v e a s i n it s p se n t s t a t e
,

s s r re

I t i o p e n t o t h e s ky a n d it w a s t h e cl e a r a n d s unn y w e a t h e of
.

s r
t h e e d of N ove m b e r in t hi s cl i m a t e wh e n w e v i s i t e d it d a y
,

n ,

a ft e r d a y .

N e a it is t h e a ch of C on s t a n t in e
r a t h e r t he a c h o f
r or r r
-

T aj n ; f r t h e s e v il e a d a v a i c iou s
,

r a o en te of d g d d
r n r s a e ra e

R o m e o d e e d t h a t t h e m onu m e n t of hi p e d e e s o
r r h oul d b e s r c s r s

d m oli s h d in o d e r t o d e d i ca t e o t o t he C h i s t i a n
,

e e r p t il e ne r re

w h o h d p t a m ong t he bloo d of his m u de d fa m i ly t t h

,

a c re r re o e

s u p e m e p ow e I t is e x q ui i t e l y b e a u t iful a d p e fe c t T he
r r. s n r .

F o u m is a p l a in in t h e m i d t of R o m e a kin d of d e s e t full of
r s r

h e a p s of t on e s a d p i t s d t houg h s n e a t h h a bi t a t ion of
,

s n an o r e s

m i t he m o t d o l t e p l a c e y o u c
en, s s on e i v T h u in
es a an c c e . e r s

of t m p l t a n d in a d a oun d it s h a t t e e d c olu m n a d ng
e es s n r ,
r s n ra es

of o t h co m p l e t e u p p o t ing c o ni c e s of xq ui i t e wo k m a n
e rs s r r e s r

h i p d v a s t v ul t s of s h a t t d do m e s d i t in ct wi t h e gul a
,

s an a e re s r r

on c fi ll e d wi t h s cul p t u e of i v o y o b a s s
,

c o m p a rt m e n t s, e r s r r r .

T h e t e m p l e s of Ju p i t e a n d C o n c o d a n d P e a c e a d t h e S u r, r n n,

a n d t h e M oon a n d V e s t a a re a ll wi t h in a s h o t d i s t a nc e of t hi s
, ,

, ,
r
sp ot .hol d t he wre ck s of w h a t a g e a t n a t ion on ce de d ic a t d
Be r e
t o t he a b s t c t ion s of t h e m in d !ra R om i a city s it w e r of e s a e,

of t ho s e who c a nno t die a d w h o s u v i v

,

t he d e a d o r r a t h e r n r e
t he p un y g n e a t ion s wh i c h i nh b i t a n d p a s s o v e r t h e
, ,
e r o
p t a s
w h i c h t h e y h a ve m a d e s a c re d t o e t e rn i t y In R o m e a t l e a t .
,
s 1n
t h e fi rs t e n t hu s i a s m of y ou r r e cogni t ion of a nci e n t t i m e
y ou se e
no t h i ng of th e I t a l i a n s T he n t u re of t he ci t y a s s t s t he
,
a is

d e lu ion fo it s v a s t
.

s d a n t iqu e w a ll s d e s c ib e a ci c u m f e n ce
r an r r er
of s xt e e n m i l e s a nd t hu s t he p op ul a t i on i s t hinl y s ca t t e e d o ve
,

i r r

thi n e a l y a s g e a t a s Lon don Wi d e wil d fi l d e

,
s s p a ce r r e s ar

e n c lo s d w i t hin it a d t h e e a r e g a
, .

e y l a n e s a n d co p e win d
n r r ss s s

i ng a m ong t he ru i n s a d a gre a t g e e n hill lon l y a d b e

, .

n r e n ar
w h i ch ove rh a ng s t he T ib e
, , ,

T he g a d e n s of t h e m o d rn r. r e

p a l a e s a e like wil d woo d s o f c e d a

c r a d cyp e s a d p in r, n r s, n e,
a n d t h e n e gl e c t e d w a lk a e o v e g o wn wi t h we e ds T he s r r r .

E ngli s h bu ry ing p l a c e is a g e e n lo p e n e a t he w a ll , un d r
-
r s r s e

t h e p yra m i d a l t o m b of C e s t iu s an d i I t hink t he m o t ’

,
s, ,
s

b e a u t iful a d s ol e m n c e m e t e ry I e ve b e h e l d T e e t he s
n r o s un
s h ining on it s b ri gh t g a s s f e s h w h e n w e fi s t v i s i t e d it wi t h
.

r r r

d h a r t he w h i s p e ing of t he win d a m ong

, , ,

t h a u t u m n a l de ws
e an e r

t h e l e a v e s of t h e t re e s wh i ch h a ve o v e g ro wn t he t o m b of
,
r

C e s t iu s a n d t he s oil whi c h is s t i r ing i n t he s u w a m e a t h r n- r r

a d t o m a rk t he t o m b s m os t l y of wo m e n a d y oung p o p l e
, ,

n n e

w h o w e e bu ri e d t h e e o n e m igh t if o n e we e t o d ie d e s i e t he
,

r r r r

s l e e p t h y e e m t o s le e p S u c h is t he h u m a n m in d a n d s it
, , ,
’

e s o

p e o p l e s wi t h it s wi s h s v a c a ncy an d obli v ion

.
,

e
I h a v e t ol d y o u li t t l e a bou t R o m e ; b u t I e s e ve t h P
.

r r e an

t h on a n d S t P e t a d t h e V a t ic a n a d R a ff a e l f
’
e , s . er my ,
n , n , or

r etu n rA bou t a fo t nigh t a g

. I l e ft R o m e a d M y d r o , n ar an

C followe d in t h e e d a y fo it wa s n e c a y t o p o u e r s, r e ss r r c r

lo dging s h e e wi t hou t a l igh t ing a t a n i nn F o m m y p e cu l i r

r r a

m o d e of t a v e ll i ng I s a w li t t l e of t h e c oun t y b u t ou l d j u t
.

r r c s

ob se v e t h a t t h e wil d b e u t y of t he s c e n y a d t he b b a ou s
,

r a er n ar r

fe oci t y of t he in h a bi t a n t s p og e si ve l y in c e a e d O n t e ing
r r r s r s n e r

N a p l e t he fi s t ci c u m s t n ce t h a t e ng a g e d m y a t t e n t ion w
.

s, r r a as

a n a s s a s in a t ion A y ou t h a n o u t of a ho p p u s u e d b y a
s . r s , r
wo m a n wi t h blu d g e on d a m a n a m d wi t h a knife T h
a an
'

r e e

m a n o v e t ook h im a d wi t h t h e n e ck l a i d h im d
.
,

r e blow i ,
n d on n ea

in t he o a d O m y e x p ing t he e m o t ion s of ho o
r n d re s s rr r an

in d ign a t ion w h i ch I fe l t a C a l a b i a n p i e s t who t a ve ll e d wi t h

.

r r r
m e l a ugh e d h e a t i l y a n d a t t e m p t e d t o q uiz m e a s w h a t t h e
, ,

E ngli s h a ll a fl a t I n e v e fe l t s u ch a n inclin a t ion t o b e a t y

, , ,

c r an

H e a v e n knows I h a ve li t t l e p ow e bu t he sa w t h a t I
.

o e n r,

looke d e x t e m e l y di sp l e a s e d a nd wa s s il e n t T h i s s a m e m a n a
.

r , .
,
 L E T TE R S . 2 53

f llow of gig a n t i c s t re ng t h a n d s t a t u e h a d e x p e s se d t h e m o s t
e r , r

f n t i c t o of obb e s on t h o a d ; he c i d a t t he s ig h t of
ra e rr r r r e r r e

m y p i s t ol d it h a d b e n w i t h g re a t d i ffi c ul t y t h a t t he j oin t
an e

e x e t ion s of m y s e lf a d t he v e t t u ino h a d q ui e t d h is h y s t e i s
,

r n r e r c

t h e s e d e lig h t ful r e gion s con t a s t wi t h

.

B u t e x t e rn a l n a t u e r in r s

a d c om p e n
n t e fo r t h d e form i t y a n d d e g ra d t ion of h u m a ni t y
sa s e a

W e h v e a lo d ging d i v i de d f o m t he s e a b y t h e r o y l g a d n
.

a r a r e s,

a d f o m o u r win d ow s w e
n r e e p e p t u a ll y t h e blu e w a t e s of t h e s r e r

b y fo e v e r c h a nging y e t fo v e t h
a r a m e a n d e nco m p a ed re r e s ss

by t he m oun t a inou s i l n d of C a p ae t h loft y p a k s w h i c h

, , ,

s a re e e

o ve h a ng S a l e no a n d t h woo dy h ill of P o sil ip who s e p

,

r r e o, ro

h i de f o m s M is e nu m a n d t he loft y i sl e I a im e *
,

m o to i n r es r u n r

w h i h wi t h it s d i v i de d s u m m i t fo m t he o p p o s i t e h o n of t h e
,

c r s r

F r o m t h e p l e a s n t w a l k s of t h e g a de n w e s e V e s u v iu
, ,

b y
a . a r e s

a sm ok e b y d a y a n d a fi e b y nigh t i s e n u p on it s s u m m i t r s e

a d t he g l it lig h t o
,

n y s a oft e n a ss e fl ct e h a d ow T he r e s s r s

c l i m t e is d e li iou W s it wi t hou t a fi e wi t h t h win d ow

.

a c s e r e s

O p n a d h a v e a l m o s t a l l t h e p o d u c t ion s of a
.
,

E ngli h m
“

e n r n s su

T h e w a t h e i u s u a ll y like w h a t Wo d s wo t h c a ll s
,
“
m er e r s t he r r

fi t fi n e d a y of M a ch o m e t i m s ve y m u c h wa m
.

rs r s e r r e r,

th g h p e h a p s it w n t s t h a t e a c h m inu t e s we e t e t h n “
ou r a r a

b fo e wh i c h gi v e a in t oxi c a t ing s we t n e s t o t h wa ke ning

e r
”
s n e s e a

of t he e a rt h f o m it s win t l e e p i n E ngl n d W e h av e m d e
,
’
r er s s a a

B i ae a d o n e t V s u v iu a d w e p
.

t w o e x u ion s o n e t c rs o a n o e s, n ro

p o s e t o v i s i t s u cc s s i v l y t h e i l a n d
,

,
P ae t u m P o m p e ii a d
e e ,
s s, s , ,
n

B e ne v e n t u m .

W e s e t o ff an hou r a ft e
un i e e a d i a n t m o ning in a r s r s on r r
li t t l e b t ; t h e e wa s o t a lou d in t he s ky o a wa v e u p on
oa r n c n r
whi h w a s o t a n slu c e n t t h a t y c oul d s t he h o ll ow
,

t h se
e a, c s r ou ee

c v
a ern s c lo t h e d wi t h t h e gl u c ou s s e a m o s n d t h l v e s d a -
s a e ea an
b n c h s of t h o e d e li c a t e w e e d t h t p a v e t h e un e qu l bo t t o m
, ,

ra e s s a a
of t he w a t e A noon p p o a ch d t h h t d e p e i ll y t h
r. s a r e e ea an s c a e
l igh t b e c m e in t n s e W e p s e d P ilip a d ca m e fi t t
, ,

a e a s os o, n rs o

n p oin t of t h e b y of P l i whi c h i wi t h in t h g t
.
,

t he a s te er a uz z o s e re a

b y of N p l a d wh i c h ga in in cl o e s t h t of B i ae H
,

a a e s, n a s a a e re

loft y o ck d c a gg y i l e t wi t h a h s a d p o t a l of
.

a re r s an r s s, rc e n r s

p re c i p i t n d
ce ing in
s a t h e s e a a n d no m ou s c v e n w h i h e r a r s, c

e h o d f in t l y wi t h t h
,

c e a m u r m u r of t h e l a ngui d t i d e e T hi i s s
ll d La S cuol a d i V i gilio W e t h e n w e n t d i e c t ly a c o t
.

ca e r r r ss o
l e a v ing t he p e ci p i t ou i s l a n d f
.

th e p o m on t o y of M i
r um r se n ,
r s o
N id a on t h
es igh t H e e w e w e e con d u ct e d t s e t h M a e
e r r r o e e r

M o r t o a d t he E l y s i a n fi e l d t h e p o t on whi c h V i gil p l a c s
.

,
n s s r e

T he a nc e nt i n am e of I sc hi a .
— r ll S ’
. .
2 54 L E T TE RS .

t he c e n e ry o f t he S ixt h fEn e id T hough e x t re m e l y b e a u t iful

s
a l a k e a d woo d y h i l l s d t h i s d i v in e sky m u s t m a k e it I
.
,

a s n an
h ow d u s a n t i q u
, , ,

c onfe s m y d i sa p p oin t m e n t
s T he gui d e s e n a e
c e m t e y wh e e t he ni c h e s u e d fo p l a c ing t h in y u n s of
.

e r r s r e c e ra r r
W e t h e n c o a s t e d t h e b y of B i e t o t h e
,

t h e d e a d y e t e m a in r . a a a
l e ft in which w e a w m a n y p ict u q u e a d in t e t ing ruin
s re s n re s s
b u t I h a v e t o re m a k t h a t w e n e ve r d i m b k e d b t w e w e e
,
r se ar u r
d i s a p p oin t e d — w h il e fro m t h bo a t t h e e ff c t of t h e n e ry w a s e e s ce

in e x p e ss ibl y d e lig h t ful T he colou s of t h w a t e a d t he a i

r r e r n r
b e t h e o v e r a ll t h ing s h e re t he a d i a nc e of t h e i own b e a u t y
.

r a r r
A ft e p a s s ing t he b a y of B a i ae a d ob s e v ing t h e uin s of it s
.

r n r r

a n t i q u e g a n d e u r s t a n d i ng li k e
,

r o ck in t h t a n sp a e n t s e a r s e r r

un d e r o u bo a t w e l a n de d t o v i si t l a ke Ave nu s W e p a s s e d
r r

t h ough t he c a v e n of t he S ib y l (n o t V i g i l s S ybil ) whi c h p i e c e s

, .

’
r r r r

o e of t h e hill s whi c h c i cu m s c i b e t he l a k
n a d ca m e t o a r r e, n

c a l m a n d lo v e l y b in of w a t e s u roun d e d by d a k woo d y as r, r r

hill s a n d p ofoun d ly s ol i t a ry S o m e v a st uin s of t h e t e m p l of

r r e

P lu t o s t a n d on a l a wn y h ill on o n e s i d e of it a d a e
.
,

fl e ct e d n r re

in it s win d l e s s m i ro r I t is fa r m o e b e a u t iful t h a n t he E l ys i a n
,

r r

fi e l d s— b u t t h e e a e a ll t h e m a t e i a l s fo r b a u t y i n t h l t t
.

r r r e e a e r,

a n d t h e A v e nu s w a onc e a c h a sm of de a d l y n d p t i l e n t i l
r s a es a

va p our A bou t h a lf a m il e f o m Av e nu a high h ill c ll e d

s. r r s, a

M on t e N ovo w a s t h own u p b y v ol c ni c fi e
,

,
r a r .

P a s s ing onw a d w e c a m e t o P o o l i t h e a nci e n t D ic ae a rc he a

r zz

W h e e t h e re a re t h e colu m n s e m a ini n g of a t e m p l e t o S e a p i
, ,

r r r s,

a n d t he w re ck of a n e no m ou s a m p hi t h e a t c h a ng e d lik e t h e
r re ,

C oli e u m i n t o a n a t u a l hill of t he o v e t e m ing v e g e t a t ion

,

s r r e

H e e a l s o is t he S olfa t a ra of whi c h t h e e i a p o e t ic a l d e sc ip
, .

r r s r

t ion in t h e C i v il W a r of P e t oniu
,

b e g inning E t lo cu r s, s s,
”

a n d in whi c h t h e v e s e s of t h e p o e t a re in fi ni t l y fin e t h a n w h t
r e r a

h e d e s c ib e s fo r it is n o t a v e y u iou s p l a c e
r A ft e r s e e ing r c r

t h e se t hing s w e e t u n e d b y m oonlig h t t o N a p l e
.
,

r rin o bo a t s ur

Wh a t colou rs t h e e w e e in t he sky w h a t d i n in t he e v e ning

.

r r ,
ra a ce

s ta a n d h o w t h e m oon w a s e nco m p a ss e d b y a ligh t unkno wn

r,

to ou e g i on s
r r

O r n e x t e x c u ion w a s t o Ve s u v ius
u rs We w e n t t R e s in a in . o

a ca i a g e wh e e M a y d I m oun t e d m ul e a n d C
rr r r anwas s,

i e d in a c h a i r on t he s h oul d rs of fou m n m u c h lik a

,

c a rr e r e ,
e

m e m b e r of p a li a m e n t a ft e he h a r g a in e d his e l e c t ion a d r s n

loo k ing wi t h l ss re a on q ui t e a s f ig h t e n e d S o w e a i v e d t
,

e s r rr a

t h e h e rm i t a g e of S a n S a l v a d o wh e e a n o l d h e rm i t b e l t e d wi t h
.
, ,

r, r

r o p e s e t fo t h t h e p l a t e s fo r o u r r e f e sh m e n t
,

r r

V e s u v iu s is a ft e r t he G l a ci e s t he m o s t i m p e s s ive e xhibi t ion

.
,

,
r ,
r
of t he e n gi e s of n a t u e I e ve r s a w I t ha s n o t t he im m e a s u r
er r .
 L E T TE R S . 2 55

a bl e g re a t n e s s t he ove p owe in g m a gni fi ce n c e n o a bo v e a ll r r r,

a ll t h i r c h a a ct e r
, , ,

t h e a d i a n t b e a u t y of t h gl a ci e s
r b u t it h e r as e r

of t e m e n dou n d i rre s i s t ibl e s t e ng t h F o m R e sin a t o t he

r s a r r

h m i t a ge yo u win d u p t he m oun t a in a n d c o s s a v a t t a m
.

er r s s re

of h a de n e d l a va w h i ch is a n a c t u a l i m g e of t h e wa v of t he
,

r a es

s e a c h a ng e d in t o h a d bl a ck s t on e by e nch a n t m e n t T h e l in s
,

r e
of t he boil i ng floo d e e m t o h a ng t he a ir and it is d i ff cul t t o
, .

s In i

b e l ie v e t h a t t h billow s which s e e m hu rrying d own up on y u

,

e o

a r e n o t a c t u a ll y I n m o t ion T h i s p l a in w a s on c e a s e a of li q ui d
F o m t h e h e m i t a g e w e c o s e d a no t h e r w a s t s t e a m of
.

fi e r r r r s r

l a v a a n d t h e n we n t on foo t u p t he on e — t hi s is t he onl y p a t
.

c r

of t he a s ce n t i n w h i c h t h e e is a y d i ffi cul t y a n d t h a t d i ffi cul ty

,

r n

I t is c o m p o s e d of r ock s of l a v
,
h a s b e e n m u c h e x gg e ra t e d a a,
a n d d e cli v i t i e s of a s h e s
.

b y a c n d ing t he fo rm e a n d d e s c n d s e r e
ing t he l a t t e r t h e e is ve ry l i t t l e fa t igu e O n t he s u m m i t is a
r

kin d of i rre gul a r p l a in t he m o s t ho ri bl e c h a o s t h a t c a n b e

, .

i m a gin e d ; i ve n in t o gh a st ly ch a s m s a n d h e a p e d u p wi t h
,
r ,

t u m uli of gr e a t s t on e s a d cin d e rs a d e no m ou s ocks

n n r r

bl a ck n e d a n d c a l c in e d w h ich ha d b e e n t h rown f o m t he
,

e r

v ol ca no u p o n o e a no t h e r in t e ibl e c onfu sion In t he m i d s t

,
n rr

s t a n d t h e coni ca l h ill f o m w h ic h v olu m e s of s m ok e a n d t he

.

s r

foun t a in of l i qui d fi e a e r oll e d fo rt h fo e ve T he m oun t a in

,

s r r r r.

a s lig h t s t a t e of e r u p t ion ; a n d a t hi c k h e a v y
,

is a t p e s e n t r in

whi t m oke s p e p e t u a lly oll e d o u t in t e up t e d by e no m ou s

e s I r r rr r

colu m n s of a n i m p e n e t bl e bl a ck bi t u m inou v a p ou whic h is

,

ra s r,

hu l d u p fol d a ft e fol d n t o t he ky wi t h a d e e p hollow s oun d

r e , r ,
i s ,

a d fi e y s t on e s a e
n r a in e d d own fr o m it s d a kn e s s a n d a bl a c k
r r r

of a s h e s fe ll e v e n wh e re w e s a t T he l a v a like t he
,

s how e r

gl ci e r c e e p s on p e p e t u a ll y w i t h a c a ckling s oun d a s o f
.
,

a r r r

T h e e a e s e v e a l s p ing s of l a v a a d in o n e
, ,

s u p p e ss e d fi e
r r r r r r n

p l ce it u sh e s p e c i p i t ou s l y ov e a high c a g olling d own t h e

.

a r r r r r
h lf m ol t e n ock a d it s own ove rh a nging wa v e s a c a t a a c t of
,

a -
r s n r

q ui v e ing r fi e W e a ppr r o a c h e d t h e x t e m i t y of n e of t h e e r o

r i v r s of l a v a ; it is a bou t t w e n t y f e t in b
.

e a d t h a d t e n in e re n

h ig h t a d a s t he in clin e d p l a n e w a n t ra p i d it m o t ion w a s
e n s o s

v y slow W e a w t he m a s e s of it s d k x t e io s u f ce d
,

er s s ar e r r r a e

t a c h t h e m e l v e s a it m o v e d a d b t a y t h e d e p t h of t h e li q ui d
.

s s n e r
fl m e In t h d y t he fi e is b t lig h t ly s e n ; y o u onl y
,
a e a r u s e

ob v e a t e m ulou s m o t ion in t he a i a n d s t e a m s a n d foun t a in s

.

se r r r, r

of w h i t e s ul p hu ou m oke r s s .

A t l e ng t h w e s a w t h e s u n s ink b e t w e e n C a p e ae a d I a im e r n n r ,
a n d a s t he d a rkn e s s in c e a s d t h e e ff c t of t h e fi e b e c a m e
, r e ,
e r

m o e b e a u t iful
r W e w e e a s it w e e s u oun d e d by s t e a m s
. r ,
r ,
rr r

a n d c a t a a c t s of t h e
r e d and a d i a n t fi e ; a n d in t he m i d s t
r r r ,
 2 56 LE T TE R S .

fro m t he colu m n of bi t u m i nous s m oke sho t u p in t o t he a ir fe ll

t h e va s t m a sse s of r o c k whi t e wi t h t he ligh t o f t h e i in t e n e
,

r s

h e a t l e a vi ng b e hin d t h e m t h ough t he da k va p our t a i n s of

,

r r r

W e d e c e n d d b y t o r ch ligh t a d I s houl d h a v e
,

s p l e n d ou r s e n
-

e nj o y e d t h e s c e n e ry on m y e t u rn b u t t h e y con d uc t e d m e I
.
,
r

know n o t how t o t he h e m i t a g e i n a s t a t e of in t e n se bo di l y
, ,

,
r

s u ff e ing t he wo rs t e ffe c t of whi c h w a s s p oiling t h e p l e a s u re of

r

O u r gui d e s on t h e oc c a s i on w e re co m p l t e
,

M a ry a d C n e

sa va g e Y o u h a ve no i d e a of t he ho r i bl e c i e s wh i c h t h e y
s. r r

s udd e nl y u t t e no o n e know s why t he cl am ou r t h e v o ci f a

r, ,
er

t ion t he t u m ul t C in h p a l a n q uin s u ffe e d m o s t f o m er r r

it ; a d wh e n I h a d gon e on b e fo e t h e y t h e a t e n d t o l v e
, .

n r r e ea

t he m i dd l e of t he o a d which t h e y w oul d h a v e d on e ha d
,

he r 1n r

wh i h
,
.

n o t m y I t a li a n s e rva n t p o m i se d t h e m a b ea t ing a ft e r r c

t h e y b e c a m e qu i e t N o t h ing how e v e c a b e m o e p i c t u e q u e
,
r, n r r s

t h n t he g e s t u e s a n d t h e p h y s iogno m i e of t h e s e s a v a g e p o p l e
.
,

a r s e
A d wh e n i n t he d a rkn e s s of nigh t t h y u n e xp e ct e d l y b e g i t o
.

n e n

s ing in cho u s s o m e f a g m e n t s of t h e i
, ,

r wil d b u t s w e e t n a t ion a l
r r

m u i c t h e e ffe c t 15 xc e d ingl y fi n e
s e e

I h ve s e e n t he m u se u m of t hi ci t y
.
,

S inc e I w o t e t hi r s, a s

S u c h s t a t u e s ! T h e e is a Ve nu a n i d a l s h a p e of t h e m o s t
.

r s e

winn ing love l i n e s s A Ba cchu s m o e s ubli m e t h a n a n y li v ing r

b e ing A S a t yr m aking love t o a you t h in w hi c h t h
.
,

e x p e s se d l i fe of t he scu l p t u e a n d t h e in c onc e i v a bl e b e a u t y of
.
,
r r

t h e fo m of t he y ou t h o v e c o m e on e s e p ugn a nc e t o t he
,
’
r r r
s ubj e c t T h e e a e m ul t i t u d e s of won d e full y fi e s t a t u e s foun d
,

r r r n

in H e cul a n e u m a n d P o m p ii W e a going t o se e P o m p e ii
.

r e re

t h fi s t d a y t h a t t h e s e a is wa v e l e s
.

e r H e r cul a n e u m is a l m o t s s

fil l e d u p no m o e e xc ava t ion s a e m a de t he king bough t t he

.

r r

g oun d d buil t a p a l a c e u p on it
r an

d on t s e e m uc h of H un t
.

Y ou
’
I wi s h y o u coul d con t ive t o e e r s
h im w h e n y o u go t o t own a d a sk him wh a t h e m e a n t o a n s w r
.

n s e

in v i t a t i on H e ha s now n o p p o t uni t y if he
,
to Lo d B y on r r
’
s a r

li k s of s e e ing I t a l y Wh a t d yo u t h ink of j oining hi p t y

.
,

e o s ar

a d p a yi ng u a vi i t n xt ye a
, .
,

n s I m e a n a oon a s t h e e ig of
s e r s s r n

win t e r is d i ss ol ve d ? Wri t e t o m e you r t h oug h t s u p on t hi I s

t h e p l e s u e it woul d gi v e m e t o w e lco m e
.

ca nno t e x p e s s t o y o r u a r

su c h a p a r ty
h v ion e nough of p i i t s a d o t goo d h e a l t h
.

I a e d e p re s s s r n n

t h oug h I b e li e v e t h e w a m a ir of N a p l e s d o e s m e goo d
,

We r .

s e e a b s olu t e l
y no o e h e e n r .

A di u m y d e P e ,
ar

A ffe c t ion a t e l y y ou r f i e n d r ,

P B S
. . .
 L E T TE R S . 2 57

XXXI I .
—
T o T L P EA C OC K
. . .

N ap l es , f a n . 2 6 t lz, 1 8 19 .

M Y D EAR P — Y ou r t w o l e tt e rsfe w d a y s
a rr iv ed w it hin a of
h oh oh
.

e ac t e r, o n e b ing i
e l
d re c t e d t o N a p e s , a n d t h e t er to
L i v o nor h
T e y a re m re o w l o vi i o
e c m e s t rs t o m e t a h n n m i e ca n
h bi
.

be t o yo u I w i ing f o
r t as r m se p ulch fo
r es , y o u r m the a ta
h oug h l gh
.

t ion of s m e n ye t unbu i r ed ; t x on
t he se t , C ast e e a
r

f h v ing h i g v
,

a te r a du g t e r ra e , s t a ds n wi h t h is s p a d e in h n
h is a d,
e v i n l oub ing w h h
de t y d t e t e r he will n o t be fo oc u
r ce d t o c p y it
hi lm se f ou n w bou
Y r . e s a t t he b nk no
a i l
t e t r a s is e xc ll n e e t -

goo d Do I n o t re co ni in
g se it t he influ nc of obb
e e C ett ? Yo u
will l ug h
.

d on ll’
t te me wh o u i
at li n I know
cc p e s P a r a m e t o
y u a
h in i n
.

n
a t m y d e m a d , an d a ss re m e t a t it is u d ffe r e t ou Y r
ou c l ul ion i n
.

p am p et hl I w n xc ingl
a t e e ed y t o s e e Y r a c at s . t he
l e t t e r a re cl e a r, b u t re qui re m uch o l x l n ion
ra e p a at know
Yo u
inf n l i h ici n I f non
.

I am an er a ar t m et a e b u t m e ha d c . on te m
l
p ate d
“
l u ce n t e m q u e g l o b u m lun ae , T it a n ia q u e a s t ra , ”
t he
wo l woul
r d d ye t h v a e oub
d ted wh h et er h w t ey e re n ma y
hun f h ig h h n
d re d e e t er t a t he m oun in o ta t ps .

In my a ccoun of i u
ts p c t re s a n d t hing I s, o l
a m m re p e a s e d t o
in t e re s t y o u t a h n n
t he m a y ; a n d t h i fo un b u in
s is rt ate, e ca se ,
fi l I h v no i of
t h e r s t p a ce , a e de a ing
a t te m p t l if I
t h e a t t e r, a n d
d id a t t e m p t it , I h oul
s u l f il
d a s s re d y a c ion of
A p e r ep t t he
h o w h o i f o o in
.

b u iful ch c i
ea t ara t e r se s t se d ffe r r m r d a ry m e n , a n d
t h o who
se can pe r e c iv e it woul d n o t bu y e nough t o p a y t he
p r in t e r B e
. sid e s ,
I k no j ou n l
e e p r a ,
a n d t honl co of
e y re r d s my
vo g will
y a e b e t h e l e t t e r s I n s e d y o u T hbo il f igu of
e d y at e
h ou in g ll i xh u I b li v h I
.

st a d n ing fo r rs a er es e a st s m e ; e e e t at

d on ’
t see h lf h I oug h on h
a t at t, t a t a cc oun t h n know
And t e we
ul l n
.

nobo dy a n d t he c m m o on I li n t a a s a re s o s e u i
a n d s t p d, it s
’

i o ibl
m p ss e t o ge t info rm a t ion f o h r m t em o
At R m e , wh e r e t he .

p p eo l e s e e m s u p e io t a y in I tra lry I c onno t

n f il t t u m bl e on a a o s

s o m e t h ing m o e 0 i f I h d h e a l t h a d s t e n gt h qu l
,

r a nd n r a e a

h s s in t e l l e c t u a l i m p o v e m e n t m ig h t I
.
, , ,

s p i i
r t s w a t boun d l e t r no

ga t h e in t h i s won de ful c oun t y ! A t p e s e n t I w i t e li t t l e e l se

,

r r r r r

b u t p o e t y a n d li t t l e of t h a t
r M y fi s t a c t of P o m e t h e u s i r r s

o m p l e t e a d I t hink yo u wou l d like it I c on i d e p o e t y

.
,

c n s r r

v e y s ubo d in a t e t o m o a l a nd p oli t ica l s c i e nce a n d if I w e e

.
,

r r r r

w e ll c e rt a inl y I woul d a sp i t o t he l a t t e ; f r I ca conce i v e a

,

re r o n

s co v e i e s of
,

g re a t wo k e m bo
r d y ing t h e d i l l a g e s a n d h a m on r a r

i s ing t he c on t e n d ing c e e d b y w h ich m nkin d h a v e b e n ul d

, ,

r s a e r e

F a r f o m m e i s uc h a a t t e m p t a n d I s h a l l b
.

r s n on t n t b y
,
e c e ,

98
2 58 L E T TE R S .

e x e rci si ng m y fa ncy t o a m u se m y s e lf a n d p e h ap s so m e o t h e rs r
a d c a t w h a t w e ig h t I c in t o t he s ca l e of t h a t b a l a nc e wh i ch
, , ,
n s an

t h e G i a n t of A t he g a ll h ol d s
,
r

S inc e y o u l a t h e a rd f o m m e w e h a v e b e n t o s e e P o m e i
.

r
s
p i e
e t u n of sp ring w a t h e to v
, ,
a d a e w i t ing now f
n r at he t
or r r e r, isi
fi t Pae t um a n d t h e n t he i s la n d a fte r which w e s h a ll re t u n
,

rs ,
s ,
s r

t o R om e I w a s a s t oni sh e d a t t he re m a in s of t hi s ci t y I ha d
no c onc e p ti on of a n yt hing s o p e rfe c t y e t e m ining M y i d a of
.

r a e
m o d e of it s d e s t u c t i on w a s t hi s — F i s t a n e
.

th e t h q u ake
r r ar

s h a t t e e d it a n d un r oofe d a l m o t a ll it s t e m p l e s a n d s p l i t i t s
,

r s

colu m n s ; t h e n a a in of lig h t m a ll p u m ice s t on e s f ll ; t h e n

, ,

r s -
e

t o rr e n t s of boiling w a t e r m ix e d wi t h a sh e s fi ll e d u p a ll it s
c re v ic e s A wi d e fla t hill fro m wh i ch t he ci t y w a s e xc a v a t e d
, ,

.
, , ,

is n o w co ve e d b y t hick woo d s a n d y o u s e e t he t o m b s a n d t h e
r

t h e a t e s t he t e m p l e s a n d t he hou se s s u rr oun d e d by t he un i n
,
r , ,

h a bi t e d W il de rn e s s W e e n t e re d t he t o wn f o m t he s i de t owa rds
. r

t h e s e a a n d fi t s aw t w o t h e a t e s o n e m o re m a gnific e n t t h a n
rs r

t he o t h e s t e wn w i t h t h e r uin s of t h e whi t e m a bl e w h ich

,

r, r r

fo m e d t h e i r s e a t s a n d cornice s wrough t wi t h d e e p bol d

r , ,

s c ul p t u re In t he f on t b e t we e n t he s t a ge a n d t he s e a t s is t her

ci cul a r s p a c e occa si on a lly occup i e d by t he cho ru s T he s t a g e

.
, ,

i s v e ry n a rr ow b u t long a n d d ivi d e d f o m t hi s s p a c e by a
.
,

, ,
r

n a ow e nclo s u re p a ra ll e l t o it I s u pp os e f r t he o ch e t ra O n
rr o r s

e a ch s i d e a e t he con s ul s boxe s a n d b e low i n t he t h a t re a t

.
,
’
r e

H e cul a n e u m we e foun d t wo e qu e s t ri a n s t a t u e s of a dm i a bl e
, ,
r r r

wo km a n hi p oc c up ying t he s a m e p l a c e a s t he g e a t b onze
,
r s ,
r r

l a m p s d id a t D u y La n e T he s m a ll e st of t he t h e at e s 5 s a i d
r r . r 1

t o h a ve b e e n co m c t hough I s houl d d oub t F r o m bo t h y o u

i

se e a s y o u s it on t he s e a t s a p o s p e c t of t he m o s t w on d e ful
.
,

, ,
r r

b e a uty
Yo u t h e n p a s s t h r ou gh t he a nc i e n t s t re e t s ; t h e y a re ve ry
.

n a o w a n d t he hou se s a t h e r s m a ll bu t a ll con st ruc te d on a n

rr r
sp e c i a ll y fo r t hi s cl i m a t e
, ,

a dm i a bl e p l a n
r e T he oo m a e r s r

buil t r oun d a cou t o s o m t i m e s t w a cco di ng t o t he e xt e n t

, .

r ,
r e o, r
of t he hou s e In t he m i ds t is a foun t a in s o m e t i m s s u oun d d e rr e

w i t h a p o t i c o s u p p o t e d on flu t d colu m n s of w h i t
.
,
r t u cc o ; t he
r e e s

floo r is p a v ed wit h m o i c s o m e t i m e w oug h t i n i m i t a t ion of

,

sa s r

v in e l e a v e s s o m e t i m e s in qu in t fi gu e s a nd m o re o r l e s s
,

a r

b u t iful cco d ing t o t he ra nk of t h inh a bi t a n t T h e e w e e

, ,

ea ,
a r e . r r

p a in t ing s on a ll b u t m o s t of t h e m h a ve b e e n r e m ove d t o
Li t t l e w i n e d figu re s a n d s m a ll
,

d c o ra t e t he r o y a l m u e u m s
e
g s .
,

o n a m e n t s of e x q ui s i t e e l e g a n c e y e t e m a i n T h e re i
r i de a l r
.

s an
life in t he fo m s of t h e se p in t ing s of a n i nco m p a a bl e lo v e lin e s s
.
,

r a r

t hough m o s t a re e vi de n t l y t he w o rk o f ve ry i nfe i o r a rt i s t s
,

It r .
 L E T TE R S .
9

s e e m s a s if fro m t he a t m o sp h e re of m e n t a l b e a u t y which s u r
,

r oun d e d t h e m e ve ry hu m a n b e ing c a ugh t a s p l e n d ou n o t h is r

own In o n e hou s e y o u se e how t he b e d roo m s w e e m a n a ge d

,
-
r
— a s m a ll s ofa w a s buil t u p wh e e t he cu s h ion s w e e p l a c d ;
.

r r e

d E n dy m i on t he o t h e
,

t w p ic t u r e s o n e r p re e n t ing D i a n a
o e s an r

d c o a t e t he c h a m b e r ; a d a li t t l e ni c h e
, ,

V e nu s a n d M a rs, e r n ,

whi ch con t a in s t he s t a t u e of a d o m e st i c go d T he floo is c o m r

i a ga t e j a s p e
.

p o s e d of a r i c h m o s a c of t h e r a e s t m a bl e and r r s, r,

p o p h yry ; it look s t o t h e m a rbl e foun t a in a n d t he s now w h i t e

,

r -

colum n who s e e n t a bl a t u re s s t re w t he floo r of t he p o t i c o t h e y

s, r

s upp o t e d r T he hou s e s h a ve onl y o n e s t o e y a n d t h e a p a t r r

A g e a t a dva n t a ge
.
,

m e n t s t hough n o t l a g e a e ve y loft y
,
r ,
r r . r

r e s ul t s fr o m t hi s wholl y unknown in o u r ci t i e T he p ublic s.

bui l d ing s who s e uin s a e now fo e s t s a s it w e of whi t e flu t e d

,

r r r er

colum n a n d whic h t h n s up p o t e d e n t a bl a t u e s lo a d e d wi t h
, , ,

s, e r r ,
s cul p t u e s w e r e s e e n on a l l s i d e s ove r t he r oofs of t h e hou s e s
r
T hi s w a s t he x ce l l e nc e of t he a nc i e n t s T h e i r p iva t e e x p e n s e s
, .

e r

we e co m p a a t i v l y m o de a t ; t h e d we lling of o of t he c h i e f
.

r r e r e ne

se na t o of P o m p e i i is e l e g n t i n de e d a n d a do rn e d wi t h m o s t
rs a ,

b e a u t iful sp e ci m e n s of a t b t s m a ll B u t t h e i r p ublic buil d ing s

r u

a e e ve ryw h e r e m a rk e d b y t h e bol d a n d g a n d d e s ign s of a n

, .

r r

un s p a ri ng m a gnific e nce In t he li t t l e t own of Po m p e ii (it c o n

t a in e d a bou t t w e n t y t hou s a n d i n h a bi t a n t
.
,

it is won d e rful t o s e e s

t he nu m b e r a n d t h e g a n d e u r of t h e i p u b l i c buil d ing s
r A no t h e r r

a d v a n t a g e t o o is t h a t in t he p e s e n t ca s e t he glo i ou s s c e n e y
.

r r r
, , , ,

a oun d is n o t s hu t o u t a n d t h a t unlik e t he inh a bi t a n t s of t h e

r

C i m m e i a n a vi n e s of m o d e rn c i t i e s t h e a nci e n t P o m p e i a n
, ,

r r s

c oul d con t e m p l a t e t he c lou d s a n d t h e l a m p s of h e a v e n ; coul d

,

se e t he m oon i se high b e h in d Ve s u v iu s a n d t h e s u n s e t in t he
r

t e m ulou s wi t h a n a t m o s p h e re of gol de n v a p ou r b e t w e e n
,
se a, r ,
I n a r im e and M ise n u m .

We n e xt s a w t he t e m p l e s O f t he t m p l e of E cu l a p iu s e s

li t t l e re m a in s b u t a n a l t a of bl a ck s t on e a d o n e d wi t h a co nic e
.

r r r
i m i t a t ing t he s ca l e s of a s e rp e n t H i s t a t u e i n t e a co t t a
,

. s , rr -
,

w a s foun d in t he c ll T h e t e m p l e of I s i s is m o e p fe c t
e . It r er .

is s u r oun d e d b y a p o t ico of flu t e d colu m n s a n d in t he a e

r r , r a

a r oun d it a re t wo l t a a n d m a ny c pp i f r s t a t u e s ; a n d
a rs , e o a
li t t l e c h a p e l of w h i t e s t u cc o a s h a rd a s s t on e of t he m o st
e xqui s i t e p o p o t ion ; it s p a n e l s a re a d o rn e d wi t h fi gu e s in
, ,

r r r
h a s- r e li e f s ligh t l y i n d ic a t e d b u t of a wo k m a n h i p t he m o s t r s

d e lic a t e a n d p e f c t t h a t ca b e c on c e iv e d T h e y a e E gyp t i a n
, ,

r e n r

subj e ct s e x e cu t e d b y a G re e k a t i t w h o h a s h a rm oni se d a ll t he
.

r s

unn a t u a l e xt ra v a ga nce s of t h o igin a l conc e p t ion in t o t he

, ,

r e r

s u p e rn a t u ra l love lin e s s of his coun t y s g e n i u s T h e y s c a r ce l y

’
r .
2 60 LE T TE R S .

t u o ch g ound wi t h t h e i f e t a d t h e i r win d u p lift e d r ob e

t he r r e n -
s

i n t he p l a ce of wing s T he t e m p l e in t he m i d st i se d on
,

seem ra

a h ig h p l a t fo rm a d a p p o a ch e d b y s t p w a s d e c o a t d wi t h
.

,
n r e s, r e

e x q ui i t e p a in t ing
s o m of which w e s a w in t he m u se u m a t
s, s e

Po t i c i
r I t is m ll of t h e a m e m a t ri a l s a t he c h a p l wi t h a
s a s e s e ,
v a n d flu t e d Ioni c c olu m n s of w h i t e s t u cc o
.
,

p a e m e n t of m o s a i c

5 w h i t e t h t it d zzl e y u t o look a t it
, ,
0 a a s o
T h e n ce t h oug h o t h e r p o t ico s a d l a b y rin t h s of w a ll s a d
.

r r n n
c olu m n s (fo r I c a nno t h o p t o d e t il e v e y t h ing t o y ) we e a r ou ,

c m e t o t h e F o r u m T hi s is a l a ge s q u a e s u roun de d b y
a . r r , r

lofty p o rt i c o s of flu t e d c olu m n s s o m e b oke n s om e e n t i e ,

r ,
r ,

t h e i e n t a bl a t u e s s t e w e d un d e t h e m
r r T h e t e m p l e of Ju p i t e
r r . r,

of Ve nu a d a no t h e r t e m p l e t he T ibun a l a d t he H a ll of
s, n r n
P ubli c Ju s t ic e wi t h t h e i fo e s t s of loft y colu m n s u rr oun d t h e
, ,

,
r r s,

F o ru m T wo p e d e s t a l s o
. a l t a s of a n e no m ou s s i e (fo r r r z r,

wh e t h e r t h e y s upp o t e d e q ue st i a n st a t u e s we e t he a l t a rs of
r r or r

t h e t m p l e of V e nu s b e fo e w h ich t h e y t n d t h e gui d e coul d

,

e ,
r s a ,

n o t t ll ) occu p y t he low e r e n d of t h e F o u m
e A t t he u pp e r r

e n d s u p p o t e d on a n e l e v a t e d p l a t fo m
.
,

, r s t a n d s t h e t e m p l e of r ,

Jup i t e Un d e t h e colonn a d e of it s p o t i c o w e sa t e a d
r. r r n

p u l l e d o u t o u o a ng e s a d fi g s a n d b e a d a d m e dl a
,

r r (o y n r n rs s rr

f e yo u will s y ) a d re s t e d t o e a t H e e w a s a m a gni fi ce n t
, , ,

ar a n r

A bo v e a d b e t w e e n t h e m ul t i t u d inou s s h a ft s of t h e
.
, ,

s p e c t cl e a n

s u n s h ining colu m n s w a s s e e n t h e s e a
.

-
e fl e c t ing t h e p u p l e r r

h e a ve n of noon a bo ve it a n d s up p o t ing a s it we e on it lin e

,

,
r ,
r ,
s

t h e d a rk loft y m oun t a in s of S o e n t o of a blu e in e x p re s s ibl y rr

d e p a n d t ing e d t o wa d s t h e i r s u m m i t s w i t h s t re a k s of e w
,

e ,
r n
fa ll e n s now B e t we e n w a s o e s m a ll g e e n i sl a n d T o t he n r

r ig h t w a s C a p e ae I n a im
. .

P o c h yt r a d M ise n u m B hin d r e, r a, n e

w a s t he s ingl e s u m m i t of Ve s u v iu s r olling fo t h v olum e

.
,

of r s

t hi c k w h i t e s m ok e
,

who s e fo a m lik colu m n wa s s o m e t i m

,
-
e es

d t d in t o t he cl
ar e d a k s ky a n d f ll in li t t l e s t e a ks a long t h
ear r e r e

win d B e t we e n Ve s u v iu s n d t he n e a e r m oun t a in s a s t h ough

,

. a r ,
r

a c h a sm w a s e e n t he m a in lin e o f t h e loft i e s t A p e nnin e s t o t h e

s

E v e y now a d t h e n
, ,

ea t s T he d a y w a s a d i a n t a n d w a m r r r n

w e h e a rd t h e s ub t e a n a n t h un de of Ve u v iu s ; it s d i s t a n t
. .

rr e r s

d e e p p e a l s e e m e d t s h a k e t he v e y a ir a n d ligh t of d y w h ich
s o r a

in t e rp e n e t t e d o u r f a m e s wi t h t he s ull e n a nd t e m e n d ou s
,

ra r r

T h i s s oun d w a wh a t t h e G e e k s b e h e l d (P o m p e ii y o u
,

s oun d s r

know w a s a G e e k ci t y) T h y li v d in h a m ony wi t h n a t u
.
,
r e e r re

a d t he in t e s t i ce s of t h e i r in c o m p a a bl e colu m n s w
.
,

n r e p o rt a l r er s,

a s it w e e t o a d m i t t h e s p i r i t of b e a u t y w h ich a ni m a t e s t h i s
r
glo iou s unive se t o v i si t t ho se who m it in s p i re d If s u ch is
,

r r

c e n e wa s e xhibi t e d f o m
.

P o m p e ii wh a t wa s At h e n s ? Wh a t
,
s r
 L E T TE R S . 2 61

t he A cr p o oli s, t he P a r t h e non ,
and t he t e m p e s l of H e r cul e s , and
T h e s e u a n d t he Win d s ? T he i s l a n d s a n d t he E ge a n s a t he
s, e
d t he p e a k s of Pi n d u s a n d O l ym p u s
,

m oun t a in s of A rgoli s , an ,
a d t h e d a kn e s
n of t he B oe o t i a n fore s t in t e s p e rs e d ?
r s s r

F r o m t h e F o u m we w e n t t o a no t h e r p ublic p l a c e ; a
r

t i a ngul a r p o rt i c o h a lf e nclo s ing t he ruin s of a n e no rm ou s t e m p l e

r

I t i buil t on t he e d g e of t h h i ll ove looki ng t he s e a

, ,

s T ha t e r .

bl a ck p oin t is t he t e m p l e In t he a p e x of t he t i a ngl e s t a n d s n . r a
a lt ar a d a foun t a in a d b e fo re t he a l t a r onc e s t oo d t h e s t t u e
n ,
n a

of t he buil de r of t he p o rt ico R e t u ning h e nc e a n d following . r ,

t he c on s ul a r r o a d w e c a m e t o t he e a s t e n g a t e of t he ci t y T he r

wa l l s a of e no m ou s s t e ng t h a n d i nclo s e a s p a c e of t h e e
.
,

re r r r

O e a c h i d e of t he o a d b e yon d t he g a t e a e buil t t h e
,

m il e s . n s r r

t om b H o w unlike ou s ! T h e y s e m
s ot s m uch hi d ing r e n o

t h a t w h ic h m u s t d e ca y a s v olu p t uou s c h a m be rs fo r
.

p l a ce s f or

i m m o t a l p i ri t s T h e y a e of m a bl e a d i a n t ly w h i t e ; a d
,

r s . r r ,
r n

tw o, e s p e ci a ll y b e a u t iful a lo a de d wi t h e x q ui s i t e b a s li fs re re e
-

t h e s t ucco wa ll t h a t in c lo e
, .

O n t h e m a e li t t l e e m bl e m a t ic
-
s s r

fi gu e s of a e li f e xce e d ingly low of de a d an d dying a ni m a l

r r e s,

wing e d g e nii a nd fe m a l e fo m s b e n d ing i n g ou p s in

, ,

a n d li t t l e ,
r r

so m e fun e re a l o ffi ce T he high e e li f re p e e n t o e a r r e s r s n

n a u t ic a l ubj e ct a d t he o th e a B a cch a n a l i a n e Wi t h i n t he
.
,

s n r on
c l l s t a n d t h e c in e a y u rn
, .

e s om e t im s e s om e tim e s m o e
r r s, e on r

I t is s a i d t h a t p in t ing w e e foun d wi t h in w h i c h a
, .

a now a s
s r re

b e e n v e ry t h ing m o ve a bl e in P o m p e ii e m o v e d a n d
,

ha s e r

e d a bou t i n
, ,

s ca t t er o ya l m u e u m s T h e s e t o m b s w e r e t h e
r s

m o t i m p re s i v e t hing s of a ll
.

s s T h e wil d woo d s s u r oun d t h e m r

on i t h e i d a n d a long t he b o a d t on e s of t he p a ve d o a d
.

e r s e r s r

wh i h d i v i d s t h e m y h e a t he l a t e l e a v of u t u m n s hi v e r
c e ,
ou r es a

a d u tl
n r in t h t e a m of t he incon s t a n t win d a it w e e li ke
s e e s r s r

t h e s t e p of g h o t s T h e a d i a n c e a n d m a gni fi c n ce of t h e s e
, ,

s r e

d w e l l i g s o f t h d a d t h e whi t e f s h n e of t h e c c e l y fi ni h e d
.

n e e re ss s ar s
bl e t he i m p a s ion e d o i m a gin a t i v e life of t he figu re s w h i h
,

m ar s r c

a do n t h m on t a t s t a ng e l y wi t h t he s i m p li c i t y of t he hou s e s
,

r e c r s r
of t h o s e who w e e li v ing w h e n Ve s u v iu s o v e rwh e l m e d t h e m
,

I h a v e fo go t t n t h m p h i t h e a t e wh ich i of g e a t m a gni
.

r e e a r s r

t u d e t h oug h m u c h infe io t
,

t h e C oli e u m I w un d t n d r r o s no e rs a

w hy t h e G e k w e e s u c h g e t p o t s ; a d a b o v e a ll I ca n
.
,

r e s r r a e n

t he h a m on y t he uni ty t h e p e
, ,

a c oun t it
c e m to m e f s e s or r r
f c t i n t h e unifo m e xc e ll e n c of a l l t h i wo k of a t T hey
, , , ,

e o r e, e r r s r

li v e d in a p e p e t u a l c o m m e ce wi t h e x t e rn a l n a t u e a d
.
,
r r r n
nou ri s h e d t h e m se l v e u p on t he p i i t of it s fo m s T h e i r
,

s s r r

t h e a t re s w e e a ll o p e n t o t h e moun t a in s a d t he s ky T hei
.

r n r
colum n s t he i de a l t yp e s of a sa c e d fo re s t wi t h it s r oof of
.
"

,
r ,
2 62 L E T TE R S .

i n t wov n t c
er e i ra lig h t a n d wi n d t he o dou r a n d
e ry, a dm t t e d t h e
t h e f e s hn e s s of t he coun t y p e n e t a t e d t h e c i t i e s
r T he i r r r

t e m p l e s w e re m o s t l y u p a i t h i c
.

a d t h e fl y ing clou d s t h e s t a r s r n

0 b u t fo r t h a t s e i e s of
, ,
or t h e d e e p sky w e e s e e n a bove r r

w e t ch e d wa s w h ich t e rm in a t e d in t he R o m a n con q ue s t of t he
, .
,
r r

wo l d ; bu t fo t he C h i t i a n re ligion wh i ch p ut t h fi ni sh ing
r r r s e

b u t fo r t h o s e c h a ng e s t h a t
,
s t r ok e on t h e a n c i e n t s y s t e m
con d uct e d At h e n s t o it s r u i n—t o wh a t a n e m in e nc e m igh t n o t
hu m a ni ty h a ve a i v e d rr

In a s h o t t i m e I hop e t o t e ll y o u s o m e t hing o f t he m u s e um o f
r

t hi c i t y
s

Y o u s e e ho w ill I follo w t he m axi m o f H o ra c e a t l e a s t in it s

.

li t e a l s e n s e : n i l a dm i a ri — which I shoul d s ay p o pe re s
,
“ ” “
r r r

e s t u n a — t o p e ve n t t h e re e v e r b e ing a n t h ing a d m i a bl e in
,
”
r r
y
t he wo l d rF o t un a t e l y P l a t o is of m y Op inion ; a n d I ha d
r

r a t h e r e rr w i t h P l a t o t h a n b e r ig h t wi t h H o a c e
.

r
A t t hi s m o m e n t I r e c e ive d y ou r l e t t e r i n d i c a t i ng t h a t yo u a re
.

r e m o v ing t o Lon d on I a m ve ry m uch in t e re st e d in t he s ubj e c t

,

of t hi s c h a nge a n d b g y o u woul d wri t e m e a ll t he p t i cu l a

.

e ar rs

of it Yo u will b e a bl e now t gi ve m e p e h a p s clo e r in ig h t

,

o r a s s

i n t o t h e p oli t i cs of t h e t i m e s t h a n wa s p e m i t t e d yo u a t M a low
.

r r

I h a ve a ve ry s lig h t o p inion T h e re a re u m ou h e e
.

Of H r rs r

of a e v olu t ion in S p a in A s h i p ca m e in t we lve d a ys f o m

.

r r

C a t a loni a a n d b oug h t a re p o rt t h a t t h e king w a s m a s a c re d ;

.

r s

t h a t e i gh t e e n t hou a n d in s u g e n t s s u oun d e d M a dr i d
,
s but t ha t r rr
b fo e t he p o p ul a r p a rt y g a in e d h e a d e nough s e ve n t h ou s a n d
e r

we e m u de e d b y t he In q ui it ion Pe h a p s yo u kno w a ll by
,
r r r s r

t h is t im
.

T h e o ld king of S p a in is d e a d h e e
e C obb e t t is a r
—d o e s h is i nflu e nc e i nc re a se o d i m in i sh ? Wh t
. .

fi n e bu ev o zr o co s r a

a p i t y t h a t so p ow e ful a g e n i u s s houl d b e co m bin e d wi t h t he

r
m o t o d iou s m o a l qu a l i t i e s
s r
W e h a ve e p o t h e e of a ch a n ge i n t he E ngli sh m i n i s t ry— t o
.

r r s r

wh a t d o e s it a m oun t ? fo r be si de s m y n a t ion a l in t e e st in it I r

a m on t h e w a t ch t o vin d i c a t e m y m o s t s a c re d ri gh t s inva d e d b y
, ,

,
t h e C h a nc e ry cou rt
I s u p p o e n o w we s h a ll n o t s e e y o u i n I t a ly t h i s sp ing
.

s r

wh t h e H un t com e s o r n o t I t s p ob a bl e I sh a l l h e a r no t h ing
,
’
e r . r
f o m him f r s o m e m on t h s p a t icul a l y if h e d o e s n o t co m e
r o r r
G i v e m e se n o u v e l l s
.
,
s e

I a m un de r a n E ngl i s h s u ge on h e re who s a ys I h ave a

.

d i s e a s e of t he l i ve w h i c h he w i ll cu re
,
W e ke e p ho r s a s
r, se

t hi kin d of e x e r ci se is a b s olu t e l y e s s e n t i a l t o m y h e a l t h
.
,

s E li s e *
.

A S wi gi l wh om we h d ng g d
ss r nu y m i d t w y a e a e as rse r a o e a rs
-

b f
e o re , a t G n v —M S e e a . .
 LE T TE RS .

ha s ju st m a rr ied
I t a li a n se rva n t a n d has qui t t e d u s ; t he
o ur
t h i s e v e n t wa s
,
m a n w a s a g a t ra s c a l a n d ch e a t e d e no rm ou s l y
re ,

ve ry m u c h a ga in st o u r a dvic e .
.

I h a ve s c a rc e ly b e e n o u t s inc e I wro te l a s t
Ad i e u l— Y ou r s m os t fa i t hfull y
.

,
P B S
. . .

XXXI I I — T o . T . L . PEA C OC K .

N ap l es , F e br u a ry 2 st /z, 18 19 .

M Y D EAR P EA C O C K— I uch in t e re st e d t o h e a r y ou am m r

p og e ss in t he obj e c t of y ou
r r e m ova l t o Lon d on T h e e i no r r r s

p e rs on in t he wo l d w ho woul d m o re s inc e re l y rej oic e i n an y

.

goo d t h a t m igh t be fa ll yo u t h a n I s h oul d .

W e a e on t he p oin t of qui t t ing N ap l e s fo R o m e

r T he r

sc e n e y wh i ch s u rr oun ds t h i s ci ty is m o re de ligh t ful t h a n a y

.

r n

wi t hin t he i m m e d i a t e e a ch of c i v iliz e d m a r I d o n o t t h ink I n

h a v e m e n t ion e d t o yo u t he La go d Agnan o a n d t he C a c c i a
.

d I s ch ie r i a n d I h a v e s i n ce s e e n wh a t ob s cu re t hos e lo v e l y
’
s

fo m s i n m y m e m ory T h e y a re bo t h t he cr a t e rs of e xt in
,
r

gu is h d v olc a no s a n d N a t u re h a s t h r o wn fo t h fo e st s of o a k
.

e r r

a n d i l e x a n d S p e a d m o ssy l a wn s a n d c l e ar l a k e s o v e
,
r t he d e a d r

T he fi rs t is a s c e n e of a w i d e r a n d m il d e r
,
o r s l e e p ing fi e r

c h a a c t e wi t h s oft s lo p ing woo d d hill s a nd g a s y d cli v i t i e s

.

r r, e r s e
wo ve n u p on
, ,

d e lining t o t he l a k e a n d c ul t iva t e d p l a in of
c , e s v 1n s

p po l ar t e e s boun
r d e d b y t h e t h e a t r e of b ill s I nnu m e a bl e wil d r

wa t e bi ds qui t e t a m e i n h a bi t t h i s p l a c T he o th e is a o ya l
.
,

r- r e r r

c h a c e is s u oun de d by st e e p a nd loft y hill a n d only a cc e s ibl e

.
, ,
rr s, s

t h ough a wi d e ga t e of m a s s y o ak f o m t h e v e s t ibul e of which

,

r r

t he s p e c t a c l e of p e c i p i t ou s h ill s h e m m ing in a n a rr ow a n d
,

ci cul ar va l e is s u d de nl y d i c lo se d T h h i ll s a e c ove re d wi t h
,

r s e r

t h i c k w oo d s of il e x m y rt l e t he p oli h e d
.
,
a d l a u u s t inu s ; n r s

l e a v e s of t he il e x a s t h e y wa ve in t h e i m ul t i t u de s un d t he
, ,

r er

h h h h e v a l e gli t t e r
,

p a rt i a l bl a s t s w i c h r u s h t oug t h e c a s m s of t h r

a bov e t h e d a k m a s se s of foli a g e b e lo w lik e t he w h i t

,

r fo m of e a

w a v e s u p on a d e e p blu e s e a T he p l a i n o s u oun de d is a t
,

s rr

m o s t t h e e m il e in ci r cu m fe e n c e I t is occu p i e d p a t l y b y a
.
,

r s r r

l a ke wit h bol d s ho re s woo de d by e v e rgre e n s a nd in t e rrup t e d

.

b y a s y lva n p ro m o n o t ry o f t he wi l d fo r e s t who s e m os s y bough s

, ,

o v e h a ng it s e x p a n s e of a s il e n t a n d p u p l e d a kn e s s l ike a n
, ‘

r ,
r r ,
I t a li a n m i dnigh t ; a n d p a t ly b y t he fo re s t i t se lf of a ll gig a n t ic r

t re e s b u t t he o ak e s pe c i a ll y who s e j a gg e d bough s no w l e a fl e s s
,

, , , ,
 2 64 LE T TE RS .

a re o a ry w1th t hick li ch e n s a n d lo a de d wi t h t he m a s sy an d
h '

T h e e ff e c t of t h e d k e m i n e n c e s t ha t
,

d e e p foli a g e Of t he iv y ar
s u r oun d t h i s p l a i n I S of a n e nc h a n t
.

r s e e n t h ough t h e bough r s,

i ng s ol e m ni t y (T h e e we s aw in o e in s t ance wil d bo a s a n d
,

r n r

a n d i n a no t h e —a sp e c t a cl e l i t t l e
.

a de e r, ui t e d t o t he a n t ique
r s

a d La t oni a n n a t u e of t h e p l a c e — King F e d in a n d In a w i n t e
n r r r

e nclo s u e w t c hing t o s h oo t wil d bo a s )

r , a T he un d e woo d w a r r s

p in c ip a ll y e v e g e e n a l l lo v e l y kin d s of fe rn a n d fu z e ; t he
.

r r r r

cy t i s u s a d e li c a t e kin d o f fu z e wi t h a p re t ty ye llow blo s s o m

,
r

t he m y rt l e a n d t he m yri c a T he willow t e e s h a d j u s t b e gun t o

, ,

h
, .

p u t fo t rt h e i g e e n a n d rgol d e n bu r d s a d gl e a m e d lik e p oin ts n

of l a m be n t fi e a m ong t he wi n t y fo e s t T he G o t t a de l C a n e
,

r r r . r ,
t o o w e s a w b e c a u s e o t h e r p e o p l e s e e it b u t woul d o t a llow n

t h e d og s t o b e e x h ibi t e d in t o rt u e fo r o cu ri o i t y T he p oo
, ,

r ur s r
l i t t l e a ni m a l s s t oo d m oving t h e i r t a il s in a s low a nd d i m a l
.

m a nn e r a s i f p e fe c t l y e s i gn e d t o t h e i r con d i t i o n— a cu li k e
r r r-

T he e ffe c t of t he v a p ou whic h
,
e m bl e m of volun t a r y se rvi t u d e . r,

e x t in g ui s h e s a t o r ch is t o c a u e s u ff oc a t ion a t l a s t t h r ough a s

p o c e s s wh i ch m a k e s t he lung s fe e l a s if t h e y w e re t o rn b y
, ,
r

S h a p p oin t s wi t h i n S o a s u ge on t ol d u s who t i e d t he
r r r

e x p e ri m e n t on h i m e l f
.

.
,
s

T h e e w a s a G e e k ci t y s i x ty m il e s t o t he s ou t h of N a p l e s
.

r r

c a ll e d P o i d oni a now Pe st o wh e e t h e re s t ill s ub s i st t hr e e

, ,
s r

of E t u s ca n a c h i t c t u e o n e a l m o st p e fe c t F o m
, ,

te plem s * r r e r r r

h a v e j u s t e t u n e d T he w e a t h e r w a s m o s t
.
,

t hi s c i ty we r r

unfa v ou a bl e fo o u e xp e d i t i on A fte r t wo m on t h s of c lou dl e s

.

r r r s

s e e n i t y it b e g a n T he fi s t nigh t w e
.

r a ining c a t s a d d og s r n r

s l p t a t S a l e no a l a g e ci t y s i t u a t e i n t he re c e s s of a d e p b a y
.
,

e r ,
r e

su rr oun d d wi t h s t up e n dou s m oun t a in s of t he s a m e n a m e A

e .

fe w m il e s f o m T o e d e l G e co w e n t e e d on t h e p a s s of t he
r rr r e r

m oun t a in s whi c h is a lin e d ivi d ing t h e i s t h m u s of t ho s e

of rock whi h co m p o e t he s ou t h n boun da y
,

e no m ou r p il s es c s er r
of t he b a y of N a p l e a n d t h e no t h rn o n e of t h a t of S a l e no
s, r e r

O o e s i d e 15 a loft y conic l h ill c r own e d wi t h t he t u e t s of a

.

n n a rr
uin e d ca t l e a n d c u t in t o p l a t fo m f cul t i va t ion ; a t l e s t
,

r s r s or a

e ve y a v in e a d gl e n
,

r r who s e p e ci p i t ou s i d s a dm i t t e d of
n r s e

o t h e v e ge t a t ion b u t t h a t of t he r o ck roo t e d i l e x : on t he o t h e
,

r -
r,

t he a e t h e e a l no wy c a gs of a n i m m e n e m oun t in who se
r s r s a

t e rr ibl e l in e a m e n t s w e e t in t e va l s c onc e a l e d o r d i s clo s e d by

,

r a r

v olum e s of d e n se clou d s olling un de r t he t e m p e s t H a lf a r

m il e f o m t hi s s p o t b e t w e e n o ra ng e a n d l e m on g o v e s o f
, .

r r

a lo v e l y vill a g e
,
s u sp e n d e d a s it w e re on an a n p hit h e a t ra l
,
r

T he a rc hi t e c t u re is D o r i c .
-
T L P
. .
'

.
 LE T TE R S . 2 65

r
p e ci p i who se gol de n glob e s con t ra s t e d wi t h t he whi t e wa ll s
ce ,

a d d a k g e e n l e a ve s whi c h t h e y a l m o s t ou t nu m b e e d s hon e t h e
n r r r ,

s ea A bu s t of t he d e clining sunligh t illu m in e d it

r T he r o a d
le d a long t h e b i nk of t he p re ci p ic e t o w a rd s S a l e rno
. .

r N o t hing
c oul d b e m o r e glo i ou s t h a n t h e sc e n e T he i m m e n s e m oun t a in s
.

cove e d wi t h t he ra re an d d ivin e ve ge t a t i on of t hi s cl i m a t e wi t h
.

m a n y fol d ing va l e s a n d d ee p d ar k e c e s s e s wh i ch t he fa n c y
,
-
r

s ca r c e l y coul d p e n e t a t e d e s c e n d e d fr o m t h e i r s nowy s u m m i t
, ,

r s
i i
,

p re ci p i t ou s l y t o t h e se a B e fo e u s w a s S a l e no bu l t n t o a r r

d e c lining p l a in b e t w e e n t he m oun t a i n s a n d t he s e a
.
,

B e y on d
h o e of Sky cl e a v ing m oun t a in t h e n d im wi t h t he
.
, ,

t he o t h er s r -
s,

m i s t of t e m p e s t Un de rn e a t h f o m t h e b a s e of t he p e c i p i c e r r

wh e re t he r o a d con d uct e d ocky p o m on t o i e s j ut t e d in t o t he

.
,

r r r

s e a cove e d wi t h oli v e a n d il e x woo d s o

,

,
r wi t h t he ruin e d ba t t l e ,
r

m e n t s of s o m e N o rm a n o r S a ra c e n fo r t re s s W e s le p t a t .

S a l e no a n d t he n e xt m o rning b e fo re d a yb e a k p r oc e e d e d t o
r ,
r

P o s i d oni a T he nigh t h a d b e e n t e m p e s t uou a d o u r wa y l y s, n a

I t w a s u tt e l y d a k e x c e p t w h e n t h e long
.

b y t he s e a s a n d r r

lin e of wa ve bu rst wi t h a s oun d like t h un d be n e a t h t he

.
,

e r,

a n d c a st u p a kin d of m i s t of col d w h i t e lu s t e
,
s t a l e ss s ky
r r

Wh e n m o rning c a m e we foun d ou se l v e s t ra v e lling in a wi d e

, .

d e s e t p l a in p e rp e t u a ll y i n t e rru p t e d b y wil d i rr e gul a gl e n s a d

,

r r n
boun de d on a ll s i d e s by t he A p e nn i n e s a d t he e a S o m t i m e
, ,

n s e s

it w a s c o v e e d wi t h fo e st s o m e t i m e s d o t t e d wi t h un d e r woo d
.

r r , ,
o r m e e t uft s of fe rn a n d fu e a n d t he win t y d y t e n d il s
r rz r r r
of c e e p i ng p l a n t I h a v e n e ve bu t in t he A lp s s e n a
,

r s. r, e n

a m p hi t h e a t e of m oun t a in s s o m a gni fi c e n t Aft e r t a v e ll i ng

,

r r
fift e n m i l e w e c a m e t o a iv e t h bri d ge of whi c h ha d b n
.

e s r r, e ee
broke n a d wh i c h w a s s o s woll e n t h a t t he fe ry woul d o t t a k
n r n e

W e ha d t h e re fo t o w a lk s e ve n m il of
,

t he c a i a g e a c o s s
rr r re , es

a m u d d y o a d w h ich l e d t o t h e a nc i e n t c i t y a c r o s s t h e d e ol t e
.
,

r s a
T he a i wa s s c e n t e d wi t h t h e s w e e t s m e ll of vi o l e t s
,

Ma em m ar r

of a e x t a o d in a y s iz e a n d b e a u ty A t l e ngt h w e s w t h
.

n r r r a e
s k i t ing t he h o izon of t h e
.

s ubli m e a d m a ss y c olonn a d e s
n r r

wil d e n e s s W e e n t e e d b y t he a n c i e n t g a t e whi h i now no

,

r : r , c s

m o e t h a n a c h a sm in t he o k lik e w a ll
r D e e p l y unk in t h e r c -
s

g oun d b e s i d e it we re t he r uin s of s e p ul c h e w hi ch t he
.

r a r

a nci e n t s w e e in t he c u s t o m of bu i l d ing b e s i de t h e p ublic w y

, ,

r a
T h e fi s t t e m p l e w h ich is t h e s m a ll e s t con s i s t
.

r of a ou t ‘

s n er

of colu m n q ui t e p fe c t a d s u p p o t ing a p fe t
, ,

r a ng e s, er n r er c

a c hi t ra v e a n d t w o s h a t t e r e d fr on t i s p i e c e s
,

T he p r o p o rt ion s
*
r .

Th t h e t m pl re e m p h i p o ty l ; t h a
e t ies th y h v
a re tw
a r s e s, e a e o

p p t
ro s ec s o rf nt h of i C l m n i th t w fi —
ro s, e a c t d f nin in s x o u s n e o rs , a n o e
th B ili M jo ’
S R i q t m 1 768 Ti L P
'

e as ca . ee a r s u ns ae s u . . . .
2 66 LE T TERS .

a re e x t re m e l y m a ssy and t he a rchi t e ct u re e n t ire ly uno rn a m e n t e d

,
an d s i m p le T h e s e colu m n s d o n o t e e m m o r e t h a n fo t y fe e t s r

high bu t t he p e rfe c t p o p ort i on s d i m i ni sh t he a pp e h e n s ion

.

*
r r
of t h e i r m a gn i t u d e it s e e m s a s i f i n e q u a li ty an d i rre gul a i t y of
,
r

fo rm we re re q ui sit e t o fo r ce on u s t he e l a t ive i de a of g e a t n e s s r r

T h e s c e n e f o m b e t we e n t he colu m n s of t h e t e m p l e con s i t s on
.

r s
n e s i d e of t he s e a t o whi c h t h e g e n t l e hill on w hi c h it is buil t
,

o ,
s lo p e s a n d on t h e o t h e r of the gra n d a m p hi t h e a t e of t he r

loft i e st Ap e nnin e d a k p u rp l e m oun t a in s c o wn e d wi t h s now

, ,
s, r r

a d i n t e r c e p t e d t h e r e b y long b a rs of h a rd a n d l e a d e n c olou e d
,

n -
r

clou d T he e ffe c t of th e j gge d ou t lin e of m oun t a in s t h ough

. a ,
r

g ou p of e no m ou s colu m n s on o n e s i d e a n d on t h e o t h e t he
,

r s r r

l e ve l ho izon o f t he s e a is in e xp e s ibl y g a n d T he s e con d

,
r ,
r s r .

t e m p l e is m u ch l a g e a n d a l s o m o re p fe c t B e si de t he
‘

r r, er .

ou t e r r a nge of colum n s it con t a in s a n in t e io r ra ng e of colu m n r

a bo v e colu m n a d t h e r uin s of a wa ll w h ich w a s t h e s c e e n of

,

n r

Wi t h li t t l e d ive si t y of o rn a m e n t t he o rd e of
, ,
t he p e n e t ra li a r r

a c h i t e c t u re is s i m il ar t o t h a t of t h e fi rs t t e m p l e
,
.

r T he colu m n s
i n a ll a re flut e d a nd buil t of a p orou s v olca n i c s t on e w hi c h
.

t i m e ha s d y e d w i t h a ich a n d y e llo w colou r

, ,
T he colu m ns a e
r . r

o n e t hi r d l a g e r a n d like t h a t of t h e fi s t d i m ini s h f o m t h e
-
r r r

b a se t o t he c a p i t a l s o t h a t b u t fo r t he ch a s t e n i ng e ffe ct of t h e ir
, ,

a d m i r a bl e p r o p o rt i o n s t h e i m a gn i t u d e woul d fr o m t he d e lu s ion
, ,

r
of p e rs p e c tive s e e m g re a t e r n o t l e s s t h a n it is ; t hough
, ,

p e rh a p s w e ough t t o s a y no t t h a t t h i s s ym m e t ry d i m ini s h e s
, , ,

you r a p p re h e n s ion of t h e i r m a gn i t u de b u t t h a t it ove p ow e rs

,

,
r

t he i d e a of r e l a t ive g re a t n e ss b y e s t a bli s hing wi t hin I t s e lf a

d e s t uc t ive of y ou r i d e a of it s r e l a t i on w i t h
,
s y s t e m of r e l a t ion s, r

o t h e obj e c t s on which u i d e a s of s i z e d e p e n d T he t hi rd
r o r

t e m p l e is wh a t t h e y c a ll a B a s ilic a t h e e colu m n s a lon e e m a in

.
,

r r

of t he i n t e io r a nge ; t he e x t e ri o r is p e rfe c t b u t t h a t t he
r r

co nic e a n d f i e e in m a n y p l a ce s h a ve fa ll e n T h i s t e m p l e
,
r r z .

cove s m o e g roun d t h a n e i t h e r of t he o t h e b u t it s colum n s

r r rs ,

a e of a n in t e m e d i a t e m a gni t u d e b t w e e n t hos e of t h e se con d

r r e

a n d t h e fi st r .

W e onl y con t e m p l a t e d t h e s e s ubli m e m onu m e n t s fo t wo r

h o u s a n d of cou rs e c oul d onl y b ring a w a y s o i m p e fe c t a
‘

r r

con ce p t i on of t h e m a s i s t he sha do w o f s o m e h a l f re m e m b e re d
,
‘

-
,
d re a m .

h ight of h ol n i p t iv l 8 f t 6 in h
T he e d 8 t e c um s s re s ec e y 1 ee c e s, a n 2
f 5i h
eet d 6k l i i h
nc w fi t t pl d
es an f 6 in h n e s, n t e t o rs em es an 2 1 ee t c es
i h B il i
n t e T hi how h —
j i of h m k on th di ff n
as ca . s s s t e u s t ce t e re ar s e e re ce
of r ea l a n d a pp are nt m gni tud e a T L P
. . .
 L E T TE R S . 2 67

Th e oya l coll e c t i on of p a in t ing s in t h i s ci ty i s s u ffi ci e n t l y

r
m i s e a bl e
r P e h a p s t he m o st e m a rk a bl e is t he o r igin a l s t u d io
r r

D a y of Ju dg m e n t whic h is p a in t e d
.

b y M i c h a e l A ng e lo of t he
”

in fi esco on th e S ix t in e ch a pe l o f t he Va t ic a n I t is t h e e s o
,
r

d e fa c e d as t o b e wholl y i n d i s t i ngui s h a bl e I c a nno t b u t t h ink

.

t h e g e niu s of t hi s a t i s t h i g h l y ove r a t e d
.

r H e ha s n o t onl y no r

t e m p e a n c e no m o d e s t y no fe e ling fo r t h e j u s t boun d a ri e s of
.

a r t (a n d in t h e se
, ,

p e c t s an a d m i a
re s bl e g e niu s m a y e rr ) b t h e r u

h a s no s e n se of b e a u t y a n d t o w a n t t h i s i s t o w a n t t he s e n s e of
,

t h e c r e a t i v e p o we r of m in d Wh a t i s t e rro r wi t hou t a con t a s t

,
r

wi t h a n d a conn e xion wi t h lo v e lin e s s H o w we ll D a n t e un de

.

wit h who m t hi s a rt i s t ha s be e n s o
.
, ,
s t oo d t hi s s e c re t — D a n t e ,

p e s u m p t uou s l y co m p a re d ! Wh a t a t hing his M o s e s is ; “ ”

r

h ow d i s t ort e d f o m a ll t h a t is n a t u a l a d m aj e st ic
r In t he r n

v
.

p i c tu r e t o which I a llu d e G o d is l e a ning o u t of h e a ,

e n T h e .

H ol y G ho st in t he s h a p e of a d ove is un d e r h im
, Un de r t he , .

H ol y G ho s t s t a n ds J e s u s C h i s t in a n a t t i t u d e of h a a nguing r r

T h i s fi gu re wh i ch his s ubj e c t o r r a t h e t h e
,

t h e a s e m bl y s r

v i e w wh ich it be ca m e him t o t ake of it ough t t o h ave m o de ll e d

.
, ,

of a c a l m se ve e a we in sp i ring m aje st y is i n t he a t t i t u de of
,

r , -

co m m on p l a ce re s e n tm e n t O n o n e s i de of t h i s fi gu re a re t he
,

t he ho s t of h e a v e n ; t h e y ough t t o h a v e
.

e l e c t ; on t h e o t h e r,

b e e n w h a t t he C h i t i a n s c a ll g lor ifi d bo di s flo a t ing onwa d

r s e e r

a d ra d i n t wi t h t h a t e v e l a t ing lig h t (I s e a k i n t he s p i i t of
, ,

n a r s r

t h e i f i t h ) whi c h h a d con s u m e d t h e i r m o rt a v e il
r a T h y a re in e

fa c t v e y o rd in a y p e op l e B e lo w i s t he i de a l p u rg a t o ry I
, .

r r

i m a gin e i n m id a ir in t he sh ap e s of sp irit s s o m e of who m

.
,

d e m on s a re d a gging d own o t h e rs fa ll i ng a s it we re b y t h e i r
, , ,
r

own we igh t o t h e rs h a lf s u sp e n de d in t h a t M a ho m e t co ffi n kin d

,
- - -

of a t t i t u d e wh i ch m o s t m o d ra t e C h i st i a n s I b e li e ve e x p c t t o
,

e r e

E v e y s t e p t ow a d s h e ll a p p oxi m a t e s t o t h e e gion o f
, ,
a s su m e r r r r

t i s t s e x c lu s i v e p ow e T h e e is g e a t i m a gin a t ion in
.

’
t he ar r r r

m a n y of t he s i t u a t ion s of t h e s e unfo rt un a t e s p i i t s B u t h e ll
.

r .

a n d d e a t h a e h is re a l s p h e e r T he bo t t o m of t h e p ic t u e is r r

d i i d e d b y a loft y ock in which t h e e is a c a v e rn who s e

.

v r r

e n t r a nc e is t h rong e d b y d e v il s s o m e c o m ing i n wi t h s p i i t s
,
r

o m e going o u t fo r p re y T he bloo d re d lig h t of t he fi e y

. , ,
s -
r
by s s glows t h ough t h i d a rk fo m s O n o n e s i de a re t he
.

a r e r r

d v il s in a ll hi d e ou fo m s s t ruggling wi t h t h e d m n e d w h o
.
,

e s r a
h a v e e c e iv e d t h e i s e n t e nc e a n d a re ch a in e d i n ll fo m s of
, ,

r r a r

a gon y b y kno tt e d se p e n t s a d w i t hing on t h e c a g s i n

,
r ve y n r r e r

v a ri e t y of t ort u re O n t he o t h e r a re t he de a d co m i ng o u t of
,

t h e i r g ra ve s — ho rri bl e fo rm s D ay of
.
, ,

S uch is th e fa m ous “

Ju dgm e n t of M i ch ae l Ange lo ; a kin d of Tit u s A ndr o n icu s

.

”
 2 68 LE T TE R S .

in p ai n t ing bu t t he a u t ho r s u e l y no S haksp e a e T he o t h e r r r

p a in t ing a e o n e r t w o of R p h a e l o his p u p il s v e y s w e e t
.
,
s r o a r r
an d lo v e l y
,

D an e of T i t i a n a p ict u e t h e s oft e s t a d
“ ”
A a r n

m o s t v olu p t uou s fo m wi t h l a ngui d a d u p lift e d e ye s a n d

.
, ,

r n

w arm ye t p a s ive li m b s A M a dd e l e n a by G ui d o wi t h
, ,
“ ”
s
d a k b own h a i a d d a rk b ro wn e ye s a n d a
.
, ,

r r r, e a n e st
n s oft n r

m e l a nc h ol y look A n d s o m e e xc e ll e n t p i c t u re s in p oin t of
, , ,
“

b y A nnib a l C a a cc i N on e o t h e s wo t h a s e c on d
.
,

e x e cu t ion r r r

loo k O f t he ga ll e ry of st a t u e s I c a nno t sp e a k T h y e q ui e
.
,

e r r

a v olu m e n o t a l e t t e r
. .

S t ill l e s wh a t c a n I d o a t R om e ? s

I ha ve j u st s e e n t he Q t r ly fo r S e p t e m b e r n o t f o m m y
.
,

uar e r
,
own box I s u p p o se t h e re is no ch a n c e now of t h e
o ga niz t i on of a e v i e w ! T hi s is a g e a t p i ty T he Q t r ly
.
,

.
r a r r . uar e
is un d oub t e d l y con d u c t e d wi t h t a l e n t gr e a t t l e n t an d a ffo d s a r

a d e a d ful p re p on d e ra nc e a g a i n s t t h e ca u se of i m p r ove m e n t
, ,

r .

If a ba n d of s t a un ch e fo m e s e s olu t e a n d s kilful we re u ni t e d r r r r
in s o clo s e and con t a n t a l e a gu e a s t h a t in w h ich in t e re st a n d
, ,
s

fa n a t ici sm h a ve boun d t h e m e m b e rs of t h a t li t e a ry co a li t ion r

A di e u A d dre s s y ou n e xt l e t t r t o R o m e wh e nc e y o u s h all r e
h e a r f o m m e s oon a g a in M a d C uni t e wi t h m e i n t he v e y
.
,

r . . n . r

kin de st e m e m bra nce s — M ost fa i t hfully yours

r ,
P B S
oct o r h e ha s be e n m e s s ing m e a d I b li v
. .

A d re on n e e e ha s d e

of his p e t t y s c h
,

m e a n i m p o t a n t b e n e fit O r b n ne r e m e s ha s ee

p u t t i ng c a u s t ic on m y s i d e Yo u m a y gu e s s ho w m u c h qui e t
.

I h ave ha d s i nc e it wa s la id jo n
.

XXXI V — T O . T . L . P .

R o m e , M a r c/i 2 3 r d, 18 19 .

M Y D EAR P — I w ot
b e fo e o u d e p a t u e
r e t o y o u th e d a y r r r r

W e c a m e b y s low j ou n e y s wi t h o u r own h o s e
.

f om N ap l s
r e r r s,
R o m e e t i ng o e d a y a t M ol a d i G a e t a a t t h e inn ca ll e d
.
,

t o ,
r s n ,

V ill a d i C i c e on e f o m b e ing buil t on t h e uin s of h is V ill

r r r a,
who e i m m e n s s ub st ruc t ion s ove h a ng t he s e a a d a e
.
,

s e r n r

g o v e s N o t h ing ca n b e love li e r
,
sc a t t e e d a m ong t h e o a ng
r r e r

t h a n t h e s c e n e fro m t he t e a c e s of t h e { inn O n o e s i de
.

rr n

p e ci p i t ou s m oun t a in s whos e b a s e s s lo p e in t o a n i nclin e d p l n e

.

r a
of oli v e a d o ra nge co p s e s t he l a t t e r fo rm ing a s it we re a n
,
n —
e m e a l d sky of l e a v e s s t a rre d wi t h innu m e ra bl e glob e s of t h e i r
, ,
s r

i p e ning frui t who se ri ch sp l e n d ou r con tra st e d wi t h t he d e e p

l ,
r ,
 LE T TE RS . 2 69

g re e n foli a g e ; on oh boun de d on o n e s i de by
t he t er t he s e a —
t h e a n t i q u e t own of G a e t a a n d t he o t h e b y w h a t a p p e a s t o b e ,
r r

a n i s l n d t he p o m on t o y of C i rc e F o m G a e t a t o T e a ci a
a ,
r r . r rr n

th e whol e s c e n e y is of t he m o s t s ubli m e ch a a c t r At r er

a c in a p r ci p i t ou s con i c l cra g s of i m m e n e h e igh t h oo t

.

T e rr e a s s

in t o t he ky a n d o v e h a ng t he s e a At A lb a no w e a i v e d a g in
,

s r rr a
in igh t of R o m e A h s a ft e r a rc h e s i n un e n d ing lin s s t e t c h
.
,

s rc e e r

ing c o s s t he unin h a bi t e d wil d e rn e ss t he blu e de fi n e d lin e of

.

a r

m oun t a in s s e e n b e t w e e n t h e m ; m a sse s of n a m e l e s s
,

th e uin r

s t a n d ing lik ock o u t of t he p l a in ; a d t he p l a in i t s e lf wi t h

e r s n

it s billowy a n d un e qu a l s u fa c e a nnounc e d t h e n e ig h bou rhoo d

,
r ,

of R o m e A n d wh t h a ll I s a y t o y o u of R o m e ? I f I sp e a k a s

of t he in a ni m a t e uin t he ru d e s t on e s p il e d u p on s t on e s w h ich
.

r s,

of t h fa m e of t h o s e who once a rra ye d t h e m

,

a e t he s e p ulch e
r r s e

wi t h t he be a u ty w h i c h ha s fa de d will yo u b e li e ve m e in se n s ibl e
t h e v i t a l t he a l m o t b re a t h ing c a t ion s of g e niu s y e t s b
,

to s re u
s i s t ing in t h e i r p e fe c t i on ? W h a t ha s b e co m e y u will a k of
,

r ,
o s ,

t h e A p p o ll t h e G l a d i a t o r t he V e nu s of t he C a p i t ol ? Wh a t
o,

of t he A p ollo d i B e l ve d e t he La o c On Wh a t of R a ffa e l a d
,

er o n

G ui d o ? T h e se t h ing a e b e s t s p oke n of wh e n t he m in d h a s
,

s r

d unk in t he S p i i t of t h e i fo m s a d li t t l e in d e e d c a n I w h o
r r r r n

m u s t d e v o t e no m o e t h a n a f w m on t h s t o t h e c on t e m p l a t i on of
,

r e

t h m ho p e t o know o fe e l of t h e i p r ofoun d b e a u t y
e r r

I t h ink I t ol d y o u of t he C oli e u m a d it s i m p re s s ion s on m e

.
,

s n

on m y fi t v i i t t o t hi c i ty T he n e x t m o st con s i de a bl e e lic
,
rs s s r r

of n t i q ui t y c on s i d e e d a s a ru i n is t he T h e rm ae of C a a c a ll a
.

a r r

T h s e con s i t of s ix e no m ou s c h a m b e s a bo v e 2 0 0 fe e t in
, , .

e s r r

h e igh t a n d e a c h nclo s ing a v a s t S p a like t h a t of a fie l d

,

e ce

T h e e a e in a d d i t ion a nu m b e of t ow e s a d l a b y rin t hin e

, .

r r r r n

re ce s s e s h i d d e n a d wo v e n o v e r b y t h e wil d g ow t h of we d s
, ,

n r e

N v e w a s a y d e s ol a t ion m o e s ubli m e a d lo v e l y
,

a d i y
n v e r n r n

w a ll of uin is c lo v e n in t o s t e e p a v in e s
. .

Th ep p e n d i c ul
er ar r r

fill d p wi t h flow e ing h ub s w h o se t h i ck t wi t e d r oo t

e u r s r s s
k no t t e d in t he ift s of t he t on e s At e ve y s t e p t he a e i a l
,

a re r s . r r

p inn a c l e s of s h a t t e d s t on e g ou p in t o e w c o m bin a t ion

er of r n s

e ffe c t a d t ow e a b o v e t he loft y y e t l e v e l w l l a s t h e d i t n t
n r a s, s a

m oun t a in s ch a ng e t h e i r a s p e c t t o n e t a v e lling
,

a p i d l y a long o r r

t h e p l a in T h e p e p e n d i ul a r w a ll s r e s e m bl e no t h i ng m o
r c re

t h n t h a t c li ff of B i s h a m woo d t h a t is o v e g own wi t h woo d

.

a r r

d y e t is s t on y a d p e ci p i t ou s — y o u kno w t he
, ,

an n ne I m e a n r o

no t t he c h a lk p it b u t t h e s p o t t h a t h a s t h e p e t t y co p s e of
-
r

fi r t e e s a n d p i v e t bu s h e s a t it s b a e a d wh e e H
,
-
r r -
a d I s n r n

t o m y in fi ni t e d i c on t e n t woul d go
,

s c a m bl e d u p
r a n d yo u s

h o m e T h e se wa ll s s u rou nd g e e n a n d l e ve l sp a ce s of la wn
, , ,

. r r ,
2 70 L E T TE R S .

on wh i ch so m e e l m s h a ve grown a n d wh i c h are i n t e rs p e rse d

t ow a d s t h e i r s ki rt s b y m a s s e of t h e fa ll e n r uin o e r t w in d wi t h
,
r s v e
t h e b r o a d l e a v e s of t he c r e p ing w e e d s
,

T he blu e S ky c a no p i e
e s
it a n d is a s t h e e ve l a s t ing r oof of t h e s e e no m ou h a ll s
.

, r r s .

B u t t he m o s t in t e e s t ing e ffe c t e m a in r I n o e of t h e r s n
bu t t e s e s t h a t s u p p o t s a n i m m n e d loft y a ch wh i c h
.

“
r s r e s an r

b i dge s t he v e y win ds of h e a ve n a e t he crum bling e m a in s of

, ,
”
r r r r

a n t i q u e win d ing s t a i c a se who se s i d e s are O p e n i n m a n y

,

an r

p l a c e s t o t he p e ci p i ce T hi s y o u a s c e n d a n d a i v e on t he
,

r rr

s u m m i t of t h e s e T h e re g row 0 11 e v e y s i de t h i c k
.
,

p il e s r

e n t ngl e d w il d rn e s s e s of m y rt l
.

a e an d t h e m y l t u s a d b y e, r e n a

a n d t h e flow e r in g l a u r e s t inu s w h o se whi t e blo s s o m s a r j u st

, ,

d e v e lop e d t he w hi t e fig a n d a t hou s a n d n a m e l e s s p l a n t s s o wn
,

b y t he w a n d e ri ng w i n d s
, ,
T h e s e woo d s a e in t e r s e c t e d on r

e v e y s i d e b y p a t h s like s h e e p t a ck s t h r ough t he co p s e w oo d
.

r -
r -

of s t e e p m oun t a in s wh i c h win d t o e ve y p a t of t he i m m e n s e
,
r r

l by in t h F o m t he m i d st i s e t hos e p inn a cl e s a n d m s e s
,

a r r r as

t h m s e l v e s lik e m oun t a in s which h a v e b e e n se e n f o m b e lo w

.
,

e r

In o n e p l a c e y o u win d a long a n a rrow s t rip of we e d g o wn

.
,
-
r

r uin : on o n e s i d e is t h e i m m e n s i t y of e a t h a n d s ky on t he r ,

o t h e a n a rr ow ch a s m which is boun de d b y a n a c h of
r r

fri ng e d by t he m a n y colou e d foli a g e a n d

,

e no rm ou s s iz e ,
-
r

blo s s o m s a n d s up p o rt ing a loft y a n d i rre gul a p yra m i d ove r r

g own like i t se lf wit h t h e all p e va iling v e g e t a t ion Ar oun d

, ,

r -
r .

ri se o t h e r c ra g s a nd o t h e r p e a k s a ll a rraye d an d t he
d e fo rm i t y of t h e i r va s t d e s ol a t ion s oft e n e d d own b y t he
, ,

un de c a y ing in ve s t it u e of n a t u re C o m e t o R o m e I t is a
,
r

b y whi c h e x p e ss ion is ove r p o we r e d ; wh i c h wo r d

. .

s ce ne r s

c nno t
a conve y S t ill fu t h e win ding p o n e h a lf of t he r r, u

s h a t t e re d p y ra m i d s b y t h e p a t h t h r ough t h e bloo m ing co p s e

.

woo d y o u co m e t o a li tt l e m o s s y l a wn s u oun d d b y t he wi l d
,
rr e

it is ove rg rown w i t h a e m o n ie s w a ll fl o w e rs a n d
, ,

s h rub s ; n -

v iol e t s who se s t a lks p ie rce t he s t a y m o ss a d wit h d i a n t

, ,
rr n ra

blu flow e s who se n a m e s I kno w n o t a n d wh i ch s c a t t

, ,

e r er

t h ough t he a ir t h e d iv in e st o d ou wh i ch a s y o u e clin e un d
, ,
r r, r er

t h e s h a de of t he uin p ro d uc e s e n sa t i on s of v olu p t uou fa in t

,

r s s

n e s s like t he co m bi n at ion s of s we e t m u si c T h e p a t h s t i l l
,
s

win d on t h re a di ng t he p p l e x e d win ding s o t h e r l a byrin t h s

.
,

er

o t h e l a wn s a n d d e e p d ll s of woo d a n d loft y r o c k s a d
, , ,

r e n

t e rr ific c h a sm s Wh e n I t e ll yo u t h a t t h e s e ruin s cove r s e ve ra l

, , ,

a c e s a n d t h a t t h e p a th s a bove p e n e t a t e a t l e a st h a lf t h e i r
r r

i i
,
e xt e nt y ou r m a g n a t ion will fill u p a l l t h a t I a m un a bl e t o
e xp e s s of t h i s a s t oni s h i ng s c e n e
,

I sp e a k o f t h e s e t h i ngs n o t i n t he o rde r i n wh i ch I vi si t e d
.
 L E T TE R S . 271

t he m i n t h t of t h i m p sion whi h t h y m d on m
bu t a e re s c e a e e, o r

p h p
,

er h n d i ct T h uin of t h n i n t F o u m
a s c a ce re s e r s e a c e r a re s o
fo t un t t h t t h y h v n w ll d p i n t h m o d n
.

f ar r a e t b a e a e no ee a e u e er
c i t y T h y t n d i n o p lon o m p l c boun d d on
e s a an en, es e a e, e o ne

i d b y t h m o d n c i ty d t h o t h by t h P l t in M oun
.

s e e er an e er e a a e t,
o v d wi t h h p l m of u in T h t ou i t t ll y ll
,
c e re s a e e ss a s se s r e r s s e ou a
bou t t h t h ing f i d of t u m bling on t h i
.

a d I
e sem s, an a a ra s e r
l angu g wh n I nu m t wh t i
a e e w ll known T h e e ra e a s so e e re
re m a in e igh t g a ni t e c olu m n s of t he I onic o d e r w 1t h t h e i r
r r ,
e n t a bl a t u e of t he t e m p l e of C on c o rd foun d e d by C a m illu s
r

I fe a t h t t he i m m e n se e xp a n se d e m a nde d by t h e se c olu m ns
.
, ,
r a

fo bi d s u s t o ho p e t h a t t h e y a re t he e m a i n s of a ny e d i fi ce
r r

d e d i ca t e d b y t h a t m o s t p e fe c t a n d v i r t uou s of m e n I t is r

h a ve b e e n e p a i e d un de r t he E a t e rn E m p e o s
.

s up p o e d t s o r r s r r
a l a s w h a t a con t a s t of e coll e c t i on s r N e a r t h e m s t a n d t h o se
r
C o rin t h i a n flu t e d c olu m n s wh i ch s u p p o rt e d t h e a ngl e of a
,

t e m p l e ; t he a c h i t ra v e a n d e n t a bl a t u re a r e wo k e d wi t h
,
r r

d e lic a t e s cul p t u e B e y on d t o t he s ou t h is a no t h e
r . ol i t a y , ,
r s r
c olu m n ; a d s t ill m o e d i s t a n t
n th ee m o e u p p o t ing t he
r ,
r r ,
s r

w e ck of a e n t a bl a t u e D e s ce n d ing f o m t he C a p i t ol t t he
r n r r o

F o ru m is t he t riu m p h a l a r ch of S e p t im iu s S e v e ru s l e ss p e fe c t
.

, ,
r

t h a n t h a t of C on s t a n t in e t hough f o m it s p o p o t ion s a d r r r n

m a gni t u d e a m o s t i m p e s s ive m onu m e n t T h a t of C on s t n t in e

,

r a
athe of T i t u s (fo t he e li e f a n d s cul p t u e a n d e v e n t he
.
,

o r r r r r r

colo s s a l i m a ge s of D a ci a n c a p t i v e s w e e t o n b y a de cre e of t he
,

r r

t o a d o rn t h a t of t hi s
,

s e n a t e f o m a n a ch d e d i cat e d t o t he l a t t e
r r r,

s t u p i d a n d wi k e d m on t e C on s t a n t in e o e of w h o s e c hi e f
c s r, n

m e i t s c on s i s t s i n e s t a bli s h i ng a
,

r e ligio n th d e s t r oy e of r e r

p o l i a t ion
,

t ho s e a t s which woul d h a ve
r e n de e d s o b a e a r r s s

unn e c e s s a ry) is t he m o s t p e rfe c t I t is a n a dm i a bl e wo k of r r

I t is buil t of t h e fi n e s t m a bl e a n d t he ou t lin e of t h e
.
,

a t r r

e li e fs is in m a n y p a rt s a s p e r fe ct a s if j u s t fi ni h e d
,
.

r F ou r s

C o in t h i n flu t e d colu m n s s u pp o t on a ch i d e a bol d e n t a b l a
.

r a r , e s

t u e wh os b a e s a re lo a d e d wi t h e li fs of c p t i v e s in e v y
,

r e s r e a er

a t t i t u d e of h u m ili a t ion a d l a v e y T he c o m p a t m e n t s a bo v e
,
n s r r

i n bol d e r e li e f t he e njoym e n t of s ucc s ; t he

.

e xp sre s, r es

on his t h ron e o i n his c h a io t o r no dd ing

,

c on q u e o r r r r
ove t he c u h e d m ul t i t u d s w h o w i t h e un d h i ho s e h oof
, ,
’
r r s e r er s r s s,

a s t h o e b e low e x p e s s t h e t o t u e a d a bj e c t n e s
,

s r of d fe a t r r n s e .

T h e e a e t h e e a c h e s who e oofs a e p an n e le d wi t h f e t wo k
r r r r s r r r r

a d t h e i r s i d e s a d o rn d wi t h s i m il ar re li e fs
, ,

n T h e k e y s t on e of
e .

t h e s e a ch e s is s u pp o rt e d e a ch b y t w o wing e d figu e s of V i c t o y
r r r

who se h a i flo a t s on t he win d of t h e i own s p e e d a d who se

,

r r n

a rm s a e ou t st e t ch e d b e a ing t o p hi e s a s if i m p a t i e n t t o m e e t
,

r r ,
r r , .
2 72 L E T TE R S .

T h y loo k it w bo n f o m t h ubj ct xt m i t i of th
e as e re , r e r e s e e re es e
t h on t h b t h whi h i t h xh l t ion of t h t b t t l
,
e ar e re a d c s e e a a a a e an
d o l t i on which it i t h i m i ion t co m m m o t N v
,

es a s e r ss o e ra e e er
co m p l t l y fi t t d t t h p u p o f wh i h
, .

w m onu m n t
e re e s so e e e o e r se or c
th y w in g t h t m ix t u of n gy d
.

e d ign d of xp
e re es e e re s s a re e er an
o wh i h c l l d t iu m p h
,
'

e rr r c Is a e a r

I w l k fo t h in t h p u p l d gol d n l i gh t of
.

a r I t li n e r e an e an a a
e v ning d t u n by t
e an m oonlig h t t h ough t hi
re r n s ar o r r s s ce e
j u t bu dd ing d t h w m sp ing wi n d b ing
, , .

Th lm e e s a re s an e ar r s r

un k nown o d ou
,

l l w t f o m t h coun t y I rs, ath d i nt s ee r e r se e e ra a

O ion t h oug h t h m ig h t y colu m n of t h t m p l of C on o d
.

r r e s e e e c r

d t h m llo w f d ing ligh t of n d o wn t h m o d n buil d ing

,
an e e a s te s e er s
of t h c p i t ol t h only on t h t in t f wi t h th ubli m
e a e es a e r e re e s e
d ol t i on of t h c n O t h t p of t h c p i t ol i t lf t n d
,

es a e s e e n e s e s e a se s a
l t t u of C t o d P ollux ch w i t h hi h o
.
,
t w colo o ss a s a es as r an ea s rs e ,

inf i o t t ho of M on t C v llo
,

fi n l y x cu t d t hough f
e e e e ar er r o se e a a
of which y kno w w w t og t h in Lon d on
, ,
th c e t of as o ne ou e sa e er
T h i w lk i lo dging d t h i i m y v ning w lk
.

s lo t a s c se o our ,
an s s e e a .

Wh t h ll I y of t h m o d n ci ty ? R o m i y t t h c p i t l
a s a sa e er e s e e a a
of t h wo l d I t i ci t y of p l c
e r d t m pl mo glo ious a a a e s an e e s, re r s
wh i h y oth
.

t h n t ho
a se i t y con t in d of uin m o
c an er c a s, an r s re
glo iou t h n t h y S n f o m y of t h m i n n
r s a e th t . ee r an e e e ce s a
s u oun d it it xhibi t d o m b yon d d o m
rr e d p l c d s es e e s, an a a e s, an
olonn d i n t m i n bl y v n t t h h o izon ; i n t p d w i t h
,

c a es er a e e o e r e rs e r se
d m i g h t y uin which t n d g t b y t h i
,

p t
a ch of d tes e se r an r s s a ir e r
own d ol t i on in t h m i d t f t h f n s of l iv ing l i gion d
,
es a e s o e a e re s an
t h h bi t t ion of li v ing m i n ubli m lon lin
,
’
e a a s St P t e n, s e e e s s. . e er s
i s, a s
y h v h d t h loft i s t buil d ing E u op E x t n ll y
ou a e ear e e 1n r e. er a

it i in f i o
,

s chi t c t u l b u y t S t P ul t hough t
er r in
.

ar e ra ea t o a
’
s, no
wh olly d voi d o f it in t n ll y it x h ibi t li t t l n s on l g
e
°
er a e s e es a ar e
c l
s a e, d i in v y an p ct o p p o d t
s n t iqu t t Ye er re s e se o a e as e. ou
know m y p o p n i t y t d m i ; d I t i d t p u d m y l f
r e s o a re an r e o e rs a e se

ou t of t h i o p nion — i v in ; t h m o s I i of th n t o of n a e re see e i e ri r

St P t
"
th le e r s, mp i w h ol d o it p o d uc on m
e e ss 1 re s s o n a s a e es r e e.
I nno t v n t h ink it loft y t hough it d o m i con i d bl y
.

ca e e s e s s e ra

h ig h t h n y hill wi t hin fif y m il of Lon don ; d w h

,

er a an t es an en
o n e re fle ct oni s hing m onu m e n t of t he d a ring e n e g y
s, it is a n a st r

of m a n I t s c olonn a de is won de full y fi ne d t h e e a e t wo r an r r

foun t a in s w hi c h r i s e i n S p i e like colu m n of wa t e r t o a n

.
,

r -
s
,
i m m e n s e h e igh t In t he sky a d fa lling on t he p o p h y y va se n r r s

f o m which t h e y sp ing fi ll t he whol e a i wi t h a ra d i a n t m i s t

,

r r r

which a t noon i t h onge d wi t h innu m e a bl e ra inbows In t he

, ,

s r r

In fron t is t he p a l a ce l ike fa ca de o f
.

m i d s t s t a n d s an ob e li s k
S t Pe t e s c e t a i nl y m a gnific e n t a n d t h e e is p ro d uc e d on t he
.

’
. r ,
r r ,
 L E T TE R S . 2 73

whol e, chi t e c t u r l c o m bin a t ion un e q ua ll e d in t he wo l d

an ar a r

B u t t h d o m of t he t e m p l e is c on e a l e d e xc e p t a t a v e y g e a t
.

e e c r r

d i t n c b y t h e fa ca d e a d t he infe r io p a t of t he bui l d i ng a n d
,

s a e, n r r

t h t d i a bolic a l con t i v n ce t h e y c a ll a n a t t i c
,

a r a

T he e ffe c t of t h e P n t h e on is t o t a ll y t he e ve r se o f t h a t of S t
.

a r .

Pe t e r s
’
T hough n o t a fou t h p a rt of t h e s iz e it is a s it w e e r r

t h e v i ibl e i m a g e of t he uni v e e ; in t h e p e fe c t ion of it s p

.
, , ,

s rs r ro

p or t ion s a s wh e n y ou e g a d t h e un m e a s u e d d o m rof h a ve n r r e e

t h e i d e a of m a gn i t u d e is
, ,

wa llowe d u p a n d lo st I t is o p e n t o s

ky a n d it s wi d e d o m e is ligh t e d b y t h e e v e r ch a nging
.

t he s -

illu m in a t ion of t he a i T he c lou ds of noon fly o v e r it a n d a t

,

r.

nigh t t he ke e n s t a s a e s e e n t h ough t he a u e d a kn e s
,

r r r z r r s,
h a nging i m m o v e a bl y o d i v ing a ft e r t h e d iving m oon a m ong r r r

W e vi s i t e d t b y m oonlig h t ; it i s s u p p o t e d by
,

t h e c lou d s . i r

s ix t e e n colu m n s flu t e d a n d C o in t hi a n of a c e t a in rar e a d r r n

be a u t i ful ye llo w m a rbl e e x q ui s i t e l y p oli sh e d c a ll d h e e g i l l

, ,
e r a o

Above t h e e a e t h e ni c h e s fo r t he s t a t u e s of t h e t w e l v
, ,

a n t ico s r e

go d s T h i s is t he only d e fe c t of t his s u blim e t e m p l e t h e

.

er

oug h t t o h a ve be e n no in t e v a l b e t we e n t he co m m e nc e m e n t of
.

t h e d o m e a n d t h e co rnic e s u p p o t e d by t he colu m n s T hus r

t h e woul d h a v e b e e n no d i v e ion fro m t he m a gni fi c e n t

, .

er rs

s i m p l i c i t y of it s fo m T h i i m p o v e m e n t is a lon e wa n t i ng t o
r s r

h a v o m p l e t e d t he uni t y of t he i de a
.

e c

T he foun t a in s of R o m e a e in t h e m s e l v e s m a gni fi ce n t
.

c o m bin a t ion s of a t s uc h a s a lon it we r e wo rt h co m ing t

, ,
r , ee e o s

T h a t i n t h e P i a z a N a v on a a l a rg e
.

z q u a e i s co m p o s d of s r e
i l e d on e a c h o t h e r an d p e n e t t d
, ,

e no m ou s f a g m e n t s of o c k
r r r a ra e

a s b y c a v e rn s T h i s m a s s s u pp o t s a n E gy p t i a n ob e li s k of
, ,
r

im m e n se h e igh t O n the fou co rn e rs of t he rock re clin e in

.

d iff e n t a t t i t u d e s colo sa l figu e s e p e s e n t ing t he fou d i v i

.
,

er s r r r r
bu s t s f o m t he c re vi c e s b e n t h
,

s ion s of t h e glob e T he wa t er r r ea

t hem T h e y a e s cu l p t u e d wi t h g e a t p i i t ; o n e i m p a t i n t l y
.

r r r s r e

t e a ing a v e il f o m h is e y e s wi t h his h a n ds s t t h d
.

r a no t h
r er re c e

u p w a d s T he F on t a n a d i T e vi is t he m o s t c e l e b a t e d d i
r r r an s

a t h r a w a t e f ll t h a n a foun t a in gu sh i ng o u t f o m m a e of
.
,

r e r a r ss s

r o k wi t h a gig n t ic fi gu e of N e p t un e ; a n d b e lo w a r t w
c a r e o

ive r go d ch e cking t wo wing d h o se s t uggling u p f o m

,
r s, e r s, r r

a m ong t h e ocks a n d wa t e rs T h whol e is n o t ill c onc e i v e d

r e
e x e cu t e d ; b u t y o u know n o t h ow d e lic a t e t he i m a gin a t ion
.

n o
r

b e co m e s by d i e t ing w i t h an t i q ui ty d a y a ft e r d a y ! T h e onl y
t h ing s t h a t s u st a i n t he c o m p a i s on a R a ff a e l G ui d o a n d r re

S a l va t or R o s a
, ,
.

T he foun t a in on t h e Q ui in a l ra t h e r t h e g r ou p fo m e d b y r or r
t h e s t a t u e s ob e li s k a d t he foun t a in i s ho we v e
,

, ,
n t he m o s t , , r,

99
2 74 LE T TE RS .

a dm ra i bl e o f a ll Fr o m t he P i a zz a Q ui ri n a l e o r a t h e M on te r r

C v a llo y o u s e e t h e boun d l e s oc e a n of d o m e s S p i re s a d
.
,
a s n

wh i c h is t h e C i t y R o m e O n a p e de st a l of whi t e
, , ,

c olum n s
m a bl e r i se s a n ob e li s k of e d g ra n i t e p i e r cing t h e blu e s ky
.
, ,

r r

B e fo e it is a va s t b a s in of p o p h yry i n t h e m i d s t of wh i ch r i se s
, .

r r

wh i ch coll e ct s i n t o i t s e lf all t h
,
a colu m n of t h e p u re s t w a t e r, e

o v e h a nging colou of t he sky a n d b e a ks t h e m in t o a t hou s a n d

r rs r

i h — t h e fa ll t og e t h e r wi t h
,

pr i s m a t c u e a n d g a d u a t e d s h
s a d ow s y r

it s d a s hing w a t e r d o p s i n t o t he ou t e r b a si n T he e l e va t e d i t u
-
r s a

t ion of t h i s foun t a in p r o d uc e s I i m a gin e t h i s e ffe c t of colou

.

O n e a c h i d e on a n l e va t e d p e d e s t a l
, , .

s t a n d t he s t a t u e s of
e s

wh i ch
, ,
C a st o r a n d P ollux e a ch in t h e a c t of t a m in g his ho rs e
a e s a i d b u t I b e li e v e wholl y w i t hou t a u t ho ri t y t o b e t he wo rk
,

of P h i di a s a n d Pra xi t e l e s T h e s e figu e s co m bin e t he i e s ist

, ,

r rr

ibl e e n e gy wi t h t he s ubli m e a n d p e rfe c t lo v e lin e s s s u p p o se d t o

.

h a v e b e long e d t o t h e i d i v in e n a t u re T he e in no longe r r r s

e xi t b u t t he p o s i t ion of t h e i r h a n d s a n d t h e s u s t a in e d a d
.

s n

c a l m co m m a n d of t h e i r e g a d s e e m t o e qui e no m e ch a ni c a l
,

r r r r

ob e di nce T he c oun t e n nc e a t s o g e a t a
,
a id t o e nfo c r e e a s r

h igh t a e s ca e l y v i ibl e a n d I h a v a b e t t e r i de a of t h a t of
.

e r rc s e

wh i ch we s a w a c a s t t oge t h e r i n Lon d on t h a n of t he o t h e
,

r
B t t he s ubl i m e a n d li v ing m aj e s t y o f t h e i r li m b s a n d m i e n t h e
, .

n e v ou s a n d fi e y a n i m a t ion of t he ho rse s t h e y e s t a in s e n in
,
r r r r e

t he bl ue s ky of I t a l y a n d ove rlooking t he c i t y of R o m e
,

lig h t a n d t he m u s ic of t h a t c ys t a llin e
, ,

s u r oun de d by t he
r r

foun t a in no c a st ca n c o m m un i c a t e
, .

T h e s e figu e s w e e foun d a t t he B a t h s o f C ons t a n t in e ; b u t

r r

of cou rs e a e of e m o t e a n t i q u i t y I d o n o t a cqui e s c e ho we ve
,

r r r

in t he p ra c t ice of a t t ri bu t ing t o P h i d i o r P a xi t e l e s o
, .

a s, r r

a n y a d m i a bl e wo k t h a t m a y b
,

S op a s o r s o m e g e a t m a st
c r e r, r r e

foun d W e fin d li t t l e of wh a t e m a in e d a d p e rh a p s t h wo k
,
r n e r s

of t h e se w e re u c h a s g re a t l y su p a s e d a ll t h t we conce i v e of
.
,

s r s a

m o t p e rf c t a d a d m i a bl
s e in wh a t li t t l e ha s ca p e d t he
n r e es

d l g
e u I f I a m t o o j a lou s of t he h onou r of t h e G e ks
e . e re ,
o ur

ma t s e rs a nd c e a to th go ds who m we s houl d wo shi p

r rs , e r ,

p a d on m e
r

I h ave s a i d wh a t I fe l wi t hou t e n t e i n g in t o a ny c ri t i ca l d is
.

e r

e u s s ion s of t he r u in of R o m e a d t he m e e o u t s ide o f t h i s
s n r
i n e xh a u s t i bl e m i n e of t h oug h t a n d f e ling H o bhou e E u st a c
,
e s e,

wi h
.
,

a d Fo
n y t h rsll t ll a ll t h e w knowl e d g ebou t i t t he s e -
e a
c o m m on s t u ff of t h e e a rt h yt h i w o t h
, ,
”
B y t h e b ye F - - o rs s r

t wo I h a v e s e e n
.
,

re a d ing a s I ju d g e f o m a ch a p t e
,
o r I r r .

c a nno t g e t t he book h e re

I ough t t o h a ve ob se rve d t h a t t he c e n t ra l a ch of t he
.

r
 L E T TE R S . 2 75

tr iu m p h a l A ch of T i t u s ye t s ub s i s t s m o e p e rfe c t in it s p o
r ,
r r

p o trion t h e y s
s, a y t h a n a y of a l a t e r d a t e T hi s nI d id n o t
k T h figu e s of Vi c t o ry w i t h unfol de d wing s a n d a c h
.
,
r em ar e r e
s p u ning b a c k a glob e wi t h ou t s t e t ch e d fe e t a re p e rh a p s m o e
.
, ,
r r r

b e u t iful t h a n t ho se on e i t h e r of t he o t h e rs T h i r l ip s a e
, , ,

a e r

p a t e d a d e lic a t e m o d e of i n di c a t i ng t he fe v ou r of t h i r d s i e
.

r r e e r

t o a ri v r t t h e d e s t in e d r e s t ing p l a c e a d t o
e a xp e t he e g e -
n e r ss a r
e p i a t ion of t h e i r sp e e d
,

r s r In de e d s o e s se n t i a l t o be a u t y w e er
t h e fo m s e x p e s s i v e of t he e x e ci s e of t he i m a gin a t ion a n d t h e
.
,

r r r
a ffe c t ion s c on s i d e d b y G r ed t i s t s t ha t no i d e a l fi gu e of
re e ar r

p s e n t a t ion d i e c t l y e x c l u i v e
,

a n t i q ui t y n o t d e t in e d t o s o m e s re re r s

of u h a c h a a t e r is t b e foun d wi t h c lo e d li p s Wi t hin
,

s c r c o s
thi a c h a e t wo p a n l d l t o e l i e vo o e e p e se n t i ng a
.
,
s r r n e e a r s, n r r
t a in of p o p l e b e a ing in p o c e s i on t he in t ru m e n t s of J e w i s h
r e r r s s
wo s h i p a m ong w h i c h i t h h o l y ca n d l e s t i c k wi t h s v e n
r s e e

b a n c h e s ; on t he o t h e r T it u s s t a n d ing on q u a d iga wi t h a
,

r a r

winge d Vi ct o ry T he g roup ing o f t he ho s e s a n d t h b e a u t y

, ,

r e

co e c t n e s s a n d e n e rgy of t h e i r d e lin e a t ion is re m a rka bl e

, ,
.

rr , , ,
t hough t h e y a re m uch d s t o y e d e r .

XXXV — T o . T . L . P .

R o m e , A pr il 6 t u, 1 8 19 .

M Y D EAR P —I yo u ye s t e r d a y a se nt e t t e r, a l l a t long l bou

ni u o wh i ch
.

a t q e R m e, ybo u h k
a d e t tl iu
e r e e p fo r s m e e s re d a y o
I c iv
.

re e ou
ed y of un
rs , a n d o n e H t s , y e s t e rd a y — S o , y o u
’
know
t he B I coul
s ? h l con i i g
d no t e p wh n I
s de r n M rs B , e . .

kn w e o i bl ci n of hu n b ing I
h e r , a s t he m s t a d m r a e s p e m e a ma e
v
ha d e e r s e e n o h in
N t hl v
g e a r t y e o
e r a pp e a re d t o b e m re
p er
hn i ob bl h I
.

f e et t a ch
he r nn
a ra c t e r a n d m a e rs I t is m p r a e t at
h ll v on w h o
.

s a g in
e er m ee t a a t he p e r s u h m I s o m c e s t e e m e d,
-

a n d still i
a d m re I wi h h ow v h wh n
s , e e r, t a t e y o u se e h e r , y o u
h I h v
.

woul ll fo go n of
,

d te he r t a t a e no t r tt e he r, n o r a n y t he
am ai bl i cl onc
e c r e bl
e a s se moun ed r h I i
d he r ; a n d t a t d e s re
u h
s c b nc
r e m e m ra xi l
e s t o he r a s a n e e a n d a P a r i a lt m a y b e p e r

s cknowl g
m it t e d t o a d d re s t o a n a co uni
e d e d m e m b e r o f t he mm ty
of nkin
ma dIh h in d ou lo ging
e ar t ey d e at y no r d s Bu t m en
w i wh w h h oug h
. .

tion of A a n d h i s fe — e re e re t e y ? C t
so y oung wh n I e g v i n ic i n of
s a w h e r, a e oh
d at o s he r m t e r s
’

x ll nc
e ce e es ; inl l
a n d, c e r t a f cin n
y e s s I oub
a s a t i g, is, d t no t,

u ll
eq a y am a i bl o inc
e , a n d m re s h l o ibl
e re It w as a rd y p s s . e

fo r a p e rson of x ub l
t h e e t re m e s li of
t e t y a n d d e c a cy M rs B —’
s

n i ng f i on
.

un d e rs t a d a n d a fe c t ui inc
s, t o b e q con n te s e re a n d st a t .
 2 76 L E T TE R S .

I a m a ll a nx i e ty a bou t y ou I H a ffa i r T h e e a re fe w who r r

will f l m o e h e a ty s t i sf t ion a t y ou s ucc e s in t h i s a y
. . .

ee r r a ac r s, or n

o t h e e n t e p i se t h a n I s h a ll P ra y l e t m e h a ve t he e li s t
r r r ar e

i n t e llig nc e
, .

e
Wh e n h ll I re t u rn t o E ngl a n d ? T he Pyt h i a ha s a ce n de d
.

s a s

t he t i p o d b u t s h
r e p l i e s no t O u p e se n t p l a n — a d I know
e r r r s n

t wh t ca in d u c e u s t o a l t e r t h e m — l e a d u b a ck t o N p l s
, .

no a n s a e

i n a m on t h o r ix we ks wh e e it is a l m o s t d e c i de d t h a t we
s e ,
r
s houl d e m a in un t il t h e co m m e nc e m e n t of 1 8 2 0 Yo u m a y
r

i m gin e wh e n w e e c e ive s u c h l e t t e s a you a n d H un t wh a t

.

’
a r r s rs s,

thi b ut t h e s e a e
,

s e s olu t ion co t s u S
r ot ou s onl y c o m m uni-
r n r
c a t ion s f o m E ngl n d r M y h e a l t h is m a t e i a ll y b e t t e
a My r r

n o t t he m o t b ri lli a n t in t h e wo l d ; b u t t h a t w e a t t r ibu t e
. .

spi it r s, s r
t o o u r s oli t a y s i t u a t ion a n d t hough h a p p y h ow
r houl d I b e S

li ve ly ? W e s e e s o m e t hing of I t a li a n s o c i e t y i n de e d T h e
, , ,

R o m a n s p l a s e m e m u c h e s p e c i a ll y t h e wo m e n w h o t houg h
.

e
t o t ll y d e v oi d of e v e y kin d of info m a t ion o
, , ,

a cul t u e of t he
r r ,
r r
i m a gin a t ion o r a ffe c t ion o un d e s t n d ing— a d in t hi s re s, r r a n

sa v g e y t c on t i v e t o b e in t e r e s t ing
, ,
s p e c t a kin d of g n t l e e a s -
e r

T h e i e x t e m e inno e n ce a n d n a v e t e t h e f e d o m a n d g e n t l e
.
,

r r c i re

n e s s of t h i m a nn e ; t he t o t a l b s e n ce of ff e c t t ion m k s a
,

e r rs a a a a e n
in t e c ou wi t h t h m v e y like a int e ou e wi t h un c o u p t e d
,

r rse e r n rc rs rr

c hil d e n w h o m t h y e
r m bl e in lo v e lin s a w ll e r i m p l i i ty
se es s e as s c

I h a v s e n t w wo m e n in oci e t y h e e of t he hi g h e s t b e a u t y
, .

e e o s r

thei b row a d li p
r s d t he m oul d ing of t h e fa c e m o d l l e d
n s, a n e

wi t h s c ul p t u a l e x a c t n e s s a d t he da k luxu i a nc e o f t h e i h i r
r n r r r a

flo a t ing o ve t h e i r fi co m p l e xion s ; d t he li p s y u m u t
,

r ne an -
o s

h e a t h e co m m on p l a ce s w h i h e c p e f o m t h e m b fo e t h e y
r c s a r , e r

c e a se t b e d a ng ou s
o T h e onl y inf io r p a t er e t he e y s er r ar e
w h i ch t h oug h g o d a d ge n t l e w a n t t he m zy d e p t h of
.
,

o n a

colou b e h in d colou wi t h wh i c h t he in t e ll e t u l wo m n of
, ,

r r, c a e
E ngl n d a d G m ny
a n n t a ngl e t h h e a t in oul inwo ve n
er a e e r s -

l by in t h s
a r

T h i s is hol y w e e k a d R o m e is q ui t e fu ll
.

-
T h e E m p e o of
n r r

O t h i j ou n y
, .

A u s t i a i h e e a d M i Loui a is c o m ing
r s r n ar a s n e r r e

t h ough t h e o t h e i t i of I t a l y h e w s g e e t e d wi t h l u d
, .

r r c es S a r o

of N p o l on I d io t s d l v e Li k
,

a cl m a t ion s a n d
c a i v vas a e an s a s e

f og in t h f bl b e ca u t h y a d i on t n t d w i t h t he
.
,

th e r s e a e, se e re sc e e

log t h e y c a ll u p on t h s t o k w h o d v ou s t h m G e a t f t e r e r e r e s a s,

a d m a gni fi e n t funzioni h e e — we nno t ge t t i ke t s t a l l

.
, ,

n c r ca c o

T he e a t h ou s a n d s t
.

r fi re nge in R o m e a n d onl y roo m f r

ve ra rs o

fi e h un d d a t t he c e l e b t ion of t he fa m ou s M i s e e re in t he
,

v re ra r

h p l t he on l y t h ing I g e t we S h ll t b e p e e n t
, ,

S ix t in e c a e re r a no r s

A ft e r a l l R o m e i e t e n l a d w e e a l l t h a t i e xt i ngui s h e d
,

at .
,
s r a n r s ,
 L E T TE R S . 2 77

t h a t which Iz been t he ruin s a n d t he s cul p t u e s woul d e m a in

as , r , r ,

a d R ffa l a d G ui d o b
n a a lon e
e e g e t te dn e r r

In t he S qu a e of S t P t e s t h e e a e a bou t t h e e h un d e d
.

’
r e r r r r r

fe t t e d c i m in l t wo k h oe ing o u t t he w e d t h a t g o w
.

re r a s a r e s r
b t w e n t h e t on s of t h p v m n t T h e i r l e g a e h e v il y
,

e e s e e a e e s r a
i on d a d s o m e re h in e d t w b y t w T h y it in long
.

r e n a c a o o. e s

ow h o ing o u t t he we e d d e e d in p a t i c olou d c lo t h
,

r s, e s, r ss r -
re es

th m g ou p of s ol d i e s m e d wi t h l o d d
.

N ear it a un t e
e s or s r r s r ar a e
T h e i on d i c o d of t h o s e i nu m e bl e h a in l n ks
,

m u sk e t s r s r n ra c s c a

i a n d p o d u c s c on t a s t e d wi t h t h
.

u p in t o t h e s ono ou r s a r, r e r e
m u i a l d a h ing of t h e foun t a in s a d t h e d e p a zu e b
,

s c s u t y of ,
n e r ea
th eky d th
S ,
m gnific e n c
an of t h a chi t e c t u e a oun d a
e a e e r r r ,

c nflic t of
o n s a t ion s a lli e d t o m d n e
se I t is t h e e m bl e m of a ss

I t a l y— m o a l de g a da t i on con t s t e d wi t h t h e glo ry of n a t u e
.

r r ra r

a n d t he a r t s
ngli h oci e t y h e re ; it is n t p rob a bl e t h a t w
.

We se e no E s s o e

woul d if w e i d it a d I a m c e t a in t h t w s h oul d fi d
de s re n r a e n

T he m a nn e s of t he i c h E ngli h a e w h o l l y
,

I t un u pp o t a bl e
s r r r s r

un u p p o t bl e a n d t h e y a u m e p t n ion s w h i h t h y wou l d
.

s r a ss re e s c e

t v e n t u e u p on in t h i
,
no rown oun t y I a m y e t igno n t e r c r ra

of t he e ve n t of H b h l e t ion I s a w t he l a st nu m b e s
.

’
o o u se s e c r

we e — La m b 4 2 0 0 a d H ob h ou e 3 9o o — I 4 t h d a y T h e r is
.

r n s e
li t t l h o p T h a t m i c h i v ou s C obb e t t ha s d i v i d e d a d w e k
, , .

e e s e n a

n d t he in t e s t of t h p o p u l a p a t y s o t h a t t h e f c t ion t h t
.

e e re s e r r a s a

c oun t y h v
,

p y u p on
re u b e n a bl e t c o l e ce t o it s
o r r a e e o a s
e x l ion T he N
c us yo h v n t s e e n I m c u iou s t o S u a e o a r

kno w w h t kin d of a gi l O c t a v i a b o m s she p o m i e d w ll

. .

a r ec e r s e
T ell H h i M l p o m e n e is in t h V a t i c a n a d t h a t h e
.

s e e ,
n r
a t t i t ude d d a p e y s u p a s s if p o s s ibl e t he g ce s of h r
an r r r , , ra e
coun t e n n c a e
M y P o m e t h e u s Unboun d is j u t fi ni h e d a d in a m on t h
.

“ ”
r s s n
h a l l s e n d it I t is a d a m a wi t h c h a a ct e a d
,
o r t wo I s r r rs n
m e c h a ni s m of a k in d y e t un t t m p t d ; a n d I t h in k t h e e xe u
.
,

a e e c
t ion is b e t t t h n a y of m y fo m er tte m p t B y t h e b ye
a n r er a s - -

h ve y o u s e e n O lli e ? I n e v h e a f o m him a d m igno n t

.
,

a r er r r n a ra
w h t h e r s o m e v s s I s e n t him f o m N p l e e n t i t l d I t h in k
,

e er e r a s, e

on t h E g e a h i ll h a v e a h d h im in f t y
, ,

Lin es e u an n s,
”
re c e sa e or

no t A t o the R v i w S I u p p o se t h e e is no t hing b t a bu e
e e s, s r u s

a d this i
.

n t he ty in ce e nough t a m u s e m e A S t o
s no ar or s re o .

t h p o e m n w p in t ing I l a y no s t e s on it o n e w a y o t h *
e o r ,
r s r e
o th erT h e con c lu d ing lin e a e n a t u ra l s r

I b e li e v e m y d a P t h a t yo u wi s h u s t o co m e b a k t o
. .

,
e r .
,
c

Ro sa li nd a nd He l en .
2 78 LE T TE R S .

E ngl a n d nquill it y
H o w is it p os s ibl e ? H e a l t h co m p t nc e e e, t ra
—a ll t h e s e I t a l y p e rm i t s a d E ngl a n d t a ke s a w a y
.
,

I am n
g d e d by a ll who know o r h e a r of m e e x ce p t I t hink on t he
, .

re ar

whol e fi e in d i v i du l s a a ra re p o d igy of i m e a d p ollu t i on

, , ,

v a s r cr n

who s look e ve n m igh t inf c t T h i is a l a g e co m p u t a t ion

, , ,
e e . s r ,

a n d I d on t t hink I c oul d m e n t ion m o r e t h a n t h r e e S u ch i

’
s

t h s p i i t of t h e E ngli s h a b o a d a s w e ll a s a t h o m e
.

e r r
F e w c o m p n s a t e in de e d fo a ll t h e e t a n d i f I w e e l e
.

e r r s , r a on

I h oul d l a ugh o r i f I we re ri ch e noug h t o d o all t h i n gs w h i h

, ,

s c

I s h a ll n e v r b e Pi t y m e fo r m y a b s e nc e from t ho se s o ci l
,
e a

njo ym e n t s w h i h E ngl a n d m igh t a ffo d m a n d wh i ch I kno w

.

e c r e,
so we ll h ow t o a p p re ci a t e S t ill I s h a ll e t u rn s o m e fi n e r
m o ning o u t of p u re we a kn e s s of h e a rt
.

r , .

M y d e a P m o s t fa i t hfull y y ou r .
,
rs,

P B S H ELLE Y . . .

XXXV I — T o . MR . AN D M RS . G I S BO R N E .

(LE G H O R N ) .

R o m e, Ap r i l 6 t lt , 18 I 9 .

M Y D E A R F R I E N D S— A o m bin t ion of c i c um s t a nce w h i h c a r s, c

M a y will e x p l a in t o y o u l e a d s u s b a c k t o N a p l e in Jun
r s e, o r

t h e r t h e n d of M a y w h e e w e s h a ll e m a in un t il t h e e n uing
,

ra e r r s

win t e W e sh a ll t ke h ou se a t P o t i c i o r C a st e l a M e
,

r. a a r ar ,

un t il l a t e in t he a u t u m n
T he obj e c t of t h i l e t t r is t o a sk y o u t o s p e n d t hi s p e io d
.

s e r

wi t h u s T h e i n o s oci e t y which w e h a ve g e t te d
. re s re r or

d e s i e d s o m u c h a y ou rs a n d in o u r s oli t u d e t h e b e n e fi t of
r s

y ou r con ce s s ion woul d b g a t e t h a n I c a n xp s s

,
W h a t is
e re r e re .

a a il t o N a p l e s ?
s I t i t he s e a s on of t a n q uil w e a t h e a n d
s r r

p o s p e r ous win d s
r If I kn e w t he m a gic t h a t l y in a ny gi v n a e

fo rm of wo ds I woul d e m p lo y t he m t o p e rs u de ; bu t I f a
.

r a e r

t h a t l l I ca n s a y i s a s y o u k now w i t h t ru t h w e d e s i e t h a t y u
,
a , ,
r o

woul d co m e —we wi s h t o e e yo u Yo u c a m e t o s e e M a y a t s r

Lu c c a d i e c t l y I ha d d e p t e d t o Ve n i c e
.

r I t is o t o u cu s t o m
ar n r

w h e n we ca n h e l p it a y m o t h a n it is you t o d iv i de o u r
,
.
,

,
n re rs ,

p l e a s u re s
Wha t s h a ll I s a y t e n t ice y o u ? W e s h a ll h a v e a p i a no a d
.

o n

b e s i de s ou rs e l ve s B u t wh a t will
,

s o m e book s a n d— li t t l e e l se ,

b e m o s t in v i t ing t o yo u yo u will gi v e m uch t hough y o u m a y

.
,

re c e i ve bu t li tt l e p l e a s ur e
, ,

.
,
 LE T TE RS . 2 79

whil s t I w i t e t hi s wi t h m o e de s i e t h a n hop ye t s o m e
But r r r e,
of t h a t pe h a p s t he p oj c t m a y fa ll in t o you d e ign s I t
r r e r s
is in t ol e ra bl e t t hink of you b e ing bu ri e d a t Li v o no
, .

o T he r r
s ucc e s s a ss u e d b y M r R e v e le y s t a l e n t s re qui e s a no t h e r s c e n e
.

’
r r
Yo u m a y h a ve d e c id e d t o t a k e t h i s sum m r t o cons i d e r— a d
. .

e n
why no t wi t h us a t N a l e s ra t h e r t h a n a t Livo no ?
p r

I coul d a ddre s s wit h re p c t t o N a p l e s t he wo ds of

,

s e r
P ol yp h e m e i n T h e oc rit u s t o a ll t h e fri e n d s I w i s h t o se e a n d
,

, ,

yo u e p e ci a ll y
s

E£é u do t s, Pa kdr e ca , Ka l é fev flo ia a hd flo t o ,

’ '

" "
(l a m p 6 , ti) v fiv Ka flfiu ev o s, o fxa d d zr ev fleiv
’ ‘

M o st s inc e e l y you r rs ,

P B S H ELL E
. . Y .

XXX VI I — T O . T L P . . .

Ro m e, j un e 8 1k, 18 19 .

M Y D EA R F R I E N D — Y e s t e rd a y, illn e s s of onl y a f
a te r an
f w d a ys m y li t t l e Willi a m d i e d
e T h e re w a no hop e f o m s r

Yo u w i ll b e k i n d e nough t o t e ll a ll
.
,
t he m o m e n t of t he a t t a ck .

m y f ie nd r so t ha t I n e e d
s, t w ri t t o t he m I t is a g e a t
no e r

e x e rt i on t o m t o w ri t e t h i s a n d it s e e m t o m e a s if h un t e d b y
.

e s

c a l a m i t y a s I h a ve b e e n t h t I s houl d n e v e r r e cove
, ,

a
any r

c h e e fu l n e s s a g a in
,

I f t he t h ing s M a ry de s i re d t o be s e n t t o N a p l e s h ave n o t
.

b e e n s h i p p e d e n d t h e m t o Li v o no s r

W e l e ave t h i s c i t y fo Li v o no t o m o ow m o ning W h e e
.
,

r r -
rr r r

w e h a v e w r i tt e n t o t a k e lo d ging s fo a m on t h I will t h e n
,

w i t e g ain Y ou s e v e r a ffe c t i on a t e l y
.

r a r
Y
,
.

P B S H ELLE
. . .

XXX V I I I .
—T O T . L P . .

L iv o r n o , j u ne 2 0 t b, 1 8 1 9 .

MY D EAR l n chol y j ou n y fi ni h e s
P EACOC K— O u r me a r e s

at t h i s t own b u t w e r e t ra c e o u
,
st e p s t o F lo e nc e wh e e r r ,
r ,

as I i m a g n e we sh a ll re m a in o m e m on t hs 0 t h a t I coul d
i ,
s .

C m o O G l t
e, ; d h vi g m
a a eaf g t d I now i t t i g
an a n co e, or e as o s n

h e re , t t n h m
o re u r —M S o e. .
, ,
2 80 LE T TE RS .

re t u rn n gl a n d ! H o w h e a v y a w e igh t wh e n m i s fo rt un e
to E
is a d d e d t o e xi l e a n d s oli t u d e a s if t h e m e a su re we e n t full r o
h e a p e d h igh on bo t h 0 t h a t I coul d re t u rn t E ngl a n d ;
, , ,

I h e a r yo u s ay D e s i n e v e r f il s t o g e n e ra t e c a p a c i t y Ah !
.

“ ”
re a

b t t h a t v e p e e n t M a l t h u s N e c s i t y ha s con v in c e d D e s i e
, .

u e r- r s es r
t h a t e v e n t houg h it g e n a t e d
, ,

p a ci t y it s o ff p ing m u s t er ca s r
t a ve E noug h of m e l a n c h ol y ! N ight m t h oug h
,

s r e A bb y ar e

no c u e is a p l li a t i ve I h a v e j u s t ce i ve d t he p a ce l w h i h
.
,
r , a . re r c
c on t a in e d it a d a t t h e s a m e t i m e t he E x m ine b y t h
,
n a r s, e
w a y of M a l t a I a m d e ligh t e d wi t h N ig ht m e A bb y I ar e

t h ink S c y t hr o p a ch a a c te r a d m i ra bl y con c e i v e d an d e x e c u t e d
. .

a d n I know n o t how t o p ra i se s u fli cie t ly t he lig h t n e s s n

ch a st i ty l a ngu a ge of t he wh ol e I t
,

an d s t e ng t h of t h e r

p e h a p s e xc e e d s a l l y ou wo k s in t h i s T he ca t a s t o p h e is
,
.

r r r r

x c e l l e n t I s u p p o se t he m o a l is con t a in e d in wh a t F a l s t a ff
.

e . r

sa y s F o r G o d s s a k e t a lk like a m a n of t hi s wo l d
’
and r

o t t h e m i s d i e c t e d e nt hu s i a s m
,

y e t looking d e e p e in t o it is
, r ,
n r

of S c yt hro p wh a t J C c a ll t he s a l t of t he e a t h ? M y s
“
r
”

f i e n d t he G isb o m e s h e re a dm i re a d d e ligh t n it e xc e e d ingly

. .

r s n I .

I t hink I t ol d yo u t h a t t h e y (e p e ci a ll y t he l a d y) a e s r

p e o p l e of hi gh c ul t i v a t ion S h e is a wo m a n of p ofoun d r
a cc o m p l i s h m e n t s a d t he m o st re fi n d t a s t e
.

n e

C obb e t t t ill m o e a n d m o e d e lig h t s m e w i t h a l l m y ho rr o

.

s r r ,
r

of t h a nguin a y c o m m onp l a ce of hi c e e d H i d s ign

e s r s s r s e

t o o v e t h ow b a nk no t e s b y fo g e ry is v e r y co m i c
.

r r O of t he r ne

volu m s of B i b e ck i n t e e s t e d m e e xc e e dingl y T he l e t t e rs I
.

e r r
t h in k s t u p i d b u t u pp o s e t h a t t h e y a re u e ful
.

s s

I d o n o t a s u u a l gi v e yo a n a c coun t of m y jou rn e y
.
,
‘

,
s ,
u ,
for I h a d n e i t h e t he h e a l t h n r t he s p i i t t t a ke no t e s
r o r o
M y h e a l t h w a s g e a t l y I m p o vi ng w h e n w a t c h ing a d a nxi t y
.

r r ,
n e
c a t m e in t o a
s e l a p se T h e d oc t o r (I p u t li t t l e fa i t h t he rs in
b t ) t e ll m e I m u t p e n d t he wi n t e i n A f ic a o r S p a in I
.

es s s r r

s h a ll of cou s e p e fe r t h e l a t t e
.

r if I choo s e i t h e r
r r, e .

A e y o u m a i e d o r w hy d o I n o t h e a r fr o m y o u ? Th t
r rr ,
a

we e a goo d e a s on
r r

M a n d C uni t e wi t h m e in ki n d e s t r e m e m b r a n c e t
.

s o

a n d in cong a t ul a t ion s if s h e e x i s t
. .

o t o t he n e w m a r i e d r

ydy
u, r , ,

a .

Wh e n sh a ll I se e yo u a ga in —E ve r y ou rs , m ost f a it h fu ll y,

l B S .

P ra y do n ot o rg et M a y s t hing s
f r
’

hv i l of Ap il
.

I a e no t h e a d fro m yo u s ince t he
r m dd e r .
 L E T TE R S . 2 81

XXXIX — T o . T . L P EA C O C K
. .

L iv o r n o , j u ly 6, 1 8 19 .

M Y D EAR P EA CO C K— I h a ve lo st s o m e l e tt e s a d in l l r , n a
I c n a c c oun t in no o t h r
,

p ob bili t y a t l e a s t o
r a f om y ne r ou, as a e

fo n o t h a v ing h e a d f o m y o s in ce M a c h 2 6 t h
,
m a nn er r We r r u r

h a ve ch a nge d o u de s ign of going t o F lo e n c i m m e d i a t e l y a d

.

r r e n

a e now e s t a bli h e d f r t h e e m on t h s in a l i t t l e coun t y h ou s e

,

r s o r r

in a p e t t y ve rda n t s c e n e n e a Livo no
r r r

I h a v e a s t u dy h e re i n a t owe s om e t hing like S c yt h o p s

.

’
r, r ,

wh e I a m ju t b e ginning t re cove r t he fa cul t i e s of re a d ing

er s o

a d w i t i ng
n r M y h e a l t h wh e n e v e r no Lib e c ch i o blow s im
.
, ,

p ove s
r F o m m y t ow e r I se e t he s e a wi t h it s i s l a n d s G o gon a
. r , ,
r ,
C a p aj a E lb a a n d C o s i c a on o e s i d e a n d t h A p e nnin e on
r r n e s

t he o t h e r d a y by fi s t d i s co v e ing
, , , ,

M ill y s u p i d s t he o t h r r se u er r r

h ve b e n sp e cul a t ing S he m a y m ak e
.

a c o m e t on which w
“
e a e

t i r li k a g e a t a s t ono m e
.
,
“
a s e r r r

h owe v e r is t o a k yo u a bout
, .

T h e d i e c t p u p o s e of t hi s l e t t
r r e r, ,
s

t h box whi c h I e q u e s t e d yo u t
e s e nd t o m e t o N ap le
r If it o s

n t l t m e n t e a t yo u (f re a l ly it is of t h e m o t
.

ha b e e n
s se , e e r or s
s e iou r c on s e q u e nc
s t o u ) t w i t e t o m e b y r e t u n of p o t
e s o r r s

h i p t he bill of l a d ing e t c s o t h t I
,

s t a t ing t h e n a m e of t h e s a

m y g t it wi t h ou t d i ffi cul t y
, , .
,
a e If it ha s n o t b e e n e n t d o m e t he s

f v ou r t o s n d it in st a n t l y d i e c t t o Li v o rno If y o u h a v e t
.
,
a e r no

If yo u c a nno t g e t t he t h i g
.
,

t h e t i m e y u ca a sk H ogg
, o n . n s
f o m M H un t ( p o ibl c se ) s e n d t ho e yo w e e t b y
r rs a ss e a s u r o u
Yo u a n a d d w h a t boo k
.
, ,

a d t h e t hing s f o m F u rn i a l + a lon e
n r v c s

y o u t h ink fi t T he l a s t p a r c e l I h a v e e c e i v e d f o m y o u is t h a t
, .

. r r

of l a s t S e p t e m b e r

Al l goo d wi s h e a n d m a n y ho p s t h a t y o u h a v e a l re a d y t h a t
.

s, e

vl
E y e s o f s o m e m e n t ra e fa r
fi ig
F o r t he n d n o f a s ta r
h v h yg
Up a n d d o w n t he e a e n s t
'

e o,

M h t k m igh y
en t a m a e a t ro u t

I
’
g m as hy I w re a t a s t e t ro
h d y I f nd h
, ,

Si n ce t e a ou t e e o u t,
Li l flow k i ’
I I ll
tt e er m a e a s t r,
Lik g e a on re a t a s t r o m e r.
— — W o R D sw 0 R T H . To t he L i t t le Ce l a nd z ne .

l A
' ‘
su r g on e at E gh am , in wh om S h ll y h d g
e e a re a t co nfi d e n ce .

T L P. . .
 LE T TE R S .

s u cc s s on wh i ch t h e e will b e no c ong a t ul a t ions m o re co rdi a l

e r r
t h a n t ho s e y o u W ll e c e i ve f o m m e I r r .

Eve m o s t s inc e l y y ou s r er r

Y
,

P B S H E LLE
. . .

I s h lla re ce i v e y ou l e t t e r i f wri t t e n b y t u n of p o t i n
r re r s ,

hi a d i s t a nc e l e s s fo r m i d a bl e t h a n R o m e o
,
t r ty d a ys : N ap l e s r .

XL — T O T
. . L . P EA C O C K .

L iv o r n o , j u ly , 18 19 .

M Y D EAR P —W e ill re m in an d s h a ll re m a in n e a l y t w
st a r o

m on t h s long e r a t Li v o no O u hou s e is a m e l an c h ol y o n e
.
,
*
r r
a d onl y c h e e re d by l e t t e r s f o m E ngl a n d
.
,

n I go t you no t e in r r

w h i ch y o u s p e a k of t h e e l e t t rs h a v ing be e n s e n t t o N a p l e s
.
,

r e

w h i c h I h a ve w i t t e n f
,

I h ve h e a d a l o fr o m H
r or who a r s
c on fi m s t h e n e w s of i
.

r
y ou s ucc e s s a n in t e ll g e nc e m os t g r a t e ful
r ,
to m e
obj e c t of t he p e se n t l e t t e r 13 t o a sk a fa v ou of y o u I
.

T he r r

h a v e w t t e n a t a ge dy on t he s ubj e c t of a s t o ry w e ll known n
.

ri r 1

I t a l y a d in m y conce p t i on e m in n t l y dra m a t i c I h a ve t a ke n
,
n e

p i n s t o m a ke m y p l a y fi t fo r r e p e s e n t a t ion a d t ho e
, , , .

s om e a r n s

wh o h a ve a l e a dy s e e n it j udge fa v oura bly I t is w i t t e n wi t h

,

r r
o u t a n y o f t he p e culi a r fe e ling s a n d o in on s wh i ch ch a a c t e i s e
.

i r r
p
m y o t h e r co m p o s i t ion s ; I h a vi ng a t t e n d e d s i m p l y t o t he
i m p a t i a l d e v lop m e n t of such ch a a c t e s a s it is p ob a bl e t he
r e r r r

p s on s re p re s e n t e d r e a ll y w e e t og t h e r w i t h t he g e a t e s t
,
er r e r

d e g e e of p o p ul a e ffe c t t o b e p o d uc e d b y s uc h a d e ve lo p m n t
,
r r r e

I s e n d y o u a t a n s l a t ion of t h e I t al ia n m a nu s c ri p t on whi ch m y
.

p l a y is foun d e d t he chi e f s ubj e c t of whi c h I h a v e t ouch e d v e y r

d lic a t e l y ; fo r m y p i nci p a l d oub t a s t o wh e t h e r it woul d
,
e r

p l a y h a ng s e n t i e l y on t he qu e s t i on a s t o
,
s ucc e e d a s a n a c t ing r

wh e t h e r s uch a t h ing a s inc e s t i n t h i s S h a p e how e v e t e a t e d

, ,

r r

woul d b e a dm i t t d on t he st a ge I t hink h owe ve r it wi ll fo m

, ,

e r

no obj e c t ion : con s i de i ng f t t h a t t he fa c t s ar e m a t t e of

.
, ,
r i rs r

hi s t o y ; a d s e con d ly t he p e culi ar d e lic a cy wi t h wh i ch I h ave

, ,

r n , ,
t r e a t e d it
xce e d ingly in t e e s t e d in t he qu e st i on of wh e t h e r t h i s
.

I am e r

a t t m p t of m i n e wi ll s ucc e e d O no
e I a m s t ongl y inclin e d r r

t h e a ffi rm a t i v e a t p re se n t foun d i n g m y ho p e s on t hi s
.

to

t h a t a s a co m p o s i t ion it is c e t a inl y n o t infe i o r t o a y

, ,

, ,
r r n

W h d l St e l d t d t th t t i m only h i ld t h p d ing
a o o ur e es an a a e, c e re ce
m o nt h a t Ro m e —M S .
, ,
 L E T TE R S . 2 83

of t he m o d n p l a y th a t h a v e b e e n a c t e d wi t h t h e e xce p t ion
er s

t h a t t h e in t e re t
,

of “
R mo e ; e rs
”
of it p lo t is inc d ibl y s s s re

g re a t e r a d m o re re a l
n a nd th at t h is no t hi g b e y on d w h t e re n a

t h e m ul t i t u d a e con t n t e d t o b e li e ve t h a t t h e y c a n un de
e r e r

st nd
a e it h e
,
in i m a g e y o p in i on o r s e n t i m e n t
r I wi s h t o
r , ,
.

p e e rv e a co m p l e t
r s incogn i t o a n d ca t u t t o y o u t h a t
e n r s

wh t e ve r l se yo u d o y o will a t l a s t fa v ou m e on t h i s p oin t
, ,

a e u e r

In de e d t hi s is e s se n t i a l d p l y s n t i a l t it s s u c c e ss A ft e r
.
,

,
ee es e o .

it ha d b e e n ct e d a n d s uc e s full y (coul d
a I hop e s u c h a c s

t h ing ) I woul d o wn it if I p l e a s e d a n d u s e t h e c e l e b r i t y it
,

, ,
m igh t a cqui e t o m y own u p o s r
p r es .

Wh a t I w a n t yo u t o d o 15 t o p rocu re f m e it s p re se n t a t ion or

at C ov nt B e at ic
,

e Ga d n T he p inc i p a l ch a a c t e
r e is r r r, r e,

p e c i s e l y fi t t e d fo M i ss O N e il a n d it m ig h t e v e n s e e m w i t t e n
.

’
r r r

h v
,

f or he (G o
r, d fo bi d t h a t I s oul d er e s e e h e p yl a it — it r r

woul d t e a r m y n e ve s t o p i e ce s ) a d in a ll e sp e c t s it is
r n r

fi t t e d onl y fo r C o ve nt G a de n T he chi f m a le ch a ra ct e
, , ,

r e r,

I c o fe ss I s h oul d b e v e y unwilling t h a t a ny o e bu t K e a n
.

n r n
s h oul d p l a y— t h a t
,

is i m p o s ibl e a n d I m u s t b e c on t e n t e d s

wi t h a n i nfe io a ct o r I t h ink yo u know s o m e of t he p e o p l e

,

r r

of t h a t t h e a t re o r a t l e a t s o m e o n e who kn ow t h m
.

s s e

a d t h e p l a y y o u m a y s a y e noug h p e h a p s
, , ,

a n d wh n y o u h a v e
e re r

i n duc t h e m n t t o ej e c t it wi t hou t c on s i de ra t ion

, , ,
to e o r
b u t of t hi s p e h a p I m a y j u dge fro m t he t a g e d i e s wh i c h
r s, r

t h e y h a ve a c c e p t e d t h e re is no d ng e r a t a n y ra t e
,

W i t e t o m e a s s oon a s yo u ca n on t his s ubj e c t b e ca u s e it is

, .

r ,
n e c e s s a y t h a t I shoul d p re s e n t it o if j e ct e d by t he t h e t e
r r, re a r

p r in t it t h i co m ing s e a on ; l e s t o m e bo d y e l se s h oul d g t h o l d
, ,

s s s e
of it a t he s t o y w h i ch n o w onl y e xi t
,
s r , m a nu c i p t s s in s r ,
b e gin s t o b e ge n e a ll y known a m ong t he E ngli s h T he t r n s
r a
l a t ion w h i c h I s e n d yo u is t o be p e fixe d t o t h p l a y t oge t h r
.

r e e
wi t h a p rin t of B e a t ice I h a v e a co p y of he p ic t u e by G ui d o
,

r . r r ,
now in t he C olonn a p a l a ce a t R o m e — t h m o s t b e a ut iful c e a t u e e r r

y o u ca n c on c ive e

O f c ou s e y u will n t s h ow t he m a nu s c i p t t o a n y o n e — a n d
.

r o o r
w i t e t o m e b y e t u n of p o st a t wh i ch t i m e t he p l a y will b e
,
r r r ,
re a dy t o b e s e n t
I e xp e c t oon t o w i t e a ga i n a n d it s h a ll b e a l e s s e l fi h
.

s r s s
I d on t know wh a t ha s b e e n p ubli sh e d o
,
le t t er A S t O lli e o r,
’
r
w h a t h a a r ive d a t his h a n ds — M y Pro m e t h e u s t hough
.
,
“ ”
s r .
,
r e a dy I d o n o t s e n d t ill I know m o re
E v e y ou rs m o s t fa i t hfull y
, .

r , ,

P B S . . .
 2 84 L E T TE R S .

XLI — T O LE I G H H UN T
. .

L iv o r n o , A ug u s t 1 5t h, 1 8 1 9 .

M Y D E A R F R I E N D — H o w g ood of yo u t o w ite r to us so
oft e n a d h k in d l t t e n suc B u t it is li a b e gg a r
e rs ke e d l n ing t o
W h a t c I o ff r in r e t u n
, .

an e r

T h oug h s u oun d e d by s u ff ing a d d i qui e t u d e

rr a d er n s n
l t t e l y a l m o s t o ve co m e by o ng m i fo t un e I h v
, ,
*
a r t r ur s ra e s r a e
M y P om t h u i fi ni s h d a d I a m a l s o
, ,

o t be e n idle
“ ”
n r e e s s e n
on t he e e of c o m p l e t ing a no t h e wo k t o t a ll y d i ffe e n t f o m
.
,

v r r r r

a n y t h ing y o u m ig h t con s i d e th at I h oul d w i t ; of a m o e

,

r s r e r

p o p ul k in d ; a nd if a n y t h ing of m in e cou l d d e ve t t e n
ar es r a

B e innoc e n t of t h k nowl e d g e d e a e t
,
t ion of high cl a i m er s e r s
c h u k t ill t h ou a pp o v e t h e p e rfo m a n ce
, .
,
c r r

I s e n d y o u a li t t l e p e m I t o g iv e t o O lli e fo r p ublic a t ion

, .

o r ,
b u t w it ho u t my n m e P will c o e c t t he p oofs a I w o t it rr r r e

wi t h t he i de a of o ffe i ng it t t he E x a m in e bu t I fi n d it is t o o
. . .

“ ”
r o r,

long I t w a s c o m p o s e d l st ye a a t E t e t wo of t h e ch a ra c t e
. a r s rs

y u will
o e cogni e ; a n d t h e t hi d is a l s o in
r s om e de g e a r s r e

p a in t ing f o m n a t u e b u t w i t h e s p e c t t o t i m e a d p l a e i d l
r r r n c ea
Y u wi l l fi d t h e li t t l e p i e c e I t h in k in s o m e d g e c on s i t e n t
, , , .

o n e r e s
wi t h y ou o wn i d of t h m a nn i n w h i c h p o t y oug h t t o b
, ,

r eas e er e r e

w i t t e n I h a v e e m p lo ye d a c e t a in fa m ili a t yl of l ngu g
r r r s e a a e

t h e a c t u a l w a y in whi c h p e o p l e t a lk w i t h
.

to e x p e ss r e h ac

o t h e r who m e d u ca t ion a d a c e t a in fi n m e n t of s n t i m e n t n r re e e

h a v e p l c e d a bo v e t h e u e of v ulg i d io m s I e t he wo d
,

a s ar us r

in it s m o t e x t e n s i v e s e n s e T h v u l ga i t y of a nk a d
.

vu lg ar s e r r n

f hion is a s g o in it w a y a t h a t of p o v e t y d it a n t
.

as r ss s s r an s c

t e m s e qu l l y e x p e s s i v e of b d t h e fo e
,

r a c on c p t ion s r a re e an re r

N o t t h t t h e f m ili a s t y l e is t b
,

e q u ll y unfi t fo
a p oe t y r r a a r o e
ubj e c t w h oll y i d e l o in t h t
.

a d m i t t d in t h e t a t m e n t of a e re s a r a

p a t of a y s ubj e c t w h i c h e l t s t o co m m on life wh e t h
,

r n r a e ,
er e

p s s ion e x c e d ing a c e t a in li m i t t ou c h e s t h e boun d a i e

a e of r r s

t h t wh i c h i i d e a l S t ong p a s ion e xp e se i t s e l f in m e t a
, ,

a s r s r s s

p ho r bo ow e d fr o m obj e c t s a lik
.

rr e m ot e o n a a d ca t e r r e r, n s s
o v a ll t he h a dow of it own g e a t ne s B u t w h a t a m I a bou t ?
,
er s s r s

I f m y g a n d m o t h e r s uck gg s w a s it I who t a ug h t h e ?
.

r s e ,
r

I fy u woul d e a lly co rre c t t he p oof I n e e d n o t t oubl e P

o r r r

wh o I s u pp o se ha e noug h C a n y o u t a ke it a s a co m p li m e n t
, .
,

t h a t I p e fe r t o t oubl e y o u ?
.
, ,

r r

Th dd n d t h of W i ll i m S h ll y t h n
e su e ea only h i l d wh i h a e e , e o ur c ,
c

h p d i R m 6 th J n 1 8 19 e,

f Th C i
a ene n o e, u

I J li n
.

e e nc . d M dd l u a an a a o.
 LE T TE R S . 2 85

I doi cul l y wi h t hi p o m t b known m in

no t p a rt ar s s e o e as e
b tu t ll v n t a I woul d t p t m y n m t it I l v y
a e e s, no u a e o ea e ou

t j u d g wh t h it i b t t t h ow it i n t o t h fi t p ubli h
.
,

o e e er s es o r e re , o r o s

it S m uc h f lf— lf; t h t bu t h t will t ick t

o o r se Youse a rr a s o o ne r

ki n d xp ion bou t m y E clogu g v m g t p l u ;

. .

e re s s s a e a e e re a e as re

i n d d m y g t t i m ulu i n w it ing i t h v t h pp ob ion

ee ,
re a s s r ,
s o a e e a r at

of t ho who f l kin d l y t ow d m
se Th ee t i m dut y ar s e e re s s e re
I m l o d ligh t d t h th t y t h ink of
. .

a a s e e d fo mo e ar a ou us an r

f nc i s bou t
a e W c nno t y t co m ho m
a u s. e a e e e .

Mo ff c t ion t l y y ou st a e a e rs ,

P B SH Y ‘

. . ELLE .

X LI I — T O . T . L . P E AC O C K .

L iv o r n o , A ug u s t (pr o ba bly 2 2 n d ) , 1 8 1 9 .

M Y D EAR P EAC OC K I ough fi h I h v

t r s t t o s a y, t a t
-
a e no t

y e t r c iv
e e e d oof ou l
n e y fo
r e t tle r s r oum N na p e s b u t y r p e se t
r

l ll h I oul
e tt e r t e s m e a l l t a t i
c h d de s r e t o e a r
I w k n u u ll vn
.

lo n h
M y e m p ym e t s a r e t e s e a a e s a y a t se e ; re a d
h l f h ou
a an
-
hn
r ; t e
-
b kf
ge t u p f b kfre a n
a st ; a te r re a a st a s c e d
my t o w e r , a n d r e a d o r w i un i l r te hn t int wo f T e we d e A ter
n wi h li l
. .

d inn I er re a d D a t e tgo i M a ry , g ss p a tt e, e at ra p e s a n d

o i
figs, s m e t m e s a , tw l k h ough l o h lf
se d m , a n d a t a p a st fi v e p a y a
-

vi is t t o M rs G s i bo n who r e, ni h w i h
re a d s S p aun il n s t me t e ar
vn oll bou i l l u
.

se e h n o
W e t e c m e fo r M a ry , a n d s t r a t t s pp e r
v
.

i
t me i bo n u i nl
M rs G s r e is a s ffi c e t y a m a e a n d i bl e ry

co li h wo n h ow
. .

a c m e d m a S h e i s d m n d b — f h
p s n u o x p a r n a a e n a r s e
m a y b e ¢ 1>xa v 9p wzrn I on know d
’
t ni o of
fo r s he is t h e a t p d e s
n hu i hu b n wi h li l h in li
,

e t s a sm Her .s a d, a m a n t tt e t p s , re ce d
ing fo h o igiou no
re e a d , a n d a p r d s bo s e , is a n re H is
o h ing ui w ig h on
.

no s e is s m e t q t e S l a w k e n b e r g ia n — it e s t he
i gin ion look
ma at to a t it h o of no w h i h n
I t is t a t s rt . se c t ra s
fo rm s a l l t h e g s it s
’
w u in o
e a re r t t e rs no on t ks
’
I t is a se ce
n n v wh i h
.

se e e er to be fo go n r tte , a nd ui u o c re q re s t h e tm st
h of h i i n h i
s t re t c C r st a fo gi v I
c a r ty t o know h v
r e , y
ou a e a
li l u n h
.
,

tt e t r no
up ogg
se -
H l g hookha s a a r e one b u t a dd t e m
bo h og h
t t u h cub h
e t e r, s q a re t e m , will h v
e t e m , yo u f in a e bu t a a t
i de a of no
t he whi h I f
se t o c re e r

v ou l wi h I w li v ing n
.

I om st d e t y s e re on on I e ar L d do n o t
h in k I h ll l i h on in h bi
.

t s a s e t t e s o fa r o ff a s R c m d and to a t a ny
in i o on
t e r m e d a t e sp t h woul
t he T a m e s x o lf
d b e t o e p s e m ys e to
t he r iv e r d am p s n ion h
no t to m e t u h
t a t it is n o t m c t o m y t a s t e
in l i ion k
.

My c nat i
s p o nt t o I
H am p ste a d but do n o t no w
 86 LE T TE R S .

wh e t h e r I s houl d n o t m a ke u p m y m i n d t o s o m e t hing m o e r
c o m p l e t e l y s ubu b a n -
W h a t e m oun t a in s t e e s h e a t h s
r ar r or
e ve n th glo iou s a n d e v e b e a u t i ful sky wi t h s u ch s un se t a I
.
, , ,
e r r- s s
h a v e s e e n a t H a m p t e a d t o f i e n d s ? S oci a l e nj o ym e n t in
,

s r

o m fo m o r o t h is t he a l p h a a nd t he o m e g of xi t n
, ,
s e r e r, a e s e ce
tha t I
.

A l l e e in I t a l y s — a d f o m m y t ow e win d ow I now n r r see

t h m a gni fi c e n t p e a k s of t he Ap e nnin e h a lf e n c lo ing t h e p l in
e s a
—i no t h ing it d w i n dl e in t o m oke in t h e m in d wh e n I t hin k
s s s

of s o m e fa m ili fo m s of s c e n e y li t t l e p h a p in t h e m s e l v e
,

ar r r er s s,

o ve wh i ch o ld e m m b a nc e s h a v e t h rown a d ligh t ful c olou

,

r r e r e r.

H o w w e p iz e wh a t w e d e p i s e d w h e n p
r ent T h e g h o t s of s re s s

ou r d e a d a s o c i a t ion s i s a n d h a un t s in e v e ng e fo r se u r r o ur
h a v ing l t t h e m s t a ve a n d a b a n d on d t h m t o p e ri h
,

e r ,
e e s .

Y o u d on t t e ll m e if y o u s e e t he B
’
; no a e t he y
’
s r r

i nclu de d in th e li st of t he co n v iti a t t he m on t hl y ym p o s iu m I s .

will a t t e n d it in i m gin a t ion a

O e t hing I own I a m cu iou s a bou t ; a d i n t h e c h a nc e of

.

n r n
W h a t i it
, ,

t h e l e t t e rs o t co m ing f o m N a p l s p a y t e ll m e
n r e r s

s a ys y o u h a v e
, .

y o u d a t t
o h e In d i a H ou ? H un t w i t e a d se r s, n

g o t a s i t u t i n i n t
a h e In d i a H ou e
o H ogg t h t y ha v s : a ou e an

ho n o u r bl e mp l oy m en t
a e G o d win w i t e s t o M y t h t y : h ve r ar a ou a

g o t s o m u ch o s o m u ch : b u t no t h i g of wh a t y o d o
r Th n u e

d e v il t a k e t h s e ge n a l t e m s N o t c on t e n t wi t h h v ing d riv e n
.

e er r a

on t h e i
.

a ll p o e t ry o u t of t h e wo r l d a t l e ng t h t h e y m a k e w ar r

own a lli e s n a y on t h e i r v e ry p a re n t s d y fa ct s If it ha d n o t
,

b e e n t he a ge of g e n e a li t i e s a ny o n e of t h e s e p e o p l e woul d h a v e
, , .

r ,

t ol d m e wh a t y o u d id
I h a ve b e e n m uc h b e t t t h e s e l a st t h e e w e e ks M y wo k
.

er r r

on t he C e n c i w h i ch wa d on e in t w m on t h s w a s a fi n e a n t i
.

s o

d o t e t o n e v ou m e d i in d ke p t p I t h ink t h e p a in in m y
, ,

r s c e s, a n u

t i ck s d S in ce t h n I h v m a t e i a ll y im
, ,

s i de as s a fi o re e a e r

v h
,
.
,

p r o e d I d o n o t w a lk e noug C who is o m etim s m y s e

co m p a n i on d o e s n t d e s in x a ct l y t he ig h t t i m e I h a v e no
. . .
,

o r s e r

s t i m ulu t o wa lk N w I go o m e t i m e s t o Li v o no on bu in e s s ;
.
,

s . o ,
s r s

a n d t h t d o e s m e goo d
a
in a v e y d i st u b e d s t a t e if w e m a y
.

E ngl a n d se e m s t b o e r r ,

ju dg e f o m o m e Pa i p a p s I s u sp c t it i a t h e e xa g
r s r s er e s r r

g e a t e d B u t t he ch a ng e h oul d co m m n c m ong t he h ig h
.

r s e e a er

o d e o a a h y will onl y b e t h l t fl a s h b e fo d e s p o t i m
.

r rs , r n rc e as re s

I h a ve b e n e a di ng C a l de on in S p ni h A kin d of S h k
.

e r r a s a

v h h
.

s p eare i s t hi s C a l d e on ; a d I h a e o m e t r oug t s if I fi d n s n

t h t I c a nno t d o a n yt hing b e t t e
,

of t ra n s l a t ing s o m e of his
.

a r,

Pl ays
T he E x a m in e rs I r e ce i v e . H un t , as a p 0 11t 1ca l e t e r,
 LE T TE R S . 2 87

p l e a s e s m e m o r e a n d m o re Ad i e u M a d C se n d the i . . . n . r

b e t re m e m b a nc e s
s r .

You r m o s t fa i t hful f i e n d P B S H E LL E Y r , . . .

P a y se n d m e s o m e book s a n d C l a e woul d t a k e it a s a g e a t
r r r

fa v ou r i f yo u w oul d s e n d he r m ic b o hs
,

us o .

X LI I I .
-
T o LE I G H H UN T .

Liv o r n o , S ep t 3 , . 1819 .

M Y D EAR l e ng t h ha s a rrive d O lli e r s p a c e l

F R I EN D — At ’
r

W h a t a de l igh t ful p e s e n t ! I t is
,

a n d wi t h it t he p o t a i t r r r

a l m o s t y ou rs e lf a d w e s a t t a lki ng wi t h it
.

n a d of it a ll t h e n

e v e ning
, , ,

I t is a g e a t p l e a s u e t o u s t o p o s se s s it a p l e a u e in
r r s r

t i m e of n e e d co m ing t o u s wh e n t h e e a re fe w o t h e
.
,

H w we r rs o

wi s h it we e yo u a n d n o t you r p i c t u re H o w I wi s h w e w e
,
.

r ,
er

wi t h y o u
T h i s p a c e l y u know an d a ll it s l e t t e s a r e now a y e a o l d
r o r , r

o m e ol de T h e
, ,

s ra l l kin d
. of d a t e s f o m M a rc h t
er a re s ,
r o

A ugu t a n d you d a t e S h ksp a e e x p e s s ion

“
s to us r is ”
e a e r
’
s r

b e t t e r i n p ie o r a p u dd ing t h a n in y ou r l t t e Vi gini t y
, , ,
” ”
a e r r

t h e sa m e t h i n g in a no t h shap e
, .
,

P oll e s a y b u t l e t t e rs a
ar s s, re er
W i t h it c m e t o La m b s wo k s I h a v loo k e d t non of
.

’
a o, r e a e

Wh a t a lo v e l y t hi ng i his R o a m un d
, .

t he o t h e book s y e t
“
r s s

H o w m uch knowl e d g e of t h s w e e t s t a nd d e e p e s t
.

G ra y l ”
e e

p a t s of o u r n a t u re i n it ] ! W h e n I t h i nk of uch a m in d
r s as

L m b s— wh e n I s e e how u nno t i c e d e m a in t h ing of s u c h

’
a r s

e x q u i i t e a n d co m p l e t e p e fe c t ion
s w h a t houl d I h o p e f r r s o

m y lf if I h a d n t h ig h e obj e c t in v i e w t h a n fa m e ?
,

se o r s
I h a v e s e e n t o o li t t l e of I t a l y a n d of p i ct u re s Pe h a p s P
,

, . r .

h a s hown y o u s o m e of m y l e t t e s t o him
s B t at R om e I w r u as

v e y ill se l do m a bl e t go o u t wi t h out a c a i a g a n d t h oug h I

.

r o rr e
k p t ho r e s f r t wo m on t h s t h e y e t t h e is o m u c h t e
,

e s o re , re s o s e

P e h a p s I a t t e n d e d m o e t o s cul p t u e t h a n p a in t ing it s fo m
r r r r s

b ing m o e e a s il y i n t e lligibl t h a n t h a t of t h l a t t e r Ye t I w
,

e r e e . sa
,

t he fa m ou wo ks of R ff l who m I g e e wi t h t he whol e
s r a ae e, a r

wo l d i n t h inking t he fin s t p a in t e W hy I c t e ll y u
r e r an o

a no t h e Wi t h e sp e c t t M i h a e l Ange lo I d i s n t
.
,

t im e r r o c s e

a d t h ink wi t h a t o i h m e n t a n d in d ign a t ion of t h e co m m on

.
,

n s n s

no t ion t h a t he e q u a l a d i n s o m e re s p e ct e x ce e d s Ra ff e l e
s, n s, a

H e s e e m s t o m e t o h a v e no s e n s e of m o l d igni t y a n d lo v
.

ra e

li
ne s s a d t h e e n e gy fo r w h i c h h e ha s b e e n s o m u c h p
n r i se d ra

x t e rn a l m e c h ni ca l
,

a pp s
ear t o m e t o b e a ce t a in r u d e r e a

q u li t y i n co m p a i s on wi t h a n yt hing p o s s e s e d b y R a ffa e l
, ,
a ,
r s e,
2 88 LE T TE R S .

or e vn
uch infe io a r t i s t s H is fa m ou s p a in t ing i n t he
e m r r
d e fici e n t in b e a u t y a d m aj e s t y
. .

S ix t in e C h a p e l s e m s t m e o e n

bo t h in t he conc e p t ion a d t he e xe cu t i on H e ha s b e e n c al l e d
,

n .

t he D a n t e of p a in t ing ; b t if w e fi n d s o m e of t he g ro s a d u s n
s t ong ou t lin e s w h i h
r e e m p lo y e d in t h e m o s t d i t a t fu l c ar s s e

p a s g s
saof t h e Inf
e e no wh e e h a ll w e fin d y F a n ce s c a r
”
r s our r
— w h e e t he s p i i t co m ing o v
,

r t h e e a in a bo t lik e M a s
r er s a r
i ing f o m t he v a p ou s of t he ho ri on w h e e M a t il da g a t h e ing
,

r s r r z -
r r
flow e rs a n d a ll t he e x q u i s i t e t e n d e rn e s s a n d s e n s ibili t y
a n d i de a l b a u t y
, , ,

in which D a n t e e xc e ll e d a ll p o e t s e xc e p t
e ,

S ha ks p e a re
As t o M c i h l Ang lo M — b t y h v c t of t h t inae e
’
s o se s u ou a e a as a
n l n I w i t t h t hing h v n know why
E ga d r e e se s, ea e s
I h v w i t t n o m t h ing d fi ni h d it d i ff n t f o m y
.

a e r e s e an s e e re r an
t h ing l
,

d e se , a nw t t m pt f m d I m
a ne n t d di a e or e an ea o e ca t e
it t y o I h oul d t h v d on
ou s wi t h ou t y ou p p ob t ion
no a e e so r a r a
k d y ou p i ct u l t nig h t d it m il d
.
,

b t I
u as e r n t If I
re as an s e a s se
t t h ink it in wo t h y f y I woul d t
, .

d id no om d g s e e re e r o o u, no

m k y a e p ublicou a o f
f ing of it I xp c t t h v t w i t er . e e o a e o r te o

y ou oon bou t it If O lli i t t u n d J w C h i t i n

s a er s no r e e r s a or
h wi l l p ub l i h it
.
, ,
b o m inf c d wi t h t h M
ec e e ite D on t e u r r a n, e s .
’

l t him b f igh t n d f
e e it i no t hing whi h b y
r e e y cou t y of or s c an r es

b t m d it h mo l im m o l
, ,

l ngu g
a a e , can e er e e er ra or ra

w i tt n t M i nn f p c l in w hi h I b g
.

M y h ar as r e o ar a e or a ar e c e
i l
,

y ou w ll m k O l i“

n lo a wh et y know woul d m
er e o in t t
c se a ou st e re s
m —y ou C l nd ( w t x t c t f o m w h i h I w in t h
“ ”
e r a e a r, a s ee e ra r c sa e
E x m in a ) d t h
e r, o t h p o man b longing t y e ; d f er e s e o ou an or
om f i n d of m in m y E logu T h i p l w h i h m u t b
,

s e r e s e, c e. s a rce c s e
n t in t n t l y wi l l h m b y O c t ob b t don t t u t l t t s
,
’
se s a re a c e e r, u r s e er
xc p t j u t lin
,

t ito ,
e e Wh n y w i w i t b y th p o t
s a e o r so . e ou r te , r e e s .

Ev y ou ff ion t P B S er r a e ct a e,

M y lo v t M i nn
. . .

e d B o y d T ho n t on t
ar a d e an e ss , an r oo, an

P e rc
y t d ife c y oul d i m
an gin y w y in whi h I oul d
ou c a e an a c c

th m h I wi ll n q ui
,
.
,

b u ful
e se t ll m
to e bou t h I li n
e re , e e e re a t e ta a
ch l k Y h v no i d of t h p l u h i p o t i t gi v
.

a . ou a e ea e eas re t s r ra es us .

XI I V .
-
To C . O LL I E R .

L eg ho r n , S op t e m be r 6 t h, 18I 9 .

D E AR c e i v e d y ou r p a cke t wi t h H un t s p i c t u e a bou t
S I R— I re
’
r

a fo t nig h t a g o
r a n d y ou l t t e wi t h N o s 1 2 a d 3 ye t e d y r e r n s r a

4 w h i c h i p ob a bl y lo t o r m i s l a i d t h rough t he
.
, , ,

b t u ot N n o s r s

e gu l a i t y of t he I t li a n p o t
.
, ,

e xt e m e ir rr r a s .
 LE T TE RS . 2 89

T he i ll
coun t yo u give of t he succ e ss of m y p o e t i l
ac ca

a tt m p t e u ffi i e n t l y a ccoun t s fo r y ou r il e nc e ; b u t I b e li e v e
s, s c s

t h a t t he t ru t h is I w i t e l e fo r t h e p ubl ic t h a n fo r m ys e lf
r ss
°

C on s i d e i ng t h a t p e h ap s t h e p a r c e l will b a no t h e y e a r on
.
,

r r e r

it s vo ya g e I a t h r w 1s h if t h i s l e t t e a i v e s i n t i m e t h a t
r e r rr

w l
, , ,

y o u ou d e n d t h e Q u t e
s r l
y a t i c l e b y t h e p o s t a d t
arh e e t
’
s r n r s

of t he R v i w in t he p a r c e l O f c ou s e it gi v e s m e a c e rt in
,
e e r a

d e g re e of p l e a u e t know t h a t a n y o n e li k s m y w i t ing s
.
,

s r o b t e r u

it i obj e c t i on a d e n m i t y a lon e t h t ou e s m y cu r io s ity

s n My a r s

whi h ha s b e e n long fi ni s h e d is now b e ing t ra n

.

P o m et he u
r s, c ,
s c ib e d a d will s oon b e fo w a r d e d t
r n yo u fo r p ublic a t ion It i r o s,

in m y j u dgm e n t of a high e r c h a a c t e t h a n a n y t h ing I h a v e

.
,
r r

y t a t t e m p t d a d is p e h a p s l e s s a n i m i t t ion of a n y t h ing t h a t
,

e e n r a

I h a ll a l o e n d y u a no t h e wo k l u
,

ha s gon e b e fo e it r . s s s o r r ,
ca e

l a t d t o p o d uc e a ve y p o p ul a e ffe ct a d t o t a ll y in a d i ff e n t
e r r r n er

s t y l e f o m a n y t hing I h a v e y e t c o m p o s e d T h i s will b e s e n t
,
r
dy p i n t d
.

al re a T he P r o m t h u s y u will b s o goo d a s t o
r e e e o e

l
.

p rin t a u u a s s

In t he R o s lin d d H l en I s e e t h e e a e s o m e fe w e o
.

a an e r r rr rs ,

which a e s m u c h t he wo e b c u e t h e y a e e o s in t he
,

r o rs e a s r rr r

s e n se If t h e h oul d b e a y d ange r of a e con d e dit io n I

re s n s

will co e c t t h e m
.
,

rr

I h a v e e a d y ou r A l th m a d K e a t s s p o e m a n d La m b s
.

’ ’
r a n
wo k s F o t h e c o d in t h i l i t m uc h p i s is du e t m e
, ,
r r e s n s s ra e o

h a ving e d it t he a u t h o in t e n t ion pp e a ing t b e t h a t

.
,
’
for r a r s a r o
no p e s on s h oul d p o ibl y ge t t o t he e d of it Y t it is full f
,
r ss n e o
s o m e of t he hig h e s t a d t he fi n e s t g l e a m s of p o t y ; in d e d
.

n e r e
e v yt h ing e e m s t o b e vi e w e d by t h m in d of a p o t whi ch i
er s e e
,
s
d e c ib e d in it
s r I t hink if h ha d p in t e d a bou t fift y p ge of e r a s

f a g m e n t s f o m it I h oul d h v b e e n l e d t o a d m i K t s a a
.
,
r r s a e re ea s

p o t m o e t h a n I oug h t of w h i c h t h e e is now no d a ng e
,
e r In r r.

h ve s u p i se d a n d d e ligh t e d m e I t i n t u a l
,

A l th m y a ou a r r s a a r

w h a t is m o t ol d in a
.

s t o y m o t un ffe c t e d l y t ol d ;
r s nd a a re ,

s t a in of v e y p u e a n d p ow e ful E ngl i s h w h i c h i a v e ry
, ,

r r r e r s ra r

t o h a ve s t u di d o u
,

m e it r Yo eem u s l a ngu a ge t o s o m e e r

v
.

p u pr os e b u t I s u pp o s e I ough t t o h a e w a i t e d fo [ ne i ll r s a

T h e a m e d a y t h t you l e t t e c a m e c a m e t he n e w of t h e
.

s a r r s
M nc h e t e r wo k a d t h e t o e n t of m y in d ign a t ion h a s n o t y e t
,

a s r n rr
d on e boiling in m y v e in s
,
I w a i t a nxiou s l y t o h e a how t he r
c oun t y wi l l e x p of t h i s bloo dy m u de rou o p p e
.

r s s it Sen s re s e r s r s
W h a t ye t I
,
s ion of it s de st ro ye s S o m e t hing m u s t b e d on e r .
“
.
,
know t no
”

y ou r p a c l (w h i h I p a y y u t s e n d i n s o m e sa fe
.

I n r e c r o o
m a nn fo w a d ing t o m e t h bill of l a d ing e t c in a re gul a r
e r, r r e , .
,

I OO
2 90 L E T TE RS .

n il
m e r c a t e wa y, s o t a t m y p a r ce h l m co m e in ix w e e k s n o t
ay s

w lv on h
,

t e e m n
t s) s e d m e Jon es s
’
G re e k G a m m a a n d s o m
r r e

se al ing wa x -

W h e n e ve I p ubli sh e n d co p ie s of m y book t o t he follo wi ng

.

r ,
s s

e
p po l e f o m m e r

M r H un t . M G o d win
, M H ogg r
.
,
r
.
,

M P e co ck
r . a M Ke a t s , M r T ho m a s M oo r .
, . re ,

M H o ra c e S m i t h
r. Lo d B y on (a t M u a y s ) , r r rr
’
.

Y ou r s oblig e d a n d fa i t hful ,
P E R C Y B S H E LL E Y
,

. .

L —
X V TO T . . L . P E AC O C K .

L iv o r n o , S efi t e m be r 9 ih, I 8I6 .

M Y D E A R P EAC O C K— I n d y o u t he t a g e d y Yo u will se r
*

s e t hat t h s ubj c t h s
.

e e o t be en t e a t d a s y u
e a ugge s t e d a d
n r e o s n

o t s u c e p t ibl e of suc h t e a t m e n t
,

w hy it w s a n s In fa c t it w s r a

t h n a l e a dy p r in t ing w h e n I e c e i v e d y ou
.
,

e r l e t t e a nd it h r r r, as

b e n t a t e d in uch a m a nn e t h a t I d o n o t s e e h ow t he s ubj e t
e re s r c

fo m s a obj c t ion Y o u know E d jou s is p e fo m d on t he

r n e z r r e

f s t i d iou s F e nch t a g e a p l ay m u c h m o e b ro a d t h a n t h i I
.

a r s r s

onfe s I h a v s o m h op e s a d s o m e f i e n ds h e re p e u a d e m e
.
,
c s e e n r rs

t ha t the y a e
,
o t unfoun d e d r n

p p s w h i ch
.

M n y t h a nk f y ou
a t t e n t ion in s e n d ing t h
s or a e
r a e r

con t a in t h t e i bl e a d i m p o t a n t n e w s of M a nc h e s t e T h e e
e rr n r r s

it w e e t h e d i t a n t t h un de rs of t h e t e r ibl e s t o m w h i c h
.

ar e as r s r r
i a pp o a c h ing T he t y a n t s h e re a s i n t h e F e nch R e volu t ion
, ,
s r r r

h a v e fi s t S h e d bloo d M a y t h e i r e xe c a bl l e s s on n o t b e
.
, ,

r r e s

l n t wi t h qu a l f c ili t y ! P a y l e t m e h a v e t h e lies t
.

ear e a r e ar

p oli t ic a l n e ws w h i c h y c on s i d e of i m p o t a n c e a t t h i s c i i
ou r r r s s.

You s e v e m o s t fa i t hfull y P B S r r , . . .

X LV I — T o . T . L . PEA C O C K .

L eg ho r n , S ep t e m be r z 1 s t, 1 8 1 9 .

MY D EAR PE C O C
A K— Yo u will h a v e e c i ve d a ho t l t tr e s r e er
se n t wi t h t he t a g r e d y, a n d t h e t ra g dy i t s e lf b y t hi t i m I a m
e s e

h e a r w h t y o t h ink of it a d h ow
.
,

y ou m y b e li e ve a nxiou s t o
a a u n

I h a v e p in t e d in I t a l y 2 50 cop i s
, ,

t he m a n a g e r t a lk s a bou t it . r e ,

T he Ce n ci .
 LE T TE RS . 2 91

be c a u e it co s t s wi t h a ll d u t i e s a d f e igh t a ge a bou t h a lf wh a t
s n r

1t woul d co s t i n Lon d on a nd t h e c o p i e s w i ll b e s e n t b y s e a
, ,

,
es .

M y o t h e r re a s on w a s a b e li e f t h a t t h e e ing it i n p in t woul d e s r

e n a bl e t he p e o p l e a t t he t h e a t e t o j u dg e m o e e a il y S ince I r r s

l a s t w o t e t o y o u M r G i s bo rn e is gon e t o E ngl a n d fo r t he
.

I h a ve
.

p u p o se o f ob t a ining a s i t u a t ion fo r H e n y R e v e l e y
r r

gi ve n him a l e t t e r t o y o u a n d yo u woul d oblige m e b y showing

.

w h t c i v ili t i e s y o u ca a n d b y fo wa d ing his vie ws i t h e

,
a n, r r e r

b y a d v ic e o r e co m m e n d a t ion
,

s yo u m a y fi n d o p p o t uni t y
r a r

H e n ry is a m o s t a m i a bl e p e on a n d ha s g e a t t a l e n t s a s a
.
,

rs r

M G i s bo n e is a m a n w h o knows I
,

m c h a ni c a n d e ngin e e r
e r r
ca nno t t e ll h ow m a n y l a n gu a ge s a n d ha s re a d a l m o st a ll t he
. .

books yo u c a t h ink of b u t a l l t h a t t h e y con t a in s e e m s t o b e t

,

n o
h is m in d W h a t wa t e i t o i e v e H i lib e a l o p inion s a re a ll
r s a s s r

of M O a v e y a m i a bl e a cco m p li he d a d
.

t h e r e fl e c t ion
’
s rs s, r s n

c o m p l e t e l y un p e j u d ic e d wo m n
. .
, ,
r a
C h a l e s C l a i m on t is now wi t h s on h is w a y t o V i e nn a
.

r r He u

m o e in S p in w h e e h e h l e n t S p a ni h
.

ha s spe nt ye a a r or r a r as ar s

I m a ke h im re d S p ni h a ll d a y long I t i a m o s t
, ,

and a a s s

p owe rful d e x p e s i v e l a ngu g e a d I h a v a l a dy l e n t

.

an r s a n e re ar

u ffi c i e n t t e a d wi t h g re a t e se t h e i r p o e t C l d on I h a ve
,
s o r a a er

a d a bou t t w e l v e of h is p l a y ve
.

re S o m e of t h e m c e t inl y d e s . r a se r
t be
o nke d am ong t h e g n d e t a d m o s t p fe c t p o d u t ion
ra ra s n er r c s

of t h h u m n m in d H e e xce d a ll m o d n d a m a t i t wi t h
e a e s er r s s,
w h om h m bl h ow v in
.

t he x e p t ion of S h k p
e c a s e a re , e re s e e s, e e r,

t h d p t h of t h oug h t
e e d s ub t l t y of i m a gin t ion of his w i t ing
an e a r s,

a d in t h e
n a e p ow e of in t e we a v ing d li c t e a d p ow ful
r r r r e a n er
c o m i c t i t s wi t h t he m o s t t a gi a l s i t u t ion wi t h ou t d i m ini h ing
ra r c a s, s
t h i in t
e r st I a t e him f a bo ve B e a u m on t a d F l t h
e re r ar n e c er
I h a v r c e i ve d a ll t he p a p e s y s e n t m e d t he E x m iner s
. .

e e r ou an a

e gu l ly p fu m d wi t h m u ri a t i a ci d W h a t a n infe n a l
,

r ar er e c r

bu in t h i of M n h e s t e r ! W h a t i t o b d on ? S o m t h ing
, .

s e ss s a c s e e e

a ss u re d l y H H un t ha b e h a v e d I t hin k wi t h g a t s p i i t a d s re r n

c oo l n e s s in t h w h o l ff i
. .
, ,

e e a a r

I h a ve e n t y o m y P o m et h us whi c h I d n o t wi s h t o b e
.

s u r e o

w i h
,

s e n t t o O lli e f p ublic a t ion r un t il I

or r t t o t a t e ffe c t M e r

G i s bo rn e will b ing it a s a l s o s o m e v o l u m s of S p e n e a d
. .

r e s r, n

o d o t u s a n d P r dise Lo s t w h ich m a y b e p t
,

t he t w o l a s t of H er a a u

u p wi t h t h e o t h
,

e rs

I f m y p l a y s h oul d b e a cc e p t e d d on t y u t h ink it woul d e xci t e

.

’
,
o
s o m e in t e e t a d t a k e o ff t h e un e x p ct e d ho
r s n o of t he t o y e rr r s r
b y s howing t h a t t h e v e n t al
, ,
if it coul d b e m a de t
e s a re re ,
o

a p p e a r in s o m p p e in o m e fo m ? e a r s r

Y o u w i ll h e f o m m e a ga in h o t l y a s I s e n d y o u b y
ar r s r ,
2 92 L E T TE R S .

se a t he Ce n cis p r in t e d, whi h c yo u will be goo d e nough to

ke ep. Ad e i u
o t f i t h fully
.

Y ou rs m s a

Y
,

P B S H E LL E
. . .

X LV I I .
—T o LE I G H H UN T .

L iv o r n o , S ep t . 2 7 t h, 1 8 19 .

M Y D EA R F R I EN D — W e oin t of l e a ving a re now on t he p

th i pl c
s fo F lo e nc e wh e
a e r w h a ve t k e n l e a s a n t p t
r re e a p a ar

ix m on t h s whi h b ing s u t o t h e I s t of A p il t h e
,

m nt f
e s or s c r s r

s e a s on a t whic h n e w flow e rs a n d n e w t h ough t s s p ing fo t h u p on

, ,

r r

t h e rt h
e a d in t he m in dan Wh a t is t h e n d e s t in a t i on is ye t o ur

un d e c i de d I h a v e o t s e n F lo e nce e x p t a s o n e s e e s t he
.

. n e r ,
ce

ou t i de of t h e s t e e t s ; b u t it s p hy iog o my in d i c t s it t o b e a
s r s n a e

c i t y w h i h t h oug h t h e g h o t of
c e p ubli c y t p o es es m o t s a r e ss s s
I wi h y o u oul d m e e t u s t h e in t h p ing
, ,

a m i bl e q u a li t i
a es s c er e s r

wou l d t y t m u t e u p a li et a b ig a t whi c h l e v ing

.
,
”
a d w
n e r o s r r a, a

b e hin d t h e m t h p e s t il e nc e of e m e m b e e d m i fo t un m i gh t
,

e r r s r e s,

a ct o v a g a in t h e p l e a s u e s of t h e In t e lo c u t o s in B o cc a cc io
er r r r

I h a ve b e n l a t e l y e a d ing t h i s m o s t d i v in e w i t e H e is
.

e r r r

in h ig h e n s e of t he wo d a p o e t a nd his l ngu ge ha s
.
,

a s r a a

h yt h m a n d h a m ony of v e I t hink him o t e q u a l

, ,
th e r r e rs n

c t a in l y t o D a n t e Pe t a ch b ut f
.

er up io t o T a s s
or r r ,
ar s er r o

a d A io s t o t h e c hil d e n of a l a t e
n r d of c ol d er da y I r an a r

con i d t he t h re e fi s t a s t h p o d u c t ion of t h e vi gou r o f

.
,

s er r e r s

th e infa n y of a e w n a t ion— a i v u l t f o m t he a m s p ing

c n s r e s r s e r

a s t h t w h i c h fe d t h e g e a t n e s of t h e
a e p ubli c s of F lo e n c e r s r r

a d Pi
n d w h i c h c h e c ke d t h e influ e nc e of t h e G m n
sa , an er a

e mp o er ; a d f o m w h i c h t h oug h ob s cu
rs n r ch a nn e l s R a ffa e l e r re r

a d M i c h a e l A g e lo d e w t h ligh t a n d t h e h a rm on y of t h e i r
, ,

n n r e
in p i a t ion W h e n t he s e con d a t e p o t of I t a ly w o t e
s r -
r e s r
up t ing bligh t of t y nn y w a l e a dy h a nging on
.
,

th e co rr ra s a r

e v e y b u d of g e niu
r E n e g y a d s i m p li c i t y a d uni t y of
s r n n

of i d e a we e no m o e In v a in d o w e s e e k in t he fi n e s t
.
, ,

r r

h
.
,

p a s s a g s of eA io t o a d T a o r a y e xsp e s ion w ni c h a t ll ss n r s a

a pp oa h e in t h i e sp e c t t o t h o of D a n t e a d P e t a ch
,

r c s s r se n r r

H o w m uc h d o I a d m i e B o cc a c c io ! Wh a t d e c i p t ion s f
.

r s r o
n a t u e a re t ho s e in his li t t l e i n t o d uc t ion s t o e v e y w d y !
r r r ne a
I t i t h e m o rning of life s t i p p e d of t h a t m i s t of f m ili a i t y
s r a r

w h i ch m a k it ob cu e t o u s B oc c c c io e e m s t o m e t o
es s r . a s

h ave p o s se s se d a d e e p s e n se of t he fa i i d e l of hu m a n life r a ,
 L E T TE RS .
93

con i de e d in it s s o c i a l r e l a t ion s H is m o re s e ri ou s t h e o i e
s r r s

of lo v a g e e e s p e i a ll y wi t h m i n e H e oft e n e x p s se s t hing s
.

e r c re

lig h t l y t whi c h h a ve s e i ou s m e a ning of a v y b u t iful

.

oo, r s er ea

kin d H is a m o a l c a s ui s t t he op p o i t e of t he C h i t i
. e r ,
s r s a n,

s t oi ca l re a d y m a d e a d wo l d l y s y t e m of m o a l s
-
D n y r s r o ou

li t t l e e m a rk o a t h e m a xi m of his w h i h
.
, ,
re m em b er o ne r ,
r r r ,
c

m igh t d o s o m e goo d t o t h co m m on n a ow m in de d c o n c p e rr -
e

t on s of lo v — B occ a b a c ia t a non p e d e ve n t u a ; a nzi

“
i e, c r r

r in u o v a co m
n fa l a lun a e

W e e x p e c t M a y t o b e c on fi n e d t owa rd s t he e n d of O t ob e r
,
.

r c

T h b i rt h of a c h il d will p ob a b l y e t i e v e h e f o m s o m e p a t
.

e r r r r r r
of h e p e e n t m e l a n c hol y d p e s s ion
r r s e r

I t woul d gi v m e m u c h p l e a s u e t o kno w M
.

e Llo y d D r r o

yo u know w h e n I w a s in C u m b e l a n d I g o t S ou t h e y t bo ow
. .

r o rr

ke l e y fro m him a d I e m e m b e ob s v ing

, ,

a c o p y of B er n r r er

p ob a bl y w i t t e n b y Llo y d w h i h
,

s o m e p e n c il no t s in it e r r c

I t hough t p a t i ul a rl y a cu t e O ne e sp e c i a l l y s t u ck m a s
, ,

r c r e

b e ing t he a s s rt ion of a d oct in e of whic h e v e n t h n I h d

.
, ,

e r , e a
long be e n p u d d a d on whi ch I h a d foun d d m uch of
e rs a e ,
n e

m y p e s u a s ion r s e ga de d t h e i m a gin d ca u s e of t h e
s, a r r e

uni ve rs e M in d c a nno t c e a t e it ca n only p c i v e A k r er e

”
s

him if h e e m e m b e s h a v ing w i t t e n it
, .

r O f L a m b y o u know
r r

b e a w it n s t o t h e g e t whi c h I
.

m y o p inion d y o u ca an n r e s e r r

fe l t w h e n I l e a n d t h a t t h e c a lu m n y of a e n e m y h d d p i v e d
,

r e n a e r

m e of h is s o c i t y whil s t i E ngl a n d — O l li r t o l d m
,

e t h a t t he n e e

Q u a t l y a e going t o re v w m
r er r I s u p p o it wi l l b e ie e se a
I a m a c q ui ing a t t e f h u m ou a d
.

p e tt y
r a d a n s r as or r n

d oll e y I c onfe
r r I a m c u ou s t o s e e it I h a v e s n t m y
ss ri e

if yo u a sk him fo it he wi l l
.
,
P o m e t h e u s U nboun d
r to P
”
r

I t h in k it will p l e a se y o u
.

S how it y u o . .

Whil t I w e n t t F lo e nc e M a y w o t e b u t I did t s e e
s o r r r no

W ll goo d b y N e xt M on da y I S h ll w i t e t
, ,

he r l e t t e r -
e
’
e a r o

Lo v e t o a l l
. .
,

y o u f o m F lo e nc e
r r . .

M o t a ffe c t ion a t e l y y ou f i e n d s r r ,

P B S
. . .

X LV I I I .
—
T o MRS . G I S BO R N E .

F l o r e n ce , O ct o be r 1 3 t h o r 1 4 t h, 1 8 1
9 .

M Y D EAR F R I EN D — T he re g re t fe e l t o u r a b s e nc e f o m
we a r

yo u p e r s u a de m e s t h at it is a s t a t e w h i c h c a nno t l t a d as n

wh i h wi ll b e in t e up t e d by o m e
,

c , so long a s it m u s t la s t , rr s
2 94 L E T TE RS .

i n t v ls
er a of which i d o ne in e d t o b e you all co m ing t o vi s i t
s e st r

h e e l a kin d of re m o rs e t o t h in k of t he
, ,
us P oo O
e e r ! If c r s ar

un qu l lo v wi t h wh i h t w g a rd e a c h o t h
.

e a c o a ni m a t e d b e ing
e s re e r,
wh n I xp i n no u h
e e e e ce c re n a t i on s fo r h im a t h o se w h i c h
s s s s
H is i m p o r t un a t e gre t is how e v e
,

h e m nife t e d f
a s or us re r, a
O u m e m o y— if y o u w ill cc p t
.
,

t y p of ou e s e ga d y u
rs , a r r s o r r a e
h u m bl e m e t a p h o r— is fo r e v e s cra t ching a t t he d oo of
.

so a r r

y ou a b e n c e
r s .

A bou t H e n y a n d t he s t e a m e ngin e r * I a m in t o rt u un t il -
re
t h i s m on e y c o m e s f o m Lon d on t h ough I a m u e t h a t it w ill n d
.

r ,
s r a
m u st co m e ; unl e s s in de e d m y b a nk h a s b ok e a n d t h e n it er r

will b e m y lo s s n o t H e n ry s— a l i tt l e d e l a y will m e n d t h e
, , ,
’

I w o u l d t h e n w i t e in s t a n t l y t o Lon don a n e ffe c t u a l

,
m a tte r r

l e t t e r a n d b y re t u n of p o st ll wou l d b e s e t ri gh t — it woul d
.

r a

t h e n b e a t h i ng e a s ily s e t s t a ig h t
,
b u t if it w e e o t y o u know r r n

m e t o o w ll n o t t o kno w t h t t h e e is no p e rs on a l s u ffe ing o r

,
e a r r

d g a d t i on o r t o i l o r a n y t h i ng t h a t ca n b e n a m d wi t h w h ic h
,

e r a e

I d o t fe l m yse lf boun d t o su pp o rt t h i s e n t e rp ri s e of H e n y
, , ,

no e r

B t a l l t h i s r hodo m on t a d e onl y h ow s h ow co re c t M r B i e lb y
.

’
u s r s

a d v i c e wa s
.

a bou t t h e d i s ci p lin e n e c e s sa y fo m y i m a g i n a t i on r r

N o d oub t t h a t a ll w i ll go on wi t h m e c a n t il e a n d co m m on l a c e
.
,

e x a c t n e ss a n d t h a t y u w ill b e p a e d t he s u ffe i ng a n d
o t he s r r

vi t u e i nc i d e n t t o s o m e un t owa rd e ve n t
, ,

r , .

I a m a nxious t o h a o f M r G isb o rne s re t u n a n d I e r

’
r

a n t ic i p a t t he su rp i s e a n d p l e a su re wi t h wh i ch he will l e a n t ha t
.
,

e r r

a re olu t i on h a s b e n t a k e n which l e a ve s y o u no t h i ng t o
s e e g re t I

in t h a t e v e n t I t I s w i t h un sp a k a b l e s a t i fa c t ion t h a t I e fl c t
. e s r e

t h a t m y n t e a t i e s a n d p e rs u a ion s ov e r c a m e y ou r s c u p l e s on
e r s r

t h i s p oin t a d t h a t w h a t e v e n a dva n t a g e s h a ll a c c r u e fr o m it r

will b long t o yo u whil t a ny e p o a ch d u e t o t h e i m p u de nce of

,

e s r r r

u h a e n t e p i se m u s t I sh a ll t h u s s h a re t he
,
s c n t on m
r r re s e.

p l e a s u e of
r s uc ce s s a n d b e a t h e bl a m e a n d lo ( if u c h a r s s, s

t hing w e e p o s s i bl e ) of a
,

r e ve s e a n d wh t m o ca a ma r r a re n n,

w ho i a fri e n d t o a no t h e r d e i f r h im lf ? Le t u s b e li v
,
s s re o se e e

in a kin d of op t i m i sm n whi ch w e a re o u r own go ds I t i

,

i s

b e t t h t M G i sbo n e shoul d h a ve e t u rn e d ; it is b e s t
.
,
s a r r r

t h a t I s houl d h a ve o v e p e s u a d e d y o u
.

n d H e n y ; it is b e s t
r- r a r

t h a t y o u s h oul d a ll l iv e t og e t h wi t h ou t any m o e s oli t a y e r, r r

S h ll y t on fo t t h b ildi
e e se of t m b t t p ly b tw n
o e u n a s ea -
oa o e ee
i ll G no d L gh n
,

M a rse e s, e h a, an t p i p mi d f t
e or ue an en e r r se ro se o r u ne
d wh o u d t k t b i l d it n t i i p t i fill d him
.

t hi f i
o s r en d th
n er o o o u an e a c a on e
wi t h d l igh t U f t t ly n m pli ti
,

e nfo n o r u na e f i m an u re se e co ca on o c rc u

b d on d wh l dv
.
,

t n
s a d t h d i gn t b
ce s c a u se e es dy f o d
e a an e en a re a ar a a nce

m p l e t io — M S
,

t ow d ar s co n .
 LE T TE R S .
95

atte m p t s ; it b e s t t h at t hi s o ne a t t e m p t h ou l d h a ve b e e n
is s

m a de, o h wi s e p e rh ap s o ne t h i ng whi c h is b e s t m igh t t

t er no

h a ve occur e d ; a n d it is b e st t h a t we s h oul d t hink a l l t h i f

, ,

r s or

t he b e s t e v e n t hough it i s n o t ; b e c a u H op e s C ol i dg e se a er

s a ys is a s ol e m n d u t y whi c h we o w e a l i k e t o ou e l ve
, ,
a d t rs s n o

a wo s h i p s p i ri t of goo d wi t h i n wh i h
, ,

t h e wo r l d — t o th r e c
h i i i w i
,

re q ui s b e fo
re e i t e n d s t a t n s p r
ra t on fo t h s h ch I m p e s r r se s

it s lik n e s s u p on a ll t h a t it c e a t e d e vo t e d a n d d i s i n t e e t e d
, ,

e r s, r s

ho m a ge
A d i ffe re n t s c e n e is t h i s fro m t h a t i n wh i ch y o u m a d e t he
.

c hi e f ch a a t e r of o u ch a nging dram a W e s e e no o n e
r c r .
,
as

u ua l M dam e M
s is qui e t a n d w e onl y m e e t he r now a d
a n

t h n by c h a nc e
.
,

e H e r da ugh t e r n o t so fa i b u t I fe a a s col d r, r

t h e s nowy F l o rim e l i n S p e ns e r is in a d o u t of lo v e w i t h
.
, , ,

a s n

win d s h ap pe n t o blo w ; a nd C
,
C a s th e who a t t h e
m o m e n t I h a p e n t o w i t e is in a hig h s t a t e of t a n i t o ry
,

p r ,
r s

c on t e n t m e n t i s s e t t in g o ff t o V i e nn a I n a d a y t wo or
M y £ 1 0 0 f o m wh a t m i s t a k e re m a i ns t b e x p l a i n e d h
.
,

r o e as

ive d a n d t he b a n k h e e is going t o a dva nce m e

, ,

n o t ye t a rr er r

i h a l l a d d i t ion a l fa c i li t a t ion
,

£5 0 on m y b ll a t t h e m on t — r e s
s h oul d a n y s uch he n e e d d fo I h av ye t e n
, ,

t h e s t e a m bo a t e r -
e se

li t t l e of F lo nce T h g ll e y I h a ve a d ign of s t u dying

.
,

re e a r es

of m y c hi e f obj e c t s in I t a l y b e ing t he ob e vi ng
.

p i e ce m e a l o ne s r
-

in s t a t u a ry a d p a in t ing t he d e g e e in wh i c h a nd t he rul
n r es

wh i ch t h a t i d e a l b e a u t y of w hi c h w e h a ve s
,

a cc o d in g t o r
-

, ,
o

in t e n se ye t s o ob s cu re a n a p p e h e n s ion is e a li se d in x t n a l
,

r ,
r e er
fo m s
r

A d i e u — I a m a nx i ou s fo H e n y s fi s t l e t t e r G ive t o h im
.

’
r r r

a n d t a k e t o y ou s e lf t h o wh a t v e r t h e y m a y b
.

se n tim e nt r se s, e e,
wit h wh i ch yo u know t h a t I c nno t ce a se t e g a d yo u a o r r
M o st fa i t h full y an d a ff c t i on a t e l y y ou
.

e rs ,

P B S
. . .

I fo go tt e n t o say t h a t I h oul d b e v e y m uch oblig d t o

ha d r S r e

yo u i f y o u woul d con t i v e t o n d T h e C e n c i which a art t h e se re

h
, ,

p ri n t e s t o E ngl
r
’
a n d b y t h e n e x t s hi p I fo g o t it i t h e u y r n rr

of d e p a rt u e —I h a v e j u st h e a d f o m P s a y ing t h a t he d on t
.
, ,
’
r r r

t h in k t h a t m y t a g e d y will d o a n d t h a t h e d on t m u c h lik e it
. .
, ,
’
r

B u t I ough t t o s a y t o blun t t he e d g e of h i c i t i c i s m t h a t he is
, .

s r

ling of t he x a c t d s u p e rfi ci a l s c h ool in p o e t y
, ,

a nu rs e an r .

I f M G is e t u n e d s e n d t he
r. . P ro m e t h e u s
r wi t h t h e m
r ,
”
.
 2 96 L E T TE R S .

XLI X — T o c O LL I ER
. .

F l o r en ce, Oct . 1 5, 1 8 1 9 .

D EA R S I R ,
T he dr oll re m a r s k of t h e Qu a r t er ly , a n d H un
t s
ki n f nc iv f
d d e e e , a rr e d a s s a e a s s f h uc h oi on
p s , a n d s a e r t a s n u h
c
n i o u u ll
a n a t d te , s a y do
o i of wo k
.

I onam oin of n ing

t he p t se d t o y o u 2 50 c p e s a r
whi h I h v in
c in I l which
a e pr wi l l h v
te d fou
ta y y u
o a e to pay r
o r fiv eoun u u on on
p d s d toun y p un will l l m y a cc t H t te yo u
in win I h ll
.
,

cou of
t h e hin d of t hing it is , a n d t he rs e t he te r s a
n i c i on
s e d d re t ubl i ions fo r it s p ca t ,
u n t il t he a r r i v a l of w hich
d ir e ct io ns , I r e q u es t t ha t y o u w o u ld ha v e t he kin dn ess n o t t o
Op e n t he box ,
o r , if b y n ecess ity it is o pe ne d , t o a bs t a in f r o m
o bs e r v ing y o u r se lj ; o r per m it t ing o t he r s t o o bser v e , w ha t it co n
t a in s ’t
I u h i con fi n l
t r st t s b ing of con u n
d e t y t o y o u , it e se q e c e
nwh i l ou lf h hi wo k
. .

M ea u
e , a s s re y r se t at t no f nc
s r ha s r e e re e,
i
d re c t o rin i c oli ic
d r e t , t o p t s, o r re ligion son l i or per a s a t re , a n d
h hi
,

t a t t s p re c a t u ion l li
is m e r e y t e ra ry .

T he P r o m e t heu s , a p e mo in b l wh v h
m y e st s t y e , ate er t at m a y
am oun w i ll i wi h
t to , a rr ve t in whi h
it , b u t MS , in . c yo u c an p r t
and p ubli h in s on
t he s e a s . o f c of
I t is t he m s t p e r e t my
o u ion
pr d ct s
ou h w o icl i n u ion I w ll w
.

S t ey r t e t he a r t e q e st am e a a re
king of h i l
, .

b v i u n of
O se r e t he m p de c e in
t he m a n sp e a m se f T he
k wo h no i c in hi i c
.

onl y re m a r rt t e ion h I
t s p e e is t h e a sse r t t at
i i Wo wo h
m tate rd s rt w ll i h o on
I t m a y a s e b e s a d t a t L r d B yr
i i Wo wo h h Wo wo h i i
.

m ta t e s rds rt , o r t a t rd s o rt on m t a t e s L rd B yr
bo h b ing g i v ing o
,

t e o
re a t p e t s , a n d d e r ing
fr m t he n e w s p r s of
thoug h f ling wh ich
t and e e g tv n of
h e r e a t e hv e t s o u r a ge a e
vi w i i l on ni n i g
,

x o
e p se d t o e , a s m ar t e o f se t m e t, m a e r y, a n d
x
e p re s s ion c in i il i
A e rt a b
s m a r t y a ll t h ewi of e st r t e rs a ny
i cul in v i bl i i of
.

p a r t a r a g e e t a y k wi h f o
a r e m a r e d t r m t h e sp r t
h hi I x l in i n
,

t a t a g e a ct ing on a ll T s ha d e p a e d f m y P re a c e ,
w h ich v
.

wi
t he i ing nuou
r t e r wa s t o o d s e s t o a d e rt t o A s t o t he
i cul l h l
.

oh h
t e r t ra s , a n d p a r t ar y t at ck on am e at t aon l m y p e rs a
ch c wh i h
a ra t e r, c n i ll
wa s m e a t s o which I , and a m n o t t he m a n
f l
t o e e , t is al l
’
no h ing I t gl wi h am c
a d, ht of
re s p e t t o t a t p a r t
wh i h llu h oul h v h n h I
.

it c a un h
de s t o H t , t a t it s d so a e a pp e e d t a t
i
d e d ca t e , a s y o u will wo k w h i h
se e , a r c ci i
c ha s a ll t h e a p a t e s fo r
b ing o ul
e p p a rh x ll n
t o t a t e c e on I
e t p e r su w a s a m s e d t o o

wi
.
, ,

t h t he fin l lik
a e ; it is of
e t he e n d fi of o
t he rs t a c t an p e ra ,
T h i t l iea e Sah ll cs
y r w — L S
e e
’
s o n. . .
 LE T TE RS .
97

wh n t h e n ou s conco da n t d i s co rd se t s u p f o m t h e
at t re m e d r r r

o ch e s t ra a n d e v e rybo dy t a lks a n d s ing s a t once I t d e s c ibe s

r r

t he e s ul t of m y b a tt l e wi t h t h e i r O m ni p o t e n t G o d ; his p ulling
.
,

m e un de t he s e a b y t he h a i r of m y h e a d like P h a oh ; m y
r ra

c a l ling o u t like t h e d e vi l who w a s g m e t o t he l a s t ; we a ing

,
a s r

a n d c u r s ing i n l l co m i c a d ho i d o a t h s l i ke a F re n c h p o s t il l ion
a n rr

on M oun t C e n i e n t e a t ing e v e ybo dy t o dro wn t h e m se l v e ;

,

S r
°
r s

p e t e n d ing n o t t o b e d own e d m y s e lf w h e n I a m d rown e d a n d

r r

l a s t l y being d own e d
,
*
r

Yo u woul d d o m e a p a rt icul a r kin d n e s i f y o u woul d c a ll on

.
,

H un t a n d a s k h im wh e n m y p a r c e l w e n t t h e n a m e of t h e hi p s

a d t h e n m e of t h e c a p t a in a n d w h e t h
, , ,

n a h e h a s a ny bill of er

l a ding w hi ch if h e ha s yo u woul d obl i g e m e by s e n ding

.

t og t h e r w i t h t h e s t of t h e i nfo rm a t ion b y e t u rn o f p o s t
, , , ,

e e r ,
r ,

a dd e re d t o t he P o s t O ffi c e F lo re nc e
ss , .

Y ou s ve ry s inc e r l y r e

Y
,

P B S H EL L E
. . .

—
L To H EN R Y R E V E L EY .

F l o r e n ce , Oct . 2 8, 1 8 19 .

M Y D EAR H EN R — S o it Y seem s I am to e b gin t he co r

re s p on de nc e t hough I h ave m o e t o h n r a sk t a to te ll
Y o u kno w o u r b a g a in ; y o u a re t o w i t e m e u n co r e ct e d
, .

r r r

l t t e j u st a s t he wo d s co m e s o le t m e h a v e t h m — I like c oin
e rs, r e

t hough it m a y b e a l i t t l e r ough a t t he e d g e s
,

f om t e
r h m i t — n

c li p p ing I s p e n a l a cco d ing t o o u s tatute

O

r r

In t he firs t p l a c e li t e n t a e p o a ch ; yo u ough t t o h a v e
.

s o r r

I a m ve y
,

se n t m e a a knowl e d g m e n t of m y l a s t bill e t
n c r

h p py t h e ar f o m M G i bo n a d he know w e ll e noug h
.

a o r r s r e, n s
t m e h i m e lf
.

h o w t o in t e re s t t n e e d t o o b m e of o c ca s ion
s no o r an
of h a ing f o m y o u Le t yo u a d I t y if we c a nno t b e a s
,

e r r n r

s in e s li k a s t he b e s t of t h e m
.

p un c t u a l a n d bu B u t no cli p p ing
s e

a d c oining i f y
.

n p l e a se ou

N ow t a k e t hi t h a t I s a y in a ligh t j u s t so s e ri ou s a s n o t t o
.
,

giv e y o u p a i n In fa ct m y d e a fe llow m y m o t i ve fo s oli c i t ing

.
,
r , r

y ou co r e s p on d
rr e nc e n d t h a t flowing f o m y ou own m in d a d r r an
is t h a t y o u m a y b e gin t a cc u t o m
, ,

c lo t h e d n y ou r own wo d1 r s, o s

t o d i s ci p lin e y ou s e lf I n t h e onl y p ra c t ic e of life in w h ich y u

,

r o

a p p e a d e fici e n t
r Y o u know t h a t y o u a e w ri t i ng t o a p e on r rs
fi
.

p e s ur a d e d of a l l t h e con d e n c e a n d e p e c t d u e t o y ou p ow e s r s r r

S h ll y f q nt ll i n t hi b ing d w ed v
’
e e s re ue a ey us o s o s e ro n a re r
i g l —L S
s n u ar . . .
 LE T TE R S .

i n t h o b nch of i nc t wh i ch y h v ddi ct d you lf

se ra es sc e e o ou a e a e rs e
an d y wi ll t p m it f ls h m wit h g d t t h m
ou no er a a e s a e re ar o e e re
m ech nic l ng m n t of wo d t ov b l nc t h dv n t g
a a a rr a e e r s o er a a e e a a a e
i ing f o m t h f co m m unic t i on of i d
ar s r e re e T hus y will a e a s. ou
b o m d y by d y m o ki lful in t h m n g m n t of t h t
ec e a a re s e a a e e a
in u m n t of t h i co mm un i c t i on on whic h t h t t inm n t f
str e e r a e a a e o
on s j u t nk in oci t y d p n d D t t h ink m
,
’
a p e rs s ra s e e e s o no e
ubj ct of t h h igh t im p o t nc in whi ch
.

a rr og n t T h a e r e a re s e s e es r a e
fi
.

y o u a re f b tt q u li
ar d t in e t uc t m
er t h n I m qua lifi d t e o s r e, a a a e o
in t uc t y on t hi ubj c t
s r ou s s e
W ll h w go s on ll T h bo i l s t h k l of t h bo t d
.

e o e a e er e ee e a an .

t h c yl i n d l m n t of t h t oul whi h i t
, , ,

e d ll t h o t h
e r, a n a e er e e e s a s c s o

g ui d m on t uo d fu go y gu ov t h ”
e o ur s r ? L t m e e a a er e se a e e
h n ws o f t h i b i t h d how t h y t h iv ft t h y bo n
ear e e r r an e r e a er e a re r
iv d t M W bb ? S n d m
.
,
A d is t h m on y ccoun t ’
n e e a rr e a r. e s e e an a
of t h nu m b of o wn y
e er li I t hink w h d b t t
cr s o u re a se as e a e e r,
s inc it i t n c t i on in t h i s coun t y k p
e s a ra sa ccoun t in r ee o ur a s
m on y of t h i s coun t y
,

e r
i ns noug h t t th m i lls goi ng wh i ch
.

W h v e a e ra e o se e a re
n t i l t y ou g t i on b I up p o it i s t p n t i t h
,
e s se a o r re a r ar s se a re s e e er
m k i ng
.

m d a e or a
long t h ci occo blows d b t f
.

M y h l t h is b tt ea e e r so as e s r an u or
m y d i l y xp c t t i on of M y confin m n t I h ould h v b n
, ,
’
a e e a ar s e e S a e ee
h lf m p t d t h v m t A it i I h ll w i t t ill
,

a te e o
y a e co e o se e ou s s, s a a
ubj c t f y ou ct u l d y ou
.

t h bo t i fini h d
e a O th
s s e n e s e o r a a an r

i
.

e xp ct d p og
e e y w llr c t inl
re ss,
y llow m t h f
ou o m y er a a e o ear r ou
G i v m y kin d t d M G i sbo n — t l l
.

e g d t y ou m o t h es re ar s o r er an r. r e e

th l tt
e a w h o bill t I h v n gl c t d
e r, se n w t h t I did
e a e e e e to a s e r, a so ,
un d t h i d of dd sing h im i n p o t
er e ea a w on ubj
re s a s or t o a s e ct

whi h gi v m con i d bl nxi t y bou t y ll I m n h

c es e s e ra e a e a ou a ea t e
on t inu nc of y ou p o p ty in t h B i t i h fund t t h i c i i
.

c a e r r er e r s s a s r s s
of p p o ching volu t i on I t i th bu in of f i n d t
a r a re y s e s e ss a r e o sa
w h h t hink wit hou t f of gi ving o ff nc ; d i f I w
.

at e s e ar e e an e re
f i n d gu m n t i wo t h it m k t p i c n yw h
,

no t a r e ar e s r s ar e -
r e a e re
B li v m
.
,
my d H n y e e e e, e ar e r
Y ou v y f i t hful f i n d
,

r er a r e ,

P B S
. . .

LI — T o M R
. . AN D .
MRS . G I S BO R N E .

F l o r e n ce , Oct . 2 8, 1 8 19 .

M Y D EAR F R I EN D S— I re ce iv t hi
e s m o ning t he t a nge
r s r a nd
un e x p e c t e d n e w s ,
t h at my bill of £ 2 0 0 h a s b e e n e t u rn e d t o r Mr .
 L E T TE R S . 2 99

We bb p ro t e st e d Ul t im at e ly t hi ca n be no t h i ng b u t de l a y a s s

I h a v e onl y d ra wn f o m m y b a nke s h a n ds s o m uch a s t o l e a v e

.
,
’
r r

t h m s t ill in p o s s e s s ion of £ 8 0 a d t h i s I p o s i t i v e l y k now a d

e n n

p o v e b y d ocu m e n t s B y r e t u n of p o t fo r I h a v e
, ,

c an r t onl y r s no

w i t t n t o m y b a nke r b u t t o p ri v a t e f i e n ds no d oub t H e n y
.
,

r e r r
will b e e n a bl e d t o p r oc e e d Le t him m e a nwhi l e d o a ll t h a t c a
, ,

. n

b e d on e
M e nwhil e t o s a v e t i m e oul d o t m on e y b e ob t a i n e d
.

a c n

t e m p o ra i l y a t Li vo no f o m M
, ,
r W or M G r a ny r r r or
of you a cqu a i n t a nc e on m y bill s a t t hre e o r s ix m on t h in d o s d
.
, , .

r s, r e

by M G i s bo n a n d H e n y s o t h a t h e m y go on wi t h h is
,
r r e r a
wo rk ? I f a m on t h is of c on s e q u e nc e t hink of t h i s
.
,

B e of goo d c h e e r M a d onn a m ia a l l will go w e lL T he

, .

inclo se d is f H n y a d w a writ t e n b e fo re t hi s n e w s as h
, ,
or e r n s e

wi l l se e b u t it d o e s o t st ra nge a s it is a ba t e o n e a t om of m y
, ,
n
h
, ,
c e er .

A c ce p t , d e a r M r G my b e s t r e g a rd s
Y ou s fa i t h full y
.
,
. .

r ,

P B S . . .

LI I .
;
—T O M R . AN D M RS . G I S BO R N E .

F l o r en ce , N o v . 6, 18 19 .

M Y D EAR F R I EN D S — I a e j u t fini h d l t t of fi h v s s e a e er ve

s h on
ee ts lil i
C a r e s a ff a r, a n d a m
’
in h ou l y xp ec t t ion of M y r e a ar
’
s

c on fi n m n t y wi ll i m gin
e e ou x u f m y il n a e an e c se or S e ce
ubj t of
.

I fo b t d d r e ar y o a I h d d i g
re s sn d on h o u, a s a es e t e s ec
h v
,

y ou inco
r m p ublic c d
e as a i t o of t h E ngli g n m n; re r e s o er e t as

it m y
se e h v s t th
ou xclu iv m n g m n t of y ou fun d
a e no e e s e a a e e r s

an d t h p cul i e c i cu m t n s of t h d lu ion
e ar r u h h t non
s a ce e e s a re s c t a e

b t u v y f w p ons will v b b ough t

a er e e rs i in b i l i y e er e r t o se e ts sta t
x p i n of lo If I w on v in y H n y
.

b t by t h
u e e er e ce s s. e re t o c ce ou, e r

wou l d p ob bly b un bl t on vi nc hi uncl In vin d ic ion

r a e a e o c e s e at
h ow v of w h t I h v l dy i d llow m t t you
.
, ’

e e r, a a e a re a sa a e o . u rn r

t t n ion t E ng l n d t t h i h
,
.

a e t o a a s our

th
.

I o d n t m
r t t h n t ion l
er o xp n
ee e th t om a a e e se s , o r r a er a s e

a pp o h
r t ow ac d m t i ng t h ar m m igsh t mee t b m d e se e o e a
!

e, a t ax
of w im p o d T h fi t on qu nc of t h i h
as se e rs c se e e s as

b n d f l ti i n t h v nu t t h
.

ee a e a ca on t of e re e e a e ra e

a- y W
e a r. t h coun te re
y i n t h m o tet nquil d p o p r ou e s ra an r s er s

t t
s a e, th m ini t e i n u h on d i t ion of ff i m u t d u
s e r, s c a c a a rs , s re ce

t h in e t of t h n t ion l d b t
t e re s ed d t it a p oc wh i h
a e or a o
'

a r e ss c

woul d onl y in u t h g t ul t i m t du ct ion of t h in t t

,

s re e re a e r a e re e e re s .
 30 0 L E T TE RS .

B u t t he p e p e o l a re n e a rl y in a s t a te of in s u rre c t ion an d t he l e a st
un o ul noble m e n p e r ce i v e t he n e c e s s i ty of con duc t i ng a
,

a r
p p
Sp ir t, i wh i h i s no long p o ssibl e t o op p o se F r s ub m i t t ing
c it er o

t o t h i s n e c e s s i t y— whi c h b e a ss u re d t he h a ugh t y a
.

t oc at ri s r s
unwill i ngl y d id— Lo d F 1t w 11 am ha s b e e n d e g a d e d f o m his
, ,

r z 1 1 r r
s i t u t ion of Lo d Li e u t e n a n t An a dd i t ion a l a m y of
a r m r en

e c e i v e d o de s t o b o g a ni s e d E ve yt h ing is p e p ing
.

h as r r r e r r r ar
in w h i c h i f t he m n ist s s uc ce e d t h y
.

f or a bloo d y s t ru ggl e , ,
i er ,
e
will a ss u d ly d i m ini sh t he in t e s t of t h n a t ion a l d e b t f no
re er e or
c o m bin a t io n of t he h e a v i e s t t y a nn y c n
,
a ise t h tax s f it s r a r e e or

p a ym e n t If t he p e o p l e con q u e r t he p blic c e d i t o wi ll e q u lly u r r a

u ff ; f it i s m on s t ou s t o i m a gi n e t h a t t h y will s ub m i t t
.

.
,
s er or r e o

t he p e rp e t u a l inh e i t a nc e of a d oubl e a i s t oc a cy r T h e y will r r

p e h p s fi d s o m e cr own a d chu c h l a n d s a n d a pp op i a t e t h
.

r a n n r r r e
t i t h e s t o m a k e a ki n d of c o m p e n sa t ion t o t he p ubli c c e d i t o
,

r r.
T h e y will onfi s c a t e t he s t a t e of t h i p oli t i a l n m i e s
c e But s e r c e e

a l l t hi s will o t p a y a t e n t h p a t of t h e i r d e b t
.

n T he e xi s t ing r

go v e rn m e n t a t oc i ou a s it is is t h e s u re s t p a rt y t o wh i c h a
.

r s

p ub l ic c d i t o m a y a t t a ch hi m s e lf
, ,

re r H e m a y e a on t h a t it m y r s a

l t my t im e t houg h in t he e v e n t t h e uin is m o re co m p l e t t h n
.

as r e a

in t he c a s e of a p o p ul a e v olu t ion I kno w yo u t o we ll t

,

r r o o
b e l i e v e y o u c a p a bl e of a gu ing in t h i s m a nn e r ; I onl y e a son on
.

r r
ho w t hing s s t a n d .

Y ou r inco m e m a y b e e d u c e d fr o m £ 2 1 0 t o £ 1 50 a n d t h e n r ,

£ 10 0 a n d t h e n by t he I s u e of Im m e ns e q u a n t i t i e s of p a p r t o s e

s a v e t he i m m e d i a t e c a u s e of o n e of t h e c onflic t ing p a rt i e s t o a n y
, ,

v lu e howe ve r s m a ll o t he s ou rc e of it m a y b e cu t o ff a t on e
,

a r c .

T he m ini s t e rs h a d I d oub t n o t long s inc e d e t m in e d t o er

go v e n m e n t a n d if t h e y ha d n o t
, ,

e t a bli h a n
s s a bi t a y r r r r
d e t e rm in e d s o t h y h a v e now e n t a ngl e d t h e m s e lve s in t h a t
e

on se q u e n ce of t h i i n st in c t a s ul e a d if t h e y e c e de t h e y
,

c e r r rs , n r

m u st p e i h T h e y a e how e ve r n o t e c e d ing a n d w e a re on
r s . r , ,
r ,
t h e e of g re a t a c t ion
e v s .

Kin de s t e g a d s t o H e n y I hop e he is n o t st o p p d f r wa n t
r r r e o

I h a ll a s s u e d l y s e n d him w h a t h w n t s in a
.

of m on e y as s r e a

I e ce i v e d his l e t t e f o m
,

m on t h f o m t he d a t e of m y l a s t l e t t e r
r r r r

Pi st o i a d h a v e no o t h e
.

a, n c it ici s m t o m a ke on it e x ce p t t h r r e
s v e e s t — t h a t it is t o o s ho r t
,

e r H o w go e s on P o t ugu e s — a d r e n

T h e oc i t u s ? I h a v e d e s e rt e d t he o d o ou s g a d n s of li t e a t u
.

r r r e r re ,
t j ou rn e y a c o s s t h e g e a t a n dy d e s e r t of p oli t i cs
o r r t a y s no s ou

W i t hou t t he ho p e of fi n d ing s o m e e n c h n t d
,

m y i m a gin e
a a e
h v h
,

p ar a d i e s In a l l p ob a bili t y I a ll b e o r e w e l m d b y of s r e o ne

t h e t e m p e s t uou s c olu m n s w h ich a e fo e v e r t a ve ing wi t h t h

.
,

r r r rs , e
s e e d of a t o m a d t he co nfu ion o f a ch a o s t h a t p a t hl e s s
p s r , n s , ,
 L E T TE R S .
39 :

wil de n e r ss nwhil will b e l a m n t ing i n s o m e h p p y

Yo u m e a e e a
o si t h a t I u n T hi s i o u t C a ld e o n i ing M u l y
.

a s d o n o t re t r s -
r z e
W e h a ve ligh ning a d a in h e e in p l e n t y I l ike t he
.
.

ha d t n r r
C a s ini v e y m uc h w h e I oft e n w a l k a lon e w t h ing t h e l e a v e
.

c r er a c s,
, ,
a d t he
n i s ing a n d fa lling of t he A no I a m full of a ll kin d of
r r . s
li t e ra ry p l a n s
M e a nwhil e a ll you r s m o s t fa i t h full y
.

, ,

P B S. . .

L I I I — TO
. LE I G H H UN T .

F ir e nz e, N ov . 1 3, I 8I9 .

M Y D EA R F R I EN D Ye s t e rd a y m r
a
M a ry r t me o ning b oug h
a li l
tt e bo y u S he s ffe re d b u t t w o rs
’
p a , a n d is h ou
so in now
h
.

w ll h
e won
t a t it s e e m s a d e r t a t s he s t a y s be d T he a e is in b b
uk i gin h
.

l o ui w ll
a s q t e e a b gun
n d h a s e t o s c Y o u m ay m a e t at
hi li f
.
,

t s is a g g
re a t r e e a n d a o fo re a t c m rt t o m e a m s t a ll m y ong
i fo un
m s rt n co
e s , p a s t , p r e se t , a n d t o me
h v occu
.

S m ee Il wo ast o
r t e t o y o u , s m e C I r c u m s t a n ce s a e r re d

no t n c x l in
e e s s a ry t o e p a l w h ich k
b y e t t e r, uni
m a e s m y pe c a ry

c on i ion v
d t a inful
e ry p a o neh ici n b o l u l fo bi
T he p y s a s a s te y r d
v lling wi n
.

m y t ra e ngl n in
to E a d t he I h ll ob bl
t e r, b u t s a p r a y p ay
yo u a v i i in
s t ing Wi h wh l u
t h e sp r t ong
a t p e a s re , a moh a ll t he t er
i o fo wi h w h i h ngl n boun
.

s ou r ce sof g re re t a n d d s c m rt t c E a d a ds
fo r m e , d o I of looking on
t hi n /z o i gin l of h kin
t he r a t at d and
f c wh i h now o o i
e a rn e s t a e , c is pp s t e M a w il l
r y
’
s be d It b e t he
onl h ing w h i h will n v wi l l n nv
.

y t c M a r y e y m e o r inee d to e y m e,
h j ou n I h ll co h king h n wi h
,

t at r e y, fo r s a lon me a e S a a ds t y o u is
wo h l lo
.

rt oubl
a ll t he t r e t he r e s t is c e a r ss

u ui in
.

I will ll te o bou
y o u m re a lf t m ys e a n d m y p rs n x ts my e t
l t te
e r

Kin d lo ve t o M a ri a nn e B e s y d a ll t he c h il d e n P oo r
.

s an r

M a y b e gin s (fo t he fi rs t t i m e ) t look a l i t t l e c on ol e d for w e

, , .

r r o s

h v e s p e n t y m y i m a gin e a m i se ra bl e fi v m on t h s
a ,
as ou a ,
e .

G oo d b y m y d e a H un t
-
e, r .

Y ou a ffe c t ion a t e f i d r r en ,

P B S
hv
. . .

I a e ha d no l e t t f o m
er r y o u f or a m o n th .
 LI V .
-
T o M RS . G I S BO R N E .

F l o r e n ce , N o v . 1 6, 1 8 1 9

M AD O N N A— I h a v b e e n l a t e l y voya ging in a e a wi t h ou t m y
e s

p ilo t a n d a l t houg h m y s il h a s oft e n b e e n t o n m y bo a t b e co m a r e

l e ky a d t h e log lo s t I h a v e ye t s a il e d n a kin d of w a y f o m
, ,

a n I r
i l n d t o i l n d s om e of c gg y a n d m oun t a i nou s m g ifi
, ,

s a s a ra a n
ce n e c o m e lo t h d wi t h m o ss a d flo we rs a n d ra d i a n t wi t h
,
s c e n ,
foun t a in s o m e ba e n d e s rt s I h e been re ding C lder n
s rr e av a a o
I h a v e e a d t he C i sm a de I ng a l a t e ra t h
, .

“
w i t ho u t y o u r r
”
e
a n d t h re e o fou o t h e rs
.
,
C a b e llo d e Ab s o l o m s T h e s e p i e ce
”
r r s,

i nfe rio r t o t h o e w e e a d a t l e a st t o t he Princi p e C on st a n t e

, .

“ ”
s r

i n t he sp l e n d ou of p a rt icul a r p a s sa ge s a re p e h a p s su p e o in
, ,

r r ri r
t h e i s a t i s fying co m p l e t n e s T he C a b e llo s d e Ab so l o m I S fu l l
,

r e s .

of t he d e ep e s t a n d t e n d e e s t t ouch e s of n a t u e N o t hing c r r an
b e m o e p a t h e t ic a ll y conc e i ve d t h a n t he ch a a c t e of l d D a v i d
.

r r r o

a n d t h e t e n d e r a n d i m p a t i a l love ove co m ing a l l in s ul t s a n d l l

,

r r a
c r i m e s wi t h whic h he re ga rd s his confli c t ing a n d d i s ob e d i e n t
,

s on s T he inc e s t s c e n e of A m non a n d T m a is p e fe ct l y
. a r r
e m e n do u s We ll m a y C a l de on s y in t he p e on of t he
;o m e r
r r a rs
r

S i ng i f g hi sa re s n ue o e re ,

q f g f g ? ue a ra sa n re c o n ue o

Inc e t is l i ke m a n y o t h e inco e c t t h i ng s ve y p o e t ica l ci cu m

s r rr a r r

I t m a y b e t h e e xc e s s of lo v e o h a t
, ,

s t a n ce It m ay b th d fi r e e e e

of e v yt h ing fo r t he a ke of a no t h e w h i c h c lo t h e i t e l f i n
. .

an ce er s r, s s

t h glo y of t h hig h e s t h e oi s m
e r e o r it m y b e t h t c y ni c l r ge a a a ra

w h i h c onfoun d ing t he goo d a d t he b d in e xi t ing o p inion s

c n a s

b k t h ough t h e m fo t he p u p o se of io t ing in l fi sh n e s s a d
, ,

re a s r r r r se n

a nt ipa thy C a l de on fo l lowing t he J e w i s h hi t o i a n s h a s

r s r

i v
.
, ,

r rn
e p e se t e d A m non 5 a c t ion n t h e b t
’
p o i n t of i e w — he I S a a se s

p reju d ic e d a v g e a c t i ng wh
s a t hae b h o rs a n d a b h o ing t h a t a rr

whi c h s t he unwi l ling p a t y t o h is c r m e

, ,

I r i

Adie u M a d onn a y ou s t u l y
.

. P B S
,
r r ,
. . .

I t a n c ib e yo u a p a s s a ge f o m t h C i m a d I ga la t e
r s r r e s e n rr a

s p o k e n b y C a lo s E m b a xa d o dre F a n i a e n a m o a do d A a r r c r e n

I s t h e e a n y t h ing P e t a c h fi n e t h a n t he s e c on d
, ,

B ol n a e .
”
r in r r r

s t a nz a l *
‘

P q p n l S l or ue a b e as e o s e c o ro n a a

d n v l l t i
e uep m v a uz en a e s ac o n ri e a,

q d y m b
uan l d o h o e n su s u ra e s a o ra

g d S l b vi d
se un f o o en a re a a e s e ra
 L E T TE R S .
30 3

LV — T o . J OH N G I S BO R N E .

M Y D EA R S I R , —
I e n y yo u v
fi st re a d ing of T h e o c i t u st he r r

We re n o t t he G re e k s a glo riou s p e o p l e ? Wh at is t h e r a s Job

.

e,

s a ys o f t he Le vi t h a n lik e un t o t h e m ?
a If t he a rm y of N ic ia s

h a d n o t b e e n d e fe a t e d un d e t h e w a ll s o f S yr a c us e ; if t he
,
r
A t h e n i a ns h a d a c qu i ring S i c il y h e l d t h e b a l a nc e b e t we e n
R o m e an d C art h a g s e n t g a rri s on s t t h e G re e k colon i e s in t he
, ,
e, o

s ou t h o f I t a ly R o m e m ig h t h a v e b e e n a l l t h a t it s i n t e ll e c t u a l
’
,

c on d i t ion e n t i t l d it t o b e
e a t r ibu t a ry no t t h e conqu e o r of r

h a ve a t t a i n e d t o
, ,

G re e c e t he M a c e d oni a n p ow r woul d n e ve e r
t he d ic t a t o rs hi p of t he c ivi li s e d s t a t e s of t he wo l d W ho r

k nows wh e t h e r unde r t he s t e a dy p rogre s s wh i ch p hilo sop hy

.

a d s oc i a l in s t i t u t ions woul d h av e m a de i
,
n
(fo r n t h e a g e t o
which I re fe r t h e i r p rogre ss wa s bo t h ra p i d a nd s e cure ) a m ong
, ,

l n h a ocp n t é m ul b x b
e a e as r a a a a,

a l mi d
so o s l i onj
s e se o s s e ra ,

q nd o ua j din p bl i d fl
un ar ,
re u ca e o r e s,

e ra t e o fi l d mi
e rc r mo e e s a re s .

A ll i l i l n cio d e l n h f i
e s e a oc e r a,

l j z m in q e
,

e a l d u l en as re e s se e n a z a v a ,
i t l d la f ent q co i
,

el cr s a e u e ue rr a ,

l
e y q
a rro a l m m
o ue v so a s ur u ra a,

El v i nt qu e l h j m vi
.

e o e n as o a s se o a,

l A
e q u ra l as fl ue e n sp i v o re s r e ra a

t d o m
o e ra a q é m h i t l lm
or
’
u uc o, s en a ca a,
v f nt y fl t i
a e s, ue e s, lm o re s en e n a a

N h 0 vi t p vi d t y ffi i
as s o ro en e o c o sa ,
m v o l y il m i d v j
er e a re u na a a e a,

q ueh t b b l p p al
as a e er a ur u ra a r o sa

y b d
a se a ce r c a c o y y lx ar e, a se a e a

N h 0 vi t m d m i p
as s o ena o ra a ar o sa ,

d al l
a r c e rc o s h t q dx a uz as a ue e a,
to f i l b
,

en m m o nu end ac a ra sa as

l l d ol t
as a a s e c ld or o rn as o a as

A i mi m ss ab d m h di
o r, c o ar e uc os a s,

t h iz a l
o rn o s y a l ll m
o a ro s a a a a

t m e h h
or c id t e iz f i
a s o e n r e ce n as r a s,

t t
an as v z ll do d q i m
e es o ra e u en a a

p o l m
er e q a v o r, p fi ue e n c e co n or a s,

y l i q
a o cas o n , di lp ll m u e co n scu as a a,

m im
e an y j y m ipo
a ro n , av e a ar sa

qu e m é las l
a as , y ll g e u é a la r o sa .
39 4 L E T TE R S .

a o l e of t he m o st p e fe c t p h y i ca l o rga ni a t i on wh e t h e t he
pe p r s z r
C h i s t i a n re ligion woul d h a v e a i e n o t h e b a b a r i a n s h a v e
,
r r s r r
o v e wh e l m e d t he w e ck of c i v ili a t ion whi c h ha d s u v i v e d th e
,

r r s s r
on q ue st ;and t y a nn y of t he ROm a n s ? Wha t t h e n s houl d w e
'
c r
h a v e be en ? A s it i a ll of u s wh o a e wo t h a n yt hing p n d s, r r s e

u man h oo d n unl a nin gt he folli e s o r e x p i a t ing t h e m i t a k s

,

o r I e r , s e ,

of yo ut h: we a e s t u ffe d full of p eju di e s a d o

'

u o r r r c n ur

n a t u ra l p a ss o ns a e s o m a na ge d , t h a t if we e s t ai n t h e m w e
,

i r r r

g ow int o lea it and p ec e b e ca u e w e re s t a in t h e m n o t

r r r r is ,
s r
a c co d ing t r re as on b u t a cco d ing t o
o r o r ; a n d if w e d o n O t r e r
w e d o a ll s o rt s of m i s c h i e f t o ou s e l v e s a n d
,

re s rt a n t he m i r

o t h e rs O u i m a gin a t ion a n d un de s t a n ding a re a l ike s ubje c t e d

,

r r

ul e s t he m o st a b s u rd S o m uch fo r T h e ocri t u s a n d t he
.

to r -

G e ek sr

In sp i t e Of a ll y ou a gu m e n t s I wi s h you m on e y we re o u t of
.

r r ,
r

t h e fun d T hi s m i d d l e c ou s whi c h y
s s p e a k o f a n d whi c h r e ou
r ob a bl y h a v e p l a c
.
,

m ay
p will a m oun t t o y ou lo s ing n o t a ll
e, r

y ou nco m e
r i t a ning a ll b u t h a v e t h e h a lf t a k e n a w a y
nor re i

I fe e l in t m a t e l y p e r u d e d wlia t e v e r p ol i t ic a l fo m s m a y h a ve
, , .

i s a r

p l ce in E ngl a n d t h a t no p a t y ca n c on t inu e m a n y y e a s
,

a r r ,

h h i
,

p e ra p s n o t m a n y m on t s in t h e a d m ni s t ra t ion wi t hou t
d m ni hing t he in t e e s t of t he n a t i on a l d e b t — An d onc e h a ving
, ,
‘
i i s r é

co m m e n ce d — a n d h a v i ng d on e o s a fe l y— wh e e will it e n d ?
l s r
G i v e H e n y m y kin d e s t t h a nk s fo his m o s t in t e re s t i ng l e t t e r
r r ,
a d b id h im e x p e c t
n n e fr o m m e by t h e ne x t p o s t o

M a y a n d t h e b a b e c o n t in e w e ll —La s t n i gh t w e ha d a
.

r u

m gni fi c e n t t hun d e t o m wi t h cl a p s t h a t s hook t h e h ou e lik e

.

a r s r s

t h q u a ke
,

a n ear Both M a y a d C . uni t e wi t h m in kin de s t r n e

re m m b a nc e s t o a ll
e r .

M o t fa i t hfull y y ou rs oblig d s e ,

P B S . . .

F l o r e n ce , N o v . l 6 t h, 18 19 .

LV I —T o . A LAD Y .

[E xa ct da t e u n hn o w n
]
IT ob abl e t h a t yo u w i1l b e e a n e s t t o e m p lo y t he sa c e d
IS pr r r

T o a c q u i e t h e s e y o u a re now n e c e s s i t a t e d
, ,
t li m a n of l a ngu a g e
a s r

c ifi c e m a ny h u s of t h e t i m e whe n i n s t e d of b e ing
.

t o sa r o r s a
con v e a n t wi t h p a t i c l e n d v e b s you r n a t u e inci t e s y o u t o
, ,
'

rs r s a r r

con t e m p l a t ion a n d in q ui y con c e rn ing t he obj e c t s which t h e y

,
.

r
 LE T TE R S .
30 5

c onc e a l Yo u de si e t o e nj o y t he b e a u t i e s of e loque n c e a d
r n
— t o s ym p a t h i s e in t h e o i gin a l l a ngu a g e wi t h t h e in s t i
.

p o e t y r r

t u t o s a n d m a r t y s of a nci e n t f e e d o m
r T h e g e n e ou
r a d r r s n
in spi i t ing e x am p l e s of p hilo s op h y a d v i t u e y o u d e i e
.

r n r s r

o t a s m e e fa c t s d e t a i ling n a m e
,

in t 1m a t e ly t o know an d fe e l n r s,

a d d a t e s a n d m o t ion s of t h e hu m a n bo d y b u t clo t h e d in t h e
n
ve y l a ngu age of the a c t o s — t h a t l a ngua ge d i ct a t e d b y a d
, ,

r r , n

e x p re s s ive of t he p a s s ion s an d p in c i p l e s t h a t gove rn e d t h e i r r

con duc t F a c t s a e o t wh a t w e w a n t t o know i n p o e t y in r n r

hi st o y in the l ive s of in div i d u a l m e n i n s a t i e o p a n gy i c

.
,

r r , r e r

T h y a e t h e m e e d i vi si on s t he a bi t a ry p oin t s on whi c h w e
, , .

e r r r r

h ng an d t o wh ic h w e re fe r t ho se de lic a t e a n d e va n e s c e n t hu s
,

a e

of m in d whi c h l a ngu a g e d e ligh t s a n d in s t uc t s u s in p re c i se

,

W h a t is a t a n s l a t ion of H o m e r
,

p o p o t ion a s it e xp re s s e s
r r r

in t o E ngli h ? A p e s on wh o is igno a n t of G e e k n e e d onl y

.

s r r r ,

look a t P a r di e L o s t o t h e t ra ge dy of L e r t a n s l t e d in t o
a s r a r a

F e nc h t o ob t a in a n a n a logic a l conc p t i on of it s wo t h l s s a d
,
r , e r e n

m i s e a bl e in a d e q u a cy
r T a ci t u o Liviu s o r H e o d o t u s s, r r a re
unin s t u t ive in t ra n s l a t i on Y u
.
, ,

e qu a ll y un d e ligh t ful a n d r c o

n d t o b e in t i m a t e wi t h t ho s e p e s on s who
.

r e qui re t o know a r

h ave a c t e d a d i s t ingui s h e d p a t t o b e n e fi t t o e nlig h t e n o r e v e n r

t o p e rv e t a n d inju e h u m a n k in d
, ,

r Be fo re y o u ca n d o t hi fou
r s, r

a n ci e n t
.

y ea s a
r e y e t t o b
r e con s u m e d in t h e d i c i p lin e of t h s e

l ngu a g e a n d t ho s e of m o de n E u o p e w h i h yo u onl y i m p e
a s, r r c r

fe c t ly k now a d w h i c h con c e a l f o m y ou in t i m cy s u c h n a m e s
,
n r r a
T a s s o P e t a c h a n d M a c c hi a v e lli o r Go the
,
a s A io s t o r r r e

S c h ill e Wi e l a n d e t c T he F e nc h l a ngu ge y o u like v e y

, , , ,

r, r a e r
o t h e e sp e c t bl e wom a n a l re a dy know a d if t he g e a t n a m e
, .
,
r r a n r
of R ou s se a u d id n o t e d e e m it it woul d h a v e b e e n p e rh ap s a
,

r s
we ll t h a t yo u ha d re m a in e d e n t i l y igno ra n t of it
_ ,
”
re .

LV II .
-
T o H EN R Y R E VE LE Y .

F l o r en ce, N o w . I 7 t /z, I 8 19 .

M Y D EAR H EN R — I x ce e d ingl y in t e e s t e d by y ou Y wa s e r r

l e tt a d I ca nno t b u t t h a nk y o u fo r o v e o m ing t he in p t i t u d
e r, n rc a e
of a long d i u se a t m y e qu e s t fo r m y p l e a s u e I t is a g e t
s r r r a
t h ing d on e t h e suc ce s ful c a st ing of t h e c y lin d e
.
,

m a y it b e as r-

h a p py a u s p ic e fo wh a t is t o follow 1 I hop
,

in a fe w p o s t t o
r e, s,
re m i t t h n e ce sa y m on e y fo t he co m p l e t ion M e a n whil e a e
e s r r r
n t t h o s e p o t ion s of t he wo k w h i c h c a n b e d on e wi t hou t
.
,
o ,
r r

10 1
30 6 LE T TE RS .

e x p e n se s ving t i m e i n t h i p og
a ? D o y o u t h i nk y u lo s e e r r re s s o
m u c h m on e y o r t i m e b y t h i s d e l y ?
,

a
A ll t h a t y o u s a y of t h e a l t e a t ion in t h e fo rm of t h e bo a t r

t ik e s m
s r t h oug h o n e of t h e m ul t i t u d e i n t h i
e, e p e ct as s r s
i m p o v e m e n t I long t o g e t a bo a d he a d b e a n unwo t h y
,
r r r, n r
e a s t oni h m e n t of t he Liv o rn e se wh e n
.

p a t r
a k e in t h e glo
r y of t h r s ,

s he etu n r fr o m h e c ui s e r oun d M e l lo ia
r s Wh e n d o yo u
r r r

t h in k h e w ill b e fi t f
.

s se a ? or
Y ou vol ca n i c d e s c i p t ion of t he bi t h of t h e c l i n de r is ve ry
r r
y r

c h ara c t e i s t ic of yo u a n d of it O n e m igh t im a gm e G o d wh e n *
r

h e m a d e t he e a rt h a n d s a w t he g a ni t e m oun t a in s a n d fl i t y
, .
,

r n

p o m on t o i e s flo w in t o t h e i c r a g gy fo r m s a n d t h e s p l e n d ou of
,
r r r r

t h e i fu s ion filling m ill i on s of m il e s of t he voi d s p a c e lik e t he

,

t a il of a co m e t s o looking s o d e l i gh t ing i n his wo r k

,

G d o

h is m a ch i n e s p inning r oun d t he s u n a n d d e lig h t s in it s

.
, ,
se e s ,
s u cc e ss d h a s t ake n o u t p a t e n t s t
an s u p p l y a ll t he s un s in o
s p a c e w i t h t he s a m e m a nufa c t u e
,

Y ou r bo a t will b e t o t he r

oc e a n of wa t e r wh a t t h i s e a rt h is t o t he oce a n of e t h e r— a
.

p o
r s p e ou s nr d s wift vo y er
a g a

Wh e n s h a ll w e s e e y u a l l ? Yo u n o t I s u pp o se t ill you r
.

o
bo a t is r e a dy t o s a il — a d t h e n i f t b e fo I m u s t of c ou s e
, ,
n no re , r

co m e t o Li v o rno O p l a n s fo r t h e win t e a e ye t ca c l y
, , ,

ur r r s r e

p e n d ing F e br u a y a n d M a c h
.

d e fin e d t h e y t n d t ow rd s o u e a r s r r

a t Pisa wh e e u r co m m unic t ion s will n o t b e

r o o di tant n a s s or

l e ft u s a w e e k a g n o t wi t h ou t m a n y
, ,

s o e p i s t ol a y C r o,
l a m e n t a t ion s a s a ll t u e lo v e rs p a y on s uc h o cca s ion s H e i
.

r s

w i t e m e a n a c c oun t of t he Tr i t e s t e a m bo a t w hi ch I will
.
,
t o r es -
,

t a n sm i t t yo
r o u

S h ll y a d M i s C i i
.

M rs e er e t u rn y o u t
n h e r k n d e s t s
s lu t a t ion s wi t h in t e e s t
.

a r

M o st a ff c t i on a t e l y y ou s
.
,

e r ,

P B S . . .

I i nse r t t he e xt ra c t a ll u de d to f
ro m M r Re v e le y s
.
’
l e t te r
F r iday , I z rit N ov“

v h li
.

T he e ent is no w w p as t
— bo t t he s t e a m cy n d e r a n d a ir p u m p e re -

t th o l k t h i ft n n l k hi ing
’ ’
t
ca s a re e c oc s a er oo A t t w o o c o c t s m o rn I
p i d t t h m i ll t t h t t h p l im i h h
.

re a re o e y p t i p w io se e a e re nar O e ra o ns , u on c

th l t im t
e u f f
a e t g tly d p d w
su c ce s s o ond t d wi t h a ou n re a e en s, e re c uc e

p p ro t t nt i n
er a Th m el d b i d in p it m d l b f
o e ou s a re ur e a a e c o se , e o re

th f th f n t h at t h m l t d m l l wh n t h p l g i
.
,

th m e ou o e ur a ce , s o e e e e a e e u s
d iv i ly i to t h m d fill p th v nt p l ft
,

r i m y en n, a ru n e as n e an u e ac a s a ce e

b twe th een d th h ll i o d t fo m th d i d yl i d
e c o re a n e s e n
,

r er o r e e s re c n e rs .
Th fi e w l ight d i t h f
re as t in d i th h
e n e
,

u rn a ce a n e, an n re e o u rs

th m t l w f d At t h o l k it w t th f i n
’
e e a as dy t
u se . re e c oc as re a o ca s , e us o
 LE T TE R S . 0 7

LV I I I — To
.
;
LE I G H H UN T .

F l o r e nce , N o v . 2 3, 18 19 .

M Y D EAR H U N T on t y o u w i t e t o u s ? I w a s p e
s y d
’
r r

ar ing t s e n d y o u s o m e t h ing fo r y ou r In di ca t o bu t I h a v e ”
o r,

e en a d ron e i n t e a d of a b e e in t h i bu s i n e ss t hinking t h a t p e r
s s ,

h a p s a s y o u d id n o t a cknowl e dge a n y of m y l a t e e nclo s u e s it r

woul d n o t be w e lcom e t o yo u wh a t e ve r I m igh t s e n d

, ,

Wh a t a s t a t e E ngl a n d is in ! B u t y o u will n e ve r w i t e
, .

p oli t i c s I d on t won de ; bu t I wi sh t h e n t h a t yo u woul d

’
r

i
.
, ,

w i r p a p e n t h e E x
r a m in e r on t h e a c t u a l s t a t e of t h e
“

coun ry a n d w h a t un de r a ll ci rc u m s t a n c e s of t he c onflic t ing

t , ,

p a s ion a n d in t e e s t s of m e n w e m e t o e x p e c t
s s r N o t wh a t w e
oug h t t e xp e c t o r wh a t if o a d s w e e t o h a p p e n w e
.
,

o n s n o r

m ig h t e x p e c t — b u t wh a t a s t h ing s a re t h e e is re a s on t o
, , ,

b e l i e ve will com e — a n d s e n d it m e fo m y info m a t ion E v y

, ,

r r er

wo d a m a n h a s t o a y is va lu a bl e t o t he p ubl i c n o w a d t h u s
.

r s n

y o u will a t on ce g a t ify y ou f i e n d n a y in rs t uc t a d e i t h e r r r r n

e x h il a a t e h im fo ce him t b e e si gn e d a d a wa ke n t he
, , ,

r o ,
r r o r ,
n

m in d s of t h e p e o p l e
I h a v e no s p i i t s t o wri t e wh a t I d o n o t know wh e t h e y u
.
'

r r o

will c a e m u ch a bou t ; I know w e ll t h a t if I we e in g e t

r r r a

m i s e y p ov t y e t c y o u woul d t h ink of no t hing e l e b t h o w

r ,
er , .
, s u
t o a m u s e a n d re li e v e m e Y o m i t m e if I a m p o p e rou s ou r s
I c oul d l a ug h if I foun d a j oke in o rd e t o p u t y o u in goo d
. .

, , r

b i g m k b ly
e n re p id
ar awing t th p f t i n f t h f
ra o Th o e er ec o o e u rn a c e e
m t l w l h tdt b i l i g wi t h f y
, .

e a a s a so xt m d g ea e o an d
e re e e re e , o n ur an
wi t h t h p l
,

se e mi g t n d o a n ce f ni g i t it p p f m : e e asu r e o run n n o s ro er or

T h pl g w
e u t k d m y t m f bl i h d zzl g whi t
a s s ru c an a a ss s re a o a u s a in e n e ss
fill d th m l d i t h t wi kl i g f h t ing t T h t i g wi ll
e e ou s n
,

e n n o a s oo s ar. e ca s n s
no t b el gh t b d wn Up t i ll t m w ft n ; b t t
co o e no u o e ra o- o rro a er o on u o
j dg f om ll pp n I xp t t h m t b p f t
u e r a a e ara ce s , e ec e o e er ec .
”
,

S t d y N a ur a I ov
Th y h v b n x v t d I h v x m i d th m
.
,

e a e d d wn p
ee e ca a e an ra u a e e a ne e
d f nd t h m lly p f t t h y m iv d t g t b
.

an ou e re a er ec y e a re as s e an s ro n o e ar a n
u sa g d wt i
e an se a - l m l
a e r, m I m w g ing
n s aecu a g t ly eu o r u a no o on en
wi t h t h b w k whi h d
.

e r as s - or t q i y i m m di tc xp o e s no re u re an e a e e e n se s,
d wh i h I t t d t nt i l y m y l f I h v wo km
,

an c a en o e re b t m se . a e no r en a ou e
a t p t
re s e n

Wi t h k in d t l t t i n t M S h ll y d M i C
.

es sa u a o s o rs . e e an ss
I m i m t t ly re a n, os ru
b l ig d f i n d d d v t d v t ,

Y o ur o e r e an e o e se r a n ,

H N RY W R V L E . E E EY .
 L E T TE R S .

hu m ou r wi t h m e a ft e r m y c ol d ing in goo d hu m ou r e nough t o s -

Afi c t i a t e lo v e t a n d fro m a l l T hi s ough t
’

w te t u s
r1 o e on o
t onl y t o b e t h e V l e of a l e t t e r b t a su p e c ri p t i on ove r t he
. .

no a u rs
g a t e of l ife
,

Y ou si nce fri e n d
.

r re ,

P B S H ELL EY . . .

I s e n d y o u a s on n t I d on t e xp e c t yo u t o p ubli s h it b u t yo u
e
’

m ay s ho w it t o who m y o u p l e a se
.
,
.

L I X —T o LE I G H H . U NT .

F l o r e n ce, N o v em be r , 1 8 r9 .

M Y D E AR F R I E N D — T w o l e t t e s bo t h b e a ng d t e O c t 2 0 r ri a

a r i v e on t h e s a m e d a y o n e i a l wa ys gl a d of t w i n s
, .
,
r s

W e h e a r of a box i ve d a t G e no a w i t h books a n d clo t h e s

.

a rr

it m u s t b e y ou r s M e a nwhil e t h e b a b e is wr a p t i n fl a nn e l p e t t i
co a t s a n d we ge t on w i t h him a s w e ca n H e is sm a ll h e a l t h y
.

.
, , ,
a nd p e t t y r M a y is e cove r ing r a p i d l y
. r M a i a nn e I hop e is
r . r , ,

q ui t e w e ll
d o n o t t e ll m e wh e t h e r y o u h a ve r e c e iv e d m y l i n e s on
.
_

Y ou

t h e M a nch e s t e a ffa i r T h e y a r e of t he e xo t e i c s p e ci e s a d
r . r ,
n

a e m e a nt In d ic a t o bu t t he E x a m in e r I “ ” “
o t fo r t h e
”
r n r,

woul d se n d fo r t h e fo m e if yo u li ke s o m e l e t t e rs on s uc h s ub
.
,

r r,

h w
,

j e c t s of a t a s s ugg
r e s t t e m s e lv e s in I t a l y P e h a p s I ill a t a r

v e n t u e s n d yo u a s p e c i m e n of w h a t I m e a n n e xt p o s t I
.
,

r e
E x a m in e r o l e t it s h a e
.
,

e nclo s y o u in t hi s a p i c e fo t h e
“
'
”
e e r r r

fa t e wh a t e v e t h a t fa t e m a y b e of t h e M a squ e of
,
“
th e r
A a chy
, ,
“
n r
I a m o rry t o h e a r t h a t yo u h a v e e m p loye d y ou rse lf i n t a n s
.

s r

l a t ing t he A m in t a t hough I d oub t n o t it will b e a j u st a d

“ ”
n

b e a u t iful t ra n s l a t ion Yo u oug h t t o w i t e A m in t a s Y o u ough t

,

t o e x e c i s e y ou r fa nc y i n t he p e rp e t u a l c re a t ion of n e w fo m s of
. .

r r

g e n t l e n e ss d b e a u t y an

Wi t h re s p e c t t o t a n s l a t i on e v e n I will n o t b e s e d uc e d by it
.

a l t h ough t h e G e e k p l a ys a d s o m e of t h e i d e a l d a m a s of
,

r n r

C a l d r on (wi t h wh i c h I h a ve l a t e l y a d wi t h in e x p e s s ibl e
,

e , ,
n r

won de r a n d de ligh t be co m e a cqu a in t e d) a re p e rpe t ua ll y t e m p t

ing m e t t h ow ove r t h e i p e fe c t a n d glowing fo rm s t he g e y
,
o r r r r

ve il of m y own wo ds A n d yo u know m t o o we ll t o s u sp e c t
r . e

B ll th T h i d —M S
'
P t e er e e r . .
 LE T TE R S .
3 69

t h a t I re f a i n f o m a b e li e f t h a t wh a t I coul d subs t i t u t e fo r t h e m
r r

woul d d e se rve t he re g re t whi ch you rs woul d i f s upp re s se d I

h a v e c onfide nc e i n m y m o a l s e n s e a lon e bu t t h a t is a kin d of
, .

r
o igin a li t y I h a ve only t a n sl a t e d t he C yclo p s of E u i p i d
r . r r e s,

wh e n I coul d a b s olu t e l y d o no t hing e l se ; a n d t he S ym p o iu m s

of Pl a t o whi ch is t h e d e l igh t a n d a t oni s h m e n t of a ll w h o e a d s r
I m e a n t he o ri gin al r s o m uch of t h o igin a l a s is s e e n in
,
it o e r
m y t a n s l a t ion n o t t he t ra n s l a t i on i t se l f
,
r

I t hink I h a ve ha d a n a cc e s s ion of st re ng t h s inc e m y re s i d e nce

,
.

in I t a l y t hough t he d i s e a s e i t se lf in t he s i de wh a t e ve it m a y
, ,
r
b e is n o t s ub d u e d S o m d a y w e s h a ll a ll r e t u n fr o m I t a l y
e r
I fe a r t h a t i n E ngl an d t hing s will b e ca rri e d v iol e n t ly by t he
, . .

r ul e r s a n d t h e y w ill n o t h a v l e a n e d t o yi e l d in t i m e t o t he e r

p i i t of t he a g e T he g re a t t hing t o d o i s t o h ol d t he b a l a n c e
,
s r

b t we e n p op ul a r i m p a t i e nce a n d t yra nn i c a l ob st i n a cy t o in cul

.

e
c a t e wi t h fe rvou r bo t h t he righ t of re s i s t a nc e a n d t h e d u t
y of
fo be a ra n c e Yo u know m y p ri nci p l e s inci t e m e t t a ke ll t he
r o a
goo d I ca n ge t i n p oli t ic s fo r e ve a s p i ing t o s o m e t h i ng m o e
.

r r r

I a m o n e of t ho se whom no t hing will full y s a t i s fy b u t w h o a e

.
,
.
r

e a d y t o b e p a t i a ll y s a t i s fi e d in a l l t h a t is p a c t ic a bl e
,
r r We r .

s h a ll s e e
G ive B e ssy a t hou s a n d t h a nks fro m m e fo r w i t ing o u t in t h a t
.

p e t ty n e a t h a n d y ou r kin d a n d p ow e rful d e fe nc e
r A sk w h a t
s h e woul d lik e b e s t f o m I t a l i a n l a n d
.

W e m e a n t o b ing y o u
r r

o m e t h i ng ; a n d M a y a n d I h a v e b e e n w on de ing w h a t it
.

a ll s r r
s h all b e D o y o u e a ch of y o u choo s e
Ad i e u m y d e a fri e n d
. .
, ,
r

Y ou s a ffe c t ion a t e l y v e
, ,
r e r,

P . B . S .

LX .
— F R O M S H E L LE Yt o M R O LLI E R . .

F l o r e n ce , D ece m be r I si lt , 18 19 .

D EAR S I R — Pr a y , giv e M r P r o ct e r
b e s t t h ank s f his my or
e y o u e n c lo s e d wi t h t h
.

p oli t e a t t e n t ion I r e a d t h e ar t icl e

h
.

p l e a s u e whi r c h e v e ry o n e fe e l s of cou e wh e n t e y a re p a ise d rs r

d e f n de d ; t hough t he p a i s e woul d h a v e g iv e n m
, ,

or e r mo e e r

p l e a s u e if rit h a d b e e n l e s s e x c e s s i v e I a m gl a d howe v e t o r,

t er ly cu t u p a n d t h a t by n e of t h e i o wn p e o p l e
.
,

s e t h e Qu
e ar o r

D o y o u kn ow I t h ink
.
,

P oo r S ou t h e y ha s e nough t o e n d u e r

t h e a r t icl e in B l ckw o o a c oul d n o t h a v e b e e n w i t t e n b y a

.
,
’
a r

fa vou e o f G ove rn m e n t an d a re ligioni st I d on t b e li e ve a y

r r .
’
n
3 ro LE T TE R S .

s uch o ne coul d s inc e re l y like m y w i t ing s A ft e r a ll is it n o t r

so m e fri e n d in d i gui s e an d d on t y o u know w h o wro t e it ?
.
,
’
s
T h e is o n e v e y d oll t h ing in t h e Q u a r t ly T h e y s ay
,
er r r er
H e a v e n fo bi d ! M y
.

tha t
“
m y c ha r io t whe e l s a e ~
r r
c h a io t y o u m a y t e ll t h e m w a s buil t b y o e of t h e b e t m a k e
r n s rs
in B on d S t e e t a n d it h a s gon s e v e a l t hou s a n d m il s in
, ,

r e r e
Wh a t a co m i c l t h ing it wou l d b e t m k
,

p fe c t s e cu i t y
er r a o a e
t h e fo ll owing a d v e rt i e m e n t A e p o t h v ing p v a il d in
.

“
s -
r r a re e
in t he Q u t ly R e v i w t h a t
,

c on s e q u n ce of s o m e in inu a t ion
e s s a r er e
M S h l l e y s c h a io t w h e e l s a e b roke n M C h a rt e
,
r e
’
r of B on d r r rs ,
S t e e t b e g t o a s s u re t h e p ublic t h a t t h e y a ft e h a ving c a i e d
. .
,
r s r rr
him t h ough I t a l y F a nc e a n d S wi t z e l a n d
, ,

r t ill ron t inu e in r s c

e xc e ll n t e p a i
, , ,
”
e r r.

Wh e n t he box co m e y o u m a y w i t e a no t e t o M P e a c o ck s, r r.

o r it woul d b e b e t t e t o c a ll on h im a n d a sk if my t r g dy i
r a e s

If n o t p ubli s h wh a t yo u fi d in t h e box I t h in k it
,

a cc p t e d ?
e n

will s uc c e e d a s a p ubl i ca t ion Le t P m et lte u b e p in t e d

.
,

ro s r

wi t hou t d e l a y Yo u will e ce i ve t he a d d i t ion wh i c h M s S

.

r s, r

i n w t ra n s c i bing in a fe w d a ys
. . .

s o r I t h a s a l e a dy b e n e a d t r e r o

M y P r o m et lze s is t he b e t t h ing I e v e w o t e
.
,

m a n y p e s on s r u s r r

P ra y w h a t h a v e y o u d on e wi t h P t e r B l l
. .

,
A sk M H un t e e r .

fo r it a n d fo s o m e o t h e p o e m of a i m il ar ch a c t e I e n t
r r s s ra r s

h im t o gi v e y o u t o p ubli s h I t h ink P t
,
o t b a d in his w a y e er n

b t p e h a p s n o o n e wi ll b e li e ve in a n y t h ing in t he h a p e of a
.

u r s

j oke f om m e r

O f c ou se wi t h m y n e x t box y o u w i ll s e n d m e t h e D r m t ic
.

r a a

S k t cl s f
e I h a v e onl y s e e n t he x t ra c t s in t he E x m ine
ze e a r.

T h e y h a v e s o m e p a s s a g e s p a infull y b e a u t iful Wh e n I con s i d e r

t h e vi v i d e n e gy t o whi c h t h e m in d s of m e n a e a w a k e n e d in
.

r r

t h i s a ge of ou s ough t I n o t t o cong a t ul a t e m y se lf t h a t I a m a
r r

c on t e m p o a y wi t h n a m e s wh i ch a e g e a t o
,

r r will b e g e a t o r r r r r

oug h t t o be g e a t ?
, ,
r

H a v e yo u s e e n m y p o e m j u li n n a M S u pp os e
’
a lo ?
’ ’
a a aa a

h
,

y o u p in t t a
r t in t h e m a nn e r of H un t s H r d L e a n de r ; fo
’
e o an r

I m e a n t o w i t e t h e e o t h e p o e m s t he s c e n e s of whi c h will b e
r r r

l ai d t R o m e F lo e nc e a d N a p l e s b u t t he s ubj e c t s of whic h
,

a ,
r ,
n ,

will b e a ll d r wn fro m dre a dful o b e a u t iful e a li t i e s a s t h a t of

a r r

t h i s wa
,

s .

If I h a ve h e a l t h — b u t I will n e i t h e r bo a st n o r p o m i s e I a m r

v
.

re a ing a n oc t a o on re fo m — a c o m m on p l a c e kin d of book r

p p r
w h i c h now t h a t I s e e t he p a ss ion of p a rt y will p o s t p on e t h e
g e a t s t ruggl e t ill a no t h e r y e a I h a l l n o t t oubl e m y se lf t o
,

r r, s r

By B W P t — (B y C o nw ll ) . . ro c e r a rr r a .
 L E T TE R S .
31:

fini s h hi
on I i n t e n d it t o b e a n in t uc t i ve a d
fo r t s se a s s r n
d a bl e book a p p e a l i ng f o m t he p a ssi on s t o t h e e a s on of
.

re a , r r
m en
v ly
.

Y ou rs e ry s in ce re ,

P B S . . .

LX I .
—To H EN R Y R E V E LR Y .

F l o r e nce , 1 8 th D ec , I 8 19 .

M Y D EAR H EN R — Yo u Y
i d it onl y a m oun t s t o se e , a s I sa ,

d e l a y a ll t hi s a bo m in a bl e e n a ngl e m e n t I se nd y u 84
, t 4 . o

d oll a rs o o d in a y f a n c c oni I s u p p o s e b u t y o u will t e ll m e

r r r r es

wh a t y o u re ce i ve in T u s ca n m on e y if t h e y a n o t— t he p o d uce
, , ,

re r
of £ 1 0 0 S o m y h e a rt 15 a li t t l e ligh t e n e d w h i ch I a s s u re y u
,

o
w a h e a v y nough un t il t h i m o m e n t on y ou a ccoun t
.
, , ,

s e I w it e s ,
r . r

to Me W d to p y y u
s s rs ar a o

I h a v e re c e i ve d no a t i fa c t o y l e t te fro m m y b a nke r s bu t I
. .

s s r r

m u s t e x p e c t it e v e y w e k— in a m on t h f o m t h i s
,
a t l e a st r e o r, r

d a t e wh e n I will n o t fa il t o t a n s m i t y o u t he e m a in d e r of w h a t
,

,
r r

m a y b e n e ce ss a y r

E v e y bo d y h e e is t a lking of a s t e a m s h i p whi c h is buil d ing

.

r r -

a t L gho n ; o n e p e
e on s i d a s if he kn e w t he w h ol e a ff i
r rs a a r,

t h a t h e w a s w a i t ing in T u sc a n y t t a k e h is d e p a rt u e t
,

N ap le o r o s
in it Y ou r n m ha s o t t o m y knowl e d g b e e n m e n t ion e d
a e n e,

I t h ink yo u woul d d we ll t o n c ou g e t hi s p ublici t y

.
, .

o e ra

I h a v e b e t t e h e l t h t h a n I h a ve known f a long t i m e
.

r a or

r e a d y fo r a n y s t o m y ui e W h e n will t he s hi p b e e dy t o
r cr s r a

W e h a v e b e e n fe e d ing ou s e l v e s wi t h t h e ho p e t h a t M
.

s a il ? r r

G i s bo n e a n d y ou m o t h e woul d h a v e p i d u t h e i r p o m i se d
.

r r r a s r

v i i t I did t e ve n hop e p e h p s t e ve n wi h t h t y
s no r a no s a ou

s houl d un t il t h e e ngin e is fi ni h e d g t at th i f ilu

.
, ,

My s re re s a re

h s e v e a l t i m e s i m p e ll e d m e t o go t Le g h o n — b t I h a v
.
,

a s r o r u e
a lw y a e i s t e d t h e t e m p t a t ion
s r s A sk t h e m nt e a t t he m f om e r r
W h a v e a b e d a n d roo m a d
.
, ,

m e t a pp oin t s o m e
o a ly d ay e r e n

e v e y t h i ng p
.
, ,

r pa d re re

I w i t e in g a t h a t e a s y u m a y s e e E ve r b e l v e m e m y
.

r re s o 1e

d e a H e n y y ou a t t a c h d f i n d
.
, ,

r r ,
r e r e ,

P . B . S .
 LE T TE R S .

XI I — T o
L . MR . AN D M R S G I S BO R N E
. .

F l o r ence , D e c . 2 3 r d, 1 8 19 .

M Y D E A R F R I EN D S — I o re p a i n t h a n it woul d b e
s u ffe re d m
m a nl y t o confe s s o r t h a n y o u c a n e a s il y conc e iv e f o m t h a t r

w e t c h e d unc e t a in t y a bou t t he m on e y At l a st howe ve it is

, ,
r r r,

c e t a in t h a t y o u will e ncoun t e r no fu t h e r ch e ck in t h e re c e i vi ng
.
,
r r

s u p p li e s a n d a w e igh t is t a k e n fr o m m y S p i ri t s which in s p i t e
of m an y o t h e r ca u se s of d i s co m fo rt m ake s i t s e lf known t o h v e
, , ,

b e e n a h e a vy lo a d by t he ligh t n e s s which I no w fe e l in wr i t ing

,

,
to ou
o t he s t e a m bo a t will t a ke t h re e m on t hs t o fini s h ? T he
.

ve n a l e quinox w i ll be ove r b t h a t t i m e an d t he e a rly wa ke ning

of t he ye a r h a ve p ave d t he M
r

e d i t e rra n e a n wi t h c a l m
,

Am ong
o t h e r c i rcu m st anc e s t o re g re t i n t hi s d e l a y it is s o fa r we ll t h a t
.

o u r fi rs t c r u i se w ill b e m a d e in s e r e n e we a t h e r
,

I s e n d yo u e nclo se d a m a n da t e fo r 3 9 6 f a nc e sconi which is

. .

wh a t M T o l o n ia i nco rre c t l y d e s ign a t e s a hun dre d p oun d s

,
. r

b u t a s w e coun t in t h e m on e y of t he coun t ry t ha t n e e d m a ke no
'

,
d i ffe e nc e t o u s
r

I h a ve j u st fi ni sh e d a n a dd i t ion al a ct t o Pro m e t h e u s wh i ch
.

M a ry is now t a n s c r ibing an d wh i ch w i ll be e nclo se d fo r y ou r

,

in sp e c t ion b e fo re it is t a n sm i t t e d t o t he bookse ll e r I a m
,

r
e ng a g e d in a p o l it ica l wo rk— I a m bu sy e nough a n d i f t he
.

fa cul t i e s of m y m i nd we re n o t i m pri son e d wi t hin a m in d who s e

,

b a rs a re d a il y c a e s an d vulga r d imc ult ie s I m i gh t ye t do

,
r
s o m e t h ing — b u t a s it is
,

M ar y is w e ll —b u t fo r t hi s a ffa i r in Lon d on I t hink he r s p i ri t s

woul d b e goo d Wh a t s h a ll I — wh a t can I — wh a t ough t I t o
d o ? Y o u c a nno t p i c t u e t o you rs e lf m y p e rp l e xi t y
.

r
Ad i e u m y d e a r fri e n d s
.

E v e r y ou rs fa i t hfull y a t t a ch e d
, .

, ,
P . B . S .

LX I I I .
— T o C O LL I ER . .

P is a , j an . z o tfi , 1 8 2 0 .

D EA R S I R — I se d yo u t he Wit t /z of A t l a s , a
n fa n c iful p o e m
i l bou which it co s t
,

whi h if
c , it s m e r t b e m e a s re d b y t h e a u r
wo h no h ing which I ough t
,

is rt t a n d t h e e rra t a of
P r o m e t lt eu s ,
t h v n lon inc
o a e s e t g s e — a f rm d a e ,
o i bl li
st a s o u
y will s e e .
 LE T TE R S .
3

I h a v e l a t e l y a n d bu t l a t e ly re ce ive d M r G isb o rne s p a rc e l ’

wit h e vi e w s e t c I re qu e st yo u t o con v e y t o M r Proc t e r m y

, , .
,

t h a nk s fo r t he p re s e n t of his w o rk s a s we ll a s f r t he p l e a su e
. .
,

, o r
whi ch I re c e ive d fro m t he p e ru sal e sp e ci a ll y of t he D r a m tic , a

S ke t ches .

T he re vi e w s of m y C nci (t hough s o m e of t h e m a n d e

e s p e c i a ll y t h a t m a k e d
,

John S c o t t a re w i t t e n wi t h g a t
r
“ ”
r re

g iv m e a s m u c h e ncou a g e m e n t
,

m ligni ty ) on t h e whol
a e e r

a s a p e s on of m y h a bi t r of t hin k ing is c a p a bl e of e c e iv ing s r

f o m s uch a s ou ce wh i ch i in a s m uch a s t h e y coinci de wi t h

r r ,
s, ,

a d confirm m y own d e c i s ion s

n M y n e x t a t t e m p t (if I s houl d
w i t e m o re ) will b e a d a m a in t he c om p o s i t i on o f whi c h I
.
,
r r

h a ll a t te n d t o the a dv i ce of m y c i t i cs t o a c e rta i n de g e e
,

s r r
B t I d oub t wh e t h e r I s l l l w ri t e m o e
, .

u I coul d be con t e n t za r .

e it he wi t h t he H e ll o t he Pa ra d i s e of p o e t y ; b u t t he
r r r

t o m e n t s of it s p urg a t o y e x m e w i t hou t e xci t ing m y p ow e s

r r v r

s u ffi c i e n t l y t o p u t a n e n d t o t he v e x a t ion
,

I h a v e a l s o t o t h a nk y o u fo t he p re s e n t of o n e o r t wo
.

r
of y our p ublica t ion s I a m e nch a n t d wi t h y ou L it r y
'

e r e ar

M i l l ny a l t houg h t h e l s t a rt icl it con t a in s ha s e xc i t d

.

s ce a ,
a e e

m y p ol e m ic a l fa cul t i e s s viol e n t l y t h a t t h e m o m e n t I g e t id o r
of m y o p h t h a l m i a I m e a n t s e t a bout a a n swe t o it whi ch
,

o n r
I will s e n d t o yo u i f yo u p l e a se I t is v e y c l e v e r b u t I t hi n k
, ,
r

v e y fa l se Who is you com m e n t a t o r on t he G e rm a n

.
, , , ,
*
r r

D ra m a ? H e is a p ow e ful t hink e r t hough I d i ffe r f o m h im

.

r r

t o t o cce l o a bou t t he D e v il of D a n t e a n d M il t on
,
If yo u kno w s .

him p e s on a ll y p ra y a sk h im f o m m e wh a t he m e a n s b y
r r

re ce iv ing t he sfi i it in t o m e fi
,
a n d (if e a lly it is a y goo d )
'
r r n

how o n e is t o ge t a t it I wa s i m m e a su ra bl y a m u s e d by t he
e w a y i n wh i ch t h e p op ul a r
.

q uo t a t ion fr o m S chl e g e l a bou t t h

f i t h is de s t ro ye d— fi s t t h e D e v il t h e n t he H ol y G ho t t h e n
a r s

I ha d w i t t e n a Lu cia ic e s sa y t o p ove t he
, ,

G o d the F a t h e r. r n r

sam e t h i ng T h e e a re t w b e a u t iful st o ri e s t o o in t h i s
r o

I t p l e a s e d m e a l t og e t h e r in fi ni t e l y
.
, ,

M i ce l l nys a I wa s a l so
m uc h p l e a s e d wi t h t he R e t r o sp ct iv e R ev ie w — t h a t is wi t h a ll
. .

b u t it is v e ry i ll e x e cu t d
,

t he q uo t a t ion s f o m o l d book s in it r e .

Th ti le (wh i h w w i t t n by M P
ar c e c k )w E
as
y r e r. e a co c as a n s sa on
P t y whi h th w i t
oe r , c g dd w n — t d lu i n of b b
e r e r re ar e as a or ou e s o ar a ro u s
tim es L S -

l t A hd n H wh d p it hi
. . .

1 Th w i t
'
e w th r er as e a e rc e a co a re , o, es e s
o thod xy w
r o g t dm i as f S h ll y
a g i
re a H a t nd d re r o e e
’
s e n u s. e co n e e
t h t M il t n d in m k ing th D v i l m j ti l b ing d h p d
,

a o e rre a e e a a es ca e an o e
t h t S h ll y w l d in t i m h m bl hi o l nd iv t h p i it
,
“
a e e ou e u e s s u a re ce e e S r

int o him —L S
,

. . .
 L E T TE R S .

Wh e n t he sp i ri t m ove s y o u w i t e a n d g iv e m e a a ccoun t of r n

t h e ill s ucc e s s of m y v e s e
,
r s
Wh o w o te t he e v i e w in you p ubl i c a t ion of m y Cen cz I t
.

r r r
w a w i t t e n i n a f i e n d l y s p i t a n d if y o u kno w t he a u t ho
s r r I ir r,

wi s h yo u woul d t e ll h im f o m m e how m u c h oblig e d I a m t him

, ,

r o
fo t hi s sp i i t m o e g a t ifyi ng t o m t h a n a n y li t e r a ry l u d
r r ,
r r e a .

D e a r S ir ,
Y rs ou v e ry tr ul y ,

P B S . . .

L XI V .
-
To J OHN G I S BOR N E .

M Y D EAR S I R — W e h a v e s u dde nly t a ke n t he de t e rm in a t ion

t o a v il ou s e l v e s of t hi s lo v e l y w e a t h e r t o a pp r o a c h y u a s f
a r o ar

a s P i sa I n e e d t s u e y o u unl e s s m y m a l a dy s houl d
no a s r -

viol e n t l y e t u rn yo u will s e e m e a t Le g h o n
.

r -
r

W e e m b k; a nd I p ro m i se m ys e lf t h e de l i gh t of t h e ky
.

ar s ,

t h e wa t e r a n d t h e m oun t i n I m u t u ffe r a t a n y ra te b t a s s s u

I e xp e c t t o s u ffe l e in a bo a t t h n in a c a i a ge I h a v e
, .
,

r ss a rr

ve t i l l w e m e e t
.

m a n y t hing s t s y whi c h l e t m e r e o a ser

I sym p a t h i e in a ll y ou goo d n e ws a s I h a ve d on e i n y ou r
.
,

s r

ill Le t H n y t a ke ca e of hi m s e lf a n d o t d e s i ri ng t o
,

e r r n

co m bin e t o o m a n y a d va n ta ge s ch e ck t he p rogre s s of his

.
, ,

e co v
,
r y t h e g e a t e s t of a ll
er r
R e m e m b e r m e a ffe c t ion a t e l y t o h im a n d t o M s G i s bo n e
.
,

r . r ,

a d ac
n p t fo r y ou s e lf m y un a l t e ra bl e s e n t i m e n t of
ce r ga d s re r .

M e a nwhil co n s ide re,w e ll y o u p l n which I onl y h a lf r a s,

un de s t a n d
r

E ve m o s t fa i thfu l l y y ou s
.

r r ,

B S H E LLE Y . .

F l o r en ce , 2 silt f a n ,
182 0 .

LXV .
-
To M R . AN D M RS . G I S BO R N E .

P is a , 9 t lt F e b , . 182 0 .

PR A Yl e t u s se e co st bo t h u s a d
yo u s oon o r o ur t h re a t m ay n

a v T he s t g e d i e c t i on on t h e
,

y o u s o m e t hin g
— i t t o Livo no is r a r

e n t occ a s on s ( x i t M oon s hin e ) a d e n t Wa ll ; o r a t h e

.

re s i i e n er r r
p ,

fou w a ll who s u rou nd a d t ake p ri on e rs t he G al a n a d

r s, r n s n

Dam a .
 LE T TE R S .
3 15

ou l
S e ri s y, p r a y d o no t d i sa p p oin t u s . We h a ll wa t c h t he
s

S ky, a n d t h e d e a t h of t he s ci r o c co m u st be t h e bi rt h of y ou r
'

a rr iv la .

M a ry going t o s t u dy m a t h e m a t ic s W e d e s ign t o
a nd I a re
t a k t h e m o st co m p n d iou s ye t c e t a in m e t h o d s of a i v ing a t
.

e e r rr

W e b e li e v e t h a t y ou ig h t a ngl e d T i a ng l e
,

t h e g a t r e s ul t
re s . r r r

will c on t a in t he s olu t ion of t h e p obl e m of how t o p o ce e d r r

M a y is t o o i d l e t o w i t e b t a l l
.

Do o t w ite bu t c m
n r o e r r u

t h a t h e h a s t o s a y is co m e S he j oin wi t h m e in con d e m ning

, ,
.

s s
In de e d w e oug h t n o t t o b e s o se lfis h a s t
.

t h m oonligh t p l a n
e . o

a llow y u t o co m e a t a l l
o if it is t o co t yo u a ll t he fa t igu e a d s n

a nno y a nc e of e t u rn i ng t h e s a m e nigh t
,

r B u t it will n o t b e — s o .

a di e u .

L XV I .
—T o C O LLI ER . .

P is a , M a r ch 6 t h, 182 0 .

D EA R S I R — I d o h e a r t h a t yo u h a v e e c e i v e d P r o m t h u
no t r e e s

a n d t he Ce n ci , t I h e re fo e t hink i t s a fe s t t o t e ll yo u how a d r n
w h n t o ge t t h e m if yo u h a v e n o t ye t d on e s o
e

G i v e t h e bill of l a d ing M G i s bo rn e s e n t y o u t o a b ok e in
.

r r r

t h e C i t y who m y o u e m p lo y t o g t t h e p a c k g
.

, and t o p ay th e a e, e
d u t y on t he unboun d book T h e s hi p il d in t he m i d d l e of s sa e

D e c e m b e a n d will a s s u e d l y h a v e a i v e d long b fo e no w
.

r, r rr e r
P r o m et h u U bo u d I m u s t t e ll y o u i m y f v ou i t e p o e m
.

e s n n s a r
I ch a g e yo u t h e e fo e sp e c i a lly t o p e t h im a d f e d him wi t h
, ,

r r r n e

fi e i nk a n d goo d p a p e r
, ,

n C n ci s w i t t e n f t h e m ul t i t u d e a d e 1 r or n
oug h t t o s e ll we ll I t hink if I m ay j u dg e b y it m e i t t he
.
,
s r s,
I h e no t h ing
.
,

P r o m t he u c nno t s e ll b e y on d t w e n t y co p i e s
e s a ar

e i t h e r f o m H un t o
.

r y o u o a n y e If y o r
u con d e s e n d to r on c
w i t e t o m e m e n t ion s o m e t h ing a bou t K e a t s
, , .

A llow m e p a t i c ul a l y t re q u e s t y o u t o s e n d cop i e s of wh a t e v e r
, .

r r o

I p ubli h t o H o ce S m i t h
s ra

M a y b e y o u wi l l m e i n t he
.

um m b u t in t h a t c s e I
see s er a
S h a ll c e t a inl y e t u n t o t h i s
,

r P a a d i se of E xil e s b y t h e e n s uing
r r
“
r
”

win t e r

If a y of t he R e vi e ws a bu se m e cu t t h e m o u t a n d s e n d t h e m
.

If t h e y p a i s e y o n e e d t t oubl e y ou se l f I f e l a sh a m d if
, .

r u no r r e e
I cou l d b e li v e t h a t I s h oul d d e s v e t he l a t t e t h fo m e I
, .

e er r e r r,
fl a t t e m ys e lf is no m o e t h a n a j u st t ibu t e If H un t p ra i s e s
,

r r r

m e se n d it b e c a u se t h a t 5 of a no t h e c h a ra c t e r of t hing
.
,

1 r

D e a r S i y ou s v y t ru l y
, , .

r, r er

PER CY B S HE LLEY
,

. .
3 16 LE T TE RS .

L XV I I — T o . C . O LL I E R .

P is a , M a r ch 1 3 i h, 1 8 2 0 .

D EA R S I R ,
nxiou s t o h e a r t h a t yo u h a ve e ce i ve d t he
I am a r

a rc e l f o m L
r e g ho rn a n d t o l e a r n w h a t y o u a e d o i ng wi t h t h e r
p
If it ca n b e d on e wi t hou t g e a t d i fficul t y I s h oul d
,

P r o m e t h us e r

b e v e y gl a d t h a t th e r ev ised s h e e t s m igh t b e s e n t b y t he p o s t
.
,
r

to m e a t Le g h o n I t m igh t b e d ivi de d in t o fou r p a r t i t ion

r . s,

s e n d ing m e fo ur o r fi v e s h e e t s a t onc e
M y f i e n d s h e e h a ve g re a t hop e s t h a t t he Ce nci will s ucc e e d
.

r r

a s a p ublic a t ion I t w a s re fu se d a t D r u ry L n e a l t h ough

* a

e x p re ss l y w ri t t e n fo r t h e a t ri c a l e xhibi t ion on a p l e a of t h e s t o y
.
,

be ing t o o ho rri bl e I b e l ie ve it s ingul a rly fi tt e d fo r t he s t a ge

,

Le t m e re qu e st yo u t o give m e f e qu e n t no t i c e of m y l it r a y
. .

r e r

in t er e s t s a lso .

I am de a S i r r,
Y ou v e y oblig e d e v n t
,

r r s r a

P E R C Y B S H EL LE Y
,

. .

I hop e yo u a re n o t i m p l i ca t e d i n t he l a t e p lo t + N o t h a ving .

h e a d f o m H un t I a m afra i d t h a t he a t l e a s t ha s s o m e t hing
r r

I t is w e ll known s inc e t he t i m e of Ja flie r t h a t a

, , ,

t o d wi t h it
‘
o

con p i a t or ha s no t i m e t o t h i nk a bou t his fri e n ds

.
, ,
s r .

L XV I I I — T o . MR . AN D M R S G I S BO R N E . .

P is a , Ap r i l 2 3, 182 0 .

M Y D EAR F R I EN D S— W e uch p a i n e d t o h e a r of t he a re m
illn e s s yo u a ll se e m t o h a ve b e e n s uffe ing a n d s t i ll m o e a t t he r r

W e a e i n d a il y e xp e c t a
,

a pp a e n t d ej e c t ion of y ou l a s t l e t t e r
r r r

t ion t hi s love l y w e a t h e of s e e ing y u a n d I t h i nk t h e ch a nge of

.

r o

a ir a n d s c e n e m i gh t b e goo d fo r y ou r h e a l t h a n d s p i i t s e v e n if
,
r
I s h a ll h a ve s o m e bu sin e s s a t Livo no
,

w e ca nno t e nlive n y o u r

a n d I t hough t of co m i ng t o f t c h y o u b u t I h a v e c h a ng e d
.

s oon e

m y p l a n a n d m e a n t o r e t u rn w i t h y o u t h a t I m a y sa v e m y e lf
,

s
t w o j ou rn e y s
, ,

I h a ve b e e n t h i nki n g a nd t a lking a nd e a ding Ag ri cul t u re

.

, ,
r

T hi i pp s n t l
s ay l i p of t h p
a re f C o v n t G d n
a s — L S e en or e ar e . . .

1 Th C t o S t t C on p i y L S
‘

e a re e s rac .
-
. .
 L E T TE R S .
3 17

th i s l a t we e k Bu t I a m ve ry a nxiou s t se e yo u e s p e ci a ll y
s o

now a s in s t e a d of s ix h ou rs y o u gi v e u t hi t y s ix o r p e h a p s
.
,

,
s r -
,
r

mo e r I S h a ll h e a of t he s t e am e n gin e a d y u will h e a of
r -
n o r

e e t which wi ll b e in s
.
,

ou p rl a n s wh e n w e m S ho t a t i m e t h a t o r

I n e i t h e r i nqui re n o r c o m m u n ia t e
, ,
.

E v e r a ffe c t ion a t e l y y ou rs ,
Y
.

P B S H ELLE
. . .

LX X — T o CI . O LLI E R .

P is a , M ay 1 4t h, 1 8 2 0 .

D EAR S I R ,
I e p ly t o y ou r l e t te r b y e t u rn of p o s t t o con fi m
r r r

wh a t I s a i d i n a fo m e l e t t e r re sp e c t ing a n e w e d i t ion of t he
,

r r

Ce n ci wh i c h ought b y a l l m e a n s t o b e in s t a n t l y u rg e d fo r w a d r

I e e by y ou r a ccoun t t h a t I h ave b e e n gre a t l y m i st a ke n in

.
,

m y ca l c ul a t ion s of t he p r ofi t of m y wr i t ing s A S t o t h e t ifl e r

d u e t o m e it m a y a s w e ll re m a in in y ou r h a n d s
.

A s t o t h e p in t ing of t h e P r o m e t he u b e it as y o u w i ll
.
,

r B t s, . u ,
in t hi s ca se I S h a ll re p o s e o r t u s t in you r ca re re sp e ct ing t he r

co e c t ion of t he p re s s e sp e ci a lly i n t h e l y ic a l p a t s w h e e a
,

rr r r r

m inu t e e rr o r w oul d b e of m uch cons e q u e nc e

,

M G i s bo rn e r

will e v i s e it ; he h e a d it re ci t e d a n d will t h e re fo e m o re
. .

r r r

e a d il y s e i e a n y e r o
,
r z r r

If I ha d e v e n in t e n de d t o p ubli sh j u l i n n d M dda la wi t h
.

'

a a a

m y nam y t I woul d n o t p in t it wi t h P r o m t he u s
e, e I t woul d r e

n t h a m oniz e I t is a n a t t e m p t in a d i ffe e n t s t y l e i n whi c h I

.

o r . r ,

a m n o t y e t s u e of m y s e lf— a s er m o ped s t i s w a y of t re a t ing

r e r

hu m a n n a t u e q ui t e o p p o s d t o t he i de a l i s m s of t h a t d a m a
r , e r

If y o p in t f u li n n d M dd l o l wi s h it t o b e p rin t e d in
.

u r a a a a

uno s t e n t t iou s fo m a cco m p a ni e d wi t h t he f a g m e n t of

,

som e a r r

A t h n e a n d e x a c t l y in t he m a nn e r i n w hich I s e n t it
,

a as and I
fi
,

icul l i h n nn x
_

p a t
r a y d e s r t a t m y a m e b e re n o t a e e d t o t h e s t r

e d i t ion of it in a n y c a e s

I f P t r B ll b e p in t e d (y c an b e s t j u d ge if it will e ll o r
.
,

e e e r ou s

no a n d t h e e woul d b e no o t h e e a s on fo r p rin t ing s u ch a

,
r r r

t ifl e ) a t t e n d I p ra y y o u p a t i c ul a l y t o co m p l e t e l y con ce a ling
r , , ,
r r

t he a u t ho ; a d f Em m a a d B e t t y a s t h e n a m e of P e t e r s
’
r n or re ,
s i ste r Em m a I c oll e c t is t h e e a l n a m e of t he s i s t e r of a
re r

g e a t p o e t w h o m igh t b e m i t a ke n fo r P e t e r I ough t t o s a y
.
, ,

r s

t h a t I s e n d y o u p o e m s in a fe w p o s t s t o p in t a t t he e n d o f
.

, r
P r o m t he us b e t t e fi t t e d fo r t h a t p u rp o s e t h a n a n y in y ou r
e , r

p o s se s s ion .
 3 18 L E T TE R S .

Ke a t I going t S h ow hi m e lf a g e a t p o e t ; li k
s, h Op e , is o s r e
t o bu s t t h oug h t h e c lou d s w h i c h t h ough d y d I
.

t h e su n, r t he r , ,
e n

fin e s t c ol ou s of t he a i ob s c u e d h is i s ng T he G isb o
r r, r r i rn e s

wi l l b ing m e f o m yo u co p i e s of wh a te ve r m ay b e p ubli sh e d
.

r r
whe n th e y le ave E ngl a n d .

D e a r S ir,
Y rs ou fa i thfully ,

P . B . S H E LLE Y .

LXX — T o T . . L . P EA C OC K .

P is a , M ay , 182 0 .

M Y D EAR PEAC OC K— I cong ra t ul a t e y o u l y on m o st s in c e re

y ou r cho ic e a n d on y ou r m a rr I a ge I wa s v e y m u c h r
I t is a l t og e t h e r
.

a m u s e d by y ou r l a conic a ccoun t of t h e a ffa i r .

e x t e m e l y like t h e d n o ue m e n t of o e of y ou r own nove l

r e and a s n s,

s uch s e r ve s t o a t h e o ry I onc e i m a gin e d t h a t in e v y t h ing er

a n y m a n e v e wr o t e s p ok e a c t e d o r i m a gin e d is con t a i n e d a s
,

it w e e on a ll e go ri c a l i de a of his own fu t u e life a s t h e a co n

, , , , ,

r ,
r , r

con t a in s t he a k o

I h a v e w i t t e n t o a sk him
.

B u t n o t t o a s c e n d in m y b a lloon r

t o p a y m e a v i s i t a d t h oug h I h a d no h o p e of s uc c e s
.

n I co m s,
m i s ion e d h im t o e n de a v ou t o b ng y o u
,
s T hi s b e c o m e s s t ill r ri
m o e i m p ob a bl e f o m y ou r n e w s
r r b t I n e e d n o t s y t h a t y ou
r u a r

a m i a bl e m oun t a in e r woul d m a k e y o u s t ill m o e w e lco m e

e My r .

f i n d t he G i b n e s a e now e a ll y on t h e i w a y t o Lon d on
r e s, s or r r r

w h e e t h e y p op o s e t o s t a y onl y s ix we e k s I t h ink yo will

, ,

r r u

like M rs G i sbo n H e n y is a e x ce ll e n t f llo w b t n t ve y

.

r e r n e u o r
co m m unica t i ve If yo u fi n d a n yt hing in t h e S h a p of d ul n e ss o
. .
,

e r
o t h e wi e t o e n du e in M G i bo n e e n d u e it fo r t h e l a dy s
.

’
r s r r s r r

H e a v e n s a k e l d o o t l e t h im know
.
,

s ak a d m in e ; b t fo
’
e n u r s n

t h t I t h ink him t u p i d In de e d p e h a p s I d h im a inj u st i ce *

a s r o n
H ogg will fi n d it v e y a g e e a bl e (if he p o s t p on e s h i v i s i t s
.
, .

r r s o

long o r if he vi s i t s m a t ll) t o j oin t h e m on t h e i r r t u rn I e a e

wi h y o u a d H ogg a n d H un t a d— I know o t who b e s i de s

.
,
s n n n

woul d co m e a n d s p e n d s o m e m on t h s wi t h m e t og e t h e r i n t hi s
, , ,

won de rful l a n d .

I t h ink I o u d M r G sb o r e a n a
he d id f n i n g re e a b e l a nd w e ll
l l i h d wif h v l g
. .

in fo rm e d m a n H e a n d his a m a b e a n d a cco m p s i e e a e on

h l hv wh h ll
.

be e n d ea d I s o u d no t a e p r n t e d at S e ey i s a ys of him
if a ny
l iv ng wh n ol
.

p e rso e nw
re i o m t he r e m e m b ra c e c u d a n n o y — T: L P
. . .
 LE T TE R S .
3 19

We know li t t l e of E ngl a n d h
G a l ig n a n i s p a p e r , e re I t a ke in ’

whi h fill wi h x
.

c is ed fo t e t ra c t sf o ho
r m t h e C o u r ie r , a n d r m t se
a cc oun ob bl h h
t s it a p p e a r s p r a li l un ni i
e t a t t e r e is b u t tt e a m ty
in of o l wi h on
t he m a ss t he p e p e i tu oft h e o ne S d e t he s cc e ss
m ini s on oh
s t e r , a nd x ion of oo
t h e t e r t h e e a sp e r a t t he p r

ubl i h i n i if h
.

I g b n
s e e m y t r a e dy ha s ee re p s ed Pa r s ; t a t is
ough
t h e! c a s e , itll i n on ont t o se I h no hing f o
L d but e ar t r m

O ] ] ie r .

Ih v l hi win
a e s ffe r e d e t re m e y t u
I s x
t e r ; bu t fe e m y s e m s t l lf o
u n of ing I
m a t e r ia lly b e t t e r a t t h e r e t r spr am t he e . on whol
g l bn fi
re a t y i nc in I l
e e t e d b y m y re s d e e t a y , a n d b u t fo r c e rt a in
o l u
m ra c a s e s S houl ob bl h v b n n bl
d p r a y a e e e e a e d t o r e e st a s bli h
-

s
m y sy t e m co l l li v
m p ete y B e e e m e , m y d e a r Pe a c , y r s
. co k ou
ve ry s inc e e ly r ,

P B S . . .

Pra y ma e k my b e st re ga rd s a cce p t a bl e to y ou r new

co m p a nion .

L XXI .
—T o J O HN G I S BO R N E ,

(L ON D O N ) .

P is a , M ay 2 6 t h, 1 8 2 0 .

M Y D EA R F R I E N D S — I w i t e t o y o u t h u s e a l y b u se I r r e ca

h v de t e m in e d t c p t of y ou k in d offe bou t t h c
,

a e r o a ce r r a e or
re c t ion of P om e t he u s “
T he boo k s e l l e r m a k s d i ffi c ul t i
r
”
e es

d t w h om e l s c I s we ll
.

a bou t s e n d ing t he p r oof t o m e s an o e an o

e n t u s t w h a t I a m s o m uch in t e e s t e d in h a v ing d on e w e ll
,

r d r an

t o who m woul d I p e fe t o o we t h e r e c oll c t ion of a r r a d d i t ion l e n a

kin dn s d on e t o m e ? I e nclo se y o t w o li t t l p a p
e s of u e e rs
c o re c t ion s a d a d d i t ion s — I d
r n n t t h ink y o will fi d a y o o u n n

d i ff c ul t y in in t e p ol t ing t h e m in t o t h i p o p e p l a c e s
i r a e r r r

We ll h ow d o y li k e Lon d on a d y ou j ou rn e y ; t h e A l p s
.

ou n r

in t h e i r b e a u t y a d t h e i e t ni t y ; P i s in it s s lig h t a d
, ,

n r er ar n

t ra n s i t o y c olou s ; a n d t he w e a i o m e p l a in s of F a n c e — a d
r r r s r n

t he m r l p e o p l wi t h w h o m y o u d a nk t a l s t nig h t ? A bo v e
o a e r e a
a ll h w a e y o o ? A n d of t h e l a s t q u e s t ion b e li v e m e w e a
r u e re

e p l y— un t il whi c h I will sa y no t h ing

, , ,

a nxiou s l y w a i t ing fo r a r

a s k a n yt h ing I e l y on t h e j ou n a l wi t h a s m uch s e cu i t y
,
‘

n o r r r r

e a l e a d y w ri t t e n
.

a s if it w er r

I a m j u s t re t u n e d f o m a v i s i t t o Le gho n C a s ci a no a d
.

r r r n

I bough t t he v a s e s yo u s a w
, ,
o u r o l d fo rt e s s a t S a n t E l m o
’
r .
320 LE T TER S .

fo r bou t t we n t y s e qui n s l e s s t h a n M i c a l e a ke d a n d ha d t he m
a s ,

p a ck e d u p a n d b y t h e p oli t e a s s i t a n ce of y ou fr i e n d M s r r
I foun d y ou r G i u s e p p e v e y
, , , .

G u e b ha r d s e n t t h e m on bo a d r r
u e ful i n a l l t hi s bu s in e s s H e go t m e t a a n d b re a kfa s t a n d I
, .

s . e ,
S l e p t in y ou r hou se a n d d e p a t e d e a l
y t he n e x t m o r ning fo r r r
E ve y t h ing e e m s in e x c e ll e n t o rd e a t C a s a R ic c i
,

C a ci a no
s r s r
—g a rde n p ige ons t a bl e s ch a i rs a n d b e d s A S I did o t fi d
.
“

, , , , . n n
m y b e d s e a l e d u p I l e ft it a s I foun d it Wh a t a glo iou s r

p o s p e c t y o u h a d f o m t he w i n d ow s of S a n t E lm o l
, .

’
r r T he
e no m ou s r ch a i n o f t he A p e nnin e s wit h it s m a n y fol de d ,
-

r i d g e s i s l a n d e d in t h e m i s t
y d i s t a nc e of t h e a ir ; t he s e a s o
im m e n se l y d i st a n t a p p e a ing a s a t y our fe e t ; a n d t he p o
, ,

, r r
d ig io u s e xp a n se of t he p l a in of P i s a a n d t he d a rk gre n e
m a r s h e s l e s n e d a l m o s t t o a s t i p b y t he h e igh t of t he blu e
,
se r
m oun t a in s o v e h a nging t h e m T h e n t h e w i l d a n d un re cl a i m e d
r

f t i l i ty of t he fo e g roun d a n d t he c h e s t nu t t re e s who s e viv i d

.

er r , ,

foli a ge m a d e a s o rt of re s t ing p l a c e t o t he s e ns e b e fo e it d a rt e d -
r

i t s e lf t o t he j a gge d ho rizon of t hi s p o sp e c t I w a s a l t og e t h e r r
I ha d a re sp i t e f o m m y n e v ou s s ym p t o m s which
.

d e li gh t e d
,

r r
w a s co m p e n sa t e d t o m e b y a v iol e n t col d i n t he h e a d
,
.

The e . r
w a s a t a d i t ion a bou t y o u a t S a n t E l m o — A n E ng l is h f m ily
r
’
a
t h t h d l iv d he
a a in t h t im e f t he F r en ch
e re T he d oc t o r t o o
e o

T h e h ou s e is in a m o s t d i l a p i d a t e d
.
, ,

a t t he B a gni kn e w y o u , .

con d i t ion b t I s u p p o a ll t h a t is cu ra bl e
u se

W e go t o t he B a gn i n e x t m on t h— b u t s t ill d i e c t t o Pi sa a
, .

*
r s

s a fe s t I s h a ll w i t e t o y u t he lt im t es of m y co m m i s s ion in
. r o u a

m y n e xt l e t t e I a m un d e going a c ou s e of t he P i s a n b a t h
r. r r s,

on whi ch I la y no s ingul a s t e s s— b t t h e y s oo t h e I ough t t o r r u

h a ve p e a c of m i n d l e i s u e t a nquilli t y ; t h i s I e xp e c t s oon
.

e r r
O u r a nxi e t y a bou t G o d w i n is ve ry gr e a t a n d a n y info rm a t ion
.
, ,

t h a t y u c oul d g i ve a d a y o r t w o e a r li e r t h a n h e m i gh t
,
o

re s p e c t i ng a y d e c i s i v e e v e n t in h is l a w s u i t woul d b e a g e a t
,
n - r

li e f Y ou i m p re ss ion s a bou t G o dwi n (I sp e a k e s p e ci a ll y t o

,
re r

M a d onn a m ia who h a d kno wn h im b e fo e ) w i ll e s p e ci a ll y

.
,

,
r ,
in t e st m e Yo u know t h a t a dde d y e a rs onl y a dd t o m y
er

a d m i ra t i on of h is in t e ll e c t u a l p ow e rs a n d e ve n
.

t he m o a l ,
r

re s ou c e s of hi ch a a c t e
r O f m y o t h r f i e n d s I s a y no thing
s r r. e r

ne o th e
.

T o s e e H un t is t o like h im ; a n d t h e e i e co m m e n da r s o r r

t ion w h ich h e h a s t o y o u h e is m y f i e n d T o know H if r

is t o know s o m e t h i ng ve ry unl i k e
.
,

a y o n e ca n know h im
n

a n d i n e x pr s i bl y s u p e io
, ,

t o t h e g e a t m a s s of m e n
’

es r r, r

Wi l l H e n y w i t e m e a a dam a n t i n e l e t t e r flowing n o t like

.

r r n ,

B th a f n t l w m p ing di t nt fou m il f m —
s o a u ra Pi
ar d s r s a r es ro sa , a n
ll d indi ff nt ly B gni di Pi G i l i no
,

ca e e re d B gni d i S a M S sa , a n a an u a . . . .
 L E T TE RS . 2 1

t he wo rds of S o phocl e s wi t h hon e y b ut m ol t e n b a s s a n d i on

, , r r ,
a d b i t ling wi t h wh e e l s a n d t e e t h ?
n r s I a w h i s t a m bo a t s s e -

a s l e e p un d e t h e w a ll s I wa s a f a i d t o w a k n it a d a sk it
r r e n
w he t h e r it w a s d e a m i ng of him fo r t h e s a m e re a s on t h a t I
.
'
,
r

woul d h a ve re f a in e d f o m a w a ke ning A i a dn e a ft e r T h e se u s
,
r r r ,
h a d l e ft he r— unl e ss I ha d b e e n B a cchu s
A ffe c t ion a t e l y a n d a nx i ou s l y y ou
.

rs, .

P B S. . .

L XXI I .
—T o M R . AN D M R S G I S BO R N E ,
.

(LO N D O N ) .

M Y D EAR F R I EN D S — I c e rt a i n d e gre e in diffe re n t a s

am t o a
t o t he r e p l y t o o u l a st p r o p o s a l a d t h er e fo e w ill n o t a llu d e
r n r
P e rm i t m e onl y on s ubj e c t s of t h i s n a t u re t o e x p e s s o
, , ,

t o it r ne
s e n t i m e n t wh i ch y o u woul d h a v e gi v e n m e c re d i t fo e v e n if
.

r,

Le t no c on s i d e a t ion s of my in t e e s t o a n y
,
n o t e xp r e s s e d r r r

f o m w h ic h t he fun ds w e e s u p p li d
.
,
r e t o p e c t t o t h e s ou r c
r s e r r e
m o d ify y ou r d e c i s ion a s t o
,

e t u rning a n d p u s uing o r a b a n d on r r
ing t he a d ve n t u of t he s t e a m ngin e M y obj c t w
re ol l y
-
e e as s e

y ou t u e a d va n t a g e a d it is w h e n I a m b a ffl e d of t h i b y a y
.

r r n s, n

h ll b e ill e q ui t e d N a y
,
a t t e n t ion t a m e e fo m
o that I r r s a -
r

y ou in t e e s t s h oul d y o u ob t a i n a l m o s t
.
, ,

m o re I t hink it fo r r r

w h a t e ve r S i t u a t i on fo H e n y t o a c c e p t C l e m e n t i s p 0 p s a l
, ,
’
r r r o

a n d e m a in in E ngl a n d — n o t w i t hou t a c ce p t ing it fo r it d o e s

, ,

r ,

no m o re t h a n b a l a nce t he d i ffe e nc e of e xp e n s e b e t we e n I t a ly r

a n d Lon d on ; a n d i f yo u h a v e a n y t u s t in t h e j u st ic e of m y r

m o ra l s e n se a d b e li e v e t h a t in wh a t c on c n s t r u e honou a d
n er r n

vi rt uou s con d uct i n l i fe I a m a n e xp e i e n ce d coun s e llo y u

,

r r, o
will n o t h e si t a t e — t h e s e t hing s b e ing e qua l — t o a c e p t t h i s
,
c

p p o
r o s a l T h .e o p p o s i t ion I m a d w h il e y o u w e e in I t l y t o e, r a ,

t h e a b a n d on m e n t of t h s t e a m bo a t p oj e c t w a s foun d e d y u e -
r o

we ll know on t he m o tiv e s whi ch h a v e influ e nc e d e v e y t h ing

, ,

t h a t e v e ha s gui d e d o e v e will gui d e a n yt hing t h a t I ca

,
r r r do n

I t houg h t it a g a in s t H e n ry S i t e e s t
,

e s p e c t ing y o u
’ '

o r s ay r n r

I t h ink it now g in st h is in t e e st t h a t he a n d yo u h oul d

. .

a a r s

a b a n d on y ou p o p e c t s
r in E rngl a n
s d A S t o u s —w e a e un r

c e t a in p e op l e who a re c h a s e d by t he p i i t s of o u r de st iny
.

r ,
s r

fr o m p u p o se t p u p o se like clou d s by t h e win d

r o r

T h e e is o n e t h ing m o e t b e s a i d If yo u d e ci de t o re m a in
.
,

r r o
i n E ngl a n d a s su e dl y it woul d b e fooli s h t o re t u rn You r
.

,
r .

j ou r n e y woul d co s t y o u b e t w e e n 1 0 0 a n d £ 2 0 0 a s u m far ,

10 2
32 2 L E T TE RS .

g e a t e t h a n yo u coul d e xp e c t t o s a v e b y t he i ncre ase d p ri c e by

'

r r

w h i c h yo u woul d e ll y ou t h ing s R e m i t t he m a t t e t o m e a d
s r r n
I will c a s t o ff m y h a bi t u a l c h a c t e r a d a t t e n d t o t he m inu t e st
.
,
ar n

d e v il t k e h is n a m e I c a n t w i t e it
,

p oin t s Wi t h M G ’ ’
r s, a r
— yo u know w h o a s s i t a nc e a ll t h i s m igh t b e a c o m p li h e d I n
.
,
.
,
’
S, s c s

s u c h a m a nn e r a s t o a v e a v e y con s i d e a bl e T h oug h I
,

um s r r s

s h a l l s u ffe
.

f o m you r d e ci s ion in t he p o p o rt ion a s y ou r s oci e t y

r r r

is d e lig h t ful t o m e I c a nno t fo b e a r e x p re ss ing m y p e s u a ion

,
r r s ,
t h a t t h e t i m e t he e x p e n se a n d t he t r oubl e of e t u rning t o I t a l y r

i f y ou r ul t i m a t e d e ci s ion be t o s e t t le i n Lon don ough t all t o b e

, , ,

A y e a r a m on t h a w e e k a t H e n y s a ge a n d w i t h h is
,
’
sp a e d r r

I t wa s t he d e p t h w i t h
.
, , , ,

p u p o s e s ough t n o t t o b e un e m p lo y d
r e

w h ic h I fe lt t hi s t ru t h which im p e l l e d m e t o i nci t e him t o t hi s

.
,

a d v e n t u re of t he s t e a m bo a t
,
-
.

L XXI I I — T o . T L P EAC OC K
. . .

Leg ho r n , j u ly 1 2 th, 1 8 2 0 .

M Y D EAR P EA C OC K— I i d t h a t wh e n re m e m be r yo u sa
m a i e d y o u w e e a f a i d yo u woul d se e
rr r h e a b t li t t l e of him
r or r u .

T h e re a e t w o voic e s sa y s Wo r d s wo r t h o e of t h e m oun
“ ” “
r n

t a in s a n d o e of t he s e a e a ch a m igh t y v oic e S o yo u h a v e
, ,
”
n

t wo w i v e s — o n e of t he m oun t a in s a ll of who s e cl a i m s I p e fe c t l y
, .

a d m i t who s e d i s p l e a s u re I d e p r e c a t e a n d fr o m who m I fe e l
'
,

d t h a t I h a ve no t h i ng t o fe a r : t he o t h e of t he se a
, ,
as u s re r

k v
,

p e h r p s maa e s y o u w i
, t e s m uch t h a t y o u h a e n o t a s c ra wl
r o ,

to p s I m a ke bol d t o w i t e t o yo u on t he n e w s t h a t y o u a re
a re r

co r e c t ing m y P r o m et h u fo r wh i c h I e t u n t h a nks I h e a r of
.

r e s, r r .

y o u f o m M r G i bo rn e b u t fro m y o u I d o n o t h e a r
r s

N o t h i ng I t hink s how s t he g e n e ou s gullibil i t y of t he E ngl i s h

. .
,
r

n a t ion m o re t h n t h e i h a v ing a do p t e d he S cre d M j s t y at

, ,
a r r a a e

t h e h e r o i n e of t he d a y in s p i t e of a l l t h e i p j u d ic e s a n d r re

bigo t y I f m y p a t of cou s e wi h no h a m t o h a p p e n t o
,
r or r , r s r

e v e n if a s I fi m l y b e li v e a m u se d h e s e lf in a
.
,

h e r, he h S a s, r e r

m a nn e r a t h e r i n d e co ou wi t h a y cou i e r o r b a on B u t I
,

r r s n r r

c a nno t h e l p a d v e t ing t o it a s o n e of t h e a b s u d i t i e s of r o ya l t y
.

r r

t h a t a v ulg a r wo m a n wi t h a ll t h o s e low t a s t e s whi c h p eju d ic

,
r e

c on i d e rs a s vi c e s a d a p e s on who s e h a bi t s a d m a nn e s
,

s n r n r

ev y o e woul d S h un i n p i v a t e life w i t hou t a n y e de e m ing

,

er n r r

vi t u e s s houl d b e t u n e d i n t o a h e ro i n e b e ca u s e s he is a qu e n
,

r r e

hu s b a n d is a kin g a n d
, ,

o r,a s a coll a t e ra l r e a s on b e c a u se h e ,
r
 LE T TE R S .
323

he , no l e s s t h a n his m ini s t e s a re s o o d iou s t h a t e v e yth ing r r

h ow e v e d i gu s t ing wh i ch is op p o s e d t t h e m is a dm i a bl
, ,
r s o r e
T h e P a i s p p r w h ic h I t a k e n cop i e d s o m e e xc e ll e n t re m a rk s
, , .
.

r a e ,
I ,

f o m t he E x m ine a bou t it
r a r

We a e ju t now o c cup y ing t he G i b o rn e s hou s e a t Le g h o n

.

’
r s s r

a d I h a ve t u n e d M R e e l e y s wo k h o p in t o m y s t u d y
,
’
n r r v Th r s e

Lib e c chio h e e howl s lik e a c h o u of fi e n d s a ll d a y a d t h e

. .

r r s ,
n

We a t h e is ju s t p l e a a n t
r n o t a t a ll h o t t h e d a y s b e ing v
s -
y er

m i s t y a d t h e nig h t s d iv in e l y s e e n e I h a v e b e e n a ding
, ,

n r re

wi t h m u c h p l a su e t he G e e k om a n ce s T he b e s t of t h e m is
.
,
e r r r

b u t t h e y a re a l l v e ry e n t e t a ining a n d
.

t h e p a t o a l of Longu s
s r r
woul d b e d e ligh t ful if t h e y w e re l e ss h e t o ic a l a d o n a t e I
,
r r n r .

a m t a n s l a t ing in o t t
r r im t h e Hy m n t o M r cu ry of H o m e r
av a a e .

O f cou e m y s t a nz a p re clu d e a li t e a l t ra n s l a t ion

rs M y n e xt s r

h ould be l e gibl e a q u a li t y m uch t o b e

.

e ffo t will b e t h a t
r it s —
,

d e s i e d in t ra n s l a t ion s
r

I a m t ol d t h a t t he m a ga i n e s e t c bl a sp h e m e m e a t a g re a t z

I won d w hy I wri t e ve e fo nobo d y re a ds t h e m I t

,
.
,

r a te . er rs s, r .

is a kin d of d i o d e fo r whi c h t h s e gul a

r p ra c t i t ion e s
r, e r r r

p e s c ib e wh a t is ca ll e d a t o r e n t of a bu se
r r b u t I f a t h a t ca nr e r

h dly be c on s i de d a s a sp ci fi
ar re e c

I e nclo se t wo a dd i t i on a l p o e m t o b e a dde d t o t h o s e p rin t e d

.

s,

a t t he e d of P r o m t heu s
n a n d I s e n d t h e m t o yo u f
e : fe a or r

O lli e r m igh t n o t know w h a t t o d o in c a se h e obj e c t e d t

,

om e o s

e x p e s ion
r in t he fift e e n t h a d s ix t e e n t h s t a nz a s
s s d that y n an ou
woul d d m e t he fa v our t in se t a n a st e ri k o r a s t e i sk s wi t h
o o r s r

T he o t h e r p o e m I
,
a s li t t l e e x p e n s e t o t h e s n s e a m ay be e s .

send t t t o m a ke t w o l e t t e s I w a n t Jon e s Gr h ’
o r
y u o no s ee

G r m m r v e y m uc h fo
.
,

a a M a y who is d ee p in G e e k
r r I r r

t h oug h t of se n d ing f r it in s h e e t s b y t h e p o t
.
,

o b u t a s I fi n d it s

woul d c o s t a s m uch a s a p a l I woul d a t h e h a v e a p a c l rc e r r r e

i n lu ding it d s o m e o t h e book s w h i ch y u woul d d m e a

, ,

c an r o o

g a t fa v ou r b y s e n d ing by t he fi t S h i p N e v e r s e n d u m o
,

re rs s re

e v i e w s t h a n t w o b a c k on a n y of Lo d B y on s wo k s a s w e
.

’
r r r r
— B e l i e v e m e m y d e a P a cock
,

g e t t h e m h e r e ,
r e ,

S inc e e l y a n d a ff e c t ion a t e l y y ou s r r ,

P . B . S .

Jon e s s G r e eh G r a m m a r ; S c hr e v e l u
’
Lexi co n ; T he G r ee k
E x e r cis e s ; M e l i n co u r t , a n d H e a dl ong H a l l , p a p e r s, I n di
ca t o rs , a n d wh
a t e e r e se y o u m a y t v l h in k in t e re s t G d ing ’
s . o win
A nsw er t o M a l t hu s, o ut if .

Th w e se e re t he 1 5th a n d 1 6 th st a nz of th as e Ode t o L iber ty — T L P . . . .

 L E T TE RS .

L XXI V — T o . M RS . S H E LL E Y ,

(LE G H O R N ) .

M Y D EAR LOVE— I b e l i e ve I s h a ll h ave t ake n a v e ry p l e a s an t

a d p ciou s a p a rt m e n t a t t h e B a g i fo r t h r e e m on t h s I t s as
n s a
n I

a l l t he o t h e s a e — de a r I s h a ll g ve fo rt y o r fo ty fi e s quin s
.

r r i r -
v e

fo t h t h e m on t h s b u t a s y e t I d o n o t kno w which
.

r e re I oul d c

h h
.
,

g e t o t e s o m e
rst hing c e a p e a n d a g r e a t d e a l wo rs e ; b u t if r,

w e woul d w i t e it is e qui s i t e t o h a v e s p a c e
r ,
r .

T m o ow e v e ning o r t he following m o rnin g yo u will

o rr

i j
, ,

p r ob a bl y s e e m e T is p l a nn ng a ou n e y t o E ngl a n d t o r

i v h
.

s e cu e h is o t n t h e e n t of a r e volu t ion whic h e is

r
p p y e e r r

p e rs u a d e d s on t h e e v e of e xp lo di ng I n e i t h e b e li e ve t h a t
, ,
i r

d o I fe a r t h a t t he con se qu e nc e s will b e s o i m m e d i a t e l y
.
, ,

no r

d e s t ruc t i v e t o t h e e xi s t ing fo m s of s o c i al o d e r M on e y will b e r r

d l a y e d a n d t h e e x c h a ng e e d uc e d ve y l o w a n d m y a nnu i t y
.

e r r

a d M s M s on a ccoun t of t h e s e b e ing m o n y will b e i n s o m e

, ,
’
n r e

B e si de s it will o t b e s
.
.
, ,

d a ng e r ; b u t l a n d is q ui t e sa fe api d n o r

Le t s h o p e w e s h a l l h a v e a e fo m
.
.
,

u T will b e lull e d in t o r r

s e c u i t y w hi l e t h e S low p og e of t hing is s t i l l flowi ng on

.

r r r ss s

thi a ff i r of t h e Q u e n m a y a p p e a r t o b e blown ove r

, ,
a ft e r s a e

T h e e a e b d n e w s f om P l e m o t h e s ol d i e s e s i s t e d t he
.

r r a r a r r r

s l a ug h t e
.

p e o p l a d a t e r ibl
e, n a m oun t ing it i
r e s a i d t o fou r, s r

v e n t howe ve w a a s it shoul d
, ,

t hou sa n d m e n e n s u d T he ,
e . e ,
r, s

be S i c il y like N a p l e s is fre e B y t he b i e f a n d p a t i a l r r

a ccoun t s of t he F lo e nc e p a p e r it a p p e a s t h a t t h e e n t hu s i a s m
.
, , .

r r

of t he p e o p l e w a s p ro di giou a n d t h a t t he wo m e n fough t f o m
,

s, r

t he hou s e s r a ining d own boiling oil on t h e a s a il a n t s s

I a m p o m i s e d a bill on Vi e nn a on t he st h t he d ay on which
.
,

m y no t e w ill b e p a i d a n d t h e d a y on whi c h I p u p o s e t o l e a ve
,

Le g h o rn M rs M is v e ry unh a pp y a t t he i d e a of T s going t o
,
’
. . . .

E ngl a n d t hough s h e s e m t o f e l t h e n e c e s s i t y of it
,
e S om e s e .

t i m e o o t h e h e m u s t go t
r r se t t l e h is a ffa i rs a d t h e y s e e m t o o n

t he b e s t O p p o t un i t y h a ve no t hough t
,

a g e e t h a t t hi s i
r s r

of l e a ving I t a l y T he b e s t t hing w e c a n d o is t o sa ve m on e y
.

a d if t hing s t a k e a d e c i d e d t u n (w h ic h I a m con v inc e d t h e y

.
,

n r
w ill at l a s t b u t n o t p e h a p s fo t w o r t h e e y e a rs ) it will b e
, ,

r r o r

igh t a n d p re s e ve m y a nnui ty
, ,

t i m e fo m e t o a se t m y
r s r r s, r

M e a nwh i l e a no t h e e v e n t m a y d e ci d e u s
.

r K s s we e t ba b e is

i I love y o u a ffe c t i on a t e l y
,
.
,

a dn k s s ou s e lf fo r m e —
y r .

P B S
C a s a S il v a ,
S u nday m o r n ing , 2 3 r d j u ly , 1 8 2 0 .
 LE T TE RS .
32 5

I h ave t a ke n t he hou se fo r fo rt y s e qu i n s fo t h re e m on t h s — a r

goo d ba ga in a d a v e ry goo d h ou se a s t hing s go — t hi s is

r n

a bou t t h i t e e n s e q uin s a m on t h T m o ow I go t look o v e r

,
r -
o- rr o

t he in v e n t o y e x p e c t m e t h e re fo r e on T u e s da y m o rn i ng
.

r .

S u n day e v en ing .

L XX V — T o . M R S S H E LLE . Y ,

( U L I A NO )
BA G N I D I SAN GI .

I A M a f a i d m y d e a e s t t h a t I s h a ll n o t b a bl t o b e wi t h
r r e e

o row e ve ning t hough I s h a ll u se e ve y

, ,

y o u so s oon a s t o m -
r r

D e l R o ss o I h ve o t s e e n n o s h a ll un t il t h i s e v e n
,

e x e t ion
r a n r

ing J a cks on I h a ve a d h e i t o d ri nk t e a wi t h u t h i s
.
,

n s s
e v e ning a d b ing t h e C ns t it u t io n e l
.
,

n r o n

Yo u wi l l h a v e s e e n t he p p e
.
,

b u t I d oub t t h a t t h e y will n o ta rs ,
con t in t he l a t e s t a d m o t i m p o t a n t n e w s I t is c e t a in b y
a n s r r

v h h
,
.

p r i t e al e tt e s f o m m e c
r a n t s t
r t a s iou s in u e
r c t ion h a s a er s rr
b ok n o t a t Pa i a n d t he r p o r ts l a st nig h t a t h a t a
,

r e u r s, e re , n

a t t a c k m d e b y t h e p o p ul c
a on t h e T uil i e s s t ill c on t inu e d a e er

w h e n t he l a t a c c oun t ca m e a w y A t N a p l e s t he c on t i
s s a s
l p a ty h a v e d e cl t h a t if
.

tuti o na r d t o t h A u t i a n m ini t a re e s r s e r,

t h e E m p e o r h oul d m k e w a on t h e m t h i fi t a c t ion woul d

r s a r ,
e r rs

be t o p t t o d e at h u l l t h m e m b s of t he r o y a l fa m il y— a
a e er

n e c a y a n d m o s t j u s t m e su e w h e n t he fo c e of t he c m
e ss r a r r s o

b a t a t s a s w e ll a s t h e m e i t s of t h e i r e s p e c t i v e c a u se a e s o
,

n r r s, r

un e q u a l T h a t king s s h oul d b e e v e ry wh e e the ho s t g e s fo r

,

r a
lib e t y w e e a dm i bl e
.

r r ra .

Wh a t will b e c o m e of t he G isb o e s o r of t he E ngli s h a t rn

P a i ? H o w s oon w i ll E ngl a n d i t se lf a n d p e h p I t l y b e
,
r s ,
r a s a ,

c a ugh t by t h e s a c e d fi re ? A d wh a t t o c o m e f o m t h e s ol a r
r n ,
r

s y t e m t o a g a in of sa n d s h ll w e d o
s r ,
a

Ki s s b a b e f m a n d you own s e l f I a m s o m e wh a t b e t t e
or e, r r,

b u t m y S i d e s t ill v x e s m e — a l i t t l e
.

You r a ffe c t i on a t e S
.

[ g
Le ho r n ], Ca s a R icci, S ep t . 1 s t, 1 8 2 0 .

L XXV I — T o J AM E S . O LLI E R .

P is a , N o v e m be r l ot h ,
1 82 0 .

D EA R S I R — M r i bo n e ha s e n t m e a c o p y of t h P
G s r s e ro

wh i ch
.

m e t he u s , is c e t a inl y m o s t b e a u t ifully p rin t d I t is t o be

r e .
 L E T TE R S .

ie gre t t e d
'
h
t a t t h e e rr o s of t he p re s s a re s o nu m e ou s a n d
r r In

s o d e s t uc t i v e of t h e s e n s e of a
,

n e s p e ct
ma y r s r p e ci e s of o
p et y s r

wh i ch I fe a r, e v e n wi t h ou t t hi s d i s a d v a n t a g v y fe w wi l l e, er
l ike I sh a ll s e n d yo u t he l i st of err t in a da y
,
un de rs ta n d o r . a a
or t wo .

I n d s o m e p o e m s t o be a dde d t o t h e p a m p hl e t of j u l n
se za
a nd M dd l o a I t h ink y o u h a v e s o m e o t h e s m a ll e r p o e m s
a r

b lon gi ng t o t h a t coll e c t ion a n d I b e li e ve yo u know t h a t I d o

.

n t w i s h m y n a m e t o b e p r in t e d on t he t i t l e p a g e t hough I
,

o -
,
h a ve no obj e ct ion t o m y b e ing known a s t he a u t ho r

I e nclo s e l s o a no t h e p o e m wh i ch I d o n t w i s h t o b e
.

a r ,
o

p in t e d wi t h j u l i n n d M dd l o b t a t t h e e nd of t h s e con d
r a a a a u e

of a y o t h e of m y w i t i ng s t o wh i c h m y
,
e d i t ion of t h e C n ci o e r n r r
n am e is a ffi x e d i f a y o t h e s houl d a t p e s e n t h a v e a r i v d a t a
,

n r r r e
s e con d e d i t ion wh i ch I d o n o t e x e c t I h a ve a p u p o s i n
,

r e
p
t hi
, .

sa rra ng e m e n t a n d h a v e m a rk e d t h e p o e m
,
I m e a n by a
c oss
r

I c a n s ym p a t hi se t o o fe e lingl y in you b ro t h e r s m i fo t un e
.

’ *
r s r

I t ha s b e e n m y h a d fa t e a l s o t o w a t c h t he g a d u l d e a t h of a
.

r r a
b lo v e d chil d a n d t o s u vive him P e se n t m y re sp e ct s t o you r
e ,
r . r
b othe
r r

M y f i e n d C a p t a in M d win is w i t h m e an d ha s s hown m e a
.

r e

h
,

p o me on In d i n un t inga which h e h a s e n t y o u t p ubli s h I t s o

is c e t a inl y a v e y e l g a n t a n d c l a s sic a l co m p o si t ion a n d e v e n

.
,

r r e

if it d o e s n t b long t o t he high e st s t y l e of p o e t ry I s h oul d b e

, ,

o e ,
s u p i s d if it d id o t s ucce e d M ay I ch a ll e nge you kin dn e s s
r r e n r

t o d o w h a t y o u c a n fo r it
.

Y o u will h e a f o m m e a g a in i n a p o s t o r t w o
r r T he j u l n za

n d M dd l o a d t he a cco m p a n yi ng
.

a a a n p o e m s a e a l l m y sa d d e st r

v e s e s a ke d u p in t o o ne h e a p I m e a n t o m ingl e m ore s m i l e s
, ,

r r

wit h m y t e a rs in fu t u re
.

You r ob e d i e n t s e rva n t
.

Y
,

P . B . S H ELL E .

L XX V I I — T O T . . L P
. .

P isa , N o v em be r (fi r o ba bly 1 st h ) ,
1 82 0 .

MY D E AR PEACOC K— I d e a ye d t o a s e r y r l n w ou l a s t l e t t e r,

b e c a u se I wa s a t w i ing
fo r s m e t h ing
t o s a y : a t e a st o l s o m e t hing

t h a t S houl d be lik l
e y to be in ing
t e re s t t o yo u T he box .

Ch O ll i h d j
a s. l t d gh t er a u st os a au e r. —L S . .
 LE TTE RS .
32 7

con t a i n i ng m y books a n d c o n se q I e n t ly you r E sa y a ga i n t t he s s

c ul t iv a t i on of p o e t ry h a s n o t ive d ; m y won de m e a nw h il e
,

a rr r,

in wh a t m a nn e r yo u su p p ort s uch a h e e s y n t hi s m a t t e r o f
, ,

r i -

fa c t a nd m on e y lo ving a ge hol ds m e in s u sp e n s e T h a nk y o u
-

fo r y ou r ki n d n e s s i n co e c t ing P r o m t h u which I a m
.
,

f id rr e e s, a ra

ga v e y u a g e a t d e a l of t roubl e Am ong t he m o de n t h ing s

o r r

wh i c h h a ve re a ch e d m e is a v ol um e of p o e m s by K e a t s : in
.

o t h e re sp e ct s in s igni fi ca n t e nough b u t con t a ining t he f a gm e n t

r r

of a p o e m c a ll e d Hyper io n I d a re s a y yo h a v e n o t t i m e
,
u

t o r e a d it ; b u t it is c e rt a inl y a n a st oni h i ng p i e c e of w i t ing

.

s r

give s m e a con ce p t ion of K e a t s wh i c h I confe s s I ha d n t

,

fi?
n o

e o re .

I h e ar o M r G isb o rn e t ha t yo u a e s u roun de d wi t h
fr m r r

i
.

—
.

a
p p e r s a ch a o s of wh ch y o u a r e t he g o d ; a se p ulch e whi c h r

e nclo s e s i n a d o rm an t s t a t e t h e c h y s a li s of t h e P a v oni a n
.

r
P sy ch e M a y yo u s t a t in t o life s o m e da y a n d gi v e u s a no t h e r
r

M e lin co u r t f Y ou r M e l inco u r t is e xc e e d ingl y a d m i e d and

.
,

I t h i nk m uch m o e s o t h a n a n y of you o t h e r wr i t ing s In t hi s

,

r r

re s p e ct t he w o l d ju d g e s igh t l y T h e e is m o e of t he t ru e
.

r r r r

p i ri t a d an obj e c t l e ss i n de fi n i t e t h a n i n e i t h e r H dl o ng
.

s ,
n ,
ea

Hall or S cyt hr o p
ki ng li t e ra ril y i nfirm of p u rp o s e I h a v e g e a t
.

I am sp e a r

d e si gn s a n d f bl e ho p e s of a c co m p li s h ing t h e m
, , .

ee I e ad r

books a n d t hough I a m igno ra n t e nough t h y s e m t o t e a c h

.
,

e e

T o b e s u e t h e e c e p t i on t h e p ublic h a v e gi v n
, , ,

m e no t hing r r e

m e m igh t go fa r e nough t o d a m p a n y m a n s e n t hu s i a s m
.
,

T he y
’
.

t e a ch y u it m a y b e s a i d onl y wh a t is t u e
o , Ve y t ru e I d oub t ,
r . r ,

n o t a n d t h e m o e t r u e t h e l e s s a g e e a bl e r I can com p a e r r

m y e x p e r i e nc e in t hi s e s p e c t t o no t hing b t a
, .

i e s of w e t
r u se r

bl a nke t s I h ave b e e n e a d ing no t hi n g b u t G e k a n d S p a n i sh r r e

P l a t o a n d C a l de ron h a v e b e e n m y go d s
. .

A c hoolfe llow of s

m in e f o m In d i a is s t a yi ng wi t h m e a d w e a e b e gi nn i ng
.

'

r n r

A a bic t og e t h e M a ry is w i t ing a no v e l illu s t a t iv e of t he

,

r r r r
m a nn e s of t he M i dd l e A g e s in I t a l y whic h s he h a s a k e d o t
.
,

r , r u
of fift y o ld books I p o m i se m y s e lf s ucc s s f o m it ; a d r e r n

ce t a inl y if wh a t is wholl y o igin a l wi ll s ucc e e d I s h a ll n o t b e

.

r ,
r ,

d i sa p p oin t e d .

Ad i u I n b u bl ic co m m o d ;becc m
e i l o ng o mo a a e s se r ne
E v e fa i t h full y y ou s
.
, , .

r r

Y
,

P B S H E L LE
. .
L XX V I I I — To E D I T OR o r Q U T E R LY R EVI E W
”
. T HE T HE A R .

S I R— S h oul d y o u c a s t you r e ye on t he S ign a t u re of t h i s l e t t e

‘

r
b e fo re y ou d t h e con t e n t s y o u m ig h t i m a gin e t h a t t h e y
r re a

l a t e d t o a s l a n d e ou s p a p e r wh ic h a p p e a e d in y ou R e v i w
,

re r r r e

s o m e t i m e s ince I n e ve r no t ic e a nn o n ym o u a tt a ks T he s c

wre t ch who wro t e it ha s d oub t l e s t h a dd i t i on a l re wa d of a

. .

s e r
con sc iou sn e s s o f his m o t ive s b e i d e s t he t hi rt y guin e a s a S h e e t s

wh a t e v e r it is t h a t yo u p a y him O f cou s e y o u ca nno t b e

, ,

o r . r

a n s w e a bl e fo r a ll t h e w i t ing
r whi ch y o u e d i t a n d I ce t a inl y
r s r
b e a r yo u no i ll wi ll f h a v ing e d i t e d th e a bu se t o which I
,
or

a llu d e — i n d e e d I w a s t o o m uch a m u s e d by b e i ng co m p a e d t o r

P h a a oh n o t e a d ily t o fo give e d i t o pri n t e r p ubli h e r s t i t ch e r

,
r ,
r r r, ,
s , ,
o r a ny o n e e xc e p t t he d e s p ic a bl e w t e conn e c t e d wi t h s om e ri r,

t hing o e xqui s i t e l y e n t e rt a in i ng S e r iou s l y s p e a k i ng I a m n o t

,
s .
,

in t he h a bi t of p e rm i t t in g m ys e lf t o b e d i s t u b e d b y Wh a t is s a i d r

o r w r i t t e n of m e t hough I d a e s a y I m a y b e c on de m n e d r

s o m e t i m e s j u s t l y e noug h
, , ,

B u t I fe e l in e s p e c t t o t h e w i t e r in r r

qu t ion t h a t I a m t h e e S i t t ing wh e e h e d u st n o t s o ar
.
,
”
es r r r

T h e c a e is d i ffe re n t wi t h t h e unfo t un a t e s ubj e c t of t h i s

, , .

s r

l e t t e t he a u t h o r of E n dym ion t o w h o se f e ling s a d s i t u a t ion

r, ,
e n

I e n t r a t y o u t o a llo w m e t o ca ll you a t t e n t ion I w i t e c o n

e r r
G i ffo d t h a t I a m
.

s id e rab l y in t he d a k ; b u t if it is M r r r

a d d e s ing I a m p e s u a d e d t h a t i n a n a p p e a l t o his h u m a ni t y
.

r s r
a n d j u s t i c e h e will a cknowl e d g e t h e f a s
,

b ho t e d o cer i I am a s

a w a e t h a t t he fi s t d u t y of a R e v i e w e r is t o wa d s t h e p ublic
.
,

r r r

a n d I a m w i lling t o confe s s t h a t t h e E n d ym ion 1s a p o e m

,

con s i de a bly d e fe c t ive a nd t h a t pe h a p s it d e s ve d a s m uch

r r er

c e n s u re a s t he p a ge s of y ou r R e v i e w re c o d a g a in s t it ; b u t n o t
, , ,
r

t o m e n t i on t h a t t h e e is c e t ain con t e m p t uou s n e s s of p h ra s e ology

,

r r

f o m W h i ch it is d iffi cul t fo r a c i t ic t o a b s t a in in t he re vi e w o f
r
-
r

E n dy m ion I d o n o t t hink t h a t t he w i t e r h as gi ve n it it d u e
,
r s

i i
,

p ra s e S
. u re l y t h e p o e m w t h a ll i t s fa ul t s is a ve y e m a k
, , r r r

a bl e p r o d uc t ion f r a m a n of K e a t s s a g e a n d t he p o m i se o f
’
o r

ul t i m a t e e xc e ll e nc e i s u c h a s ha s ra e l y b e e n a ffo de d e v n by
,

s r r e

s uch a s h a s a ft e r w a d s a t t a in e d hig h li t e a y e m in e n c e
r Look r r

a n d boo k iii
.

a t book i i lin e 8 3 3 e tc
.
,
lin e 1 1 3 t o 1 2 0 — e a d
, .
,
. r

d own t h a t p a g e a n d t h e n a ga n f o m lin e 1 9 3 I c o u ld c i t e i r

t o c on v nc e y o u t h a t it d s v d m il d e
.
,

m n y o t h e p a s sa g e
a r s, i e er e r

u a g e W hy t s houl d h a v e b e e n e vi e we d a t a ll e xc e p t ing fo
s i r r

t he p u p o s e of b ing i ng it s e xc e ll e n c e s in t o no t i ce I
.
,

r r a nno t c

conc e iv e f r it wa s ve ry l i t t l e re a d a n d t h e re wa s no d a nge r
,

,
o ,
 LE T TE RS .
32 9

t h a t it s houl d b e co m e a m o de l t o t he a ge o f t h a t f l se t a st e wit h a
whic h I confe ss t h a t it is re p l e n i sh e d
,

P oo K e a t s w a s t h own in t o a d e a dful s t a t e of m in d by
r r r

t hi s r e vi e w whic h I a m p e s u a d e d wa s n o t w r i t t e n wi t h a y r n

in t n t ion of p o ducing t he e ffe c t t o whi c h it ha s a t le a st

, , ,

e r

g e a t l y con t ibu t e d of e m bi t t e ri ng his e xi s t e nc e a d in d ucing a

, , ,

r r n

d i e a s e f o m w h ich t h e e a e now b u t fa in t hop s of h i e c o v y

, ,

s r r r e s r er

T h e fi t e ff c t s a e d s c ib e d t o m e t o h a v e e s e m bl e d in s ni t y
.

rs e r e r r a

w a t c h i ng t h a t he w s e s t ra in e d f o m
,

a d it w a s by a s i d uou
n s s a r r

e ff e c t ing p u p o s e s of s ui c i d e
r T he a gon y of his u ff e ing a t s r s

l e ng t h p o d uc e d t he ru p t u e of a bloo d v e s s e l in t he lung s a d
.

r r -
n

t h e u s u a l p r oc e s s of con s u m p t ion a p p e a s t o h a v e b e gun

,
He r

is c o m ing t o p a y m e a v i si t in I ta l y b u t I fe a r t h a t unl e s s h is
.

m in d c a b e k e p t t ra nquil li t t l e is t o b e ho p e d f o m t h e m e re
n r

influ e nce of c li m a t e
,

B u t l e t m e n o t e x t o t a n yt h i ng f o m y ou p i t y I h a v e ju st
.

r r r

s e e n a s e con d v olu m e p ubli s h e d b y him e v i d e n t l y in c a re l e s

.

d sp air I h a v e d e s i e d m y bookse ll e r t o se n d y o u a cop y a d

,

e r n

a llo w m e t o s oli c i t y ou r s p e c i a l a t t e n t ion t o t he f a g m e n t of a

.
,

o e nt i tle d e ion co o s i t ion of w h i c h w a s

“
p m e H y p t h e m p r
”

c h e ck e d b y t he R e v i e w in q u e t ion
,

T he g e a t p r o p o rt ion of s r

t hi p i e c is s u r e l y in t he v y h igh e st s t y l e of p o t y
.

s e I spe a k
er e r

i m p a t i a ll y fo r t he c a non s of t a s t e t o w h i c h K a t h a s o n
.

r e s c

fo rm e d in his o t h e r co m p o s i t ion s a re t he v e y e v e s of m y
,

r r r e

own I l e a ve y u t o j u d ge fo r you s e lf : it woul d be n in s ul t

o r a

t o y o u t o s u pp o s e t h a t f o m m o t i v e s how e v e r honou ra bl e y o u
.

woul d l e n d you s e lf t o a d e c e p t ion of t he p ubl i c

, ,
r .

(This l e t t e r w as n ev er s e n t .
)

L XXIX .
—T o J OHN G I S BO R N E ,

(AT LE G H O R N .
)
P is a , oggi ,

M Y D EA R S I R n d yo u t h e Phae d o n a d T a c i t u I
-
I se n s .

c ong a t ul a t e y o u on y ou r con q u e s t of t he Ili a d

r Y o u m u st
h a ve b e e n a s t oni h e d a t t he p e p e t u a ll y inc e a sing m a gn ifi c e n c e
.

s r r

of t he l a s t s e v e n book s H o m e r t h e e t ul y b e gin s t o be him. r r

se lf T he b a t t l of t he S c a m a n d e t he fun e ra l of Pa t o c lu s a n d
e r, r

t he h i gh a n d s ol e m n c lo s e of t h e whol e bloo d y t a l e i n t e n d e rn e s s
.
,
330 LE T TE RS .

and in x p i bl o ow w o gh t in m nn i ncom p bl
e a e s rr a re r u a a er a ra e
wi t h n y h ing of t h kin d T h O d y y i w t b t
,
a t m e sa e e sse s s ee u
th no hing lik t h i
.
,
e re I S t e s
1 m b t h i ng m y lf
.

a a t h ligh t d o d ou O f h flow y
se dIn e an r t e er an
St y A u o
a rr I h v d t h m ll m o
t s t h n onc
a H n y
e re a e a re a e e r
will t ll y ho w m uch I m i n lov wi t h P cch i n i I ff r
. .

e ou a e a a su e

on i d bly H n y will l o t ll y ho w
.

f om m y d i
r sea se c s e ra e r a s e ou
mu h l m d m l t nig h t
.

c d how whi m i ll y h
an s ca e a aI e e as
d b t wi h
.
, ,
M y kin d t m mb n est M G i bo n
re e ra ce s o rs s r e , an es s es
f y ou h l t h
or d h p p in
r ea an a e ss
F i t hfull y y ou
.

a rs ,

P, B S . .

I h a ve a ne w l
C a de r on co m ing fr o m Pa r is .

LXXXf— T o T L P . . .

Pis a ,
F e bru ary 1 5th, 1 8 2 1 .

M Y D E AR P EA C O C K I c iv f o
T h e a s t le t t e r -
re e ed l
r m yo u ,

n l fou on h f o
e ar y r m h of h
t s r m t h e d a t e t e re , r e a c e d m e by t h e
box whi h
es c n
t h e G is b o r n e s s e t b y se a I h am l n
a pp y t o e a r
h in n l
.

t a t yo u con inu in goo x n l

t e d e t e r a an d v ion
t e r a p r e se r a t
I c iv ou i n nunc i ion g i n
.

re e i
e d a t t he s a m e t m e y r pr t e d de at s a a st
g n l
e e ra , a n d y ou w i n on
r r tte g in
es a a icul
st p a r t o a r p e t ry and
I g wi h
a re e t i l in
yo u a s d e c de d y l I i
t he a t t e r a s in d ff e r t he
fo rm e r T he m a n who i ic l g ll
se cr t a a si
is n o t t rr e d u p b y
uc h h conj c u
.

s r ym e s a s
’
fl
s, m ay s a e y b e o no
e t re d t o p s s e s s
g ll
a a t a ll wo l
T he l wi h
r d is p a e t i kn of uch u
t he s c e ss s s t ff
i lf xci
. .

i ou n h g in o
A t t he s a m e t m e , y r a a t e m a s a a s t p e t ry t s e e te d
g
m e t o a s a cr e d r a e , o r ca co et he s s er i ben di of vi n i c ing d at t he
i n ul
s te d M se su I g
ha d t h e o i bl
re a t e s t p s s i b k
e de s re t o re a
wi hin
.

a l nc wi h
a e t yo u , t li of
t he sts g in in honou of
a m a az e, r

i
m y m s t r e s s Ur a a ni will h I houl
bu t G o d ed t at s l z
d be t o o a y,
a nd w r e s t e d t he v ic o f o ou ho
t ry r m y r inc fi h v ing
pe : s e rs t a
unho o
rse d p e t ry, a n d t he uni v l n of
e r sa se se wi t hein se st al l
g
a e s, a n e a s y c on u woul h v
q e st in
d a e re m a e d t o yo u in m e,
the knig h of t h i l of h ow
t he s e d s ad l nc of
a n d t he a e go s s a m e r e
i wh i ch I
.

Be s de s, I h o n
wa s a t t a t m m e t re a d ing l o ’
P a t s I o n,
re co n
m m e d y o u t o re con i s de r h in
Pe r a p s co t he i on o f
m par s
l h u i n oc in
.

l onic
P at and Ma t s a of ic o
d t r e s , t he m a v is e rr a r e C er
is a j u i fi bl gu n
st a e ar m e t ; bu t I h v a ewhol uiv of
a e q er
a r g u m e n t s on such a s ubj e c t .
 LE T TE RS .
33 1

Ha v e y o u o wi n s a n swe r t o t he a p os t l e of t he i ch ?
s e e n G d ’
r

A d wh a t d o y o u t hink of it ? I t h a s n t y e t re a ch e d m e n o r
n o

h a s y ou box of which I a m in d a il y e x p e ct a t i on
,

r
W e a re now i n t h e c i i a n d p oin t o f e xp e t a t i on i n I t a l y
.
,

r s s c

T he N e a p oli t a n a n d A u s t r i a n a m i e s a e r a p i d l y a p p o a ch i ng
.

r r r

ea c h o t h e a d e ve y da y t h e
r, n n e w s of a b t t l e m a y b e
r a

e x pe ct e d T he fo m e h a v e a d va nc d i n t o t he E ccl e s i a s t ic l
r r e a

a d t a k e n h o s t a g e s f o m R o m e t o as s u e t h e m se l v e s
.

S ta t e s, n r r

of t h n e u t ra l i t y of t h a t p ow e r a n d a pp e a r d e t e m i n e d t t y
,

e r o r

t h e i r s t re ng t h in o p e n b a t t l e
,

I n e e d o t t e ll yo u how li t t l e n

c h a nc e t h e e is t h a t t he n e w a d un d i s ci p lin e d l e v i e s of N a p l e s
.

r n

s h oul d s t a n d a g a i n s t a s u p e i o fo rce of v e t e ra n t roop s B u t r r

t h e bi t h of lib e t y i n n a t ion s a boun d i n re ve s a l s of t he

.

r r s r

o din a y l a ws of c a l c ul a t ion t h e d f a t of t h e A u st ri a n s
r r e e

woul d b e t he sign a l of in su e c t ion t h oug h ou t a ll I t a l y

.

rr r

I a m d vi s ing li t e a ry p l a n s of s om e m gn i t u de B u t
.

e r a

no t hing is m o e d i ffi cul t a n d unwe l c o m e t h a n t o writ e wi t hou t a

.

c on fi d e n c e of fin d ing s ; a n d if m y p l a n of t h e
.

e ad r C n i er e c

foun d non e o fe w I d e sp a i r of e v e r p ro d ucing a nyt hing t h a t

,

s h a ll m e i t t h e m
,
r

A m ong y ou a n a t h e m a s of t he m o de rn a t t e m p t s i n p o e t ry d o
.

r
in c lu d K e a t s Hyp r io n ? I t h in k it v e ry fi e H i
,
’
e n s
yo u e s .

o t h e p o e m s a e wo rt h li t t l e ; b u t if t h e Hyp r io n b e n o t gra n d
r r e

p o e t y
r non e h a b e e n p r o d uc e d bsy o con t e m p o a i e s ur r r

I s u p p o se y o u a re wri t ng no t h ing b u t In di a n l a w s e t c I
.
,

h a v e b t a fa in t i de a of you o c up a t ion ; b u t I s u p p o s e it ha s
.
,

u r c

s o m e t h ing t o d o wi t h p e n a d ink n .

M a y d e s i e s t o b e kin d l y e m e m b e re d t o yo u
r r a d I r n

re m a in m y d e a r Pe a cock y ou s v e ry fa i t hfull y
,

Y
, , ,

P B S H E LLE
. . .

L XXXI — T o . C . O LL I E R .

P is a , F e b . l 6 t h, 182 1 .

D EA R S I R ,
n d yo u t h re e po e m s— Ode t o N ples a s onn e t
I Se a

e n t i t l e d Ep losy chidio
, ,

a n d a long e r p i e c e T he t w o fo m e r i n r

a e m y own ; a n d y o u will b e s o obl i ging a s t o t a k e t h e fi s t

.
,
r r

op p o t uni t y of p ubli s hing a cco d ing t o y ou r o wn d i s c e t ion

r r r

T he long e r p o e m I d e si e s houl d n o t b e c on s i d e re d a s m y
.

r ,

own i n de e d in a c e t a in s e n s e it s a p o d uc t ion of a p o t i on
,
r i r r

of m e a l re a dy d e a d ; a d i n t hi s s e n se t he a dve rt i se m e n t is no
, ,
n
3 32 LE T TE RS .

fi c t io n * I t is t o b e p ubl i h i l
s e d s m p y fo r t he e s t e r o ic fe w ;
v oi
.

and I k
m a e it s a t u ho c
r a s e re t , t o a d t he m a ligni of ho
ty t se
who u n w foo in o oi on
t r s eet d t p s n fo ing
; t ra s r m h ou h
a ll t e y t c
in o
t t he co u ion of h i own n u
rr
pt t e r a t re s M y wi h wi h
s t c
r e sp e t
h oul i l in
.

h
t o it is, t a t 1t s in i
d b e p r te d m m e d ate y i l
t he s m p e s t
fo l
rm , a n d m e r e y o n e h un o i
d re d c p e s : t ho who
se a re c bl
apa e
of ju ging
d and f ling igh l wi h
ee r t y t re s p e c t t o a c m o o i ion of
p s t
b u
s o a st r se a n u
a t r e , c e rt a inl iv
y d o n o t a rr e a t t a t h nu b m er
am ong ho t se , a t l
e a s t, who woul v x i
d e e r b e e c t e d t o re a d a n
ob cu
s re a n d a non ou o uc i on
ym s pr d t ; a n d it woul giv
d e me no
l u h vulg h oul If h v book
_

p e a s r e t a t t he ar s d r e a d it yo u a e a n y
a g a i n s t p ubli s hing s o s m a ll a nu m b e r a s a
.

s e lling r e a s on
hun d e d m e re l y d i s t ibu t e c o p i e s a m ong t ho se t o who m yo u
r , , r

t hink t he p o e t y woul d a ff o r d a n y p l e a s u e a n d s e n d m e a s
r r

v
, ,

s oon a s y o u c a n a c o p y by t he o s t I h a e w i tt e n it so a s t o
p r

gi v e ve y l i t t l e t o ub le I hop e t o t he p rin t e r o r t o t he p e rs on
.
,
r r
w h o e v i s e s I woul d be m uch obl i ge d t o yo u i f yo u woul d
, , ,

r .

t a k e t hi s o ffic e on y ou rs e lf
I S t h e e a n y e xp e c t a t ion of a s e con d e d i t i on of t he R e v o l t of
.

I sl m
a I h a ve m a n y co r e c t i on s t o m a k e in it a d o n e p a rt wi ll
r n

I a m e m p lo ye d in h igh a d n e w d e s ign
,

b e wholl y r e m o d e ll e d n s

in v e s e b u t t h e y a e t he l a bou s of y e a s p e h a p s
.

r r r r r

W e e x p e c t h e re e v e y d a y t h e n e w s of a b a t t l b e t we e n t he
.
,

r e

a rm i e s of A u t i a a n d N a p l e s
s r T he l a t t e r h a v e a dva n ce d u p on
R o m e ; a d t he fi rs t a ffa i r w ill p ob a bl y t a ke p l a c e in t h e
.

n r

ccl e s i ast i ca l Sfa t e s Y o u m a y i m a gin e t he e xp e c t a t ion of a ll

E
.

e re .

P ra y n d m e n e ws of m y in t ll e c t u a l chil d e n F o P o m e
se e r . r r

t he u s I e x p e c t a n d de s i re no g e a t sa l e
,
T he Cenci ough t t o r .

h ave b e e n p o p ul a r .

I re m a in de ar S ir
Y ou v e ry ob e d i e n t se v a n t
, ,

r r

Y Y
,

PE R C B . S H E LLE .

o
I n his p re fa ce he S p e a s h ving n w i n
t he p e m a s a k ofbe e r tt e by a
p e r son wh o i “
d l n i g vo g
e d a t F o re ce , as he w as p re p a r n f or a y a e to

o ne of wi l
t he of
de s t wh i h
t he S p o r a d e s ,gh c wh
he ha d b o u t , a n d e re

h v l iz
it w as his hO p e t o a e re a h li i h
e d a sc e m e o f fe s u t e d , p e r a p s , t o
h h i wo l of wh i h
t a t a p p e r a n d b e tt e r r d i h i n
c h e is n o w a n n a b t a t , b u t
h l i l in h i
ar d y p ra c t ca b e t s
”
ig
T he p re fa ce is s ne d
. S
"—
L S . . .
 L E T TE R S .
333

L XXXI I .
-
To C . O LL I E R .

P is a , F e b . 2 2 n d, 1 8 2 1 .

D EA R S I R — Pe a
cock
s e s sa y is a t F re lo nc
e a t p re s e t n Ih v
a e
’

will n i
.

n
s e t fo r it , a n d t ra sm t t o y o u m y p a p e r [ on o
P e t ry] a s s oon
a s it is w i n whi h will in v
r tte , c be a e r y fe w d a y s v hl
N e e rt e e s s , .

I houl
s o h l
d b e s rr y t a t y o u d e a ye d y r m a a ou g zin h ough
e t r any
n n on
d e p e d e ce me I will c
n o t a c e p t a yt n h ing hi
fo r t s p a p e r ,
.

as I in
ha d d e t e r m e d t o wi
r t e it , a n d o i
p r m s e d it y o u , e r e b fo I
h e a rd of ou lib l
y r e ra a rra ng n
em e ts bu t p e r a p s h in fu u if I
t re ,
t h ink I h v a e any t hough wo h ubli hing I h ll gl
ts rt p s s a be ad to
con t i bu t e t o y ou r m a g a z i n e on t h o se t e m M e a nwhil e y o u
, ,

r r s

a e p e r fe c t l y a t lib e rt y t o p ubl i s h t he Ode t o N p l es t he s onn t

.
,
r a e ,

o r a n y s h o t p i e c e y o u m a y h a v e of m in e
,

r .

I s u p p o s e j u l i n nd M dd l a is p ubli h e d I f n o t d o o t
a a a a s n

a d d t h e Wit ch of A t l a s t o t h a t p e culi a r p i e c e of wri t ing ; y o u

.
,

m a y p u t m y n a m e t o t he Wit ch of A t l a s u s u al T he p i ce as, e

I l t s e n t y o u I wi sh a s I t h ink I t ol d yo u t o b e p in t d m
.

as r e 1

m e d i a t e ly a d t h a t non ym ou l y I s hou l d b e v y gl a d t o
, , ,

n a s er

re ce i v e a fe w co p i e s of it b y t he box b u t I a m unwilling t h a t it
.
,

s h oul d b e a y long e
,
d e l ye d
n r a .

I d oub t bou t Ch l t he F i s t ; b u t if I do w i t e it it
a a r es r r
h ll b t he bi t h of s e ve e a d h ig h fe e l ings Yo u a e v y
, ,

s a e r r n . r er

w e l c o m e t o it on t he t e m s yo u m e n t ion d wh e n on ce I e r an se

a d f e l t h a t I ca
, , ,

n e w i t e it it i a l e a dy w i t t e n M y t hough t s
n r s r r
*

p i e t o a p o d u c t ion of a fa h igh e r c h a a c t e r b u t t h e e xe c u
, .

as r r r r

t ion of it will e qui e s o m e y e a s rI w i t e wh a t I w i t e chi fl y

r r r r e

inqui e by t he e e p t ion which m y wri t ing s m e e t wi t h h w

.

t o r r c o

A n d I a m a fra i d t h a t
, ,

fa r I a m fi t fo r s o g e a t a t a s k o r n o t r

i
.
,

y ou r a cc oun t w ll n o t p r e s e n t m e wi t h a v e y fl a tt e r in g e s ul t in r r

t h i p a t i c ul a r
s r .

Y o u m a y e xp c t t o h e a r fr o m m e wi t hin a w e e k wit h t h e
e

co ck I sh l l e n de a v ou r t o t e a t the s ubj e c t in it s
,

a n we t o P
s r ea a r

e l e m e n t s a d un v e il t h e in m o s t i d ol of t h e e
.

n o rr r

If a y R e v i e w of no t e a bu se s m e e x ce s s ive l y o r t he con t a y
.
,

n ,
r r ,

b e s o kin d a s t o s e n d it m e b y p o s t .

If n t t o o l a t p y s e n d m e by t he box t he following
o e, ra

boo k —T he m o t c o p iou n d co e c t h i s t o y of t he d i s o v i e s
s s s a rr r c er

of G olo gy If o e p ubli ca t ion d o e s o t a p p e a t c on t a in w h a t

e . n n r o

I re q ui e s n d m e tw o o r t h e e A hi st o y of t he l a t e w a in
r e r r r

M aj o r S o m e
, .

S p a in I t hink n e h a s b e e n w i t t e n b y S ou t h e y o r
bo dy a c oun t of t h e i e g e of Z a a go sa
.

it is a li t t l e p a m p hl e t
’
s c s r .

Th p l y w n v fini h d ED e a as e er s e -
.
334 L E T TE R S .

n
B a r e t s H is t o ry of his O w n
’
Tim es ; a nd t he Ol d E ng lis h
D ra m a , 3 s v ol .

E xcuse m y ho ibl
rr e p e s, n ink a n d p a p e I ca ge t no p e r n n

t h a t will m a k ; o r i f y
.
,

r will n o t e x c u e t h e m e n d m e o u t
,
ou s , s

s o m e E ngli h on e s s

I a m d e lig h t e d t o h e a of P o c t e s s u c c s s a d h o p e t h a t h e
.

’
r r r e n

will p o c e e d g a t h e ing l a u re l s P a y t e ll m e h ow t he P r o m t h s
,

r r r e eu

Un bo u n d wa s r e c e iv e d
.

D e a r S ir,
Y ou r ve ry oblig e d se rva n t ,

P E R C Y B S H E LLEY . .

L XXXI I I .
—T o C . O LL I ER .

P is a , M a r ch 20 t h, 182 1 .

D EAR S I R ,
I se nd
y o u t he D efe n ce In P o e t ry , P a r t I t is
”
I .

t ra s r be d , I hOp e , e
n ci l gibl y
I h v w i n no h ing which I
.

a e r tt e t hink n do no t t e ce s s a r y t o t h e
ubj ou if x i on houl ik
.

s e ct O f c rs e , a n y e p re s s s s d str e yo u a s t o o
un o ul I g iv
.

p p a r e ow of o i ing h
y o u t h e p e r m t t t e m ; bu t t r st I u
f i n f o x i ing
,

y o will if o ibl
u p s s e r e ra In f
r m e e r c s it a ct , pe I ho
h Ihv qu ion wi h h
.
, ,

t at a e t r e a t e d t he e st t t at t e m per a nd Sp r t a s ii
il n c v il I o o
t o s e ce a oh
p r p s e t o a dd t w o t e r p a rt s t wo in
ing i ll ni oo h l h oug h
.

u
s cce e d M sc e a e s un I t Is t o b e d e rs t d t a t , a t
.

y o u m ao i
y m t y l
o u d o n o t a te r o r a dd

h fo
.
,

o on
Pra y l e t m e e a r r m y o u s .

D e a r S ir,
Y r s e ry s e re y, ou v i nc l
P B S . . .

L X XXI V — T o . T . L . P .

P is a , M a r ch z 1 s t, 1 8 2 1 :

M Y D E AR P E AC OC K— I d i s p a t c h by hi s p o st t h fi t e rs t
p a rt
of in t e n de d t o c on i s t
a n e s s a y, d e s ign s of t h e e p a t which Ir r s,

for n i
an a t d t o to y ou F u eA g f P t y
r
*
Y o u will s e
r o r es o oe e
t h t I h a ve t a ke n m o e g e n e a l v w of w h a t is p o e t y t h n
.

a a r r ie r a

Th F e Ag “
of P t y h
o ur ll d d t w p bli h d
es oe r
”
e re a u e o as u s e
in O ll i L it y M ll y S h ll y w t th
.

D f n “
’
er s er a r sce an f e e ro e e e e ce o
w t it ; d h w ot it it ont in d m y
.

”
P t y
oe r as an ans er o an as e r e , c a e an
 L E T TE R S .
5

yo u h a ve a n d will p e h a p s a g re e w it h s e ve a l of m y p o s i t ion s r r

wi t hou t c on s i de ing you own t ouch d B t e a d a d ju dg e ;

, ,
r r e u r n

o t l e t u s i m i t a t e t he g e t foun d e
.

a n d do n of t he p i c t u s q u e r a rs re

P ic e a n d P a y n e Knigh t w h o lik e t w i l l t a in e d b e a gl
,

r o -
r e s,
b ga n s n a rling a t e a c h o t h e wh e n t h e y c oul d o t ca t ch t h e
, ,

e r n

h a re .

I h e a r t h e we lcom e n e ws of a box f o m E ngl a n d a nnoun ce d r

by M G i s bo n e
r H o w m u ch n e w p o e t ry d o e s it c on t a in
r

a n d I wi s h t h o s e
. .

T he B a ii a d M ae ii of t h e da y
v n e fe t il e v ar r

w h o h onou m e wi th box e s woul d re a d an d i nw a d l y d ig e t

r r s

y ou F r o u A g s f P o t
r ry f I h a d m uch ra t h e
e o fo r m y e or r,

own p iv a t e e a di ng e ce i v e p oli t ica l g e ologic l a d m o a l

r r r a n r

t re a t i s e s t h a n t h i s s t u ff in t r z
, , ,

tt v a nd t m il l im r im e a, o a a, re es a a,

who s e e a t h ly b a s n e ha s a t t a c t e d t he ligh tning of y ou

,

r e ss r r

un d i c i m in a t ing ce n s u e up on t h e t e m p l of i m m o t a l s ong
s r r e r

T h e se v e rs e s n a g e m e fa m o
.

t h a n t ho s e of C o d u
e r did r re r s

Ju ve n a l a n d wi t h b t t e r re a s on Ju v e n a l n e e d n o t h a v e b e e n e
he ha d lik d it b t m y bo x a e p c k e d wi t h
, .

s t unn e d unl e ss e u es r a

t h i s t ra s h t o t h e e x c lu s ion of b e t t e m a t t e B u t y ou box will

,

,
r r. r

m a ke a m e n d s.

W e a e s u oun d e d h e e in P i a b y e v ol ut ion a y volc a no s

r rr r s r r

wh i ch a y t g ive m o re l igh t t h a n h e a t : t he l a va h a s n t ye t
,

s e o

r e a ch e d T u s c a n y B u t t he n e w s in t h e p a p s will t e l l y u er o

t h i on c e I
.

fa r m o e t h a n it is p u d e n t f
r m e t Sa y a d fo r or o n r s
will ob se ve you ul e of p oli t i c a l s il e n ce T he A u s t i a n wi h
r r r r s s

t h a t t he N e a p oli t a n a d P i e d m on t e s e woul d d o t h e s a m e
.

s n

W e h a v e s e e n a fe w m o e p e o p l e t h a n u s u a l t hiS w in t e
.

r r,
'

a d h a ve m a d e a v e y in t
n e s t ing a c q u a in t a n wi t h a G e e k
r er ce r

P in ce p e fe c t l y a c q u a in t e d wi t h a n c i e n t li t e a t u
r r n d full of r re , a

e nth u ia m f t h e lib e rt i e s a n d i m p o v e m e n t of h i c oun t y

,

s s or r s r
M a y ha s b e e n a G e k s t u de n t s e v e a l m on t h a d is ea d ing
.

r r e r s, n r

A t ig o ne w i t h o u t u b a n e d f ie n d w h o in
n r t u n is t a ug h t
r r re r

E ngli s h C h a s p a s e d t he c a rni v a l a t F lo e n c e a n d h a s
, ,

. . s r ,

a ll i n t th t i l d it t h
us o s o e ar h I f I k w t h k i gh t
c e an s au o r, su c as no e n

by t h d vi e f hi h i l d I h v ly t i i b C d
e ce o s s e a e on o n s cr e a ssa n ra ,

Al t bl t ki g
,

An t ig n o ti
e, o r mi t t h p i t f hi
ce s s on p ne o un e o n o s s e ar a n

o ne i t f f v
n s a n ce o i t h t f m h f th th g t G k
a a o ur e c a ra c e r ro eac o e re e re a re e

t g di n
ra e Al l t h
a s ll i w t k t by M J h H t e se a us o ns e re s r uc ou r. o n un

wh h p p d t h p p f p bl i t i n i t h L ib l T h
.

en e re a re e a er or u ca o n e er a e
f th t p i di l p v t d th p bli t i n S h ll y
.

d mie se o a er o d M
ca re en e e u ca o an rs. e e
t ly p int d it f m M
,

su b q se u en H t r if i m
e t h ro i d r un
’
s r a cc a e n o, a s s e re ce v e

wi t h t k
.

it Th p p e it w t
a d i er d f n
as no tt s an s s a e e ce ou an a ac

S h ll y i t d d t h i p p b in t h th
. .

t p t b t th tw
-

e e n en e s a er o e re e a r s, u e o er o
w e re n o t w it t T L P r en. -
. . .
 LE T TE RS .

be e n p rae t e rn I h a v e ha d a s e ve re O p h t h a lm i a
a t u ra l l y ga y
a d h a v e re a d o r w i t t e n li t t l e t h i s win t r ; a n d h a v e m d e
.
,
n r e a

a c qu in t a nc e
a in a n ob u e c on v e n t wi t h t he onl y I t a li a n
sc r

fo w h o m I e ve r fe l t a n y in t e e s t
*
r r .

I w a n t y o u t o do s om e t hing fo r m e : t h a t is t o ge t m e t wo
w o rt h of T a s s i s g e m s i n Le ic e s t e
,

p oun d S qu a e t he
’ ’
s r r

p e t t i e s t a c c o d ing t o y ou t a t e ; a m ong t h e m t h e h e a d of
, ,
r r r s
A l e x a n d e ; a n d t o g e t m e t wo se a l s e ngr a ve d a n d s e t o e
,

r n

a n d t he o t h e h a n d s o m e : t he de vi c e a d ove W i t h
,
s m a ll e r, r r

ou t sp re a d win gs a d t h is m o t t o oun d it
,
n r

M dun
’
s e ln 60 97 6 » d ytbv wv '
.

L XXX V — T o . H EN R Y R EVELEY .

M Y D EAR H EN R — O u r d ucking Y
l a st nigh t ha s a dde d fi e r
i n s t e a d of q ue nching t he n a ut i ca l a rdour wh i ch p o d uce d it ;
,
r

a n d I con s i d e it a goo d o m e n in a y e n t e rp i s e t h a t it b e gi n s
r n r

i n e v il ; a s b e ing m o e p ob bl e t h a t it will e d in goo d I

,

r r a n

ho p e y o h a ve n o t s uff e d f o m it I a m ra t h e r fe v e i s h b t
.

u er r r u
ve ry w e ll a s t o t h i de w h e n ce I e xp e ct e d t he wo st con
,
.

e s , r

se q u e n ce I s e n d y o u d i e t ion s f r t h e co m p l e t e e qui p m n t
s r c o e

of u bo a t inc y o u h a v e s o kin dl y p o m i s e d t o un d e t a ke it
.

o r ,
s e r r .

In p u t t ing in t o e xe c u t ion a li t t l e m o re o r l e s s e xp e n se in s o
,

t ifling a
r a ffa i n is t o b e d i s e g a d e d
r I n e d n o t s a y t h a t t he
r r e

a pp o a c h ing s e a s on in v i t e s e x p e d i t ion
.

r Y u ca p t h e in o n u r

h a n d i m m e d i a t e l y a n d w i t e t he day on which w e m a y com e

.

,
r

fo r he r
xp e c t wi t h i m p a t i e nc e t he a iva l of o u r fa l s e f i e n d
.

We e rr r s,

who h a ve s o long ch e a t e d u s wi t h d e l a y a n d M a ry uni t e s wi t h

m e in d e s i ing t h a t a s y o u p a t i c i p a t e d e q u a ll y i n t he c ri m e
r r

y o u s houl d n t b o m i t t e d in t h e e x p i a t ion
, , ,
o e

A l l goo d b e wi t h y o u — A d i e u Y ou s fa i t hfull y
.

. S . r , .

Willi a m s d e s i e s t o b e kin dl y r e m e m b e e d t o y o u an d be g s
r r ,

t p
o e n t his co m p li m e n t s t o M r a n d M s G
re s a n d— h e a v e n . r .

know s wh a t .

1 o cl o ch, 1 7 t h Ap r il , 82
’
P is a , Tu esday , I I.

La dy Em ili a V ivi ni a , t he su b e c t j of hi s Ep ipsy chidio n .

 LE T TE RS .
337

L XXX V I .
—T o H E N R Y R E VE L E Y .

P is a , Ap r il 1 9 th .

M Y D EAR H EN R Y— T h e ullo ck o r p l a c e fo r t he o ough t r a r,

a e now b u t oug h t t
,
n o t t o b e p l a c e d wh e e t h e o a p in r be r- s r ,
o

n e a e r t o t he m a st ; a s n e a r a s p o s s ibl e in d e e d s o t h a t t he
r , ,

r ow e r h a oo m t o it In a dd i t ion le t a f l e k e e l b e m de in
s r s a s a

t h i s s h a p e s o a s t o b e fou r in c h e s d e e p a t t h
.

,
st n d to e er ,
an

d e c e a e t ow a d t h e p ow
r s I t m y b e a s t hin a s y o u p l a e
r s r a e s

t h a t I h a ve e a d t he N u m a n c i
. .

T e ll M a n d M s G r. r a nd r a,

a ft e r w a d ing t h ough t h e S t u p i d i t y of t h e fi t a ct b g n
.

gu l a r In r s rs e a

t o b e g a t l y d e lig h t e d a d t l e ng t h i n t e t d in a v e y h ig h
,

re ,
n ,
a ,
er s e r
d e g e e b y t he p ow e r of t he w i t e r in
r wa ke ning p i t y d r a an

d m i a t i on i n which I h a d l y know b y w h o m h is e x c e ll d
,

a r r e e

T h e e is li t t l e I a llow i n a s t ic t e n se t o b e c ll e d p et y in
.
,

r r s a o r
, , ,

t hi s p l a y ; b u t t h e co m m a n d of l a ngu a g e a n d t h e h a m on y of r

e s ifi ca t i n is s o g e a t a s t o d e ce i v e e in t o a n i d e a t h a t it is
,

v r o , . r on

p oe t y r

Ad i e u —W e s h a ll e e y
.

oon s ou s

Y ou s e v e t rul y
. .

r r ,

L XXXV I I .
—T o M R . AN D MRS . G I S BO R N E .

B ag n i, T u e s d ay E v e n ing
(j u ne 5t h,
M Y D EAR F R I E N D S — W e nxiou s l y e xp e c t y ou a iva l a t a r rr

t he B t h s b u t a s I a m p e rs u a d d t h a t y o u will p e n d a m u c h
a e s s

t i m e wi t h u s a s y o u c a n s a v e f o m y ou n e c e a y o c c u p a t ion s r r ss r

b e fo e you r d p a t u I will fo b e a t o e x y o u wi t h i m p o
r e r re , r r v r

t u it yn M y h a l t h d o e s n o t p e m i t m e t o s p e n d m a n y h ou s
e r r

f o m h o m e I h a ve b e n e ng g e d t h e e l a s t d a y in co m p o s ing
.

r e a s s

a p o e m on t he d e a t h of K e a t w h ich will s h o tl y b e fi ni h e d ;
.

s, r s

a d I a n t ici p a t e t h e p l e a u e of e a d ing it t o y o u a s s o m e of t h e
n s r r

v e y fe w p e rs on s who will be i n t e e s t d in it a n d un de s t a n d it
,

r r e r

I t is a h ighl y w ough t pie c of t a d p e h ap s be t te

.

-
r in p oin t e ar n r r,

of co m p o s i t ion t h a n a n yt h ing I h a v e w i t t n
,

r e

I h a ve ob t a in e d a p u ch a s f o m e of t he a t i c l e s of you
, .

r er or s r r

t h e e li s t s a c a t a logu e of whi c h I s ubj oin

r , I s h a ll d m y . o

u t m o st t o ge t m o e coul d y o u n o t se n d m e a c o m p l e t e li s t of
r

y ou f r
r n i t e u a s I h a v e h
ur ,
a d in q u i i e s m a d e a b ou t c h e t s of r s
d a w e rs e t c
r ,
.
 L E T TE R S .

My unfo t un a t e box ! it con t a in e d a ch o s of t he e l e m e n t of

r a s

C ha ler I If t he i d e a of t he r t o r ha d b e e n p a cke d u p
s
”
c ea

wi t h t h e m it woul d h a v e h e d th m e f t e ; a n d t h a t I a m
.

s ar e sa a

no t h e r s o t of hi p w e ck
, ,

a f a i d h a s un d e gon e
r ,
r a r S r .

Ve y fa i t hfull y a n d a ffe c t ion a t e l y y our

r S s, .

L XXXV I I I — T o . C . O LLI E R .

P is a , j u ne 8 ih, 182 1 .

D EA R S I R ,
nnounc
Yo u m a y a ubli ion o
e fo r p ca tnil a p em e t t ed
A don a is . l n on
I t is a a m e t h of oo K
th e de a t wi h o
p r e a t s, t s m e
in o b on
t e rp s e d st a s in of
t h e a ssa s s s c of f
his p e a e a n d h is a m e
a nd will i i i on
b e p re c e d e d b y a c r t c s m ing
Hyp er io n , a s se rt t he
l i w h ich h f g n gi v
du e c a m s t a t ra m e t nk wh i h I
e s h im t o t he r a c
h va e a ss ign e d h im o . fin i h
M y p e m is con i of bou
s e d, a n d s st s a t
fo n nz
r t y S p e se r s t a I h ll n
as s a ih in
s e d it y o u , e t e r p r te d a t
h ll
.

i n ib in u h
P s a , o r t ra sc r e d s c nn a m a i cul
e r a s it s a b e d ffi t fo r
vi l v uc h o
t h e r e se r t o e a e s ob u i of
e r r r s a s a s s is t t h e s c r ty t he
P r o m et heu s in c
But, I n a se in
s e d it p rwi l l l
t e d , it b e m e re y
h i k v oi h I h l l onl h v
.

t a t m st a e s m ay be a d e d ; [s o ] t a t s a y a e a fe w
co ip e s str uck in o ff h nn
t he c e a p e s t m a er
h v in noug h i n ubj c I coul wi h h
.

If yo u a e t e re s t e t he s e t, d s t at
yo u in ui
q r e of o
d of
s m e fi n t h e r el ion of K
d s a n d r e a t s e ats
re s e t
p c ing t h i u
e c r nc of
c m s t a e s h hi s coul
d e a t , n i
a n d d t ra sm t
m e any info ion
rm a t
y o u bl
m a y bcoll
e a e t o i ll
e c t a n d e sp e c a y
wh i h
,

g
a s t o t h e d e re e I n I c , as u bu l
a m a s s re d , t h e ck r ta atta 1n

x i i whi h
t h e Qu a r t e r ly R e v ie w e c t e d t h e d s e a s e b y ih c he p e r s e d
Ih v i v no n w v
.

a e r e ce ed l l
a s e r t o m y a st e t t e r t o yo u Ha e
iv g zin
.

y o u r e ce e d m y con ibu ion tr ou

t to y r m a a e ?
D e a r S ir,
Y rs e ry s ou v e r e y, inc l
P B S H ELLE . . Y
.

L XXXI X — T o J O H N. G I S BO R N E .

MY i v e d t he h e a rt re n d ing
D EAR F R I E N D — I a e hv r e ce ~

oun of
a cc tclo ing n of
t he s g a t g e niu who m e n vy a d
s ce e t he re s n
ing i u cou g
ra t t d e s of wo l d I d o t t hink t h a t if I
r e d o ut t he r o n

n b fo I coul h v co m p o s e d m y p o e m T he
.

ha d s e e it e re , d a e .
 L E T TE R S .
3 39

e n t hu s i a sm of t he i m a gin a t ion woul d h a v e o v e p owe re d t he r

se n t i m e n t
A S it is I h a v e fi ni h e d m y E l e gy a d t h i s d a y I s e n d it t o
.

s n

Y u s h a ll h a v e a co p y t he m o m e n t it is
,

t h e p e s s a t P i sa r o
I t hink it wi ll p l e a se y u I h a v e d i p p d m y p e n
.

c om p le t e d . o . e

in con u m ing fi e f his d e s t oy e r s ; o t h e rwi s e t h e s t yl e is ca l m

s r or r

a n d s ol e m n
P a y wh e n h a ll w e s e e y o u ? O r a e t h e s t re a m s of H e licon
.

r s r

l e s s s a lu t a y t h a n s e a b a t hing f t he n e v e s ? G i v e u s a m u c h
,

r -
or r s

a s yo u c a b e fo e yo u go t o E ngl a n d a n d a t h e d i v i de t he
n r ,
r r
t e m t h a n n o t co m e oon
r s

wi s h e s t h a t non e of the book s d e k e t c s houl d b e

.

M rs s

p a ck e d p wi t h t he p i a no ; b u t t h a t t h e y h oul d b e s e n t o e b y
.
, ,
.
,

u s n

S he d e s i e d
,
o n e b y Pe p i Add s s t h e m t o m e a t h e hou se re r r
m e t o h a ve t h e m a d d s s e d t o m
.
, .

w hy I know o t re e, n .

A d roll ci cu m s t a n ce ha s o c cu e d r Q u e n M ab a p o e m rr e

wri tt e n by m e wh e n ve y young in t he m o st fu iou s t yl wi t h

,
.

r r s e,

long no t e s g in t J e u s C h i t a d G o d t he F a t h e a d t he
,

a a s s r s n r, n

king a d bi s h o p d m a i a g e a d t he d e vi l know s wh a t is
,

n s, a n rr n

k
, , ,

j u s t p ubli s h e d b y o n e of t h e low boo e ll e s in t h e S t and s r r ,

a g in t m y wi s h a n d con se n t a n d a l l t h e p e o p l e a e a t logg e
a s r r

h e a d s abou t it H S gi ve s m e t h i s a ccoun t Y u m y
,

o a
i m a gin e h ow m uch I a m a m u s e d F o r t he s ake of a d igni fi e d
. . . .

how e v e a d e a ll y b c a u s e I wi s h t o p o t e t
.

a pp a a n ee r c r, n r e r s

g in st a ll t he b a d p o e t y in it I h a v e gi v e n o d e s t a y t h a t
,

a a r r r o s
it is a ll d on e a g a in s t m y d e s i e a n d h a v e d i e c t e d m y a t t o n e y
,

r r r
t o p p l y t o C h nc e y f a n inj un c t ion w h i c h h e will
,

a a r o t ge tor n

I a m p e t t y ill I t h a n k y j u s t now ; b t I hop e yo u a e

, .

r ,
o u, u r
be t t e r .

M o s t a ffe c t ion a t e l y y ou rs P B S , . . .

P is a . S a t u r d ay , j u ne l 6t h, I82 1 ) .

XC — T o T H E
.
“
E XA M I N ER .
”

j u n e 2 2 n d, 1 8 2 1 .

A POEM, e nt it le d
w i t t e n by m e a t t he a g Q u een M a b , wa s r e
o f igh t e e n — I d a e s a y in a s u ffi ci e n t l y in t e m p a t e p i i t
e r I er s r

h a v e t s n t h i p o d u ct ion fo e v e l ye a s I d oubt o t b t
, .

no ee s r r s ra r n u
t h a t it is p fe ct l y wo t hl e s in p oin t of li t e ra y co m p o s i t ion a d
er r s r n
t h a t in a ll t h a t c on c e n s m o a l a d p oli t ic a l p e cul a t ion a w l l r r n s s e
in t he s ub t l e r d i s c i m in a t ion s of m e t p h y ic a l a d ligiou
, ,
a s r a s n re s
d oc t in e it is s t ill m o e c r u d e a d i m m a t u e
r , I a m a d e vo t e dr n r .
 3 40 L E T TE R S .

en e m y t o re l i giou s p oli t ica l a d d o m e s t ic o pp e s s ion ; a nd I n r

o t s o m u c h f o m li t e ra y v ni t y a s
, ,
re g e t t hi s p ublic a t ion
r n r r a

b e a u s e I fe a it is b e t t e fi t t e d t o inj ure t h a n t o s e rve t he s a cre d

, ,
c r r

ca u e of fre e d o m
”
s .

XC I .
—
To M R . AN D M R S G I S B O RN E . .

B ag n i, F r ida y N ig ht
(j u ly 1 3 t h,
M Y D EA R F R I EN D S — I h a ve b e e n e xp e c t ing e v e y d a y a w i t r r
a t t e n d a t y ou r c ou rt a t G u e b h a r d s wh e n ce y o u know it i
’
t o s
s e t t l e d t h a t I s h oul d con d uc t y u h i t h e r t o s p e n d y ou l a s t d a y s
,

o r
in I t a l y A t hou sa n d t h a nks f you r m a p s in e t u rn f r whi c h
. or r o
I s e n d y o u t he onl y co p y of A d on a i s t he p in t e ha s y e t “ ”
r r
d e li v e e d r I wi s h I c oul d a y a G l a ucu s coul d in t he e xch a ng e
. s ,
s ,
fo t he a rm s of D io m e d —é x b fi
r é w fl fw ,
a r ,u t ot ea o u.

I will onl y m in d y o u of F a u s t m y d e s i e fo r t he con

re
“
r
e lu s ion of w h ich is onl y e xc e e d e d b y m y d e s i re t w e lco m e y o u o .

D oy o u ob s e rve a n y t a c e s of him in t h e p o e m I s e n d y o u ?
r
P o t s — t h e b e s t of t h e m a re a ve ry ca me l e o ic a c e ; t h e y t a k e
e n r

o t onl y of wh a t t h e y fe e d on b u t of t he v e ry l e a v e s
,

t h e c olou r n

un d e r which t h e y p a s s
,

M a y 5 j u s t on t h e v e g e of fi ni h ing he r no v e l ; bu t it c a nno t
.

r 1 r s

b e n t im e fo r y o u t o t a k e t o E ngl a n d — F a e w ll
I r e

M os t fa i t h full y y ou s
. .

r ,

P B S . . .

XC I I — T o . MRS . AN D M R S G I S BOR N E .

M Y D E AR E S T F R I E N D S — I full y re p a i d fo t he pa inful am r

e m o t ion s fro m whi c h s o m e v e se s of m y p o e m s p a ng b y y ou r r r ,

s y m p a t h y a n d a p p ob a t ion — which i a l l t he r e wa d I e x p e c t s r r

a d a s m uch a s I de s i e
n I t is n o t f m e t o j u d g wh e t h e
r . in or e r,

t h e high p a i e y ou fe e ling s a s s ign m e y o u a

r s r igh t o r w ong re r r

n t n a t u e s t houg h t h e y
.
,
Th p o e t a d t he m a a e t wo d i ff
e n n r e re r

e xi t t oge t h e r t h y m a y b e uncon c iou s of e a ch o t h a n d

s e s e r,

in p a bl e of d e c i d ing on e a c h o t h e p owe a d e ff o rt b y y
,
’
ca r s rs n s an

re fle x a c t T he d e i s ion of t he ca u se w h t h e r n I m a c e r o o a

v h h
.
,

p o e t is re m o e d f o m t h e p e e n t t i m e
r t o t he ou w e n r s r o ur

o t e ri t y s h a ll a s e m bl e b u t t h e c ou t i a ve y se ve e o n a n d
,

pfe a r t h a t t he v e d i ct wi ll be G uil t y— d e a t h l
s s r s r r e,
”
r
,
 L E T TE R S .
34 1

I h a lls be wit h yo u on th e fi um m on s I hop e t h a t t he

rst s
hv v t h i s b a nk
.

i
t m e yo u a e re se r ed fo r u s,
“
d ho a l of t i m i an s e,
”
s

n o t so s ho t r as yo u on c e t a lk d f e o .

In h a s t e m o ,
s t a ffe c t ion a t e l y y ou rs,

P B S
. . .

B ag n i, j u ly 1 9th .

XC I I I — To . M R S S H E LLE Y,

(BA G N I D I PI SA ) .

T u es d a
y, L i o ne B ia n co , F l o r e n ce

(A ug u s t 1s t,

M Y D EA R ES T LOVE — I u n t h i s e v e ning ; n o s h a ll not re t r r,

unl e ss I h a v e b e t t e s u cc e s t o m o r ow I h a ve s e e n m a n y
r s, -
r

h ou e s b u t ve ry fe w wi t hin t he c o m p a of o u p ow s ; a n d
.

s ss r er
e v e n in t ho s e w hi c h ui t no t h ing is m o e d i ffi c ul t t h a n
, ,
eem to s s , r

t o b ing t h p o p i e t o t o t e m s I cong a t ul a t e m y e lf on
r e r r rs r r s
h a v ing t a ke n t h s e a on in t i m e a s t h e e is g e a t e xp e ct a t io I f
.

'

e s r r r o
I s h a ll d o m y ut m o s t t o re t u n
,

F lo e nc e b e ing full n e x t win t e

r r r
t o m o ow e v e ning el v n
.

-
rr Yo u m a y xp t m e a bou t t e o e ec n r e e
o c lo ck s I s h a l l p u p o s e l y b e l a t e t o p a e m y lf t he e x c e s s i v e
.

’
,
a r ,
s r se
he a t
T h e G is b o rn e s ( fou o lo k u
r
’
c c , T e s da , )
y a e j u st et t in a r s ou
d ilig n
e ce a n d fou
r, fo r B
-
ologn
a T ey a
-
h h ve p o m i e d t 0 w it e r s
'

i I n h h ou h i o ning p inci p a lly in t he

.

fo
r m Pa r s s p e t t re e rs t s m r r

of f v ou i t e A p o l lo ; a ll
.

c ontem p a t l ion of t he N iob

e, and a a r

wo l l h ough
r d y t t s a n d c a re s s e e m t o a v ni h f om b e fo t he s r re
s ubli m e m o t ion s u h p c t a cl e s c e a t e ; a d I a m d p ly
e s c s e r n ee
i m p e s e d wi t h t h g a t d i ff e n ce of h a p p in e s s e nj oy e d b y
r s e re er

t h o e w h o li v e a t
s d i t a n c e f o m t h e e in ca n t ion of l l t h t
a s r s r a s a a
t h e fi n e s t m in d h a ve c on ce i v e d of b e u t y a d t ho s w h c a n
s a n e o
W h a t houl d w e t h ink if
i
,

r e s o rt t o t h i r co m p a n y a t p l e a s u e
e r s

we we e fo bi d de n t who h ve l ft
. .

r a d t he g e a t w i t
r o re r r e rs a e us
t he i wo ks ? An d y e t t o b e fo bi dde n t li v a t F l o e n ce o
r r r o e r r

R o m e i a n e v il of t h e a m e kin d of ca c e l y l e s s m a gni t u d
s s s r e
I m d lig h t e d t o h a t h a t t h e W S a e wi t h y u I a m
, , .

’
a e e r r o

c on v inc d t h a t Willi a m s m u s t p e e v e e in t h e u s e of t he d o cc i a
. .

e rs r

G i v e m y m o s t a ffe c t ion a t n c e s t t h e m I s h a ll know

.

em em b e r ra o

ll t he hou s e s in F lo e n c e a d c a gi v e W a goo d a ccoun t of

.

a r n n

Yo u h a v e n o t s nt m y p
, .

t h e m a ll p o t a d I m u s t ge t ho m e
e a ss r n

I c a n I s up p o se yo u d id n o t r e c e i v e m y no t e
.
,

a s . .
3 42 LE T TE RS .

I gr u dge qui n s fo r a c a rri a ge b u t I h a v e s u ffe re d f o m

my se r
t he s u n d t he fa t igu
n a a n d d a e n o t e xp o se m y se lf t o t h a t
e, r

whic h is n e ce s sa y fo hou se h un t ing

r r -

Ki s li t t l e b a b e a d h ow is he ? b u t I ho p e t o s e e him fa st
.

s n
m o r ow nig h t
,

a sl e e p t o- An d p a y d e a e s t M a ry h a ve s o m o f
r . r ,
r ,
e

y ou r nove l p e p a d fo r m y re t u n
r re r

Y ou e v e a ffe c t ion a t e
.

r r

XC I V — T o . M R S S H E LL E Y ,
.

(BAG N I D I PI S A .
)
B o l ogn a , Ag o s t o 6 .

D E AR E S T M I N E — I ologn am c v ll at B a , a n d t he a r a e a is
o rd e re d fo r R a e v nn I h a v e b e e n
a in h ving d e t a e d, by a m a de
in e x p l i c a bl e arra nge m e n t m o e t h n
.

b s ing
a n e m a r ra s and r a

t w e l v e hou r s ; o r I s houl d h a ve a rri ve d a t B ologn a l a s t nig h t

,

i n st e a d o f t hi s m orning
T h ough I h a ve t a v e ll e d a ll nigh t a t t h e ra t e of t wo m il e s
.

a nd a h a lf a n hou
-
in a l i t t l e op e n c a le ss I a m p e f c t l y we ll
r, o, r e

i n h e a l t h O ne woul d t h ink t ha t I w e re t he s p a ni e l of D e t iny

. s ,

fo t h e m o e s h e kno ck a b ou t m e t he m o e I fa wn on h e
r r s I r r

h a d a n o v e t u rn a bou t d a y b a k t h e l d h o s e s t u m bl e d
.
,

r -
re d o r an

t h e w m e a n d t he fa t ve t t u ri no in t o a s lo p e of m e a d ow o v e t h e
,

r r

h e d g e M y a ngul a fi gu e s t uck wh e e it w a p i t ch d b t m y
,

r r r s e u

ve t t u i no s s p h e ica l fo m oll e d fa i l y t o t h bo t t o m of t he h i ll
.

’
r r r r r e

a n d t h a t w i t h s o fe w s ym p t o m s of t he lif t h t
,

e lu c t a n c e i r n e a

a ni m a t e d it t h a t m y i d icu l e (fo r it w a s t h e d oll e t

r ig h t in t he r s s

wo l d) w a s s u p p re s se d b y m y fe a r t h a t t he p oo d e v il h d b n
,

r r a ee

hu rt B u t h e w a s ve ry w e ll a nd we con t inu e d o u j ou n e y wi t h
.
,
r r

g e a t s u c ce s s
r
K i s s m y p re t t y on e s a d a cc e p t
.

M y love t o t he W ill iam s s ’

.
,
n

a n a ff c t ion a t e o n e fo r y ou s e lf fr o m m e
e T he h a i se w a i t s
r I c

will wri t e t he firs t nigh t f o m R ave nn a a t l e ng t h

. .

r
Y ou s e v e r
.

r ,

XC V .
-
T o M RS . S H ELLE Y .

R a v en n a , A ug u s t 7 , 182 1 .

M Y D EAR E S T M AR — I Y a rr iv d l
nig h t a t t e n o lo c k d
e a st
’
c an

lking wi t h Lo I th n
,

sate up ta rd B yron un t i l fi e t hi m o ing v s rn . e

 LE T TE RS .
43

w e n t t o s l e e p a n d now a wa ke a t e l e ve n a n d h a v ing d e sp a t ch e d
kf st a q ui c k a p o s s ibl e m e n t o d e v o t e t he in t e v a l
, ,

my b re a a s s a r
un t il t we l v wh e n t he p o s t d p t t y o u
,

e, e a r s, o

Lo d B y on i v e ry w e ll a n d w a s d e lig h t e d t o s e e m e
.

r r s H e ha s
in f c t c o m p l e t e l y e co v e e d his h e a l t h d li ve s a lif t o t a ll y t h
, .

a r r an e e
re v e s e of t h a t w h i c h h e l e d a t V e nic e
,
r H e h a a p e rm n e n t s a
s o t of l i a i s on wi t h C on t e s sa G uicc i oli who i now a t F lo e n c
.

r s r e,
l e t t e s t o b e a ve y a m i a bl e wo m a n S he
,

a d s e e m s f o m he
n r r r r

is w a i t ing t h e e un t il s o m e t hi ng s h a ll b e d e c i d e d a s t o t h e i
.

r r
e m ig a t ion t o S wi t z e l a n d o r s t a y in I t a l y
r w h ich i ye t un de
r s

t e m in e d on e i t h e
r i de S he w a s co m p e ll e d t o e ca p e f o m
r s . s r

t he P a p a l t e rr i t o y in g re a t h a s t a s m e a su e
r h a d a l e a dy e, r s r

b e e n t a ke n t o p l a ce he in a con v e n t wh e e she woul d h a ve r r

b e e n un l n t ingly confin e d fo r life T he o p p re s si on of t he
,

re e .

m a i g e con t a c t a e xi s t ing in t h l a w s a d o p inion s of I t a l y

rr a r s e n
t h oug h l e s s f e q u n t l y e x e ci e d i fa s e ve e
, ,

r e t h a n t h a t of
r s s r r r

E ng l a n d I t e m bl e t o t hink of wh a t p oo r E m ili a is d t in e d t o
,

r es
L o d B y on h a d a l m o t d e s t o ye d hi m s e lf i n V e nic e : h is
. .

r r s r

s t a t e of d e bili t y w a s s u c h t h a t h e w a s un a bl e t o d ig e s t a n y foo d
h e w a s c on s u m e d b y h e c t i c fe v e a n d woul d s p e e d il y h a v e
,
r,

p e i s h e d b u t fo r t hi s a tt a c h m e n t whi c h ha s r e cl a i m e d h im fr o m
r

t h e xc s se s in t o wh i c h h e t h e w h i m e lf f o m c a e l e s s n e s s a d
, ,

e e r s r r n

p ri d e a t h e r t h
r a n t s t e P oo fe llow ! h ea is now q ui t e w ll r e
H e h a s gi v e n m e a
, .
,
a d i m m e rs e d in p oli t i c s a n d li t e a t u e
n r r

nu m b e r of t he m o s t in t e e s t ing d e t a il s on t h e fo m e s ubj e c t
.

r r r
b u t w e w i ll n o t s p e a k of t h e m in a l e t t F l e t ch e is h e e an d
,

er r r
a s i f l i k e a S h a d ow h e w a x e d a n d w a n e d wi t h t h e s ub t a nc e of
.
,

t e : F l e t ch e co v
,

hi m s as r a l s o ha d his goo d look a d

er s r e re s, n
f o m a m i d s t t he un e a s on a bl e g e y h a i s a f e s h h a rve st of
r s r r , r
fl a xe n lock s p u t fo t h r

W e t a l k d a gr e a t d e a l of p o e t ry a d s uch m a t t e s l a s t
.

e n r
nigh t ; a n d a s u su a l d i ffe e d a n d I t h ink m o t h a n e v e H e
'
,

r ,
re r .

a ff t t o p a t oni s e a s y s t e m of c i t i c i s m fi t fo t h e p o d u c t ion
ec s r r r r

of m e d ioc i t y a n d a l t h ough a ll hi fi e p o m a n d p a s s a ge
r s n e s s
h a v e b e e n p ro duc e d in d fi a n ce of t hi s s y t m y e t I c ogni e
,

e s e re s

p e ni iou s e ffe c t of it in t h D og of Ve ni c ; a d it wi l l
,

th e r c s e e e n
c ra m p a d li m i t his fu t u e e ffo rt
n h ow e v e g a t t h e y m a y b
r s r re e,
‘

unl he g e t s id of it I h v e
e ss r d on l y p a t s of it o at h e a re a r r r r
h e h i m s e lf e a d t h e m t o m e a d g a v e m e t h e p l a n of t he whol
.
,
.

r n e

Lo d B y on ha a l o t ol d m e of a i c u m s t n c e t h a t s h o k
, .

r r s s c r a c s
m e e xc e e d ingl y b e a u e it e x h ibi t s a d e g e e of d e sp e t
c s d r ra e an
wi ck e d m a li ce f whi c h I a m a t a lo t a c c oun t Wh n I
or ss o e
s uch t h ing s m y p a t i e n c a d m y p h ilo s o p h y a e
.

h ear
put t e n r
‘

o a
s e v e re p r oof whi l s t I e fra in fr o m s e e ki ng o u t s o m e o bs c u e
, r r
344 LE T TE RS .

hi ding p l a ce wh e re t he coun t e n a nc e of m a n m a y n e ve r m e e t
-
,
m e m o re
I m a gi n e m y d sp a i r o f goo d im a gin e ho w it is
.

p o ss ibl e t h a t o n e of s o w e k a n d s e n s i t i ve a n a t u e a m in e c a n
,

a r s
ru nfu t h e r t h e g a un t l t t h ough t h i h e lli s h oci e ty of m e
r e r s s n.
Y u S houl d w i t e t o t h e H p p n e s a l e t t e r r e fu t ing t h e h a g e
o r o r c r
in c a se yo b e l i e v a d know a n d c an p ro v e t ha t it is fa l s e
,
u e, n
t a t ing t h e g oun d s a d p oofs of y ou r b e l i e f
,
s r I need no t
n r
d i c t a t e wh a t y o u s h o u l d s a y ; n o r I ho p e in p i re y o u wi t h
.

, ,
s
w a m t h t o e bu t a ch a rg e which yo u onl y c an e ff c t u a lly re bu t
r r ,
e .

I f yo u will se n d t he l e t t e t o m e h e re I will for wa d it t o t he r r

H p p e s Lo d B yr on I s n o t u p I d o n o t kno w t he H o p p n e r s
,
’
o n r r
a d d e s s a n d I a m a nx i ou s n o t t o lo s e a p o s t
.
,

r , .

XCVI — T o . M R S S H ELLE
. Y .

Thu r s day , 8 t h A ug u s t .

M Y D EA R E S T M A R — I Y w o t t y y t d y d I b g in r e o ou e s er a an e
wi thou t knowing x c t l y wh n I
,

a no t h e r l e t t e r t o da y e a-
e ,
ca se nd n
it a s I a m t ol d t he p o s t onl y go e s onc e a w e e k I d a e s a y t he - r

s ubj e c t of t h e l a tt e r h a lf of m y l e t t e r g a v e yo u p a in b u t it wa s
.
,

n e ce s s ary t o look t he a ffa i r i n t he fa c e an d t he onl y s a t i s fa c t o ry

,

,
a n we s t o t he ca lu m n y m u s t b e give n b y y o u a n d coul d b e
r

give n by yo u a lon e T hi s is e v i d e n t ly t he ou r ce of t he v iol en t

,
s

d e nunc i a t ion s of t h e Li t e a y G a z e t t e in t h m s e l v e s c on t e m p t ibl e

.

r r e

e noug h a n d onl y t o b e re g a d e d a s e ff c t s wh i ch S how u s t h e i

,

r e r
c a u se which un t il w e p t o ff o m o t a l n a t u re w e n e ve r
, ,

u ur r

d e s p i s e — t h a t is t h e b e li e f of p e on s w h o h a ve known a n d se e n
, , ,

rs

y o u t h a t y o u a r e guil ty of c ri m e s
,

,
.

A te r h avi ng s e n t m y l e t t e r t o t he p o s t ye s t e da y I we n t t o
f r

s e e s o m e of t h e a n t iqui t i e s o f t hi s p l a c e ; which
,

p p e ar t o b e a

r e m a k a bl e r T hi s ci t y w a s onc e of v a t e x t e n t a d t h e t a c e
. s ,
n r s

of it s re m a in s a e t o b e foun d m o t h a n fou m il e s f o m t he
r re r r

a t e of t he m o d e n t own T he s e a whi ch onc e c a m e clo s e t

r o
g
i t h a s now r e t i e d t o t h e d i s t a nc e of fou m il e s l e a v ing a m e l a n
.
,

r r

c h o l y e x t e n t of m a s h e s i n t e s p e s e d wi t h p a t ch e s of c ul t iv a t ion
, ,

r r r

a d t owa rd s t h e s a s h o re wi t h p in e fo e s t s w h i c h h a v e follow e d
, ,

n e r

e t o ce s s i on of t h e A d i a t ic oo t s of wh ich a e
,

th e r r a n d t he r r r

t u a ll y w a s h e d b y it s wa v e s T he l e ve l of t h e s e a a n d of t h i s
,

ac .

t rac t o f coun t y co rre sp on d s o n e arl y t h a t a d i t ch d u g t o a fe w

r ,
 LE T TE R S .
'

3 45

fe e t in de p t h 15 1m m e diat ely fill e d u p wi t h s e a w a t e All t he r

a nc i e n t buil d i ng s h ave b e e n chok e d p t o t h h igh t of f o m

.
,

u e e r

fi e t o t w e n t y fe e t b y t he d e o s i t of t he e a n d of t h inun d s a e
v
p , a

t ion s whi c h a e f q u n t i n t he win t e r I w e n t in L B s

re e r.

c rr i a ge fi s t t o t he C h i e sa S a n V i t a l e which 15 c e t a inl y e
.
, .

a r r on

of t he m o s t a nci e n t c h u c h e s in I t a l y I t is a o t un d a s u p
, ,

r r

p o t e d u p on bu t t e s e s a n d p il a s t e rs of w h i t e m a bl e ; t h e ill
.
,

r r s r

e ffe c t of w h i c h is s o m e w h t r li e v e d b y a n i n t e io w of a e r r ro

colum n s T he d o m e is ve y h ig h a n d n a ow T he w h o l r rr e

c hu rc h i n s p i t e of t h e e l e va t ion of t he s o i l is v e y h igh fo r it s
. .

b e a dt h , a n d is of a v e y p e c ul i a r a n d t iking c on s t u c t ion I n
, ,
r r s r r .

t he s e c t i on of o e of t he l a g e t a bl e s of m a bl e wi t h which t he
n r r

chu ch 15 l in e d t h e y s how e d m e t he p rf ect fi g u r e a s p e fe c t a s

r e r

i f it ha d b e e n p a in t e d of a C a p u ch in f i w h i ch e s ul t e d m e e l y
, ,

r a r, r r

f o m t he h a d ing s a n d t he p o si t i on of t he s t a in s i n t he m a bl
,

r s r e

n t ici p a t e d cogn it ion of a

.

T hi s 15 wh a t m a y be c a ll e d a p u e r a

C a p u ch in
I t h e n we n t t o t he t o m b of T h e o do s iu w h ich ha s now b e e n
.

s,

d e d i c a t e d t o t he Vi gin wi t h ou t h ow e v e r a y c h ng e in it s r n a

o igin a l a p p e a ra nc e I t is a bou t a m i l e f o m t he p e s e n t c i t y
, , ,

r r r

T hi s buil d ing is m o e t h a n h a lf ove r wh e l m d b y t he e l e v a t e d

. .

r e
s o i l a l t houg h a p o t ion of t h e low e t o e y h s b e e n e x c a va t e d
r r s r a
a n d is fil l e d wi t h b a c ki s h a d
, ,

t inking w a t r a d a s o rt of n s e rs , n

va p o ou s da kn e s s a d t 0 0 p of p o d igiou f og I t is a
r r n r s r s r s

a d wi t hou t b e l onging t o a
.
,
r e m a ka bl e p i e c e of a c hi t e c t u
r r re , n

p e rio d w h n t he a nci e n t t a s t e y e t u v ive d b e a

e n ve t h e l e s s r rs , e r s,

a c e t a in i m p
,
r s ion of t h a t t a s t re I t c on s i st s of t w s t o i e s ;
s e o r

t he low e r s u p p o t e d on D o ic ar c h
.

r d p il a s t e and a i m p le r es an rs , s

e n t a bl a t u T he o t h e ci cul a w i t h in a d p ol ygon a l ou t i d e
re . r r r n s

oofe d w i t h e s ingl e m a s s of p on d e rou s s t on e fo r it is

, ,
a d n r on
e v i d e n t l y o e a d H e a v n a lon e know
,

n n how t h e y con t ive d t e s r o

lift it t o t h a t h e igh t I t is a s o t of fl t t i h d o m e oug h w oug h t

,

r a s r -
r

wi t hin by t he c h i s e l f om w h i c h t he N o t h n c on q u e o s t o e
.
,

r r er r r r

t he p l a t e s of s il v e r t h t d o n e d it a d p oli h e d wi t h ou t wi t h
,

a a r n s

t hing lik e h a n d l e s a p p n d e d t o it w h i h w e a l o w oug h t o t

, ,
‘

s e c re s r u
of t he oli d s t on e a d t w h i h I upp o e t he o p we e
,

s n o c s s r es r

Yo u a sc e n d e xt e n a l l y in t o t h e e c on d
,
a p p li e d t d a w it u p o r r s
t o y b y a flig h t of t on s t e p s w h i c h a
.

s re m o d e rn s e re
T he n x t p l a c e I w e n t t o w a s a c h u c h a ll e d l
.
,
e chi s di r c a e a
w h i h is a B a s ilica a d buil t b y e I fo g t
,
’
S an t App o l l i na re, c n on r e

w h o m of t h e C h i s t i n E m p e o ; it is a long c h u ch wi t h
, ,

, r a r rs r ,

a oof like a b n, a d s u p p o t e d b y t we n t y fou c olu m n s of

r ar n r -
r
t he fi n e st m a b l wi t h a a l t a of j a p e r d fou c olu m n of
r e, n r s an r s

i i
,

j a
p s
e and r,
gi a llo a n t co s u pp o t ng t h e r oof of t h e t ab e n a c l
,
e r r ,
3 46 LE T T E R S .

which a e s a i d t o b e of i m m e n s e v a lue I t i s o m e t hing like

r s

t h a t chu r ch (I fo rg e t t he n a m
.

of it ) we sa w a t R o m e fuo e e r

I s u p p o e t h e E m p o t ol e t h e s e colu m n whic h
,

d e ll e m u a
*
r s er r s s,

b e long t t h p l a ce t h e y occu p y Wi t h in t he
.

se e m n o t a t a ll t o o e

t h e c h u r c h of S Vi t a l e t h e e is t o b e e e n t he t o m b
.

c i ty n e a r an r s

of t he E m p e s s G a lla Pl a ci d i a d a ugh t of T h e o do iu s t he
, ,

r er s

G e a t t og e t h e r wi t h t ho s e of h
,

r hu ba n d C on s t a n t iu s he er s r
b o t h e r H ono i u s a n d h e s o n Va l n t i ni a n— a ll E m p e o s T he
, ,
r r ,
r e r r .

t o m b s a e m a s sy c a s e s of m a bl e a d o n e d wi t h ru d e a n d t a t e
r r r s

l e ss s cul p t u e of l m b s a n d o t h e r C h i s t i a n e m bl m s wi t h
,

r a r e
s ca ce l y a t a c e of t h e a n t i u e t s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n o e of
, ,

r
q r I n

t h fi s t e ff e c t s of t he C h i t t a n e ligion t o d e s t o y t h e p ow e of
.

e r r s r r r

p ro d ucing b e a u t y i n a t T h e s e t o m b s a e p l a ce d in a s o rt of
r r

va ul t e d c h a m b e wrough t ove wi t h r u de m o sa ic wh ich is a i d

.

r, r , s

t o h a ve b e e n buil t in 1 3 0 0 I h ave ye t s e e n no m o e of . r

R a v e nn a .

We i de o u t i n t he e e nt ng t h rough t he p i n e fo re st s which
r v

d ivi d e t hi s c i t y f o m t he se a O u r w a y of l i fe is t hi s a n d I h a v e
,

r .
,

a cco m m o d a t e d m y s e lf t o it wi t hou t m uch d i f

fi cul t —
yi L B . .

g t s p a t t w o b e a kfa st s ; w e t a lk re a d e t c un t il s ix ; t h e n w e
e u r

i de a n d d in e a t e igh t a d a ft e r di nn e r sit t a lki ng t ill fou o r

, , , .
,
r n r
I ge t u p a t t we l ve a nd a m no w de vo t ing
,

fi e in t he m o rning
v
i n t he i n t e rva l b e t w e n m y ri s ing a n d his t o yo u
.
,

L B is g e a t l y i m p o v e d in e ve ry re sp e c t
, .

r In g e niu s in
r

in m o a l v i e w s in h e a l t h in h a p pi n e s T he c onn e xion
. . .
,

t em p e r, r s

wi t h la G ui c cioli h a s b e e n a n in t i m a bl e b e n e fi t t o him H e
, , .

es .

live s in c on s i de ra bl e s p l e n d ou b u t wi t hin his inco m e whi c h is r,

now a bou t £ 40 0 0 a ye ; £1 0 0 of whi ch he d e v o t e s t o p u p o se s

,
-
ar J r

of ch a i ty H e ha ha d m i s chi e v ou s p s ion b u t t h e s e he
r s a s s,

s e e m s t o h a ve s ub d u e d a d h e is b co m ing wh a t h e s houl d b e
.

n e

a v i t uou s m a n T he in t e e s t wh i c h he t ook in t he p oli t i c s of

, ,

r . r

I t a l y a n d t he a c t ion he p e fo m e d in con s e q u e nc e of it a e s r r r
S ubj c t s n t fi t t o b e w r i t t en b u t a r e s u c h a s will d e ligh t
, ,

e o nd a
i
,

s urp is ry o u e H e is o t y e t d e c i d e d t o go t n
o S w t z e l a n d — a r

fi
.

p l a c e in d e e d li t t l e t t e d fo r h im t h e go s s i p a n d t h e c a b a l of s

t ho
, ,

a nglici s e d co t e i e
se woul d t o rm e n t him a t h y d id b e fo e
r s s e r

a n d m ig h t e x a p e a t e h im in t o a re l p s e of lib e t ini s m w h i c h
, ,

s r a r

h e s a ys he p lung e d i n t o n o t f o m t t b u t d e p a i
,

L C ui c r a s e, s r a
f i e n d a d con fi da n t a d
.

io l i a n d h e r b o t h e (who i L B
’
c r r s s r n n

conn e xion wi t h him ) wi s h t o go t o

. .
,

a c qui e s c e s p e fe c t l y in he r r ,

S P l f
an ao od ll m —b u o re t d w e d it b
e ti f l
u ra l mn u rn o n, an s e au u co u s

c l
a c nei d b y t h fi i 1 8 2
3
—e now e b
re , i l t — nM S r u
I
. .
 L E T TE RS .
47

S wi t ze l a n d ; a s L B s ay s m e e l y fro m t he no v e l t y of t he
r r

v
. .
,

p l e u e of
as t a r e lling L B r p e f s T u s c a n y L u cc a a n d is r er or

t y ing t o p e s u a d e t h e m t o a d o p t h is vi e w s
.
. .
,

r r H ha s m a de m e e

w i t e a long l e t t e t o h t e ng g e t o re a in a o d d t h ing
.

r h r m — er o a e r n
e nough fo a n u t t e r s t ra ng e t o w i t e on s ubj e c t s of t h u t m o t
r r r e s

d e li c c y t o h is f i e n d m i t e ss B u t it s e e m s d e s t in e d t h t I
’
a r s s r a

lwa y t o h a v e s o m e c t i v e p a rt in e v e y bo dy a ffa i
.

’
am a s a r s rs

who m I a pp o a c h I h a v e s e t d own in l a m e I t a li a n t he
r .
, ,

s t r ong e s t e a s on I ca n t hink of a g a in s t t he S wi s s e m ig r t ion

r s a

t o t e ll y o u t u t h I S houl d b e v e ry gl a d t o a c ce p t a s m y fe e h is
r

e s t a bli s h m e n t i n T u s c a n y
, , ,

R a v nn a is a m i s e bl e p l a c e t he. e ra

p e op l e a e b a b a ou a d wil d a d t h e i l a ngu a g e t he m o t
r r r s n n r s

infe rn a l p a t oi t h a t yo ca i m gin e H e woul d b e in e v y

,

s u n a .
,
er

re s p c t b e t t e e a m ong t h e T u s c n s r I a m a f a i d he woul d t a r no

like F lo re n ce on a cc oun t of t he E n gli s h t h e T h e e i Lu

, .

er r s cc a ,
F lo e nc e Pi sa S i e n a a d I t h in k no t h ing m o e W h a t t h ink
.
,
r , , ,
n r .

y ou of P a t o o P i r
s t oi a f o hi m — no E ngli s h m a n a p p o a ch e s
r r r

t ho s e t o wn s ; b u t I a m a f a i d no hou se coul d be foun d goo d

, ,
r

e nough fo him in t h a t re gion

r
H e ha s e a d t o m e o e of t he un p ubli s h e d c a n t o s of D o n
.

r n
Ju a n whic h is a t oni hingl y fi e I t s e t s him n o t onl y a bo v e s s n

b u t fa r bo v e a ll t h p o e t of t h e d y— e v e y wo d is s t a m p d
. .
,

a e s a r r e

wi t h i m m o t a li t y I d e p a i of i v ll ing Lo d B y on a s w ll I
,

r s r r a r r e

is no o t h e wi t h w h o m it i wo t h c on t e n d ing
.
,

m ay and t h e , re r s r .

T hi s c a n t o i in t h s t yl e b u t t o t a ll y a d s u t in e d wi t h
s e n s a

in cred ibl e a s e a d p owe l i k e t he d of t he s e con d c a n t o

, ,
e n r, en
T h e i n o t a wo d w h i c h t h m o t igi d a s e t e of t h d igni t y
.

er s r e s r s r r e

of hu m a n n a t u e wou l d d e s i e t o b e a nc e ll d I t fu lfil s in a
r r c e

e t a in d e g e e wh a t I h a v e long p e a c h e d of p o d u c ing — s o m e
.
,

c r r r r

t hing who ll y e w a d e l a t i v e t ge a d y e t u p s s ing l y

,

n t he n r o a n s r a

b e a u t iful I t m y b e v a ni t y b t I t hin k I s e e t he t ce of m y
,

a u ra

n e t e x h o t a t ion s t o him t c e a t e s o m e t h ing whol ly n e w

.
,
e ar s r o r
H e ha s fi ni s h e d h is l ij iz p t o t h e p s e n t t i m e a n d gi ve n it t o
.

u re

M oo e wi t h lib e t y f M oo e t s e ll it fo t h e b t p i ce h e ca n
,

r r or r o r es r

g e t wi t h c on di t ion t h a t t h e book e ll e s h oul d p ub l i s h it a ft e

,

s r r

his d e a t h
,

M oo e h a s s ol d it t o M u a y f r t w o th d rr or o u sa n

v k
.

p o u n d s I h a p o n t h i m of eH un t sb u t n o t wi t h a di t
e o re c

v i e w of d e m a n d ing a c on t ibu ti on ; a d t h oug h I m u e t h a t

.
,

r n a s r

if a k d it woul d o t be e fu e d— y e t t h e e i s o m e t h ing in m
,

s e n r s r s e

t hat m ak it i m p o s s ibl
es Lo d B y on a d I a e x ce ll n te r r n r e e

f i n d a d w e I e d u ce d t o p o v ty o r w e e I a w i t e w h o
.

r e s, n re r er r r r
h d no l i m s t a h ig h e t a t i on t h a n I p o s e s s —
,
a c a o o r d id I p or s s s
s es s a h ig h e r t h a n I d e s e v e w
.
h oul d a pp e a in a ll t h ing a r e s r s s

u ch a n d I woul d fre e l y a sk him a ny favour S uch is n o t t he

,
s , .
3 4 8 LE T TE R S .

ca se on of m i st r u s t a n d p i de lu rk s b e t we e n t w
T he d e m r o

p s on s in o u s i t u a t ion p oi oning t h f e e d o m of o u in t e
.

er r s e r r r

T hi s is a t ax a n d a h e a vy o n e which w e m u s t p a y fo
,

c ou s e
“

r r

b e ing hu m a n I t h ink t he fa ul t is n o t on m y i de n is it
.
, ,

s or
li ke l y I b e ing t he w e a k e I ho p e t h a t in t he n e xt wo l d t h e
.
,

r r se

t h ing s will b b e t t e m a n a g e d Wh a t i p a s s ing in t h e h e a t of

.
,

e r s r

a no t h e a e l y e s c a p e s t h e ob se rv a t ion of o n e wh o is a s t r ic t
.

r, r r

a n a t o m i s t of h is own .

W i t e t o m e a t F lo e nc e wh e e I s h a ll e m a in a d a y a t l e a s t
r r ,
r r ,

a d sen d m e le tte s o
n n e ws of l e t t e s H o w i m y li t t l e d a
r , r r s r

ling ? An d how a e y o u a n d how do yo u ge t on wi t h y ou r

.

book ? B e s e ve e in y ou c o e ct ion s a n d e xp e c t e v e i t y f o m
,
r r rr s r r

m e y ou s i n ce e a dm i e I fl a t t m y e lf yo u h a v e co m p o se d
,

r r r r er s
o m e t h ing un e qu a l le d in it s kin d a n d t h a t o t c on t e n t wi t h t he
.
,

s n

h onou of y ou bi t h a n d y ou h e re di t a y a i st o c c y y u will
, ,

rs r r r r r ra o

a d d s t ill h ig h
,

e nown t y ou n a m e E x p e c t m e a t t he e d
er r o r n

of m y a pp oin t e d t i m e I d o t t h ink I s h a ll be de t a in e d I
.

o n s

is s he co m ing ? H a ve y o u h e a rd a n yt h ing of
. .

C wi t h y o u or

m y p oo E m il i a f o m who m I g t a l e t t e t he d a y of m y d
.
,

r ,
r o r e

p art u e ry ing t h
,
a t h e
sa r m a i a g e w a s d
, e fe re d f a v ry rr r or e

s ho r t t i m e on a c oun t of t h illn e s s of he r s p o s o ? H o w a e c e r

t h e W ill ia m s s a n d W i lli a m s e s p e c i a l l y ? G i v e m y v e y kin d e s t

,
’
r

lo v e t o t h m
,
e

Lo d B h a s h e e s p l e n d i d a p a t m e n t s i n t he h ou se of his
.

r r r

h u sb a n d who is o n e of t he r i ch e st m e n in I t a l y S he
.

m i t e ss
’
s r s

is d i v o r c d wi t h a n a llow a nc e of 1 2 0 0 c own s
.
,

e ye a m i e r a- a r, s r

wh
,

a bl e p i t t a nc e fr o m a m a n o h a s a y e a — He e a e -
r r r

t w m onk e y s fi e c a t s e ig h t d og s d t e h o e s a ll of who m
.

o v an n rs

( xc e p t t h e h o s e ) w a lk bou t t h h ou like t he m a s t e s f it
, , , , ,
’

e r s a e se r o

Tit t he V e n e t i a n i h e e a d o p e a t e s a s m y v l t ; a fi e
.
,

a s r n r a e n

f llow wi t h a p o d igiou s bl a ck b e a d a d who h a s t a bb d t w o

,

e r r n s e

t h e e p e o p l e a d is o n e of t he m o t goo d n a t u re d looking
, ,

or r n s -

fe llow s I ve s a w
,
e r

W e h a v e goo d r u m ou s of t he G e e ks h e e a d a R u s s i n
.

r r r n a

I h a d l y wi s h t he R u s s i a n s t o t a ke a n y p a t in it M y
,

wa r. r r

m a xi m is w i t h fE S C hyl u — o d
.

— n a new 7\ f im ‘
fi s vo o e e o v a. a
'
T es er 1r r

h
,

o qb é paer a tx m y d Te e e i a
o G e e k e x e ci s
er/re f o y o H w r s r r r u o

h ou l d S l a ve s p o d uce a nyt hing bu t t y a nn y— e v e n a s the se e d

. .

s r r

p o
r d uc e s t he p l a n t
A di e u de a r M y ,
ar .

Y ou s a ffe c t ion a t e l y r ,
 LE T TE RS . 34 9

X C V I I —T O . T . L P . .

R a v e n n a , A ug u s t (pr o ba bly l o th ) ,
182 1 .

M Y D EA R P EAC O C K— I i v e d y ou r l a st l e t t e j u t a s I wa
r e ce r s s

s e tt ing o ff f o m t h e B a gni on a v i i t t o Lo d B y on a t t h i
r s r r s

p l a ce M. a n y t h a nk s fo a l l y ou kin d a t t e n t ion t orm y a c cu s e d r r

a ff i sa r

I h a v e s e n t y o u by t he G isb o e s a c o p y of t h e E l gy n
.

rn e o
K t ea s T he ubj e c t I know will n o t p l e a s e y o u
s b t t he c m u o

p o i t ion of t h e p o t y a n d t he t a s t e in w h i c h it is w i t t e n I d
.
, ,

s e r r o

t t h in k b a d nligh t e n d p ubli c will j u dg

, ,

no Yo u n d t he a e e e

Lo d B y on is in e xc e ll e n t c u e bo t h of h e a l t h a d p i i t s
. .

r r H n s r e

h a g o t id of a ll t h o s e m e l a n hol y a d d gr a d ing h bi t s w h i c h
.

s r c n e a

h in d ulg e d a t V e ni ce
e H e li v e wi t h o n e wo m a n a l a d y of s

nk h e e t who m h is a t t a c h e d a d w h o is a t t a ch e d t him
.
,

ra r o e n o

a d i in e v e y e p e c t
, , ,
n s r a lt e e d m a n
r s H e ha s w i t t e n t h e e
an r r r

I h a ve ye t onl y h e a d t h fi ft h a d
.

m o e c n t o of D n j u n
r a s o a r e n
I t h ink t h a t e ve y wo d of it is p gn n t wi t h i m m o t a li t y I
.
,

r r re a r

h a v e n o t e e n h i l a t e p l a y s e x ce p t M in F l i whi ch is
.

s s ar o u e r o,

v y w e ll b u t n o t so t a n sce n d n t l y fi n e a D n j n Lo d
,
er ,
r e s o ua . r

B y on g tr p at two
e s I g t p q ui t e c on t y t m y u s u a l
u e u ra r o
d i lik e S ou t h e y a s n a k e in
.
,

c u st o m bu t o e m u t l p n s s ee or e,
’
s se -

Ke h a m ; a t t w e lv e b a kf t w e s it t a lking t i l l ix
,

a A ft er re as s
ix t o e ig h t w e g l l o p t h oug h t he p in fo wh i ch
.
, .

F om r s a t r e re s s

d i v i d e R a v e nn a f o m t h e e a ; t h e n c o m e ho m e a d d in a d
r s n e, n

s it u p go s i p ing t i l l s ix in t h m o ning Ids t t h ink t h i s will

e r o no

kill m e in a w e e k fo t nigh t b u t I s h ll o t t ry it long

.

or r a n er

Lo d B s e s t a bli h m e n t c on s i s t s b e i d e s va n t s of t e ho s e
, .

’
r s s ser n r s,

igh t e no m ou s d og t h e m kie s fi e c t s a n gl a c ow
.
, ,

e r s, re on v a ea e, r
ll t h e e x ce p t t h e h o e s w a lk
, , ,

a d a fa l c on
n a d n a bou t t h
se , rs a e
h ou se w h i c h e v e y now a d t h n s oun d wi t h t h i a b i
,

r n e re s e r un r

t d q u a re l s a s if t h e y w e
,

t ra e r th m a s t e s of it Lo d B re e r r

t h ink s y o w o t e a p a m p h l e t s ign e d j hn B u l l ; he a y h e
, . .

u r o s s
kn e w it by t h e s t yl e e m bling M el in co t of whi c h h is a r se ur e
I r a d it a d a s u e d him t h a t it oul d n o t
,

g e a t a dm i
r re r e n s r c

l h l
.
,

p o s ib
s y b y ou I w e i t e no t ing
rs d .
p ob a b y r h a ll w i t e no ,
an r s r

mo e r I t o ff n d m e t o e e m y n m e c l a
e s d a m ong t ho e who
s a s se s
h v e no n m If I c nno t b e s o m e t h ing b e t t I ha d a t h
.

a a e a e r, r er
b no t h ing M y m o t i v e w s n e v e t h in fi m d e s i e of f m e ;
.

e a r e r r a

a d if I s h oul d on t inu e a a u t ho I fe e l t h a t I h oul d d e i e it

.

"

n c n r, s s r

T h i s c u p i j u t l y gi ve n t o
.

s e onl y of a
s a ge in de d p t i ion n e ar c

a d unfo t un a t e t h e y who
,

p a t io woul d m a k e it wo t hl e s
n r eek s n r - s
it and fi n d it no t .
 LE T TE RS .

I cong ra t ul a t e y o u — I ho p e I ough t t o d o s o — n y ou r o
e x p e c t e d s t ra ng e r. He is in t o d uce d in t o a oug h wo l d
r r r

E ve m o s t fa i t hfull y y ou s
.

r r ,

P B S . . .

XCV I I I — T o . M RS . S H ELLE Y .

S a t u r day — R a v e n n a .

M Y D EAR M A R — Y o u Y
hear that L B wi ll be s u i
rp r s e d to . .

ha s d e c i d e d u p on co m ing t o P i in c s e he s h a ll b e a bl e wi t h sa , a

e m a in in I t l y
,

m y a s i s t a n ce t o p re va il u p on hi m i t e s s t o
s s s r r a
of wh i ch I t h ink t h e e is li t t l e d oub t H e wi h e s fo r a l a g a d
, ,

r s r e n

m a gni fi ce n t hou s e b u t h e h s fu rni t u e of h i own w h i h h

.

a r s c e

woul d e n d fro m R a ve nn a In q ui e if a y of t he l a ge p l
, ,

s r n r a a ce s

W e d i s c u ss e d P t o Pi s t oi a Lu c b t th y
.

a e t
r b e le t
o t ra c a, e c u e

woul d o t s ui t him s o we ll a s P i sa t o w h i c h in d e e d h S h ow a
.
,
.
, ,

n , , ,
e s
d e i d e d p e fe r e nc e
c S o l e t it b e ! F lo e nc h e obj e c t s t o on
r r e

a ccoun t of t h e p o d ig i ou influx of E ngli s h

.
,

r s

I d on t t h ink t h i s c i c u m st a nc e oug h t t o m a ke a ny d i ffe e n ce

.

’
r r

i n o u r own p l a n s wi t h e sp e c t t o t h i s win t e i n F lore nc e b e u e r r ca s

w e coul d e a s il y e a s u m e o u s t a t ion wi t h t h e s p ing a t P ugn no

,

r s r r a

in o de t o e nj o y t he s o c i e t y of t h e b l lo d
,

o r t he b a t h s r r no e r
'

t h i s p oin t a d w i t e t o m e y ou r fu l l
.
,

B u t d o y o u c on s i d e r ,
n r

o p inion a t t he F lo re nc e p o s t o ff c e -
i

I s u ffe m u c h t o d y f o m t he p ai n in m y s i de b oug h t on I
, .

r -
a r r

b e li e v e b y t hi s a c c u s e d w a t e r I n o t h e e sp e ct s I m p e t t y
, ,

r r r a r

w e ll a n d m y p i i t s a e m u ch i m p ove d ; t h e y ha d b e e n im
, .
,

s r r r

p o v ing in d e d b e fo e I l ft t h e b a t h s a ft e t h e d e e p d ej e c t ion
,

r ,
e ,
r e r
,
of t h e a l y p a t of t he ye a
e r r r.

I a m e a d ing A n a s t a iu s
r O n e w oul d t h ink t h a t L B h d s
”
a

t a k e n his i d e a of t h e t h e e l a t c a n t o s of D o n Ju a n fr o m t h i s
. . .

r s

book T h a t of c ou s e ha s no t h ing t o d o wi t h t he m e i t of t h i s r r

l a t t e p o e t ry h a ving no t h ing t d o wi t h t he in ve n t ion of fa c t

.
, ,

r, o s

I t is a v e ry p ow e ful a n d v e ry e n t e rt a ining no v e l a n d a fa i t h ful

.

v
, ,

p ic t u r e t h e y s,a y of m o d e r n G e e k m a nn ,
e I h a e a d r rs. e r

L B s e t t e t B owl e s
L ’
s o m e goo d t hing
r o s — b t h e ough t t u no

t o w i t e p o s e c i t ici m
. .

r r r s

Y o u will e c e i v e a long l e t t s e n t w i t h s o m e of L
.

’
B s
‘

r e r,

I w i t e t h i s in h a st e
. .
,

e x p e s s t o F lo re nc e
r . r .

You m o s t a ff c t ion a t e l y rs e ,
 L E T TE RS .
3 51

XC I X —To . M R S S H E L LE Y
. .

R a v enn a , 1 st h 1 82 1 .

I W E N T t he oh ll g
t e r d a y t o s e e A e ra a t h e r c on v n e t, an d
s t a ye d wi h t bou h hou
he r a t t re e rs g own l l
S he is r lig h ta and s t
i h v
.

f
fo r h e r a g e , a n d h e r a ce is s m e o wh l a t a t e re d . T he t r a t s a e
b o o
e c m e m re d e lic u h l
a t e , a n d s h e is m c ob bl f o
p a e r, p r a y r m

f of
t h e e fe c t o
Im pr p e rfoo d n b u of
S he y e t r e t a i s t h e e a t y he r
ou h l iv
.

de e p blu e e ye s a n d of he r m on
t , b u t s he h a s a c te m p at e
se r iou n wh i h ix wi h
s e ss c , m ed xc iv v i v i wh ich
t he r e e s s e a c t y, ha s
n o t y e t d e se rt e d h e r , h a s a v culie ry p e in hil
a r e ff e c t a c d S he
ob v f o
.

is un v i i i lin
d e r e ry s t r c t d s c p e a s m a y be se r e d r m t he
i i ob i n
m m e d ate o
e d e ce s he a cc rd s t o t h e will of n n he r a t t e d a t s
h ink
.

hi
T s se e m s con n u
t r a ry t o h e r I
a t re , b u t do no t t it h a s
b n ob i n
ee x n of u h v i
t a e d a t t he e p e se m c hi
se e r ty H e r a r,
k h n
.

c l
s a r ce y d a r e r t a b u ifull ofu
it w a s, is ea t y pr h ng in se , a nd a s
l g cu l on
ar e r s n k
he r ec il in w h i
S he w a s p re t t y d r e s s e d te
on of bl k i l k wi h ou lig h
.

m s u lin , a
nd an ap r ac s t tr se rs, He r t
i fi gu
,

a n d a ry re a n d h e rg c ful o ion w
ra e m t iking con
s e re a s t r t ra s t
t o t he o h chil n h
t er d re t e re hing of fin
S he s e e m e d a t a er and
h igh o fi v
.

a er rd e r At rs t S h e wa s f li l
e ry s h y, b u t a t e r a tt e
ing gi v n gol h in
.

c a re s s , a
ci ll f I
n d e sp e a y a te r ha d e he r a d c a
whi h Ic ha d bough v nn
t at Ra e g w o f ili
a fo r he r , s h e re m re a m a r,

a n d l e d m e a ll ov g
e r t he n ov
a rd e , a n d a ll on v ne r t he c e t,
h I oul h l k
.

r unning and S ki ing pp f so a st t at c wi h

d ard y ee p u p t
he r S he S how e d m e he rli l h i wh
t t e b e d, a n d t he c a r e re s he s a t
in wh i h f v ou i
.

at d inn e r , a n d t he c a ro z z in a c s he a n d h e r a r te

co m pa nion ch o h long w lk in
s d re w e a t er a a g a n I t he a rd e ha d
b oug h
.

r t he r a b k of w
as et s b fo
e e t m e a t s, a n d ing e of
re e a t a ny
h g v
t e m s he a e h e r co nion
m pa h of
s a nd e a c nun o ion
t he s a p rt

hi wh I
.

T s is n o t m c u h lik ll g
e t h e o ld A e r aI k a s e d he r at
h oul
.

s fo
d s a y r m h e r t o he r m a m a , a n d s h e s a d i
n
C he m i m a da u n a b cio e u n b e l v e s t it u r o
”

o v uoi
.

“
E c me f o
il v e s t it u r o s i a a t t
.

u o oo
T t t d i s e t a e d r , w a s he r r e p y
’ ”
l
lo v of i i nc ion
.

o in n foibl
H e r p re d m a t e s e e m s t he e d st t and
v ni
a t y, a n d t hi l n w h ich o u goo
s Is a p a t p r d c v il cco
e s d o r e a r d
ing g n
t o t he a rde e r s s ki l l I h n k w h I houl
’
t e as ed at s d s ay t o
v ng f i v i i ino
.

a
p p a ? C h e e a a r m u n s t o e c oh e p rt a s e c l a mam
m in a
”
fo I w n w
B e re e t a ov
a y s h e m a d e m e r u n a ll e r t he
con v n lik h ing nun w h o w h lf in
.

e t, e a m ad t . T he s, e re a b e d,
3 52 LE T TE RS .

w e o de re d t o h i d e t h e m se l v e s a n d on re t u ning All e g a
er r r r

b e g a n inging t he b e ll w h i c h c a l l s t he nun s t o a se m bl e T h
,

r s e

t o c s in of t he con v e n t s oun d e d a d it e qui d a l l t h e e ff o t s of

.

n r re r

t h e p ri o e ss t o p e v e n t t h e s p ou se s of G d f o m re n d e ing
,

r r o r r

t h e m s e lve s d e e d o un d e s s e d t o t he a ccu s t o m e d s ign a l

,
r ss r r , .

N obo d y s c ol d e d h e fo t h e se s c pp t u e s o I s u p p o e S h e is
r r a a r ,
s

w e ll t e t e d s o fa a s t e m p e r is c onc e n e d H e in t e ll e ct is n o t
r a r r r

m uch c ul t i v a t e d
, .

S h e know s c e rt a in o r z io n i b y h e a rt a n d a

t lk a n d d e a m of P r di o a d a ll s o rt s of t h i ng a d h s a
.
,

a s r s a a s n s, n a

p r o d igiou s li t of s a in t s a d is a lw
s a y s t lking of t h e B a m bino n a

T h i s will d o h e no h m b u t t he i d e a of b inging u p s o s w e e t
, .

r ar r

a c e a t u re in t h e m i d s t of s uch t ra s h t ill s i x t e e n l
,

C .
-
T o M RS . S H ELL E Y .

R a v e n n a , Tu es day , A ug u s t 1 5t h, 1 8 2 1 .

M Y D EA R ES T LO VE— I c c e p t y ou kin d p re s e n t of you r a r

p i t
c u e a d
r wi h y o u woul
n d g e t it p est t il y f m e d for m I r ra e
will w e a fo i y ou s a ke u p on m y h e a t t hi s im a g e whi c h i e v e r
.
,

r, r , r s

p r e e nst t o m y m in d
I h a ve on l y t w o m inu t e s t o w i t e t h e p o s t i ju t s e t t i ng ff
.

r s s o
I S h a ll l e a v e t h i s p l a c e on T hu s d ay o r F i da y m o ning Y o u
.
,

r r r

woul d fo gi v e m e fo m y long e s t a y i f yo u kn e w t he fig h t ing I

.

r r r

h v e ha d t o m a ke it s o s ho t I n e e d n t s a y wh e re m y own
,

a r . o

f e ling i m p e l m e
e s .

I t S t ill e m a in s fix e d t h a t L B s houl d co m e t o T u s c a n y a n d
r

i f p os s ibl e P i sa b u t m o e of t ha t t m o r ow
.
, ,
.

,
r o -
r .

Y ou r fa i t hful a n d a ffe c t ion a t e S .

CI .
—T o M R S . S H ELLE Y .

l/Ve d n e s a ay , R a v e n n a
'
.

M Y D EAR E S T LO VE— I oub t wh e t h e r 1 w r it e, t hough I d

s h a ll n o t a ive b e fo re t h i s l e t t e r ; a s t he p o s t only l e a v s
'

rr e

R v e nn a onc e a w e e k on S a t u d a y s a d a I ho p e t o s e t
a t r n s ou

m o ow e v e ning b y t he cou i e
, ,

to -
rr B t a s I m u s t n e c e s sa il y r r u r

s t h e n a t u a l inci d e n t s of t a v e lling
.

s t y a d a y a t F lo e nc e a n d
a r a r r

m y p e v e n t m e f o m t a king m y in t e n d e d a d v a n t a g e of t he
,

a r r

cou i e r it is p ob a bl e t h a t t h i s l e tt e will a r i v e fi s t B e s i de s
r s, r r r r .
,
 LE T TE R S .
53

as I will e xp l a i n I a m n o t y et qui t e m y o wn m a st e r B u t t h a t
I d o n o t t h ink it n e c e s s a ry t o t e ll yo u of m y
.
,

b y a d by n e.

i m p a t i e n ce t o e t u n t o yo u a n d m y li t t l e da rling o r t h e d is
r r

p p oin t m e n t wi t h which I h ave p r olong e d m y a b s e nc e fr o m yo u

,

I a m h a p p y t o t hink t h a t yo u a re n o t q u it e a lon e
.

Lo d B y on is s t ill d e ci de d u p on T u s c a n y : a n d s u c h is his
r r

i m p a t i e nc t h a t he ha s de si re d m e — a s i f I s houl d o t a i v e in
e, n rr
t i m e — t o w ri t e t o y o u t o in q ui e fo t he b e s t unfu rni s h e d p a l a ce r r
in P i s a a d t o e n t e u p on a t re a t y fo r it I t is b e t t e n o t t o b e
,
n r . r

on t he Lung Arno b u t in fa c t t h e e is no such hu rry a n d a s

’
r

I s h a ll se e yo u so s oon it is n o t wo rt h wh i l e t o t roubl e you s e lf

, , ,
’

r
a bou t it
I t ol d yo u I ha d wri t t e n by L B s d e si e t o l a G u i ccioli t o
.

’
r

d i s u a d e he r a n d he r fa m il y fr o m S wi t e l a n d H e a n swe r is
. .
,

s z r r

t h i s m o m e n t arriv e d a n d m y r e p re s e n t a t ion se e m s t o h a ve
.

,
r e concil e d t h e m t o t h e u n fi t n e ss of t h a t s t e p A t t he conclu s ion .

of a l e t t e r full of a ll t he fin e t hing s she s a ys she ha s h e a r d of

,
m e is t hi s r e q u e s t which I t a n s c ib e — S gn o r e
“
, ,
l v o s tr r r i -
a a
—
.

b nth m i f a
o rd i t di ch e der v i u n f v
i a o r m e lo
a cco d r e t e a e a r e
v i ? o N on p r t it e d R v en n s en z a M il o r O f cou s e
a a a a r ,

b e ing now by a ll t he l a w s of knigh t hoo d ca p t ive t o a l a dy s

, ,
’

re q e s t I s h a ll onl y b e a t lib e t y on m p r o l e un t il Lo rd
u
y r a

B y on is s e t t l e d a t P i s a I s h a ll e p l y of cou s e t h a t t he bo o n
, ,

r r r

is g r a n t e d an d t h a t if h e love is e luc t a n t t o q u i t R a v e nn a
.
, ,

r r r
I h a v e m a de a r a ng e m e n t s fo r r e c e ivi ng h im a t P i s a I a m
, ,

a ft er r

boun d t o p l a c e m yse lf in t he a m e s i t u a t i on a s now t o a s s a il

,

O f t h i s t h e re is fo
,

h im wi t h i m p o t uni t i e t o r ejoin h e r r s r

t h at
.
,

t u a t l y no n e d
n e a d I n e e d n o t t e ll y o u t h e e is no fe a
e n r r

t hi s c h i va l i c s ub m i s s ion of m i n e t o t h e g re a t g e n e a l l a w s of
,

r r

a n t i q u e cou t e s y a g a in s t w hi ch I n e v e r e b e l a n d wh i c h is m y
r r

s houl d i n t e fe e wi t h m y qui c k e t u r n i ng a n d long

, ,

r e ligion , r r r ,

re m a ining wi t h y o u d e a gi l r r
I h a v e e n D a n t e t o m b a n d wo r sh ip p e d t he s a c e d sp o t
.
,
’
e s s r
T he buil d ing a n d it s a cc e s o i e s a e co m p a a t i v e l y m o d e rn b u t
.
,

s r r r

wi t h his p o t ra i t in
, ,

th u n i t e lf a n d t he t a bl t of m a bl e
e r s e r r

li e f a re e v i d n t l y of e qu a l a n t i q ui t y wi t h his de a t h T h e
, ,
re , e .

c oun t e n a n ce h a s a l l t h e m a k s of b e ing t k e n f o m h is own ; r a r

t h e lin e s a e t r ongl y m a k e d fa r m o e t h a n t he p o t r i t s
r s r r r a

w h i ch h ow e ve it s e m bl e s e xc e p t in de e d t he e ye whi h is
, ,

r, re c

h lf clo e d a d r e m in d e d m e of Pa cc h i ni I t w a s p ob bly
, , , ,
a s , n a . r a

t a k e n a ft e d a th I s a w t he lib a y a d s o m e S p e ci m e n of
r e r r n s

Th y
.
,

t h e a li e s t illu m in a t e d p in t ing f o m t h e p e s s of F a u t
e r r r r s e
a e on v e llu m a n d of a n e x ecu t ion l i tt l e i nfe i o r t o t h a t of t h e
.

r r
,

p e se n t da y
r .
 We i de o u t e v e ry e ve n ing a s u s u a l a n d p ra c t ice p i st ol
r
s h oo t ing a t a p u m p kin ; a n d I a m n o t
,

o rry t o ob s e ve t h a t s r ,
I a p p o a ch t owa d s m y nobl e f i e n d e x a c t n e s s of a im T he
r r r
’
s

w t r h e e is vil l inou a d I h a v e s u ff e d t o t u e b t I now

.

a e r a s, n er r r s u
d in k no t hing b u t l c l
r e n t wa t e r a d a m m u c h e li e v e d
a I a e sc n r
h a ve t he g e a t e st t oubl e t g e t a wa y ; a nd L B a s a e a s on
, .

r r o r

m y s t a y h a s u g e d t h a t wi t hou t e i t h e r m e o t h e G ui cc i oli
.
,
.

for r r

h e wi l l c e t a inl y f l l in t o h is o ld h a bi t s
, , , ,

r I t h e n t a lk a d he
a .
,
n

li s t e n s t e a on ; a n d ! e a rn e s t l y hop e t h a t h e is t o o we ll
o r s

a w a e of t h e t e
r ibl e a n d d e gra d ing con se qu e nc e s of his fo m e
rr r r

m o d of life t o b e in d a ng e r f o m t he s ho rt in t e va l of t e m p t a
e r r

t ion t h a t wi ll b e l e ft h im L B p e a k s w i t h g e a t ki n d n e s s
,
s r

a d in t e r e s t of y o u a n d s e e m s t o w i s h t o se e y o u
. . .

n , .

Thu r s day , R a v e n n a .

I c ive d y ou l e t t e r wi t h t h a t t o M r H o p p e I do
H AV E r e e r s. n r

m y d e a e st fri e n d t h a t y o u s houl d h v e b e e n
.

’
n o t w o n de
‘

r, r a

m o ve d I wa a t fi t bu t s p e e dil y e g a in e d t h e in d i ffe e n e
,

s rs , r r c

w h i c h t h e o p inion of n y t h ing o a n y bo dy e x ce p t o u r own

.

a r

c on c i ou s n e
, ,
s a m p ly m e i t ; a d d y b y d y S h a ll m o
s s, r s n a a re

e e i ve f om m I h a v e n o t re c o p i d y ou l e t t e r ; s uc h a
'

r c r e e r

u woul d d e s t o y it s a ut h e n t ici t y b u t h a v g iv e n it t
.

m e as re r e o

who ha s e n ga ge d t o s e n d it wi t h hi own
,

L o d B y onr r s

Pe o p l e d o n o t h e si t a t e it e e m
,

c o m m n t s t o t he H o p p n e s
e r s s,

m k e t h e m s e l v e s p a n d e s a n d a c c o m p lic e s t o S l a n d e
.
,

t o a f r
-
r, or

t he H o p p n e s ha d x a ct e d f o m Lo d B yron t h a t t h e s
r e r r e

a c cu s a t i on s S h oul d b e conc e a l e d f o m m e Lo d B yr on is n o t r r a

t o k e e p a s e c e t goo d o r b a d ; b u t in o p e n l y onfe ss ing

.
'

ma n r c

t h t h e ha s n o t d on e s o h e m u s t ob s e rv e a c e r t a in d e lic a c y a d
,

a n

t h e e fo e w i s h e d t o s e n d t h e l e t t e r hi m s e lf a n d in d e e d t h i s
, ,
r r
e p e s e n t a t i on s H a v e y u s e e n t he
,

a dd s w e igh t t y ou r o r r o

T h e y e vi de n t l y llu de
.

a t i c l e in t he Li t e a r y G a z e t t e on m e ?
r r a

t o s o m e s t o y of t hi s kin d — how e v e r c a u t iou s t h

r H pp e s e o n r

h v e b e e n in p e ve n t ing t he c a lm u ia t e d p e s on f o m a s e t ing
.

a r n r r s r

h i j u t i fi c a t i on y u know t o o m uch of t he wo l d
s s o t t o be r no

e t a in t h a t t h i s w a s t h e u t m os t li m i t of t h e i r c a u t ion
,

c r So
m u c h fo r no t h i ng
.

Lo d B y on is i m m e d i a t e l y co m i ng t o P i s a
.

r r H e will s e t o ff
I a g e t him a h ou se Who woul d h a ve
.

th em om e nt c n

i m gin e d t hi s ? O u fi s t t h ough t ough t t be

.

a r c on d
r o o ur se
o ur own p l a n s T he h e s i t a t i on in y ou r l e t t e r a bou t F lo e nce r

o m m un i ca t e d i t s e lf t m e a l t hough I h a dl y s e e w h t w e
.

h as c o r a
c an d a bou t H o ra e S m i t h t o who m o r t t e n t ion s a e o d e
o c u a r s u

If I d o o t a rive b e fo re t hi s long
, ,

a d woul d b e s o u s e ful
n . n r
 LE T TE R S .

s c ra wl w i e s o m e t h i n g t o F lo e nc e t o de ci d e m e I sh a ll
,
r t r .

c e t a inl y o t wi t hou t s t rong e a s on s a t p e s e n t s ig n t he

r ,
n r , r

a g e e m e n t fo l d co d g e s hou se ; a l t hough t he e x t e m e
’
r t he r o r r
be a u ty a d fi t n e s s of t h p l a e s houl d we d e ci d e on F lo e n c e
n e c r

m ig h t w e ll o v e b a l a n ce t he obj e c t i on of y ou d e a f v i s i t o
, ,
r O e r r n
t h ing— wi t h Lo rd B y on a d t h e p e o p l e w e know a t P i s a w
.

r n e

s houl d h a v e a s e c u i t y a d p o t e c t ion w h ich e e m s t o b e

,

r n r s

B u t I d o n o t t hink t h at t h i s
,

m o e q u e s t ion a bl e a t F lo e nc e
r r

c on s i d e a t ion oug h t t o w e igh Wh a t t h ink y u of re m a ining a t

.

r o

P i s a ? T he W ill ia m s s woul d p ob a bl y b e in d uc e d t o s t a y t h e e
.

’
r r

if we d id H un t woul d c e t a inl y s t a y a t l e a st t hi s w i n t e n e a r r r,

h oul d h e e m ig a t e a t a ll ; Lo d Byron a d his I t a li a n

,

u s s r r n

f i e n ds woul d re m a in q ui t l y t h e e ; a n d Lo d By on
,

r e r r r
ha s c e t a inl y a g e a t r e g a d fo r u s— t he r e g a r d of s u c h a
r r r

m a n is wo t h — so m e of t h e t ibu t e w e m u s t p ay t o t h e b a s e
r r

p a ion s of hu m a ni t y n a y in t e r cou rs e w i t h t ho s e wi t h in t h e i r
ss I n

c i rc l ; he is b e t t e
e wo rt h t t h a n t ho se on whom w e b e st ow r i

it f o m m e e c u s t o m
r T he ra e t he e a n d a s fa r as r r

ol i d a ffa i s a e c onc e rn e d a e m y f i e n d s
.
,

s r r A t P i sa ,
r r .

I n e e d n t d i st il m y w a t e r— if I c n d i t il it a n y wh e e
o a s r
La t win t e I s uffe e d l e s s f o m m y p a inful d i s o rd e t h a n t h e
.

s r r r r

win t e I p n t a t F lo re nc e T h a gu m e n t s fo r F lo e n c e y u
r s e e r r o
k now a n d t h y a v e y w e ig h t y ; j u dge (I kno w y o u lihe the
.

e re r

h h v
,

j o b w i c l e 5 o b a l a nc e d s ca 1 er

M y g e t e s t c on t e n t woul d b e u t t e ly t o d e e t a ll h u m a n
.
,

r a r s r

s oc t y I w u ld re t i e wi t h yo u a d o u c h il d t a s ol i t a y
ie o r n r o r
i s l a n d i n t he s e a woul d buil t a bo a t a d S h u t up on m y re t re a t
.

I woul d e a d no e v e ws a d
, ,

t h e floo d g a t e s of t he wo l d r r r i n

t a lk wi t h no u t h o s
.
,

If I da e d t r u s t m y i m a gin a t ion it woul d

a r r

t e ll m e t h a t t h e e a e o n
.
,

o r t w o cho s e n ro m p a nion s b e i d
r e c s es

y ou e lfrswho m I S h oul d d s i e B t t o t h i s I wou l d n t l i t e n e r u o s

r t h e e a e g a t h e e d t og e t h e t h e d v il i a m ong
.

— wh e e t w r o o r r r r, e s

them A d goo d fa m o n tha n v il i m p ul e lo ve f m o e r re e s s, ar r

th an hat d h s b e e n t m e e x c p t a y u h a v e b e e n it obj c t
.
, ,

re a o e s o s e

of a ll o t s of m i ch i f S on t h i s p l a n I wou l d
, , ,

t h e s ou c r e s r s e o

l o e a n d woul d d e v o t e e i t h e o bli v ion o r t fu t u e

.
,

be a n t r o o r

g n e a t ions t he o e fl o wings of a m in d which t i m e l y wi t h

, , '

e r ,
v r ,

d wn f o m t h e c on t gion S houl d b e k e p t fi t fo r no b a e r
ra r a s
obj e ct B u t t hi it d o e o t a p p a t h a t we s h a l l d o
,

s s n e r

T h e o t h e s i d e of t h a l t e n a t i v e (f
. .

r a m e d iu m ough t ot e r or n

t o b e a d o p t e d ) is t o fo rm fo r ou se l v e a o c i e t y of o r own r s s u

c l a s s a s m u c h a s p o s ibl e in in t e ll e c t o i n fe e lings ; a n d t o
s r

conn e ct ou rs e l v e s wi t h t h e i n t e e s t of t h a t s oci e ty O
, ,

r s . ur

r oo t s n e v e r s t ruck so d e e p l y a s a t P i sa an d t he t ran sp l a n t e d ,
3 56 L E T TE RS .

t re e flou ri sh e s n o t Pe o p l e who l e a d t he li ve s which w e le d

un il l a t wi n t e r a re lik a fa m il y of W a ha b e e Ara b s p i t c h ing
.

t s e

t h e i r t e n t in t h e m i d s t of Lon d on W e m u s t d o o e t h ing
, ,

t h e o t h e r— fo r y ou s e lf fo r o u r chil d fo o
.

or r e xi s t e n ce T he r ur

c a lu m ni e s t h e ou c e s of whi ch a e p rob a bl y d e e p e t h a n
, , .

s r r r

w e p e c i v e h a ve ul t i m a t e l y fo r obj e c t t he d e p i v ing u s
,

r e r

of t h m e a n s of s e cu i ty a d s ub si s t e nce Yo u will e a i l y
, , ,
e r n s

p e ce ive t he gra d a t ion b y w h ich c a lu m n y p roc e e d s t o p re t e x t

.

r s ,

p t e x t t o p e rs e cu t ion a n d p e r s e cu t ion t o t he b a
re ,
of fi e a d n r n

w a t e I t i f t hi s a n d n o t b e c a u e t hi s o t h at fool
r. s or s r or

t he whol e cou t of fool s cu rs e a n d ra il t h a t c a lu m n y i s wo rt h

, ,

e fu t ing o r c h a s t i s ing
, ,
r .

C I I — T o LEI G H H
. UN T .

P is a , A ug u s t 2 6 t h, 182 1 .

MY D EAR E ST F R I EN D — S inc I l w o e a st I h v
r te t o yo u , a e
b n on vi i
ee a o
s t t o L r d B yr on v nna t Ra e u l of h i
a T he r e s t t s
vi i li v
.

s t w a s a d e t e rm in ion on at co
h is p a r t , t o m e and e at
I h v k n
,

i
P sa ; an d a e t a e fin t h e l on
e ung no
st p a a c e the L ’
Ar
fo r h im il
B u t t he m a t e r a p a r t o f m y v i i con i in s t s st s a
g whic h g iv
.

m e s sa e i
he de s r e s m e t o which I hink
e y o u, a n d t
oug h i n i on
,
— fo r s
,
t t o a dd t o y ou r d e t e rm atuch I ho a o ne pe
y o u h v fo
a e r m eofd o ing ou h
r e st r y r h lh
s a t t e r e d ii e a t a n d sp r t s
ig i on h
,

b y a m ra t t o t e se gion il of c l
“
re s m d n a m a n d s e re e a ir
”

wi h
.

o o h
H e p r p se s t a t y o u s houl co d h
m e a n d go s a r e s -
t h im
and m e, in io i l wo k
a per d ca on uc h
r , to be c in whi h
d t e d e re ; c
ea ch of t he on c ing
t ra c t i phoul
a r t e s ubli h
s d p hi s a ll t e r
o igin l co o i ion
r a mp s t h ofi
s, a n d s a re t he p r o o ts He p r p s e d
n v b ough
.

oo o
it t o M r e , b u t fo r s m e re a s on it w a s e e r r b t to ear
i n whi h
.

h
T e re ca n b e no oub h d of
t t a t t he p r ofi t s h a ny s c e m e c
o
yo u a n d L r d B yr on ng g e u a e, f o v iou
m st , r m ar s, ye t
co o
-
p e r ing
a t ron
e a s v g
s, b e e ry re a t lf I
A S fo r m ys e , am ,
n on l o of li nk b w n
.

fo r t he p re s e t , y a s rt et ee y o u a n d h im ,
un il know h o h f u ng n
,

t yo u c a n e ac t e r, a n d e fe c t a t e t he a rra em e t ;
sin n u
ce (t o e t r s t y o u wi h t whi h
a s e c re t ou k I c , fo r y r sa e,
wi hhol f o
t d r m o on no hing woul i n u
L rd B yr ) t d d ce m e t o
h in
s are ofi
the p r ill l
t s, a n d s t in bo ow
es s, the l n ou of rr e d sp e d r
u h
s c a p a t n e r s hip in i
Yo u a n d he , n nn woul
d ffe r e t m a e rs , d
qu l
.

be e a , an dwoul b ing in d r i
, n nn
a d ffe r e t m a in e r, b u t the
o o ion u l o k of
s a m e p r p rt , eq
a st c s u ion u
re p t a t a n d s cce s s Do
f nkn s wi h b li f h
.

n o t le t m y ra e s v
t yo u , n o r m y e e t at yo u d e s e r e
 L E T T E RS .
3 57

it m o h a n Lo rd B yron h a ve t he e ffe ct of d e t e rri ng yo u

re t
f o m a s s u m ing a s t a t i on in m o de n li t e a t u e which t he un ive a l
,

r r r r rs

v oi ce of m y con t e m p o a i e s fo rbi d s m e e i t he r t o st oop o

,

r r r

t o a sp i e t o r I a m a d I d s i re t o b e no t hing
.
,
n e ,
.

I d id n t a k Lo d B yron t a s i s t m e in e n d ing a
o s r o s s

r e m i t t a nc e fo y ou j ou n e y ; b c a u s e t h e re a re m e
r r rh ow v e r e n, e

e x c ll n t f o m w h o m w e woul d n e v e r r e ce i v e a n oblig a t ion

e e r

in t he wo l dly se n s e of t he wo rd ; a d I m a s j a lou f r
, ,

r n a e s o

m y f i e nd a s f
r m y s e lf ; b u t I s u pp o e t h t I s h a ll a t l a t
or s a s

m a k e u p a n i m p u d e n t fa c a n d a s k H o ra ce Sm it h t a dd e, o
to t h e m a n y oblig a t i on s h e h a s c onfe e d on m e I know rr .

I n e e d onl y a sk
I t h ink I h a ve n e ve r t ol d yo u how ve ry m uch I like you
.

A m yn t a s ; it a l m o t ”
e concil e s m e t o t a n l a t ion
s In
r r s s

a no t h e r s e n se I s t ill d e m u Y o u m igh t h a ve wr i t t e n a no t h e
.

r. r
s uch p oe m a s t he N ym p h s wi t h no g re a t a c c e s s of e ffo t s I ”
r

a m full o f t houg h t s a n d p l a n s
, .

a n d shoul d d o s o m e t hing if
t he fe bl e a n d i r i t a bl e f a m e w hi ch i nclo s e s it w a s wi ll ing
, ,

e r r

t o ob e y t he s p i ri t I fa ncy t h a t t h e n I s h oul d d o g re a t t h ing s

B e fo e t h i s y o u w i ll h av e s e e n A d on a i s
. .

r Lo d B y ron I s p ”
r u

p o se f o m m o d e s t y on a c coun t of h is b e ing m e n t ion e d i n it d id

.
,

t houg h he w a s lou d in h i p a i e
, ,

o t s a y a wo d of A d on a i “ ”
n r s, s r s

of P o m e t h e u s a d w h a t y u will n t a gre e wi t h him in

“
r ,
n ,
o o ,

c n u re of t he C e n i C e t a inl y if M a ino F a l e r o
“ ” “
e s c is r r i a

is o t — b u t t h a t b e t w e e n ou e l v e s
,
.

t he C e n i Lo d
“
d amr a, c n rs r
B yr on is r e fo rm e d a s fa r a s g ll a n t y go e s a n d li ve wi t h a
.

a r s
b e a u t i ful a nd s e n t i m e n t a l I t a li a n l a dy w h o i a s m uch a t t a ch e d
, ,

I t ru s t g e a t l y t o h is i n t e cou s e w i t h yo u
,

t o h im a m a y b e
'

s . r r r ,

f his c e e d t o b e co m e a s p u e a s he t hink s his con d uc t is

or r He r

ha s m a n y g e n e ou s a n d e x a l t e d qu a l i t i e s b u t t he c a nk e r of
.

a ri st oc ra c y wa n t s t o b e cu t o u t
,

C III .
-
T o H O R AC E S M I T H .

P isa , S ept . 1 4 t h, 1 8 2 1 .

M Y D EAR S M I T H — I c anno t e xp e s t he p a in an d di a pp oin t r s s

m e n t wi t h w h i c h I l e a n t h e c h a ng e in o ur p lan rno l e ss t h n s, a
t he fflic t i ng ca u s e of it Fl o ce w 1 no long e r h ave y
a . re n 1 an

att c t ion s fo
ra m e t hi s wi nt e a d I s h a ll c on t e n t e d l y s it d own
r r, n

in t h i s hum d ru m P i sa a d e fe r t o ho p e a n d t o c h a nc e t he n r

p l e a s u re I ha d e x p e c t e d f o m y ou s oci e t y t h i s w i n t e Wh a t
,

r r r.
3 58 L E T TE R S .

s h a ll I do wi t h y ou r p a cka g e s wh i ch h a ve now I b e li e ve all

ive d a t G u e b ha rd s a t Le g h o rn ? I S it n o t p o s s ibl e t h a t a
, , ,
’
a rr

fa v ou a bl e ch a nge in M s S m i t h s h e a l t h m igh t p ro d uc e a c
r r .
’
or
r e s p on d ing c h a ng e in
y ou r d e t e m in a t ion a d woul d it r s, n or

woul d it o t b e p m a t u e t o fo rwa rd t h e p ck g e s t o you

,
n re r a a r

p e s n t re si d e n ce Lon d on ? I will p a y e v e y p o s s ibl e

,

r e t ,
or o r
a t t e n t ion t o y ou in s t uct ion s in t hi s r g d r r e ar

I h a d m ke d d own s e v e ra l hou e in F lo nc e a n d e
.

ar s s re on
'

e s p e c i a ll y on t h e A r no a m o s t lo v e l y p l a c e t hough t h e y a k d
‘
,

s e

r t h e r m o e t h a n p e h a p s y o u woul d h a v e c h o se n t o p a y — y e t
, ,

a r r

no t hing a p p o a ching t o a n E ngli h p rice —I d o n o t y t e n t i e l y

r s e r

gi v e y o u p —In de e d I houl d b e s o ry n o t t o hop e t h a t M s

.

u s r r

S m i t h s s t a t e of h e a l t h woul d n o t s oon b e c o m e
. .
,
’
uch a s t o s

e m o v e y ou j
,

r
p inci p a l ob c t ionr t o t hi s dre ligh t ful cli m a t e I e
h a ve n o t wi t h t he e xce p t ion of t h re e o four d ay s s u ffe e d in
.

r r

t h e l e a s t fro m t h e h e a t t h i s y e a r
, ,

T hough it is b t fa i t o u r

confe s s t h a t m y t e m p e am e n t a pp ro a ch e s t o t h a t of t he
.
,

, r
s a l a m a n de r.
W e e xp e c t Lo d B y on h e e i n a bou t a fo rt nig h t I h a v e
r r r
j u s t t ke n t he fin e st p al a ce in P i s a f r him a n d his lugg ge
.

a o ,
a ,

a d his ho rs e s a n d a l l h i
n t a in a e I b e li e ve a l e dy on t h e i s r r r a r

way hi the
, , , ,

I d a e a y y u h ave h e a d of t he lif he l d a t
r r s o r e e

Ve n i c e iva lling t h wi s e S olo m on a l m o s t in t h e nu m b e of his

.

,
r e ,
r

con ubin e s We ll he is now q ui t e re fo rm e d a d i l e a d ing a

c n s

m o s t s ob e r an d d e c e n t life a s c a v l i e e s e rv e n t e t o a v e ry p e t t y
.
, ,

a r r

I t a li a n wo m a n wh o h a s a l e a dy a i v e d a t P i a wi t h h e r fa t h e r
,

,
r rr s ,

a d h e r b r o t h e r (s uch a e t he m a nn e s of I t a l y) a s t he j a ck a l s
n r r ,
of t he lion H e is occu p i e d in fo rm ing a n e w d a m a an d wi t h r

v i e ws w hi c h I d oubt n t wi ll e xp a n d a s h e p roce e d s is d e t e r
.
, ,

o
m i n e d t o w i t e a s e r i e s of p l a y in whi c h he will follow t he
,

r s,

F e nch t ra g e d i a n s a d Al fi e i a t h e t h a n t h o e of E ngl a n d a n d
r n r , r r s

S p a in a n d p o d u c e s o m e t hing n e w a t l e a s t t o E ngl a n d
r T hi s
b u t g e n i us li ke h is is d e s t i n e d t o
.
, , ,

s e e m s t o m e t h e w ong r o a d r
l e a d a nd n o t t o follow H e w i ll s h ake o ff his s h a ckl e s a s he
fin ds t h e y c ra m p him I b e l i e v e he wi ll p ro duce s om e t h ing
.

v y g e at ; a d t h a t fa m ili a it y wit h t he d a m at i c p ow e of
.

er r n r r r
hu m a n n a t u re will s oon e n abl e him t o s oft e n d own t h s e v e e e r

I t h i nk y u
,
a d unh a rm oni s ing t a i t s of h is M a ino F a li e o ”
n r r r . o

know Lo rd B y on p e s on ll y i it y ou b o t h e ?
r If t he
r a or s r r r

l a t t e r I know t h a t he wi h e d p a t icul ly t b in t o d u c e d t o
,

s r ar o e r

y u a n d t h a t he wi ll sy m p a t h i s e i n o m e d e g e e in t h i s g e a t
,
o , ,
s r ,
r

d i sa p p oin t m e n t whi c h I fe e l in t he c h a ng e o a s I ye t ho p e in ,
r, ,

t h p o rog a t ion of y ou p l a n s
e r r

I a m gl a d y o u like A d on a i s a n d p a rt i cul a l y t h a t yo u d
.

“
, ,
r ,
o
 LE TTE RS .
3 59

no t t h i nk
it m e t a p y h si c l whi h I
a c f i
w a s a r a d it wa s I wa s
ol v i bu of h
, .

re s ed to pay s m e tr o te s ym p a t y t o t h e unhonou re d

d e a d, b u t Iwo r te, as u u l i h o l igno nc of

s a ,
w t a t ta ra e t h e e ff e ct
h I h oul o uc
t at s d p r d e —I hv
a e n o t ye t s e e n ou
y r p a so l
t r a
if h v o oul
.

d ra m a y o u a e a c py , c d y o u a f vou r m e wi h
t it ? I t
will b e S ix m on h b fo I h ll
t s e re s a re ce iv
e it fo
r m E ngl n
a d I
h v h ok n of wi h high
.

a e e a r d it s p e t p r a i se , a n d I h va e t he
.

u io i
gre a t e s t c r s t y t o s e e it .

o i
T h e G is b o rn e s p r m s e d t o b u y m e s m e o book in s i
P a r s, a n d
I k
ha d a s e d y o u t o b e kin nough
d e v n h wh h
t o a d a ce t e m at t e y
m ig h w n
t a t t o p a y fo r t e m h I c nno conc iv
a t e h
e w hy t e y d id
x u hi li l o i i on h kn w h ow
.

no t e e c te t s t t e c m m ss -

fo r m e , a s t e y e
v e ry m c u h I wi h s e d t o re e c iv h
e t e se book s b y t he s a m e c o n
on I
v

v e y a n ce a s t h e fil t e r in g s t e D a re a sk y o u t o d o m e t he
f v ou h
.

a r to b u y t e m ? A co m pl e t e e dit i o n of t he w o r ks of
Ca l de r o n , an d t he F re nch n l ion of K n
t ra s a t a t , a G e rm a n u F a st,
a n d t o a d d t h e N ym p hol
ept — I am in i n
d ff e re t a s t o a li l tt e
m o re l e s s e xp e n e
or t h a t I m a y h a v e t h e m i m m e di t e l y
s so I a

will se n d yo u a o d e on Pa i fo t he a m oun t t oge t h r wi t h

.
,

n r r r s r e

t he t h i t y t w o f a n c s y u w e
,

r -
kin d nough t p a y f m e
r o re e o or

Al l p ubli a t t e n t ion is n w e n t d on t h e won d e ful e v ol a

.

c o c re r r

t ion in G e e ce I d a re n o t a ft e t h e e v e n t s of l a st wi n t e hop
r r r, e

t h a t s l a ve o c h e a p l y ; y t I know
.
,

c a n b e co m e f e e m n
s r e s e o ne

G e k of t h e hig h e s t q u a li t i
r e bo t h of c ou a g e a d on d u t e s, r n c c ,

t h e P in e M a r c
c d a t o a d if t h e e s t b e like h im a ll will go
v ro or n r

we ll — T he n e w s of t h i s m o m e n t is t h a t t he R u s s i a n a m y ha s
, ,

o d t o a dva n ce
.
,

r e rs .

M s S uni t e s wi t h m e in t h e m o st h e a t fe l t r e g re t
r . . And I r .

r e m a in m y d e a S m i th r
M o s t fa i t h full y y ou s
, ,

P B S r

If yo u h a pp e n t o h a ve b ough t a c o p y of C l a ke s e d i t ion of
.
, . .

’
r r

Q u e e n M a b fo m e I s houl d lik e rv e y w e ll t o s it —I lly r ee re a

h a d l y know wh a t t hi s p o e m is a bou t I a m a f a i d it is ra t h e
.
,

r . r r

r ough .

C I V —T o C . . O L LI E R .

P is a , S ep t e m be r 2 5 h, 1 8 2 1
t .

D EAR S I R ,
Itwill gi v e m e g re a t p l e u e if I c a a a ng e t he as r n rr

i of
a ffa r M rs Sh e ll e y nov l wi t h y t h a d you a t i f ’
s
“

e ou o er n r s s ac

s p e c i fi c p u p o se in t h m w h i c h h e in t u c t d
.

t ion S he h a s a r e su s s r e

m t o e qui e a n d a l t h o ug h t hi s p u rp o s e coul d n o t b e a n w e e d
.

e r r s r
3 60 LE T TE RS .

wit hou t dy m on y y t I houl d fi d m ns t n w h

re a e e s n ea o a s er er
wi h in t h t p oin t if y oul d m k it con v ni n t t
,

s es a ou c a e e e o
t h i d t C h i tm d g iv b i ll f
, ,

o ne - r a r s t h oth as, ant w t hi d e s or e er o- r

t w lv d igh t n m on t h I t w oul d gi v m p culi ti
'

e e an e ee s e e e ar sa s
f c t i on t h t y th n
.

a th
a y oth
o u, ra
p on houl d b t h
er a an er e rs s e e
f t h i wo k ; it i t h p o d uc t of no lig h t l bou
,

p ubli h s er o s r s e r S a r,
an d I fl tt m y lf of no co m m on t l n t
a er se I d oubt it wi l l g iv a e e
d i t t h n it w i ll c iv f o m y ou n m
, , .

no l e s s cre a It u ty re e e r r a e s. r s ou

know m t w ll t b li v t h t m y ju dgm n t d lib t l y

e oo e o e e e a e e e ra e
gi v n in t t i m on y of t h v lu of y p o d uc t i on i i nflu enc d
e es e a e an r s e
by m ot i of in t t p t i li ty
v es e re s or ar a .

Th eo m nc i c ll d C t i P i
~
r a e s f La e d i a s r u cc o , r nce o u cca , a n s
foun d d ( t u p on t h nov l of M ch i
e no ll i un d t h t n m
e e ac ave er a a e,
which ub t i t ut s chil di h fict ion f t h f m o o m n t ic
s s e a s or e ar re r a
t u t h of h i t o y b t ) u p on t h
r s r c t u l t o y of hi lif H w
u e a a s r s e e as
on w h o f o m xi l d dv n t u ft h vi ng
, .

a p e rs r an e e an an a e re r , a er a
s v d i n t h w of E ngl n d d F l n d i n t h ign of
,
er e e a rs a an a e rs e re our
Ed w d t h ar S con d e tu n d t e hi n t iv ci ty d libre r e o
-
s a e an er
n t b c m h i m lf it t y n t d d i d in
, , ,

t ing it f o m it ty
'

a r s ra s, e a e se s ra an e
t h full p l n d ou of h i d o m in i on which h h d x t n d d ov
,
e s e r s e a e e e er
l it t l N p ol on d w it h
,

th e h lf of T u c n y H w
a s a e as a e a e an a
m pi b oug h t u p on
.
, ,

d uk d o m ins t d of
e ea f hi t h t an e re or s e a re , r

th e msa ll t h p
e a i d th e o of hi n t i t yp T h
ass o n S
'

an e e rr rs s a e e
c hi f in t t of t hi o m nc u p on E u t h n i hi
.

e e re s t s r a e re s s a a s a, s
'

b t o t h d b i d who lov f him i onl y q u ll d b y h

e r e r e, se e or s e a e er
e n t h u i m f t h lib t y of t h p ublic of F lo nc whi h i
s as or e er e re re e, c s

in om So t h coun t y
s e r d f er t h t of I l y t whichr an or a ta o
d v o t d n m y b ing
, ,

C t uc io i
as r c s a e ll y of t h p t y of
e e e e an a e ar
Thi
,
th e Em p o er rh t i m t pi c ;
s c d th k y
a ra c e r s a as er e e an e e
whi h i bu i l t p wi h dm i bl
.

s t on f th d m
e o e ra a, i th
c s u t a ra e a rt , s e
conflic t b t w n t h p ion d t h p i n i p l E u t h n i
e ee e se a ss s an e se r c es a a s a,
t h l t u v i v o of
.

e as s r nobl hou i f u d l coun t

r a d h e se , s a e a e s s, a n er
c t l i t h c n of t h xhibi t i on of t h knigh t ly m nn of
as e s e s e e e e e a e rs
th e t im T h ch
e c t of B t ic t h p o p h t
e a ra onl y
er ea r e, e r e e s s , ca n
i tho
.

b d on u t ic n t h v y l ngu g of t h u I know
e
j e t s e o e er a a e e a r
no t h i ng W l t S co t t ov l w hi ch t ll p p o h t
.

’
In a er s n e s a a a r ac es o
t he b e a ut y ubli i of t hi c e a t ion I m a y a l m o s t s a y
and s m ty s — r , ,

for it is p e fe c t l y o igin a l ; a n d a l t hough foun d e d u p on t he

r r ,

i d e a s a n d m a nn e s of t he a ge whi c h is re p re s e n t d i wholly
r e s

wi t h ou t a s i m ili t u de in a ny fi ct io n I e v e re a d B e a t ri c e is i
,
‘

r n

love wi t h C a s t ruc c io a n d d i e s fo r t he r o m a nce a l t h oug h

.

in t sp e rse d wit h m uch lig h t e m a t ter is d e e p l y t a gic a n d t he

, ,

er r r

S h a d e s d a rk e n a n d g a t h e r a s t h e c a t a s t o p h e a p p o a c h e s
, ,

A ll r r

t he m a nn e s cu s t o m s o p i n i on s of t he a ge a re in t r o d uc e d
.

r , ,
t he ,
 L E T TE R S .
361

s u p e s t i t ion s t he h e re s i e s an d t he re ligiou s p e s e cu t ion s a

r , ,
r re
d i s p l a ye d ; t he m inu t e st ci r cu m s t a nc e of I t a li a n m a nn e rs in
t h a t a g e is n o t o m i t t e d ; a n d t he whol e s e e m s t o m e t o con
s t it u t e a l iv ing a n d a m o vi ng i c t u r e of a n a e a l m o t fo go t t e n s
p g r
T he a u t ho r vi s i t e d t h e s c e n e ry wh i c h S he d e s c i b es in p e s on
.

r r
an d o n e o r t w o of t h e infe io r c h a a c t e s a e d a wn fr o m h e
‘

r r r r r r

own ob se rva t ion f t h I t a l i a n s fo t he n t i on l c h a a c t s h ow

o e r a a r er s
i t s e lf s t ill i n c e t a in in s t a nc e s un de r t he s a m e fo m a it wo
,
r r s s re
in t h e t i m e of D a n t e fi T he no ve l con i s t a s I t ol d y o u b fo e ‘
s s, e r

of t h re e volum e s e a ch a t l e a st e q u a l t o e of t h T l es of my
,

on e a
L n d lo r d a d t h e y w i ll b e v e ry s oon r e a dy t o b e s e n t
,
a n In c a s e
I wi l l m a k e o e ob se rva t ion
, .

y o u s houl d a c ce p t t he p re se n t o ffe r, n

wh i c h I con i d e r of e s e n t i a l im p ort a nc e I t oug h t t o b

s s e

p rin t e d i n h a lf v olu m e s a t a t i m e a n d s e n t t o t he a u t ho r f
.

he or r

l a st co rre ct i on s by t he p o st I t m a y b e p rin t e d on t hin p a p e

,

like t h a t of t hi s l e t t e r a nd t he e xp e n se s h a ll fa ll u p on m e
.

Lo d B y on ha s h is wo k s s e n t in t h i s m a nn e r a d no p e s on
.
,
r r r n r

who ha s e i t h e fa m e t o lo s e o r m on e y t o win oug h t t o p ubli s h

,

r ,
in a n y o t h e m a nn e r r .

B y t he bye h o w d o I s t a n d wi t h e g a d t o t h e s e t w o g re a t
- -
r r

obj e ct s o f hu m a n p u rs u i t ? I o n ce s oug h t s o m e t h ing nobl e r a n d

,

be t t e t h a n e i t h e ; bu t I m igh t a s w e ll h a v e e a ch e d a t th
r r r e
m oon a n d no w fin d ing t h a t I h a v g a sp e d t h e a i I s houl d e r r,

h
, ,
no t be so y t o know rr w a t s ub s t a n t i a l s m e s e ci ll of t h a e
p y u

fo m e is in you r h a n d s on m y a ccoun t T he go d s h v e m d
,
r r, a a e

e v i e w e s t h e a l m on e rs of t h i s wo l d l y d o s a d I t hin k
.

t he r r r r s ,
n
I m u s t wri t e a n o de t o fl a t t e t h e m t o give m e o m if I woul d r s e
n o t t h a t t h e y p u t m e o ff wi t h a bill on p o t e i t y w h ic h wh e n s r
m y ghos t h a l l p e s e n t t h e a n s w e r will b e
, ,

s r no ff t
,
e ec s .
”

Cha r les t h F ir t is c on c e ive d b u t

e s t bo n Unl e s s I a m no r

s u r e of m a k ing s o m e t hing goo d t h

p l a y wi l l n o t b e w i t t e n
.
,

,
e r .

P i de t h a t r uin e d S a t a n will kill Ch l es t he F ir t fo r h is m id

r ar s

w i fe woul d b e only l ess t h n him w ho m t hu n d r has m d

, , ,

a e a e

g r e a t er I a m full of gre a t p l a n s ; a n d i f I s h oul d t e ll y u o

t h e m I s houl d a d d t o th e li s t of t h e se ri d d l e s
.
,

, .

T h bo k h e ll d d t w l t im t ly p bl i h d d t h t i tl
o e re a u e o as u a e u s e un er e e

o f V lp g a Mer S h ll y
a. iv d £ 4 f th p y ight ; d t h i
rs e e re c e e 00 or e co r an s

ly d v t d t t h l i f f G dwin p ni y
.

su m w g as e n e ro u s e o e o e re e o o
’
s e cu ar

d i ffi l t i I l t t t M G i b n d t d J n 3 th 8 1 M “

cu e s. n a e er o r s. s or e, a e u e o 1 2 rs

S h ll y h fi l h hi
, , .

e e y t t
sa h s t f m d at h S o e p t i rst M w t
or t t e e c n ce on a ar o a s

t oo k m d fi i t h p t N p l ; t h t th w k w d l y d
a o re e n e s a e a a es a e or as e a e

se v l t im ; d t h t it w
e ra es an hi l d f m ight y l w g wt h
a as
“
a c o a s o ro

l h y— wo k f l b lt d
.

It w a s a so , s e sa h h d
s, a d rd o a o u r , as s e a re a an co n s u e a

g t m ny b k L S
re a a oo s . .
3 62 LE T TE RS .

I h a v e n o t s e e n M r Pr oc t e r M i n do l S e n d it m e in t he
.
’
s ra a .

box a n d p a y s e n d m e t he box i m m d i a t e ly I t is of t he u t m o st
,
r e .

con e qu e n ce a d a s yo u a re s o obliging a s t o say y o u will o t

s n n

n e gl e c t m y co m m i s s ion s p a y s e n d t h i s wi t h ou t d e l a y I ho p e
,

r
it is se n t i n d d a d t h a t y o u h a ve re c oll e ct e d t o s e n d m e
.
,

ee n

e v e r a l co p i e s of P r o m t he u s t he R ev o l t f I s l m a n d t h e Cen ci
, ,

s e ,
o a , ,
e t c a s I e q u e t e d yo u
r sI S t h e e a n y c h n ce of a e con d d i r a s e

I c oul d m a t e i a lly i m p o v e t h a t
. .
,
t ion of t h e R v o l t of I s l m ? e a r r

p o m on r e v i s ion
e T he A do n i in s p i t e of it s m y st i ci s m is a s,

t h e l e a st i m p e rfe c t of m y co m p o si t ion s a n d a s t he i m a g e of m y
.
,

g e t a n d honou fo r p oo r K e a t s I wi s h it t o b e s o I sh a ll
, ,
re r r

w i t e t o y o u p oba bly b y n e xt p o t on t h e s ubj e c t of t h a t p o e m

.
,
r r s
a d S h oul d h a v e s e n t t he p o m i e d c i t i c i s m fo r t h e s e c on d
, , ,

n r s r

e d i t i on h a d I o t m i s l a i d a d i n v in s ough t fo
n t he v olu m e
n a r,

t h a t con t a in s Hyp er io n Pra y gi v e m e no t i ce a g a in s t w h a t

, ,

i
.

t i m e y o u w a n t t h e se con d p a t of m y D f e n ce o P o e t ry
f Irg v e e

yo u t h i s D e fe nc e a n d yo u m a y d o W h a t yo u W ll wi t h it
.

P a y g i ve m e a n i m m d i a t e a n s w e r a bou t t h e no v e l
.
,
r e .

I am m y d e a S i r r,

Y ou r v e ry oblig e d s e r va n t
,

P E R C Y B S H E LLE Y
,

. .

I ough t t o t e ll yo u t h a t t he nove l ha s n o t t he s m all e s t t i nc t u re

of a n y p e cul i a r t h e o ri e s i n p ol i t ic s o r re ligion .

C V —
. To J OH N G I S B OR N E .

P is a , Oct o ber 22, I 82 1 .

M Y D EAR G I S B OR N E— A t l e ng t h t he p o st b i ng s a we l c o m e r

l e t t e f om y o u a n d I a m p l e a s e d t o b e a ss u re d of y ou r h e a l t h
r r

iva l I e xp e c t wi t h int e re st a n d a nxi e t y t he in t e l

,

a d sa fe a
n rr

lige c e of y ou p r og re s s i n E ngl a n d a n d how fa t he a d v a n t a g e s

.

n r r

t h e e co m p e n sa t e t he lo ss of I t a l y
,

r I h e a r f om H un t t h a t h e r
i d e t e m in e d on e m ig a t i on a n d i f I t hough t t h l e t t e r woul d
.

s r r e

ive i n t i m e I shoul d be g yo u t o s ugge st s o m e a dv i ce t o him

,
a rr

B t y o u oug h t t o b e i nc a p a bl e of fo givi ng m e i n t he fa c t of
.
,
u r

d p ri v ing E ngl a n d of wh a t it m u s t lo s e wh e n H un t d e p a t s
e r .

D id I t e ll y o u t h a t Lo d B y on c o m e s t o e t t l e a t P i s a a n d
r r s
t h a t h e h a s a p l a n of w i t ing a p e io d i c a l wo k in conn e c t ion
.
,

r r r

wi t h H un t ? H is hou s e M a da m e F e lichi s i a l e a dy t ke n ,
’
,
s r a

a d fit t e d u
n fo h im a d h e h a s b e e n e x e c t e d e ve r d a t h e se
p n r p y y
La G u i cc i oli who a wa i t s h im i m p a t i e n t l y is a v e y
,
six w e e k s .
, ,
r
 L E T TE R S .
3 63

n t i m e n t a l inno ce n t I t li a n who ha s sa crifi ce d a n

'

re t t y,
p se ,
a ,

I m m e n se fo t u n fo r t he s a k e of Lo d B y on a n d who if I
r e r r

know n yt h ing of m y f i e n d of he a d of h u m a n n a t u will

, ,
a r r n re ,
h e ft e h ave p l e n t y of l e i s u re a n d op p o t uni t y t e p e n t he r
,

re a r r o r

r a s h n e ss Lo d B y on i how e v e r q ui t e cu e d
r of h is g ro s s s, r, r

h a bi t a s fa r a s h a bi t s t he p e rve rse i d e a s on which t h y w e e

.

s, e r

fo m d a re n o t y t e a d ic a t e d
r e e r

W h v e fu rn i s h d a hou se a t P i s a d m e a n t m a k e it o ur
.

e a e a, n o
h a d q u a t e I h a ll ge t a ll m y book o u t a d e n t e nc h m y
e -
r rs . s s ,
n r

s e lf like a p i d e in
s a w eb If y u ca n a s s i s t P in s e n d ing
r o

t h e m t o Le g h o n y o u woul d d m e a n e p e c i a l fa v ou
. .

r , bu t d o s r o

n o t buy m C a l d e on F a u s t o K a n t a s H S p o m i s e s t o s e n d
e r r r

t h e m m e f o m Pa i w h e I s u p p o s e yo u h a d o t t i m e t o
, , ,
. .

r r s, re n

p ocu re t h e m
r An y o t h book s y o r H e n y t hi nk woul d er ou r

a c c o d wi t h m y d e s ign O ll i e will fu ni h yo u wi t h
. .

r ,
r r s .

I S houl d like ve y m uch t o h e a r wh a t is s a i d of m y r

A d on a i a n d y o u woul d oblig e m e by cu t t ing o u t

s, m a king ,
or

O lli e c t o t a n y e s p e ct a bl e c i t i c i s m on it a n d s e n d ing it m
r u u ,
r r e

y o u know I d o n t m in d a c own o r t w in p o s t a g e
o T h e E p ip y r o s

t o e a l fl e s h a d bloo d y o u know t h a t
.

c h id io n is a m y s t e y a r s r n

I d o n o t de a l in t ho se a rt i cl e s y o u m igh t a s w e ll go t a gin
,
o
s h o p fo r a l g of m u t t on e e x p c t a n y t h ing hu m a n o e a th ly as e r r

f o m m e I d e i e d O lli n o t t o ci cul a t e t h i p i e c e e x ce p t t o
,

r s r er r s
l a n d e v e n t h y it e e m s a e inclin e d t
.

t he e up a r a , p p oxi m a t e
e s r o a r

t h e c i cl e of a se v a n t gi l
, ,

m t
e o r d he we e t h e a t B t I r r an r s r . u
in t e n d t o w i t e a S ym p o iu m of m y own t o e t a ll t hi s igh t
r s s r .

I a m ju s t fini s hing a d m a t ic p o e m c ll e d H e ll a s u p on t he ra a
con t e t no w ra ging in G e e ce — a s o rt of i m i t a t ion of t he Pe ae
, ,

s r rs

of E schylu s full of l y ri c a l p o e t y I t y t o b e wh a t I m ig h t r r

h a ve be e n bu t a m n o t s uc ce ssful I fi n d t h a t (I da e say I
.
,

,
. r

s h a ll q uo t e w r ong ) ,

D h l i h t n d i h d G i t m p gt
en e rr c s e en s c er e s e ra n

f m d d f m d S t ff i h
,

D a gt i m m r n er re un re er o s c an .

T he E d inbu g h R v i e w li e G o d win s a n s w e t o M a l t h u s i
’
r e s r s

vi ct o i ou s a d d e ci s i ve ; a n d t h a t it s houl d n o t b e g n a ll y
.

r n e er

a c kno wl e dg e d a uch is full of e vi de n c e of t he influ n ce of

s s e

s u c c ss ful e v il a n d t y a nn y
,

e Wh a t G o d win is co m p d t o r a re

P l a t o a n d Lo d B a c on w e w e ll know b u t c o m p a re d w i t h t h e s e
,
.

m i s a bl e s cioli t s he i a v ul t u e t o a wo m
,

er s ,
s r r .

I e a d t he G e k d a m a t i t s a n d P l a t o fo e ve Y o u a e
r r e r s r r r

ig h t a bou t A n t igon e how s ubl im a p ict u e of a wo m a n I a d

.

r e r n

wh a t t hin k yo u of t he c h o u e s a n d e s p e ci l l y t he l y i c l c o m r s a r a

p l a in t s of t he go d lik e vi c t i m ? a d t he m e n a c e s of T i re s i a s a n d
,

n ,
3 64 L E T TE R S .

th e i r a p i d fu lfil m e n t ? S om e of us h a ve i n a p io r e xi t e n ce
r r s

b e e n in lo v e wi t h an A n t igon e a d t h a t m a ke s u s fi n d no full
, ,
n

on t e n t i n a ny m o rt a l t ie A s t o book I a d vi s e y u t o li v e
,

c s, o

I h a v e d in c I
.

ne a t he B ri t i s h M u s e u m a n d re a d t h e re
r re a s e

Jungfra u v on O rl e a ns of S chill r —a fi n e p l y
.
, ,
“
sa w y o u t he
”
e a

if t he fift h a ct d id n o t fa ll o ff S o m e G e eks e s ca p e d fro m t he

, , ,

r
d fe t in W a l l a c hi a h a ve p a s s e d t h r ough P i s a t o e e m b a k a t
.
,
e a r -
r

a n d t h e T u s c a n G o v e rn m e n t a llow e d
,

Le gho n fo r t h e M o e a
r r
t h e m d u in g t h e i r s t a y a n d p a s s a g e t h e e li re e a ch p e
r da y r r

lo dging ; t h a t is goo d R e m e m b e r m e a n d M a ry
, ,
a d t he i
n r

m o s t kin d l y t o M r s G i s bo rn e an d H e n ry a n d b e li e v e m e
.

Y ou rs m os t a ffe c t i on a t e l y
,
.
,

,
P B S

C VI .
-
To C . O LLI ER .

P is a , N o v . 1 1 t h, 1 8 2 I .

D EAR S I R — I n d yo u t he dra m a of H l l a s re l ying on y ou r

se e

a s u a n c e t h a t y o u will b e goo d e nough t o p a y i m m e d i a t e

,
s r

a t t e n t ion t o m y li t e r a y e qu e s t s W h a t li t t l e in t e e s t t h i s
r r r

p o m m a y e v e e xci t
.

e d e p e n d s u p on it s i m m e d i a t e p ublic a t ion ;
r e,

I e n t e a t y u t h e re fo e t o h a ve t he goo d n e s s t o s e n d t h e M S
r o , r , .

in t a n t l y t a p in t e r a n d t h m o m e n t yo u g e t a p roof de sp a t ch
s o r e

T he whol e m ig h t b e s e n t a t onc e
,
it t m e b y t he p o t
o s Lo d r

B y on ha s h is p o e m s e n t t o h im i n t hi s m a nn e r a nd I c a nno t
. .

s e t h a t t h e infe io i t y in t he co m p o s i t ion of a p o e m c a n a ff e c t
,

e r r

t h e p ow e rs of a p in t e r in t h e m a t t e r of d e s p a t c h e t c
r I f a ny ,
.

p s g e s s houl d a l a m y o u in t h e no t e s y o u a e a t lib e t y t o
as a r r r

s u p p e s s t h e m ; t he p o e m con t a in s no t h in g of a t e n d e ncy t o
,

d a n ge n
D o no t fo rge t m y o t h e r qu e s t io ns I a m e s p e ci all y cu iou s . r

to h e a r t he f t e of A d n is I confe ss I s houl d be s u rp ri se d if
a o a

o we e bo rn t o a n i m m o t a li t y of obl iv ion
.

t ha t p e m r r
Wi t hin a fe w da y I m a y h a ve t o w i t e t o y o u on a s ubj e c t of
.

s r

g e a t e r in t e re s t M e a nwhile I re ly on y ou r kin d n e ss fo r c a ry ing

r r

m y p re s e n t r e qu e s t i n t o i m m e d i a t e e ffe c t
.
,
.

D e a r S ir ,
ou ve ry f i t h ful s e va n t Y r a r ,

P ER C Y B S H ELLE Y .

I n e e d n o t i m p re ss on yo u t he p rop i e t y of gt m g a s p e e dy r v
an w r to Mr S s pr o p o s a l H e r volu m e s e no w r e a d y fo r
’
s e s . . . ar

t he p e Th e Ode t o N ap o le o n t o p rin t a t t he e n d
r s s. .
 LE T TE R S .
365

CVI I .
-
To J OS EP H S E VE R N .

P isa , N o v em ber 2 9 t h, 1 82 1 .

D EAR S I R — I n d yo u t he e l e gy on p oo K e a t s— a d I wi h
se r n s

it w e e b t t e r wo t h you r a cc p t a n ce
r e r Y u will s e e by t h e e . o ,

p e fa ce t h a t i w a s w i t t n b e fo e I c oul d ob t a in a n y p r t icul a
r ,
s r e r a r

a cc oun t of h is l a s t m o m e n t s a l l t h a t I s t ill kno w w a s co m m uni

c a t e d t o m e by a f i e n d who ha d d e i v e d h is info m a t ion f o m
,

r r r r

C olon e l F inch ; I ha v e ve n t u e d t o e x p e s s a s I fe l t t h e r r

a dm i ra t ion
, ,
r e sp e c t a n d which yo u r con duc t t ow a ds him . r

de m an ds .

In sp i t e of his t ra n s c e n de n t g e niu K e a t s n eve r wa s n o r s,

e ve r
,
will be a p op ul a r p o e t ; a n d t he t o t a l n e gl e c t a d
,
n

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r e s e m bl e s him in t h a t a cci d e n t a l o n e a w a n t of p o p u l a i t y r

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r it ha d b e e n m y in t e n t ion t o h a v e c oll e t e d t h c e

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.

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c on s i d r it a m ong t h e m o s t sa c e d
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,
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P E R C Y B S H E LL E Y . .

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he r e e v e ry d ay .
 66 L E T TE R S .

CV I I I — To
. T . L P EACOC K
. .

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1 82 2 .

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l e ng t h fi t t e d u p o m e oo m s a t t he t o p of a loft y p a l a ce t h t
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er
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.

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.

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,

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t m e n t s of h i p a l a c e f r h im a d H un t w ill b e
.

u p t h e low e ap r ar s o ,
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ag re e a bl y u p i s d t o fi d a co m m o d iou s lo dging p e p a e d fo
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l ong i dl e a d a s fa r a s w i t ing go e s de sp on de nt ; b u t I a m
.

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now e nga ge d on Ch r l es t h fi r t a n d a de vil of a n u t it is t o a e s ,

ca k
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,
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,

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n e a t co t fe we shilling t h a n t h t a t M a low d id p oun d s s t e ling ;

n r . r ,
r
s r s a r r

win d ow s a e full of p l a n t s which t u rn t he s unny win t e

,

a d o
n ur r r

in t o p ing M y h e a l t h is b e t t e — m y c a re s a e lig h t e r ; a n d
,

s r r r

a l t h oug h no t hing wi l l
.

u e t he c on u m p t ion of m y p u se y t it c r s r e

d a g on a s o r t of lif in d a t h v e y li ke it s m a t
,

r s ea d se e m s e r s e r, n

lik F o t un a t u s s a l wa y s e m p t y y e t n e v e r qui t e e xh u s t e d Y u
, ,
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w ill h a ve s e e n m y A do n is a d p e h ap s m y H e lla s a d I th ink

.
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a n r n

w h a t e ve y u m a y t hi nk of t he s ubj e c t t he co m p o s i t ion of t h e
, , ,

r o

fi t p o e m will n o t wh oll y d i sp l e a se yo u I wi sh I ha d s o m e t h ing

,
rs

b e t t e r t o d o t h a n fu rni s h t h i s j i ngl ing foo d fo r t he h unge r of

.
 LE T TE R S .
3 67

oblivion c a ll e d v e rs e b u t I h a v e n o t ; a n d s inc e yo u giv e m e no

I c nno t h op e t h a v e
, ,

e ncou a g e m e n t a bou t In d i a
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.
,

r r, e c

m ilky w a y in wh i c h it gli m m e s ? r

A d i e u — Y ou rs e v e r m o t t ul y ,
s r ,

C I X — T o H O R AC E S M I T H
. .

P is a , 2 5t h j a n u a ry , 1 8 2 2 .

D EA R S M I T H — I
MY h a ve d e l a ye d t h i s fo t n i gh t a n swe ing r r

y rou ki n l
d e t t e r e a se b c u I w a s in t e a t y fo a C ld r o n whi h r r a e c

l I h v ucc
,
a t a st a e s e e de d in p ocu ing a t a t ol e a bl y m o de a t e r r r r

p ce
r i All t he t er o h books yo u m e n t ion I shoul d b e gl a d t o
h a ve ; t og t h e r wi t h wh at e v o t h e s m ig h t fa ll in y ou w a y
.

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e er r r
t h a t y o u m igh t t h i nk i n t e e s t ing r
Will yo u o t t hink m y e x a c t i on s u p on y ou kin dn e s
.

n r s

in t e rm in a bl e if I a sk y o u t e x e cut e a no t h e c o m m i s ion f r o r s o
m e ? I t is t o b u y a goo d p e d a l h a p wi t hou t g e a t o n m e n t r r r a or
a n y a p p e n d a g e t h a t woul d unn c e a i l y inc e a e t h e
,

xp en e e ss r r s e s

b u t goo d n o s h oul d I obj e c t t o it b e ing s e c on d h a n d if t h t

r s -
a
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,

r e a e
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.

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’
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p i c e of h a p s a t Pa i s b u t I s u p p o se t h a t f o m s e v n t y t o
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,

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,

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a s i f I w e e t o d e l a y t h e g a c e of m y co m p li m n t
,

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t a ke w h a t yo u fi d if yo u a e s o e x ce e d ingl y kin d a s t o ob l ig e
.
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.
,

c r n r , r e

a t M e ss s G e b h r d a d C o m e ch a n t s Le gho n t h e book s
u ar n r r
m a y b e e n t t og e t h e wi t h it
. .
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s r .

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a r r

whe n m y n e ve s e
.

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g e n e l l
ra
y s h a k e n t o p i e c e s b y S i t t ing p c on t e m p l t ing t h e t u a re s

m a king t h e m s e lve s va t s of c l a re t e t c t ill t h e e o c lo ck i n t h e

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, .
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r e sse m p l y d p liti
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e s re ot e e o e o ca a e co u r
of n t iv p i
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a o a su c e o en as
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in t e n de d H un t wa s e xp e ct e d a n d Lo d Byr on h a d fit t e d u p a
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a t ion wh e n w e h e a d t h t
.
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p a t of
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,
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no t hing coul d i n d uc e M i ann e t o p u t t s e a a g a in T hi s f ar o or

m a n y e a s on s t h a t I c a nno t now e x p l a in h a s p o d uc e d a c h a o s
.
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of p e p l e xi t i e s T he r e v i e w s a n d jou rn a l s t h e y s a y
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,
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n a m e of t he e v i e ws
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.

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p a c k a g e
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.

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P B S H E LL E
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-
To J OH N G I S BO R N E .

P is a , Ap r il 10 , 1 8 2 2 .

M Y D E AR G I S B O R N E— I h ave re c e ive d He ll a wh i ch i s s,

p e
r t t i l y p in t e d a nr d w i t h f e w e r m is t a k e s t ha n a y p o e m I e ve n r

h i i
,

p ubli s e d A m I t t h a nk y o u foo r t h e r e v s on of t h e p e s s ? r or

who a c t e d a s m i d wi f t o t h i s l a st of m y o rp h a ns in t o ducing it
.

e r

t o oblivi on a n d m e t o m y a c cu st o m e d fa i lu e ? M a y t he c a u s e
,

r
,

it c e l e b ra t e s b e m o e fo t u n a t e t h a n e i t h e r ! T e ll m e how y o u
r r

lik e H e ll a s a n d give m e y ou op in i on f e e l y I t wa s wri t t e n r r

wi t h ou t m u c h c a e a n d in o n e of t ho s e fe w m o m e n t s of
.
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wh t t t h ink of t ho se who confoun d it wi t h t he m a n y ba d

.

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.
,

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wi t h s e n sa t ions whic h no o th e co m p o si t ion e xci t e s I t de e p e n

,

r s

a p i d i t y of i d e a s a n d w oul d
.

t h e gloo m a n d a ug m e n t s t he r

t h e e fo e e e m t o m e a n un fi t s t u d y fo a ny p e s on who is a p re y
,
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t o t he e p o a ch e s of m e m o y a n d t he d e lu s ion s of a n i m gin a t ion

r r r ,
a

n t t o b e re s t a in d
o A n d y e t t h e p l e a u e of sy m p a t hi s ing
r e s r

wi t h e m o t ion s known onl y t o fe w a l t houg h t h e y d e i v e t h e i s o l e

.

,
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c h a m f o m de sp a i a d t he s co n of t he n a rrow goo d w e c a n
r r r, n r

a t t a in in u o
e n t s t a t e s e e m s m o e t h n t o e a s e t h e p a in r a
p e r r s
which b e longs t o t h e m Pe rh ap s all d i s con t e n t wi t h the less (t o
,

.
 LE T TE RS .
3 69

l a t on i c s o p hi sm n s e of a j u t l a i m t o t he ) s u pp o s e s
'

u se a P t he s e s c
t r a n d t h t w e a dm i ig h t o d t
,

g r ea e , s of F a u s t a e on t h e
a re r r r r a o
Pa a di se
r S u c h a s u pp o s i t ion is n o t m o e a b s u d a n d is r r
t a inl y l e s s d e m on i a c a l t h a n t h a t of Wo r d s wo rt h wh e re h e
.
,
c er , ,
sa y s

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W hi h i c s the w or l d of a l l o f u s, a nd wh
,

”
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l Ve fi n d ou r happ ine ss , o r n ot a t a l l .

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er s r
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r r e
in h e l l o r c h a i t a bl y a nnihi l a t e d by
, ,

fo r s ix t y m illion m o e r , r a
co u p d e g ce of t h e bungl e who b ough t u s in t o e xi s t n e a t
r d r r e c
fi rs t

Ha v e yo u l on s M gi co P r o d gio o ? I fi d a
re a d C a de r ’
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s t iking
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s r n r re
d i t in c t ion houl d s a y G o e t h e w
,

c knowl d g e C ol e i d g
’
to a e r e s s s as

t h g r e t s t p h ilo o p h
,

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s e r, n er a r an

e v i d e n t l y fu ni s h e d t h e g er m of F a u s t a s F a u s t m a y fu ni h t h e
.

r r s
g e m of o t h e p o e m ; a l t h ough it is a s diffe e n t fro m it in
,
r r s r

s t uc t u e
r d p l n a s t he a c o r n f o m t h e o a k
r an a I h a v e i m a gin e r
m y p e s u m p t ion — t a n s l a t e d s e v e ra l s c e n e s fr o m bo t h a s t h e
.

r r
b i s of a p p fo o u r jou rn a l I a m we ll c on t n t wi t h t ho e
,

as a er r e s
f o m C l d o wh i c h in fa ct ga v e m v e y li t t l e t oub l e ; b t
.

r a er n, e r r u

t ho s e f o m F a u s t — I fe e l h o w i m p e f c t a e p e s n t t ion e v n
r r e r r e a e

wi t h a ll t he l i c e nc e I a s s um e t o fi gu t o m ys e lf h ow G o t h e
,

re e

woul d h a v e w i t t e n i n E ngli h m y wo d s con v e y N 0 o n e b u t

r s r

C ol i d g e is c a p a b l e of t hi s wo k
, .

er r

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.

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a cc o m p a n y ing t h o e
,

t he m o s t e m a k a bl e on e s
r r t oni s hing s as

e t c h ing s whi c h h a v e b e e n p ubli h d in E ng l a n d f o m a G e m n

,
s e r r a

m a st e I t is n o t b a d—
r d fa i t hful e nough — b t h ow w e k ! an u a

how inco m p e t e n t t o p e se n t F a u s t ! I h a v e onl y a t t e m p t d

.

re r e

t h e ce n e s o m i t t e d in t h i s t ra n s l a t ion a d woul d
s n d yo u t h at n se

of t he W lp u g i n cht if I t hough t O lli e r woul d p l a c e t he

,

a r s a
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,

p o tsa g e t o m y a c c oun t Wh a t e t ing I m c r a r

s a t i a t e d wi t h looking a t t h e m
.

a n d I fe a it is t h e onl y o t of r, s r

I n e v e p e fe c t l y
,

t a n l a t ion of which F a u t is s u s c e p t ibl e

r s s r r

un de t oo d t he H a t M oun t a in s e n un t i l I s a w t he e t c h ing
.

rs r z c e,

a d then
n M a g a t in t h e s u m m r h ou se wi t h F u t ! T he
re e r- a s

a t i t m a ke s e e n vy hi
,

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on s

t h ing s wi t h c a l m n e which I onl y d a re d look u p on once d

s s, an

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,

r s

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is t h a t t h a t i s t ha s s u p a s se d F a us t o r t h a t t h e p e nci l
.

e r r ,
.

10 5
 L E T TE RS .

s u p a sse s l a ngu a ge i n s o m e s ubj e c t s I know n o t o r t h a t I a m

r

a ffe c t e d by a v i s i b l e i m g e b u t t h e t c h ing c e t a in l y
, ,
mo re a e r

x c i t e d m fa m o e t h a n t he p o e m it illu s t a t e d D yo u
,
e e r r r o

t he fi ft y fou t h l e t t e of t h e fi s t p a rt of t h N ou v e ll e
.

r e m e m be r -
r r r e
H é l is e ? G o e t h e in a s ub s e q u n t s c e n e e v i d e n t l y h d t h t
”
‘

o e a a

l e t t e in his m in d a d t hi s e t ch ing is a i de a li m of it S o
, ,

r ,
n n s .

mu h f c t he wo l d of S h a d ow s
or r

W h t t hink yo u of Lo d B yron s l a s t volum e ? In m y o p m o n

a r
’
t

it c on t a in s fi n e p o e t y t h a n ha s a pp e a e d in E ngl a n d s in c e t he
r r r

p ub l i c a t ion of P a a d i s e R g a in e d rC a in is a p oc a l y p t ice— it is a
v l a t ion o t b e fo e c o m m unica t e d t o m a n I w i t e no t hing
.

re e n r r

I h a ve d on e s o m e of C h a l e s I b u t a l t h ough t he
.

b t by fi t s
u r

v
. .

p o e t y rs uc c e e d e d e r y w e ll I c a nno t se iz e on t h e c o n ce p t io of n

t h e s ubj e c t a s whol e a n d s e l d o m now t ouch t he c a n v a s

, ,

a
Y u know I d on t t hink m uch a bou t R e v i e w s n o of t h fa m e
.
,
’
o r e

t h e y gi v e n o r t h a t t h e y t a k e a w a y I t is a b u rd in a n y R e v i e w
,
s

t c i t i c i se A d on a i s a d s t ill m o e t o p e t e n d t h a t t h e v e r s e s
, .

o r , n r r
a e bad
r Pr o m e t h e u s w a s n e ve r in t e n d e d fo r m o re t h a n fi v e o
. r

S ix p e s on s r .

A d how a e y o u g e tt ing on ? D o y ou r p l a n s s t ill w a n t

n r

s u ce s ?
c s D o yo u eg et I t a ly ? o a ny t hing t h a t I t a l y
r r r

c on t a in s ? A n d i n c a e of a e n t i e fa i lu e i n y ous e xp e ct a n r r r

t ion s d o y o u t h in k of e t u ning h e e ? Y o u s e e t he fi s t b l o w r r r r

h a s b e e n m a d e a t fun d e d p o p e t y z— d o y u in t e n d t o con fi de
,

r r o

an d in v i t e a s e con d ? Y o u w oul d a l re a dy h a ve a v e d o m e s s

t h ing p e c nt if y o u h a d in ve s t d y ou p o p e t y in T u s c a n
r e e r r r

l n d T he n x t b e st t hi ng woul d b e t o i n ve s t it in Engli h a d
.
,

a . e s ,
n

r e i d e u p on it
s I t e m bl e fo t he con e qu e nc e s t o y o u p e on a lly
. r r s ,
rs ,

f o m a p olonge d confid e n ce in t he fun d s Ju s t i c e p oli cy t h

r r .
, ,
e

hop e s of t h n a t ion a d e n e we d in t i t ut ion de m a n d y ou uin

e n r s s, r r

o e c a nno t b ing m y e lf t o d e s i e wh a t is in i t s e l f
,

a n d I fo r n r s r

Yo u e e how lib e a l I a m of a d v ic e
, ,
d e s i a bl e t ill y o u a e f e e
r r r s r

b t y o u know t he m o t i v e
, .

u t h a t s ugg e s t it Wh a t is H e n ry s .

a bou t a n d how a e h is p o p c t r T e ll h im t h a t s o m e a d r s e s ven

e s a e e ng a g d u p on a s t e a m bo a t a t Le g h o rn t o m a k e t h
,

t ur r r e -
e

t j t w e p oj c t e d
,

ra e I h Op e he is c h a i t a bl e e nough t p a y
r e r o r

t h a t t h e y m a y s ucc e e d b t t e t h a n we d id
.

e r
R e m e m b e r m e m o s t a ffe c t ion a t e l y t o M rs G i bo n e t o who m
.

. s r , ,

a s w e ll a s t o y ou s e lf I c on s i d t h a t t hi
r l e t t e r is w i t t e n er s r

H o w is s he a n d h o w a e y o u a l l i n h e a l t h ? A d p a y t e ll m e
.
,

r n r

w h a t a re y ou p l a n s of life a n d ho w H e n y s ucc e e d a nd
, ,

r r s,

wh e t h e h i m ar i e d o n o t ? H o w ca I se n d y o u s uch s m a ll
,

r e s r r n
sum s a s o u m a w a n t f o r o s t g e s e t c fo I d o t m e an t a r no o
y y p
t ax wi t h m y un re a s on a bl e l e t t e s bo t h you r p u s e a n d y ou r
,
.
,

r r
 LE T TE RS .
37 1

i nc
p at e e ? W e go t h i s s u m m t o S p e zzi a ; b u t d i e ct a s e v er r er
i
t o P sa , —M rs will fo w a d o u l e t t e s If yo u se e a n y t hing r r r r

w h i h y o t h ink wou l d p a t icul a ly in t e re s t m p a y m a ke

.

c u r r e, r
O l l i e p a y fo s e n d ing it o u t b y p o t
r r G ive m y b e t a n d a ffe c s . s

t i na t e
o g d to H re t o w ho m I d o n t w i t e a t p e s e n t
ar s o r r

i m a gin i ng t h a t yo u wi l l giv e him a p i e c e of t hi s l e t t e r

, ,

E ve m o s t f i t h fu l l y y ou s
.

P B S r a r , . . .

C X I — T o H O R AT I O S M I T H
. .

P is a , Ap r il 1 1 t h, 1 8 2 2 .

M Y D EAR S M IT H — I h a v e a s ye t re ce i v d n e i t h e t he e r
h is m t a p h y s ic a l c o m p a n on s
.
, ,

no r e Tim m y L r d ha s w ll t i e, o ,
a a e

on hi b ch an d I s u p p o e h e h a
s a b a gg e d t h e m by t he wa y A S s s

he ha s h a d a goo d d e a l of l m s f r ob l i v ion o u t of m e I t hink

, .

a o

h e m ig h t a s w e l l h a ve fa v ou e d m e t h i s on c e I h a ve in d e e d;
,
r

j u t d op pe d ano t h e r m i t e in t o h i t e a s u y c a ll e d H ll w h i c h
,

s r s r r ,
e as,

I know n t how t o s e n d t y o u b u t I d a a y o m e fu y of
o o re s s r
t he H a d e s of a u t h o
,

will b ing o n e t o P a i s I t is a p o e m
rs r r .

w i t t e n on t he G e e k c a u se l a t s um m e r— a s o rt of l y ic a l
r r s r ,
d ra m a t ic non d e sc i p t p i e c e of bu s in e ss r

Y o u will h a v e h e a d of a o w w e h v e h a d h e e which I d e
.
,

r r a r ar

s a y wil l g ow t o a b e fo e it a i v e a t P a i s I t w
, ,

e iou r s iz s r s e r rr s r a s,
in fa ct a t ifling p i e of bu s in e s s e nough a i ing f o m a in u l t
.
,

r ec r s r n s
of a d un k e n d a goon o ffe re d t o o n e of o p a t y a d on l y
, ,

r r ur r n

s e va n t
, ,

se iou s b c u s e o e of L o d B woun de d t h e f llow ’

r e a n r s r s e

d a ng e ou s l y wi t h a p i t ch fo k H e i now how e v e e co v e ing

.
,

r r s r, r r

a d t he e c h o of t h e a ff a i r will b e h e a d long a ft e
, ,
.

n t he o igin l r r r a

re p o t h a s c e a s e d
r .

Lo d B y on h a s e a d m e o n e o t w l e t t e s of M oo e t h im
r r r
* r o r r o

in w h i c h M oo r s p e k wi t h g e a t k in dn s of m e a n d of c ou e
,

e a s r e s rs

I c a nno t bu t fe l fl t t e e d b y t he a p p ob a t ion of a m a m y
e a r r n,

infe io i t y t o who m I m p ou d t o a cknowl e d ge — Am ong t o t h e r

r r a r s

t h ing s how e v e ,
M oo a ft gi v ing Lo d B m u ch goo d d v i
r, re , er r . a ce

a bou t p ubli c O p inion e t c se e m t d e p e c a t e M Y influ n c on s o r e e

ubj e c t of r ligion, a n d t o a t t ibu t t he t on e

.
, ,

h is m in d on t h ,
e s e r e

a s u m e d in C a in t o m y s ugg e s t on M oo e c a u t ion s him

“ ”
s i s r

on t h i p t i c ul a wi t h t he m o t f i n dly
.

a g in t m y influ e n
a s ce s ar r, s r e

z a l ; a n d it i p l in t h a t h is m o t i v p ing s f o m a d e s i e of
e s a e s r r r

M M t f thi i i d t d hi w f l i g d
’
F or r. o o r e s a cco u n o s nc en an s o n ee n s an

o p i i t h
n o ns o n b j t — th i m p t
e su d t h im bec
y S h l l y b i g p l
o se
y u e o
,

e e e n u re

j t l— M
c o n e c u ra L i f of By n V l I I p 58 4 fi t d i t io
se e o o re s
’
e ro , o . . .
, rs e n.
372 LE T TE R S .

b e n e fit ing Lord B wi t hou t d e g ra d ing m e I t hink y o u know

P ra y a s s u re him t h a t I h a v e n o t t h e s m a ll e s t influ n e
.
, .

M oo re e c
o v e r Lo d B y on in t hi p a t i c ul a a n d if I ha d I c e t inl y
.

r r s r r, r a

s h oul d e m p lo y it t o e a d i c t
, ,

fro m his g re a t m in d t he d lu s ion s

r a e e
of C h i st i a ni ty w h i h in s p i t e of his e a s on s e m p e p e t u a lly
r ,
c ,
r , e r
t o r e cu a d t o l a y in a m bu s h fo r t h e hou rs of s ic kn
r, n s and es
d i st e s s C a in w a s o n ce iv e d m a n y ye a s a g o a n d b e gun
“ ”
r c r
b e fo e I s a w him l a st ye a a t R a ve nn a H o w h a pp y s hou l d I
.
,
r r

n t b e t o a t t r ibu t e t o m y s e lf how e v e in d i re c t l y a n y p a t ici p a t ion

.

o r r

in t h a t i m m o rt a l wo k l— I d iffe wi t h M oo e in t hin k ing

, ,

r r r

C h i s t i a ni t y u s e ful t o t he wo rl d no m a n of s e n e c a n t hink it
r s

t u e ; a d t he
r n l l i a n ce of t he m on st rou s s u p e s t i t i on s of t he
a r

p o p ul a r wo rs h i p wi t h t he p u e d oc t in e s of t h e T h e i sm of s u c h a r r
m an a s M oo re t u n s t o t he p r o fi t of t h e fo m e r a d m a k e s t h e
r r n

l a t t e r t he foun t a in of it s own p ollut ion I a g e e wi t h him t h a t

, ,

t h e d oc t in e s of t he F re nch a n d M a t e i a l P h ilo s o p h y a re a s f l e
.
,

r r a s

a s t h e y a r e p e rn i ciou s ; b u t t ill t h e y a e b e t t e r t h n C h r i s t i a n i t y
, ,

s r a

i n a s m uch a s a n a c h y i s b e t t e r t h a n d e s p ot i sm fo t h i s re a on
,

r r s

t h a t t h e fo rm e a s e a s on a n d t h e l a t t e r is e t e n a l
, ,

S fo r I r My r
no l e s s t h a n of t he g e niu of M oo e
.
,

a d m i a t ion of t h e c h
r ct a ra e r, s r

r a ke s m e ra t h e r wi s h t h a t h e s houl d n o t h a ve a n ill o p inion

,

0am e
Wh e re a re yo u ? W e s e t t l e t hi s s u m m e r n e a r S p e zz i a Lo d
.

B yr on a t Le g h o rn M a y o t I ho p e t o s e e yo u e v e n fo r a t i p n r

i n I t a ly ? I h o p e you wif a n d li t t l e on e s a re we ll M in e g ow s
.
,

r e . r

a fi e b o y a d is q ui t e w e ll
n n

I h a v e con t i ve d t o ge t m y m u s ica l co a l s a t N e wc a s t l e i t se l f
, .

M y d e a r S m i t h b e l i e ve m e
.

, ,
F a i t hfull y y ou s P B S r , . . .

C XI I — To M R S S H E LLE
. . Y ,

(AT S P EZ Z I A .
)
L er ici, S u n day , Ap r il 2 8 t h, 182 2 .

D E AR E S T M AR — I Y
hi s m o m e n t i v e d a t Le i ci wh e e
am t a rr r r

I a m n e c e ssa il y de t a i n e d w a i t ing t he fu ni t u re wh i ch l e ft P i s a
,

r r

l a s t nigh t a t m i dnigh t a n d a s t he s e a ha s b e e n c a l m a d t he
, ,

win d fa i I m ay e x p e ct t h e m e ve ry m o m e n t I t woul d t do
,

r, no

t o l a v e a ffa i h e re in a n imp icci o gre a t a s is m y a nxi e t y t o e

.

e rs s e
— H o w a e o u m y be t lo ve ? H o w h a v e y o u s u s t a in d
,
s e
y ou y r

t he t i a l s of t he j ou n y ? A n s we r m e t h i s qu e s t ion a n d how
.
,

r r e ,

m y li t t l e b a b e a n d C l a re a re .
 L E T TE R S .
373

ow t o bu s in e ss — I S t he M a gn i H ou se t ake n ? if n o t p ray
N
occu p y you se lf i n st a n t ly in fin i s h ing t h e a ffa i e ve n if yo u a e
,
r r, r
oblig e d t o go t o S a z a n a a n d s e n d a m e e ng e r t o m e t o t e ll
r ss

of y ou s ucc e s s I of cou s e c a nno t l e a v e Le ici t o whi h

,
m e r r r c

p l ce t he bo a t (fo r w e w e e oblig e d t o t a k e t w o ) a e d i e c t e d
.
, , ,
a s r r r
B t y o u c a c o m e ove r in t h e s a m e bo a t t h a t b r ing s t hi l e t t e
, .

u n s r,
a d n t u n in t he e v e ning
re r

I oug h t t o sa y t h a t I d n t t h i nk t h a t t h e e is a c co m m o da
.

o o r
t ion fo y u a ll a t t hi s inn ; a d t h a t e v e n if t h e e w e e
r o n r
yo u r
woul d be b e tt e r o ff a t S p e zzi a bu t if t he M a gni H ou s e i t k n
, ,

s a e
t h e n t h e re is no p o s ib l e e a s on w hy y o u s h oul d n o t t a k e a
,
s ow r r
o v e in t he bo a t t h a t will b ing t hi s — b u t d on t ke e p t he m e n
r r
’

long I a m a nxiou s t o h e a r f o m yo u on e v e y a ccoun t

. r r
E v e r y ou s
.

r ,

C XI I I — T o . H OR A T I O S M I T H,

(VE R SAI LLE S ) .

L er ici, M ay , 1 82 2 .

M Y D EA R S M I T H — I t is o m e t i m e s i nce I h a v e h e a d f o m s r r

y uo a e y o s t ill
r a t V e a ill eus ? D o y o u s t ill cling t o F
rsa nc e r
t h e a rt s a d c onv e ni nc e s of t h a t o v e c iv ili e d
,
a d p e fe
n r r n e r- s
c oun t y t t h e b e a u t iful n a t u e a n d m ig h t y r e m a in s of I t a l y ?
r o r

A S t o m e like A a c e o n s s w a llow I h a v e l e ft m y N il e a d
’
n r n
h a v e t a ke n u p m y s u m m e q u art e s h e re in a lon e l y h ou s e
, , ,
r r , ,
c lo e b y t h e
s s e a s i de s u roun d e d b y t he s oft a n d s ubli m e
-
r

ce n e y of t he gu l f of S p zi a I d o n t w i t e ; I h a v e li v e d
,

s r ez . o r

too long n e a Lo d B y on a n d t he s u h a e x t ingui s h e d t he

r r r n s

glow wo m f r I c a nno t ho p e wi t h S t Jo h n t h a t t he l ig ht
,
“
-
r o , .
,

in t o t he w o r l d , t he w o r l d hne w i t
”
ca m e a nd n ot
obj e ct of m y p e se n t l e t t e is h owe ve a re q u e st a n d a s
.

T he r r r,

it conc e n s t h a t m o s t o d iou s of a ll s ubj e c t s m on e y I will p u t it

, ,

r
in t he s h o t e s t h a p e— G o d win s l a w s ui t he t ll u s is d e i d e d
, ,
’
r s -
e s c

a d he is a dj u d g e d t
, ,

a g in s t h im
a p ay £4 0 0
n He w ite f o r s, o

ou e t o hi da ug h t e r in t he g e a t e t d i st e s s : b u t w e h v e
.

c rs ,
s r s r a
no m on e y e xc e p t u r incom e n a y m e a ns of p ocu ring it
o or n r

M y wif h s e n t him h e r no v e l w h i c h is no w fi ni s h e d t he
.
,

e a s
c o p y igh t of whic h w i ll p ob a bl y b ing h im £ 3 0 0 o
, ,
— as
r £4 0 0 r r r

O lli e o ffe e d t h e fo m e s u m fo it b u t s b e e q ui re d a con

r r r r r a r

d l a y fo t he p a y m n t S h e rej e c t d h is o ffe r
,

s id e a b l r e
-
e r N ow e e

wh a t I wi s h t o know is whe t h e r y o u coul d wi t h con v e ni n e

.
, ,

e c

l e n d m e the £40 0 w h i c h y u onc e d e d i c a t e d t o t h i s s e v i c

,

d o r e, an

a llo w G o d w i n t o h a v e it un d e r t h e p e c a u t i ons a n d s t i p ul a t ion s

,
r
3 74 L E T TE R S .

fo rm e rly a nn e x e d t o it s e m p loym e n t Yo u coul d n o t

'

w hich I
ob v iou s ly a llo w t h i s m on e y t o l ie i dl e wa i t i ng fo t hi e v e n t
.

r s

wi t hout in t e re st I fo got t h i s p a t of th bu s in e s t i l l t h i
,

r r e s s

i n st a n t a d now I e fl e c t t h a t I ough t t o h a v e a su e d yo u of
.

n r s r

a y m e n t of in t e e s t which I o m i t t e d t o m e n t ion
,

t h e e gul ar r
r
p , ,

con s i d e ing t a m a t t e r of cou rse

r i .

I ca n e a s ily m a gin e t h a t ci cum st a nc e s m a y h ave a i se n t o

I r r

m a k e t h i s lo a n inconv e n i e n t o i m p o ss i bl e — I n a n y c a s e r

b e li e v e m e
,

M y de a S m i t h
,
r ,
Y ou s ve ry g ra t e full y a n d fa i t hfull y r

Y
,
P . B . S H ELLE .

C XI V — T o . H O R AT I O S M I T H .

Le r ici, j u ne 2 9 t h, 1 82 2 .

M Y D EAR S M I T H — Pr a y t h a nk M oo re fo r h is obliging m e ss a g e
I wi h I coul d a e a ily c on v e y m y s e n s e of his g e n u s a n d
. .

s s s i
c h a a c t e r I s houl d h ave wr t t e n t o him on t he s ubj e ct of m y
r i

l a t e l e t t e r bu t t h a t I d oubt e d how fa I wa s j u s t i fi e d d oing s o

.

,
r In

a l t hough in d e e d L o d B y on m a d e no e c e t of hi c o m m u ic a
r r s r s n
I t s e e m s t o m e t h a t t h ing s h a v e now a i v e d a t s uc h
, ,

t ion t o m e rr

a c ri s i s a s r e q ui e e ve y m a
.

p l a inl
r y t ust t e r h is s e n t i m e n t s on
r n o

t h e i e ffi ca cy of t he e xi s t ing
n e ligion no l e s s t h a n p oli t i ca l r

fo r e s t a ining a d gui d ing m a nki n d

,

sy t em
s s, r r Le t u s s e e t he
n

t u t h wh a t e v e t h a t m a y b e
.

r T he d e s t in y of m a n c a n s c a c e l y
r r
a d if s uc h
.
,

b e so d e g ra d e d t h a t h e w a s bo n onl y t o d ie ;
,
r n

s houl d b e t he c a s e d lu s ion s e s p e ci a ll y t h e g ro ss a n d p e
e r
s of t h e e xi s t ing r e l i gion ca n s c a r c e l y b e s u p o s e d
, ,

p o s t e o rn s on e p
If e v e y m a n s a i d wh a t he t hough t it coul d n o t
,

t o e x a l t it r

sub s i s t a d a y B t a ll m o e r l e s s s ub d ue t h e m se l ve s t o t he
.
,

u r o

oun d t h e m a n d c on t i but e t o t he e v il s t h e y
.
, ,

e le m e nt t ha t s u rr s r

l a m e n t b y t he h yp oc i sy t h a t s p ing s f o m t h e m
,

r r r

E ngl a n d a p p e a s t o b e i n a d e s p e a t e c on d i t ion I re l a n d t ill

.

r r s
wo rse a n d no c l a s s o f t h o e who s ub s i s t on t h e p ublic l a bou r
,

,
s

will b e p rs u a de d t h a t t he ir c l a i m s on it m u st b e d i m ini h e d
e s

B t t h e go v e n m e n t m u st con t e n t i t e lf wi t h l e s s
.

u r t a xe t he s 1n s,
l a n dhol de r m u s t s ub m i t t o e c e i ve l e s re n t a n d t he fun dhol d e r r s

a d i m ini s h e d in t e e s t o r t h e y wi l l a ll g e t no t h ing
,

r I on c e

t h ough t t o s t u d y t h e s e a ffa i s a d w i t e o r a c t in t h e m
, .

I m
r , n r a
gl a d t h a t m y goo d g e n ius s a i d r f r in I s e e li t t l e p ub l i c
.

e a

vi t u e a n d I fo re se e t h a t t he con t e st wi ll be o n e of bloo d a d
.
,

r , n
 L E T TE R S .
375

gol d t w o e l e m e n t s which howe v e m uch t o m y t s t e i n m y r a

v s I h ave a
,

p ock e t s a n d m y e in obj e c t ion t o o u t of t h e m n

Lo d B y on con t inu e s a t Le g ho n a d ha s j u s t r e c e iv e d f o m
, .

r r r n r

G e no a a m o s t b e a u t iful li t t l e y a ch t w hi c h h e c a u se d t o b e buil t
,

t he e H e h a s w i t t e n t wo n e w c a n t o s of D o n Ju a n b u t I h a v e
,

r r

o t se e n t h e m I h a ve j u st e c e iv e d a l e t t e f o m H un t who
.
,

n r r r

h s a i v e d a t G e no a
.
,

a rr A S s oon a s I h e a r t h a t h e ha s s a il e d I
s h a ll w e igh a nc h o r in m y li t t l e s c hoon e
.
,
a n d give h im c h a e t o r, s

Le gho n wh e n I m u s t occu py m y s e lf in s o m e a a ng e m e n t s fo r
r rr

B e t w e e n ou rse l v e s I gr e a t l y fe a r t h t
,

h im wi t h Lo d By on r r a

t h i s a lli a nc e w ill n o t s ucc e e d fo r I who c oul d n e v e h a v e b e e n

.
,

,
r

r e g ar d e d a s m o e t h a n t he link of t h e t w o t hun d e rbol t s c a nno t

r

o w con s e n t t o b e e v e n t h a t ; a n d ho w long t he a l li a nc e m a y
,

c on t inu e I will n o t p op h e sy Pra y do n o t h in t m y d oub t s on

r

t h e s ubj e c t t o a n y o e o r t h e y m i gh t d o h a r m t o H un t
.
,

n , an d
t h e y m y b e gr oun d l e s s
a

I s t ill inh a bi t t h i s d i v in e b a y re a d ing S p a n i sh d a m a s a d

.

r n

s a iling a n d li s t e n i ng t o t h e m o s t e n c h a n t ing m u s i c W e h a ve
, ,

s o m e f i e n d s on a v i s i t t o u s a n d m y onl y
.
,

r e gr e t is t h a t t h e r

s u m m e r m u s t e v e r p a ss o r t h a t M a ry ha s
,

o t t he s a m e p e n r

d il e c t i on fo t h i s p l a c t h a t I h a v e wh i ch woul d in d uc e m e
,
r e
n e ve r t o s hift m y q u a t e s
,
r r

F a e w e ll — B e l i e v e m e e ve r y ou r a ffe c t i on a t e f i e n d
.

r r

Y
.
,

P B S H ELLE
. . .

C XV —T o M R S . . WI LLIAM S ,

(
CA S A M A G N I .
)
P is a , j u ly 4, 182 2 .

YOU will p rob a bl y s e e W i l l i a m s b e fo e I ca d i s e n t ngl e r n a

m y se lf f o m t h e a ffa i s wi t h whi c h I a m n o w s u oun d d
r r I rr e

e t u n t o Le g h o n t o nigh t a d S h a l l u g e h im t o s a il wi t h t h e
.

r r r n r

fi st fa i win d wi t hout e xp e c t ing m e I h a ve t hu s t he p l e a u e

,
r r s r

of con t ibu t ing t o you h a pp in e wh e n d p i ve d of e ve y o t h

.
,

r r ss e r r e r,
a n d of l a v ing y o u no o t h e
e s ubj e c t of e g e t b u t t h e a b e n of r r r , s ce

o e n ca s l y wo t h g e t t ing I fe a y o u a e s oli t a y a d
rce r re r r r r n
m e l a n c h o l y a t V ill a M a gni a d in t h in t e v a l s of t he g e a t e r
.

n e r r

d m o e s e iou d i s t e s s in w h i c h I
, ,

an r r s m co m p e ll d t o s y m
r a e

p a t h ise h e e I fi gu ert o m y s e lf t h e c oun t ern a n ce whi ch ha d be e n

on s ol a t ion t o m e s h a d o we d by v il of
,

t he s ou c e of s u c h r c , a e

so ow
rr

H o w s oon t h o e hou s p a e d a n d h ow s lowl y t h e y e t u n t o

.

s r ss r r

p a s s s s oon a g a in p e h p fo r e v e r i n which w e h ave li v e d

, ,

o ,
r a s ,
3 76 L E T TE R S .

toge t h e r so i n t i m a t e l y so h ap p il y l Ad i e u m y de a re s t f i e n d r

I onl y wr 1t e t h e s e lin e s fo r t he p l e a s u e of t a ci n g wh a t w ill

, ,

r r
m e e t you r e ye s M a y wi ll t e ll y o u a ll t he n e ws
,

. r .

C X V I —T o . M R S S H ELLE . Y ,

(C A S A M A G N I .
)
P is a , j u ly 4, 182 2 .

M Y D EAR EST M AR — I Y
h ave re c e iv e d bo t h y ou r l tt e s a d e r n
S h a ll a t t e n d t o t h e in s t uc t ion s t h e y con v e y I did n o t t h i nk of
,

bu ying t he B ol iva r ; Lo rd B Wi sh e s t o s e ll h e r b u t I i m a gin e

.

woul d p re fe r e a d y m on e y I h a v e a s ye t m a de no in q ui i e s
.
,
r . r

a bou t hou se s n e a r P ugn a no — I h a ve no m o m e n t of t i m e t o S p a r e

f o m H un t s a ffa i rs I a m de t a in e d unwill ingl y h e re a n d y o u
r
’

will p ob a bl y s e e Wi ll i am s in the bo a t b e fo re m e — bu t t h a t will

,
r

b e d e c i de d t o m o o w
,
-
rr
T hing s a e i n t h e w o rs t p os s i bl e s i t u a t ion wi t h e s p e ct t o p oo
.

r r r

H un t I fi n d M ar ia nn e i n a d e sp e a t e st a t e of h e a l t h a d on r n

iva l a t P i s a s e n t fo r Va cc a H e de ci de s t h a t he r ca se i
.
,
o ur a rr s

ho p e l e s s a n d t h a t a l t hough it will b e linge ring m u st in e vi t a bl y

.

T hi s d e ci s ion h e t hough t p r o p e r t o co m m un i c a t e
, ,

e n d fa t a ll y
in d ica t i ng a t t he sa m e t i m e wi t h gre a t j u d gm e n t a n d
.

t o H un t
p e ci s ion t h e t re a t m e n t n e c es s a y t o b e ob s e v d f a v a iling
,
r r r e or

h i m se lf of t he ch a nce o f h is be ing de ce ive d T h i s in t e llige nce

,

h a s e x t ingui s h e d t he l a s t s p a k of p oo r H un t s s p i r i t s low r
’

T he ch i l d e n a re w e ll a n d m uch i m p r ove d
,

e nough b e fo e r r

Lo d B y on is a t t hi s m o m e n t on t h e p oin t of l e a v ing T u s c a n y
. .

r r .

T h e G a m b a s h a ve b e e n e xil e d a d he d e c l a re s h is in t e n t ion of n

followi ng t h e i r fo t un e s H is fi s t i de a wa s t o s a i l t o Am e ica
,

r r r
which wa s ch a nge d t o S wi t e l a n d t h e n t o G e no a a n d l a s t t o
.
,

z r

E v e rybo d y is in d e s p a i r an d e ve ryt hing in c onfu s ion

, ,

Lucc a
T e l a wn y w a s on t he p o i n t of a iling t o G e no a fo r t he p u p o se
. .

r s r

of t a n sp o t ing t he B oli var ove rl a n d t o t he l a ke of G e n e va a d

r r n

ha d a l e a d y w h i p e e d in m y e a his d e s i e t h a t I s houl d n t
,

r s r r r o

i nflu e nce Lo d By on a ga in st t h is t e e s t i al n aviga t ion H e

r r rr r

n e x t re c e ive d o r d t o w e igh a ncho r an d e t sa il fo r Le rici

.

er s s

H e is now wi t hou t in s t r uc t ion s m oo d y a n d d i sa p p o i n t e d

.

But , .

it is t he wo t fo r p oo H un t unl e s s t he p re s e n t t o m s houl d
rs r s r

blow o v e r H e p l a c e s his whol e de p e n de nc e u p on t he s c h e m e

,

of a jou n a l fo r wh i ch e ve y a rra ng e m e n t ha b e e n m a d e
.

r r s

Lo d B y on m u s t of cou rs e fu rni s h t he
.
,
r r e qui s i t e fun d s a t r

re s e n t a s I c a nno t ; b u t he s e e ms i ncl i n e d t o d e a rt wi t ho ut
p , p
 LE T TE R S .
3 77

t he n e ce ssa ry e xp l a n a t ion s a n d a a nge m e n t s du e t o s u ch a rr

s i t u a t ion a s H un t s T h e s e in s p i t e of d e l i a cy I m u s t p o
’
c r

c u e ; he o ffe s h im t h e c o p y ig h t of t h e V i ion of Ju d g m e n t
.
, ,

r r r s

fo t he fi rs t nu m b e r
r T h i o ffe if s in c e e i ms t h a n e noug h
r, r s or e

t o s e t u p t he j ou rn a l a n d if s inc e e will s e t e v e y t h ing ri g h t

.
,

, ,
r , r .

H o w a e yo
r m y be t M a y
u, s W i t e e s p e c i a ll y how 15 y our
r . r
h e a l t h a n d ho w you p i i t s a a n d wh e t h e r y u a re n o t m o re
r s r re , o
r e c on c il e d t o s t a y ng a t Le ici a t l e a s t d u ing t h e
i r um m e r s r

Yo u h a v e no i d e a how I a m h u i e d a n d oc c up i e d I h a v e o t
.
,

rr n

a m o m e n t s l e i s u re b u t will w i t e by n e x t p o s t
,

E ve r d e a e s t
’
,
r .
,
r

M a y Y ou s a ffe c t ion a t e l y
r ,
r , S .

I h a v e foun d t he t ra n s l a t i on o f t he Sym p o iu m s .
 A PPE N D IX .

WRI TI N GS
EARLY PR OS E .

LI M I TS o f p c h v m d it i m p
s a e i bl t gi ve p n t t i
a e a e o ss e o re rese a ve

ex c pt f o m ll S h ll y
er s r l y p wri t ing
a e w e igi ll y
’
s e ar r o se s, as as or na

i t d d d o l y t h wil l be f u d p e t d h e c d i gl y
n en e an n ree o n re re s n e er a co r n

A it m y b u efu l f n t h ve ful l l i t f
, .

s a pu p
e of r f
s or r o ses e e re ce o a a s o

th ly writ ings h we v w pend o n e giving t he t i t l s in t h

d i wh i h t h y w e p u bl i h p
e ea r , o e r, e a e e
or er n c e er s e

TH E N EGE SS I TY OF AT H E I S M Oxf d 1 8 11 or
AN AD D RES S T o T H E I R I S H PE OP LE ; D ubl in 1 8 1 2
.
,

PR OP OS A LS F OR A N Asso c rAT I ON f t h s Ph i l n t h o p i t wh
.
,

o o e a r s s, o,
co n vin c d f t h in d q ua y f t h m a l
e o d p l i t ic l t t
e a e c o e or an o a s a e
of I l nd t p duc b n fit whi h n v t h l tta i
re a o ro e e e s c are e er e ess a n
bl awil l ing t o uni t t o
e, ar e m p l i s h it s g ne t io n ; e a cco re e ra
D bl i 18 12 u n,

D E C LA R A I ON OF RI GH T S ; D u b l in 1 8 1 2
.

T
LE T E T o LOR D ELLE N B OR OUG H ; [ P i t d t B n st p l ] 1 8 1 2
.
,

T R r n e a ar a e .

A VI N D I GAT I ON OF N A T UR AL D ET ; L d 1 8 13 I on o n, .

A REF UT A T I O N OF DE I S M ; L d n 18 1 4 on o
A P OP O S A L F OR P UT T I N G REF OR M T O T H E VOT E t h ugh t
.
,

R ro ou
t h Kin gd m by t h H m i t f M l w L d
e o , 1 8 17 e er o ar o on o n, .

WE PI T Y T HE PLUM AGE B UT F OR G E T H E D YI N G B RD T I
t o t h P pl D t h f t h P in
, .

A Add n th
r es s e eo e, on e ea o e r cess
C h rl t t by t h e H m it f M l o w ; L n d n 1 8 17
a o e, er o ar o o , .

AN AD D R ES S T O TH E I RI S H PEOPLE .

DU B LI N , 18 1 2 .

O D b 0

I OOK up n t h C t h l i Em n i p t i
L o e d th a t ti n f th
o c a c a o n , an e res o ra o o e
l ib t i d h ppin f I l nd f t h y
er es an a e ss om p t i b l wi t h re a so ar as e a re co a e
t h E gl i h C d im p t t v t Ihp t
,

e n t it ut i n
s g t o ns o as re a an or an e e n s. o e o
th m B t if l l n de d h it w u l d gi v m l i tt l p l
,

se e e soon. u a u e ere, o e e e eas re

— I h ul d t i ll
s o t h u nd m i
s bl d wi k d t h i g w u l d t ill
se e o sa s s e ra e an c e n s o s
g I g d th th m pl i hm nt f t h thi g
,

b w e ro n re ar e n, th e a cco s e o e se n s as e
h h h v
.
,

r d t
oa ea to a f m — t r t r f m ft
er r e o r w i i t u d w i d m a ; e or a er c r e an
g s o
3 80 A PP EN D IX .

sh ll h v qu d p i d vi Wh n — G v m nt will h
a a e co n ere a n an ce . e no o e rn e e
w t d b t t h t f y u n ighb u p i i n I l k t t h t hi g
an e u a o o r e o
’
r s o n o oo o e se n s
wi t h h p d p l u b u I n i d t h t t h y wi ll t in l y
, .

o e an ea s re , e ca se co s er a e ce r a
h p a d b
e n, an u m will t t h n b wi k d d m i bl B t
e ca se en no e e c e an s era e. u
I 0 t n i d t h t t h y will
no co s i er di t l y h pp n ; t h i
a e o r ca n mm e a e a e e r
a rr i v l wi l l b g du l d it ll d p n d up y u lv h w
a e ra a an a e e s on o rse es o so o n
h w l t th t h ng wi ll h pp n If ll f y t m w
,

or o ga e es e re a c a es a e a o ou o- o rro
w v i t u u d wi G v n m nt wh i h t d y i
.

ere r o s an se , f gu d o er e c o a s a sa e- ar
w ul d t h b m t y nn y B t I nn t xp t p i d h ng
, ,

o en e co e a ra u ca o e ec a ra c a e.
d d t m in d i t h i v i wh lfi h n
.

M y an b ti t
a re o s na e an e er e n e r ce , o se se s es s
m k a t h m t h in k
es l y f t h i w g d wh n i f t t h b t w y
e on o e r o n oo e n ac e es a
v b i g t h t b ut i t m k th h ppy I d t wi h t , , ,

e en to r n a a o s o a e o ers a o no s o
t h ing h ng d w b u it nn t b d n wi t h ut vi l n
.
,

se e s c a e no e ca se ca o e o e o o e ce ,
lv t h t n n f y h g
,

an d w m y e u a a ss re fit f
o ur se es a o e O u s a re o r an c an e
h o v ev er g d if w n d nd t oo pl y f ie u whi h w
co es ce o em o o r ce n a ca se c e
t h in k igh t m k id t h t m p l y it d i t l y w ng
,

Fr th o rce a es e s e a e o s re c ro
mu h nn t pp v t h h d t ng d
.
,

an d as w m y p it y wc as e a e ca o a ro e e ea s ro an
in t l o erant z l f it dh nt ea o s a e re s.
C an
y n i v O
ou I i h m n
co h p py ce t t f e, i t y — n iv r s e a a s a e o so c e co ce e
m en o f v y w y f t h i k ing l i ing t g t h
e er a lik b t h
o Th n v o e er e ro er s . e
d n d nt f t h g t t P in w ul d t h b n t it l d t
e s ce a o e re a es m r ce o ere e e e o no o re
re s p t t h n th
ec f p
a nt Th w ul d b e so n O p mp a d easa ere o e no o an no
d b t t h t wh i h t h i h w k p t t h m lv w ul d t h n
.

p ara e, u a c e r c no ee o e se es , o e
b d i t ibut d m
e s r g t h p pl e N n w u l d b i m gni fi n
a on e eo e. o e o e n a ce ce,
b t th
u p fl it i t h n t k n f m t h i h w ul d b u ffi i n t wh
e su er u es e a e ro e r c o e s c e en
s p d
re a b d t am k v
ro ay f t b lo — N l v a w uld h n
e e er o n e co m or a e. O o er o
,

t e
b f l t hi m i t w ul d d t h l v
,

e a se o mi t s s re ss, n o N f i nd s ress o es er er o e r. o r e

w ul d l y f l nt d bta s e, n ot x f u d f y k in d
w u l d di t u b t h g n l h p p in
o a re s, n o e s, n o a es, n o ra s o an
o s r g d t h y w ul d b wi
e e e ra a e ss oo as e o e, se a s
t h y w uld b
e t h y w ul d b d i l y g t t i g b t t
o e, e d wi o N e a e n e er a n s e r. o
b gge w ul d xi t
a rs o y f t h w te h d ws m n w h
n or an w o o se re c e o e o a re no
f th m t h ibl m i d vi
, ,

re du d t ce t t o a s a e y o by m e os o rr e se r an ce , en

w h w l t h m k t h m v i ll i
o se ea d h d n d
a es N t hi v e a n o us an ar e e O e es o r
u p v t y w uld n v d i v m t t k w y
.

mu d r ber ers, eca se o er o e er r e en o a e a a

co mf t f m or s n t h wh n h h d n ugh f h i m l f Vi
ro a o er, d e e a e o or se ce an
d p v ty p w w ul d t h b
.

mi y p mp
s er o d b di n an o er o er an O e e ce , o en e

b ni h d l t g t h uh tt thi I i hm n t h t I
, ,

a s e — It i f
a o e e r. s or s c a. s a e a s s, r s e a
xh t y t p p
,

e or ou o re a re .

Ih a v
v i d d y l gt h n d di u i
e u r po s e l y a th g i o e an en e e sc ss o n o n o se r ev

a n ces t w i h y u h o t f m u t mc d t h i m di t i t
o r t e ar s a re ro c s o an e m e a e n e re s

l l v h v
,

o f th i um t n e p b
c rc b y t i t p n
s at I ces, t ro a m os a e a r ese a e no
h w v wh ll y n gl t d t h m M t f ll h v I i i t d t h i
.

o e er o e ec e e os o a a e ns s e on e r
i t t p ll i t i n d ul t i m t m v l ; h v I itt d
.

n s an a a o an a e re o a nor a e om e a

co n s id t i n f th era n wh i h I d m m t ff t u l f t h
o o m
e m ea s c ee os e ec a or e a e co

p l i h ms t f t h i g ent d H w
o f y wi ll i d t h
s f m re a en o ar ou co n s er e or er

w th y f y u d pt i n f h ll I d m t h l tt p b bl d
.

or o o r a o o , so ar s a ee e a er ro a e an
 A PP E N D I X .
38I

i n t er e s t n i gt o t he l v
h um n k in d A d I h v p n d t y u
o ers o f a n a e o e e o o r

vi w w n d t y u h l
.

e a ne s ce e t b un d t t h b
— o es n o p i b i oi t y r e ar o a e a re o ss
o f y u p t ity p
o r i g t h t l i b t y d h pp i
o s er o s ses s n f wh i h d i g a er an a n e ss o c ur n
o u liv p w f l x t i
rs es o d h bit u l b t i
er u e er m y gi v
o ns an a a a s n e n ce a e u s a.
f t t Oh if y h t d t v i b t t u h t h i t h y
o re a s e ou r ear s o no ra e a s c as s en e
l d— y
.

a re d d d
ea an t m co e ar e n o en .
I w no m t th co pp l i t ie f m o y p i i
e a
p l h n l uca i n fon O y r nc es , t e co c s o O m
a dd res s
; d O I i h an wh t v n d t y m y f l y u lv
r s m en , a e e r co uc e a ee o rs e es

b n d t p u u t h p t h wh i h du t y p i t t
ou o rs e, e li b f m l
a c o n s o, es e o re e c ea r

d un b u d D g m y l k u d it b t t h y t
‘

an o sc r e an e rs a ur a ro n u e a re no
wh i h l i b n t h t h f t t p f t h h y p i t
.
,

th d g e an ers c e e ea e oo s e s o e o cr e or

t m p iz
e or er .

F I h v
or t p t d t y
a e no t h pi t rese n ef h pp in wh i h
o ou e c u re o a e ss o n c
my f y d tanc un t in m t t m i l d h u bl t h
o a s as an c er a e eo r o s ea ono ra e en u
i m bl in df l d t h j dg t whi h m k v i t u f l I h v
s se or o e u m en c a es r ue se u a e
ud h wh i h I h l d b i m p t
.
,

no t p p d ro o se cr e sc e m e s, t c s ou e m co e e nt o
ma tu d i d t
re , o r x it i y e s re y v i ul n o e g in t t h b
c e n ou an r e ce a a s e a u se s

o f p l i t i l i t i t u t i n wh
o ca ns Ih v hd o i n t p in t t h ere t a e a o cca s o o o em ou
Ih v a m m nd d m d
e reco ti wh i l t y t I h v
e e o t ly i
e ra itd on s e a e e a rn e s ns s e

u p n gy d Ih v p k fp y t d l d a en o e a ce , e e c a re
i t n i l u d bl ; b t t h i t ll t u l i t
on e er an erse v e ra n ce e s o

th t a re s s a ce s a a e wh i h I u e n e ec a r e s s an ce c

r e co m m nd I d m e ti l t t h i t du t i n f t h
ee e ss en i ll i m f
a o e n ro c o o e m en u o
v i t u wh p i d v y
r e,
,

o se er o f h i e ner d f w d
one ca n , s o ar as e s co c e rn e or ar
I h v t t t pt d t h w t h t t h
,

b y hi w s o
p p p w n ro er o er. a e no a em e o s e a e

C th li li l i f t h p pl t f ll p t t i i
,

a o th
c c a ms or e c a m s O e eo e, o a u re re s e n a on n

P li ar ta m en y f th l i t l ight wh i h I h v i i t d
o r an o o se c a ms o rea r s, c a e ns s e

up n i t d t y t t h ul t i t l i m f ll t univ l h p p i
,

o as n ro uc or o e ma e c a o a o ersa a
n f d m d q l i ty ; I h v t t t p t d I y t h w
,

ess , re e o an e ua a e no a em e sa o s e

th t th i t t l y wi t h t h p i i t f t h E gl i h
, , ,

a b g t d
e se ca n e ra n e co n s s en e s r O e n s

C on st i t ut i n t hi i o p i t w h i h I d s t fs al y l f i
o n l i d c o no ee m se nc ne

t odi u sc d wh i h I
s s, a n id f i gn t m y bj t B t I h
c co n s er o re o O ec u av e

h wn t h t t h l i h v f t h i b i t t h d j t i wh i h
.

s e a ese c a ms a e or e r as s , ru an us c e, c

are i m m t bl d wh i h i t h
u a ui f G v m t h ll i l ik
e, a n c n e r n o o e rn en s s a r se e a
Ph ix f m t h i h
oen ro e r as es .

N t — Th x ll f th C it t i fG t B it i pp t o n st u on o re a r a n, a e ar s o

d v t il i y i t i ly
o e . e e ce ence o e
m t b it i d fi it h b y it y b t w er e m a e u n re s s ng

S h
e, o e s n e n en ess a n ersa ,

a c co m d t d t th p g
m o a e f i d o i t ro r e ss io n O d w s o m an d v r u e uc a cco m m o a

b t I W h f
e .

ti I d i
on e s re h u b f th ff t
is or t e cau s e e o re e e ec .

D ECLAR A T I ON OF RI G H TS .

G OVE R N M E N T h a s n o rig t s
1 it is a d e e a t o ro m se era
“

lg inf h
v l
i i vi u l u ui g hi h f j
.

nd d a s fo r t he p rp o s e Of se c r n t e r o wn I t is t e e o re u s t ,
r
l hi u fl l
.

o n y s o fa r a s it e s t s by t e r co n se n t , xi
s e u o n y s o far a s I t o p e ra t e s

h i w ll
t o t e r e be n -
i g .
3 82 A PPE N D IX .

2 If t h
in di v i d l t hin k t h t t h f m f g v nm t wh i h
ese ua s a e or o o er en c
th y th i f f th n t i t t d i il l d p t d t p du t h i
.

e or e r o re a e r s co s u e s a a e o ro ce e r
h p p i t h y h v ight t h g it
a n ess , e a e a r o c an e

3 G v nm nt i d v i d f i t y f Righ t Th igh t f
.

o er th e s e se or e se cu r O s. e r s O
l i b t y d qu l p t i i p t i f t h m m g f N t
.

m a n a re er an an e a ar c a on o e co o na e O a u re .
4 A th b s fit f t h g v n d i
e
,

en e gh t t b t h i g i f
O e o er e s, o r o u o e, e or n o

g v nm nt m h v y ut h i t y t h t d ly
.

o er e no en t xp
can a e an a or a o es n o e ress
m n t f m th i wi ll
,

e a a e ro e r
5 Th ugh l l g v n m n t th t f T k y y t
.

o a t b d o er e s are no so a as a o ur e e
g d t h y m ight b Th m j it y f v y
.
,

nn o e ar e so oo as et y e e a or O e er co u n r
h v i gh t t p f t t h i g v m t T h m i i t y h u l d t
.

a e a r o er ec e r o ern en e no r s o no
di t u b t h m ; t h y gh t t d f m th i
.

s r e d e ouw y t m i o sece e, an or e r o n s s e n
th i e r ow w y n a

6 All h v igh t t qu l h fi t d bu d
.

a e a r i th b o an e a s a re n e en e s an r ens
f G v A y d i bi l it i p ini n i m pl y b y t h i
.

O m nt
o ern e f n xi t sa es or O o e r e s

f G v
.
,

e n b f d t y nny
ce , a r e - a ce th id m
ra t ig t on e s e O o e rn en no ra n
l v i hn
s a s th id f t h g v n d
es s o n e s e o e o er e
,

7 Th igh t ly t
.

f me r i th p nt t t f i t y
s O an , n e rese s a e O so c e a re on o
i t b x i d t h i vi l t
.
,

b e sec u d by m d g f re so e e re e o co e rc o n o e e e r c se on e r o a o r.
Th uff h
e s igh t t h t t h d g
e re r as a f i
r m pl y d b a e e ree o c o erc o n e o e e as
s l igh t p i bl as o ss e

p l in p f f t h h l l wn
.

8 It m y b
. n id d a e co s ere f y as a a ro o o e o o e ss o an

p p it i
ro os if p w h u d t on f i t d f
o er nt p e d se o e n o rce n s ea o reas o o e rs u a e
it s dm i i a G v nm n t i n v
ss o n . upp t d by f d unt il it
o er e s e er s or e ra u
ca n n o t b pp t d by e su or e re aso n .
9 N m h 0 igh t t di t u b t he p ubl i p
an as a r by p lly o s r c e a ce erso n a
i t ing t h x ut i n f l w h w v b d H ugh t t q i
.

re s s e e ec o o a a , o e er a . e o o a c u e s ce ,
us n i g t th m t i m t h ut m
a e sa t p w f hi
e t p m t it
e e os o ers o s r ea so n o ro o e s
re p l ea

10 A m mu t h v ani gh t t t i s t i m nn a b fe a r it o ac n a ce r a n a er , e o re
gh t
.

ca n b hi d t y e H m y b f
s u h e a e o re e ou

igh t t t h ink
.
.
,

11 A m h an hias an d i t ; it i
r o as s r e a so re c s s a

w t h i m l f t t h ink wi t h f d m t h t h m y t f m
.

du t y h e o es o se o re e o a e a ac ro
co n vi t i n c o
,

ight t un t i t d l i b t y f d i u i n
.

12 A m h an as a r o res r c e er o sc ss o
F l h di p i n t h t wil l t i g i t l f t d t h
. .

a se oo s a s co r o a s n se o ea
t nly i gh t t xp hi t h ugh t b t it i
.

13 A m . h an as n o o a r o e re s s s o s, u s
hi d t y t d
s u o o so
igh t t d i u g t h p t i f t ut h A m
.

14 N l w h O a as a r o s co ra e e ra c ce o r an

gh t t p k t h t ut h v y nv b
. .

ou o s ea i n A du ty
e r on e er o ccas o ca n e er e
i m i l wh t i t i m i l t b i j i u
.

cr na a s no cr na ca n n o e n ur o s.
15 L w nn t m k wh t i i it t u v i t u
a ca o a i n t
e a s n s na re r uo s or n o cen
i m in l y m t h n it m k wh t i im i l t b
.

to b e cr a an o re a ca n a e a s cr na o e
nt G v n m t n t m k l w ; it ly p
,

in n o ce o er en ca no a e a a ca n on r o n o u n ce

t h t wh i h w lt
.

a th l w b f
c it
as g iz t i e i th m
a l e o re s o r an a on v z e o ra r e su
f t h i m p i h bl l t i f thi g
.
,

O e er s a e re a o ns O n s.

1 6 Th p . t g n e t i n c nn t bi d t h i p t i t y t h f w
r es e n e e ra o a o n e r o s er : e e

can n o t p mi f th m
ro y se or e an .
 APPE N DI X . 83

17 N O m a n ha s a r g t t o do vi l t h i g t h t g d m y m i h an e n a oo a co e
i i l in l P l it i ly d
. .

18 x i E p e d en cy is in a dm ss b e m o ra s. o cs are on so u n
wh n in i l f m l i t y t h y
.

e u c o n d ct e d o n p r c p es i f t th O o ra : e a re , n ac , e
In o ra s ol f ti na o ns .
19 M h igh t t k i ll hi b t h
an as no r It i x th t h
o s ro e r. s no e cu se a e
in unif m h l y dd t h i f m y f v i t u d t t h i m
.

d o e s so or e on a s e n a O ser e o e cr e
o f u d m r er
wh t v b hi u t y h t h m igh t i
.

20 M an , a e er e s co n r as e sa e r s n o ne
l h igh t f u i v l i t iz h i p
.
,

p a ce a s an t — th o er e r s O n ersa c en s
2 1 Th g v u t y gh t t b p f t l y i di ff t
.

m nt e f o e rn e O a co n r ou o e er e c n e re n
v y p ini n R l i gi u di ff bl d i t
.

t o e er o o th e d m t o s e r en ce s , e oo es an os
u f ll p ing f m p t i l i t y
.

ra n co ro s o a s r ro ar a
22 A d l g t i f i d i vid l u i g th i
.
,

e e a f th pu p
on o f n u a s, or e r o se o sec r n e r
i gh t h v un d l g t d p w f t i i g t h xp i n f
.

r s , ca n a e no e e a e o er o res ra n n e e re ss o o
th i e r op ini n o
2 3 B l i f i i v l un t y ; n t h i g in v l
.

e e s n t y i m it i
o ar o n o u n ar s er or ou s or

p h n i bl gh t t t b
.

re re e A m s e. id d w an o u b tt f no o e co n s e re o rse or e er or
hi b l i f
s e e
2 4 A Ch i t i Tu k J w h v qu l igh t
.

D i t r s an, d a e s a r an a e a e e a r s

th y d b th n
.
, , ,

e m a re en a n re re
n l i gi i d t wi t h y u lv
.

2 5 If p p nd
’
a er so s re w
ou s e a s co rres o no o r o n, o e
him n v t h l t w ul d y u h v b n b d th
.

e H W d i ff
er e e ss. O e re n o o rs a e ee a e
c h a n ce of bi t h pl d y i T t y
r I n di 1
a ce ou n a r ar or a
2 6 Th wh b l i v t h t H v
o se o i wh t t h h b
e e e a ea en s, a e ar as een, a

p l y in t h h d f f v u d f w w u l d d w ll t
.

m ono o e an s o a id a o re e o o e o r e co n s er

th i h h f m th i p i t th i
,

e r p ini ;O if t y fi on d t t i t m e n a ca e ro e r r es or e r

g d t h t h y u l d t d b t t t h n j t it
ra n mo er , e co no o e er a re ec
igh t t b h
.

27 N m h O an p t
as a d f y tr p i o e re s ec e o r an o er o s s e ss o n s
b t th f vi tu d t l t Ti t l l pw
.

u o se o r ti
e an up t
a e n s. es a re n se o er a co rr o r,
gl y b bbl i v w l t h l i b l it p
,

or a d xu e, a n e ces s e ea a e on s o s se s so r.
28 N m h O ight t an p li as a r th h j y; o m o no o se m o re an e ca n en o
wh t t h i h g i v t t h p wh i l t m i ll i n t vi g i
.

a e r c e o e t o o r, s o s a re s a r n s no a

p f t f v u b t i p f t i gh t
,

er ec a o r, u an m er ec r
2 9 Ev y m i ght t fl i d lib ty
.

h er an t i d g as a r o a ce r a n e re e o e s u re a n er
f k wl dg
.
,

b e ca u s e it i hi du t y t tt i
s st in d g o a H a n a cer a e re e o no e e. e

m y b f
a h gh t
e o re e ou
th wh w l d b
.
,

3 0 S b i t y f b dy o r e d i di n o y to an m n s e ce s sa r o o se o ou e
f ; b u Wi t h h i gh f p h i l t h py
.

re e e ca b i ty
se, out so r e t a s e n se o an ro ca n n o
ac tu t a eth h t e l d d t in d
ear ,
nor g x ut i
co o
,

an e erm e co u ra e e ec e ts
di t t
c a es .

3 1 Th nly f g v n
e o t i t u se O p t h vi f o er If m en s o re re s s e ces o m an
w t d y inl t m w h w l d h v i ght t d
. .

m an e re o- a s e ss , o- d o r ro e ou a e a r o e m an
th t g va m ot d l l it
e rn v i l h ul d
en an a s e s s o ce a s e .

h u wh i g h t
M an ! t h o o se r s ar e e re l db
d ec l g f
a re e no on er o rge t fu l
f t h l ft i Th i k f t hy i gh t f th
,

o e f t hy d t i t i
o n e ss O es na o n. n o r s, o o se po s
i wh i h will gi v t h v i t u
sess o n s c e ee r e an d wi d m by wh i h t h
s o , c ou m a y e st
3 84 AP PE N DI X .

arr iv
h pp i
e at d f d aTh y d l d t th
n ess a nby re e om e are e c a re o ee o ne

kn ws t hy dig i t y f v y h d hi h t w ll wit h
.

wh o o n or e er o ur o es s ear s e
h bl p id i t h
o n o u ra n t m p l t i f wh t t h m y t t t i
e r e n e
,

co e a on o a ou a es a a n
by wh i
o ne t f g t fu l f t hy d g
o
y f
s no v y m nt or e o e e n e ra c or e er om e
b ing h m t h i t h bit t v f wh t t h u
,

r s o i ti
e o t m e e r co n c on o a o ar .

— — A w a ke f
. a r is e J or be f or e v er f a l len .

LETTER T O LOR D ELLEN B OR OUG H .

MY LOR D — As i n t wh i h y h v b
t he ll d by y
st a t o o c ou a e e en ca e our

co u n r t y i i n s m u h th m
m p o rt a t , wful i y u p i bil i t y
so c e o re a s o r res ons

m u h th m t w t h l t y i dv t t l y
,

so c d it b
e m y o re o es e co e ou o a c es ou na er e n

p i h t h vi tu u d w d t h vi i u
un s e r o s an re ar e c o s.
Y ou
p i d v C t wh i h i in t i t ut d f t h p p i f
re s e o er a o ur c s s e or e su r e ss o n o
cr im e, d t whan th ity th o p pl ub m it
o se au th or e eo e s on no o er

co n d i t i n t h n t h t it d
o s a h ul d b nf m bl t j t i
a s ecre e s s o e co or a e o us ce

I f it h ul d b d m j udg h d d m d
.

s o t t d th t e e o n s ra e a a e a co n e ne an

in t m
n o ce n th b xi tan , f l w i e nf m i t y t wh i h t h
a re e s e n ce o a s n co or o c e
a cc u d i p uni h d w l d b t li t t l x t nu t hi ff
se s s e ou Th u e e e a e s O e n ce . e

i q ui i t wh n h bu n
n s o r, b ti t h
e tie m y t rp i m il
s an o s na e e re c, a se u a s ar

pl ; y t f w
ea e uffi i n t l y bl in d d by i t l n t k wl dg
e are s c e e n o er a ce o ac no e e

it v l i d i t y
s a I t wil l l v i l u h j udg t t th p li y f
e ss a a s c a e o a s s er e o c o

pu i hi g P li y l it y
.

n s wh h
n onem m i tt d c im o a s cod m e no r e o c an o ra
gh t t b d m d yn n ym u in u t f ju ti d h wh
.

ou o e ee e s o o s a co r o s ce , a n e o se
co n du t h b n
c gul t d by t h l t t p i i pl i t j u t l y
as ee re a e e a er r nc e, s no s

a m enabl t y p e l l w f upp d v i l t i n f t h f m I t
o an e na a or a s o se o a o o e or e r.
i t u my L d l w
s r e, xi t wh i h uffi t
or a y s f m th
e s c s ce o s cre e n ou ro e
i m dv i n f y n t i t u t d p w i n q
,

an a e rs o o an f th
co s e o er, n co se u e n ce o e un

m i t d n t n wh i h y h v p d u p n M E t n ; b t t h
er e se e ce c ou a e a ss e o r. a o u e re
a re n o l w wh i h a s
y f m t h p f f n t i n di gu t
c s cre e n ou ro e re ro o o a a o
'
s s s
n wh i h w d ff t h j u t j udgm n t f p t i t y if t h t p t i t y
,

one c ar O e s e o o s er a os er
wi ll d ign t
,

e ll ct y o r eco e ou .
B t wh t i gh t d y
u a p uni h M E t n ? Wh t b t n t i qu t d
r o ou s r. a o a u a a e

p r e ced t g th en s , d f m t im a f p i t ly
ere d ty ni l d m i t i
ro es o r es an ra n ca o na o n,

ca n b dd u d i p ll i t i n f
e a ce ut g n in ul t i g t h m i t y
a a o o an o ra e so s n o u an
an d ju ti ? Wh m h
s ce b i j d ? Wh t o im h h c m m i t t d ?
as e n u re a cr e as e o e

Wh f m y h
e re o r e t w lk b a d l ik the m no d f ll w hi a a ro a e o er en , a n o o s
a cc u t m d p i t ? Wh t d i p p d i nfini g t h i m
s o e u rsu s a en s ro o se n co n s an ,
ch d wi t h t h m m i i n f di h
ar e e co bl ti ? Wh ss o f o no s o n o u ra e ac on e re o re
d id i gg s v il h i m l f f p pul p j di
a re sso r a a d r tu n se o o ar re u ce , a u e r no
an s w bt er f um m np l o ne O nt m p t t d f n
co f pl i o d a ce co e o a e e ce O a n an
si m pl in i t y ? L t l y wh t h p j udi
e s cer f th j y
as Ch i en e re ce s o e ur as r s

ti a ns, w t gl y d u f i l y i fi m d g i t t h i i j u d m
e r e s ro n an
,

n a r n a e
*
a a ns s n re an ,

S e e t he At t o rne y- G en e ra l ’
s Sp e e ch —{S J
 A PP E N D ] X .

as a i wh f did t y m y L d h k u h
De st , ere o re no t it ou, or c ec s c u n co n s u
l p l d ing th ju y t p
,

ti o na d d i
ea an u th c
es r e d i e t r o ro n o n ce e a cu s e n n o ce n

or im i
cr l wi t h ut f n t t h p t i ul f i t h wh i h h
" na .
,

o r e e re ce o e ar c ar a c e

p f ro ess ed?
In t h m f j u t i wh t n w i t h t t h q t i n ?
e na e O s ce , a a s er s e re o e se u es o s
Th w wh i h H t h n At h m d t S t i t h m wi t h
e an s er c ea e en s a e o o cr a e s s e sa e
wh i h Ch i t i n E gl d m u t t t m p t t i l
c r s a n th an dv t f thi
s a e o s e n ce e a o ca e s o s
i ju d m
n re H h qu t i
an . d t bl i h d p i ie as Al es th o ne es a s e O n o ns
”
as e
wh i h l ig i n n v h f gi v
.

cr im f i q i y i
e O n u r s o ne I m pl i i t
c re o e er as or en c
f i t h d f l i qui y h v in l l g b n i
.

a an ea r ess n ril bl a mi e a a es ee rre co n c ea e ene es .

U t i
n res ra n e d phil phy h i v y g pp d it l f t t h v i
o so as n e er a e O o se se o e re e r es
o f d l i ty
cre ud f n ti i m Th t u t h
an f t n my d m
a a c s t t d by e r s O a s ro o e o n s ra e
h v u p d d t l gy ; i t h m d d i v i i
.

N wt e on a e s e r se e a s ro o s n ce e o e rn sco er es n
c h m i t y t h ph i l ph
e s r t n e h b d m d
o so tt i
er s
’
bl s o e as e en ee e a a na e.
Mi l f v y ki d h v b m
ra c e s o
,

e er i p p ti n t a t h h i dd
e ec o e ra r e n ro or on o e en

p i ip l
r nc wh i h t h wh t udy t h v d v l p d Th t wh i h
es c o se o s n a u re a e e e o e a c
i f l wi ll u l t i m t l y b t v t d by i t f l h d Th t
.

s a se a e w e c o n ro er e s o n a se oo a
wh i h i t u d b t p bl i i t y t b k wl dg d I t i v
.

c s r e n ee s u u c o e ac no e e s e er a
f t h t t h f l h d f p p i t i i f l t by t h wh
.

p ro o a e a se oo o a ro os on s e o se o u se

p w o er d an i t i g d p
co e r c o n , i t p no it
r e a so n n an e rsu a s o n , o r o cu r e s
a dm i i n ss oF l h d k u lk i h l a se d n " it l t I d
oo s s tn o es a n co r ers, e s a re n o

w i t u p n I w ul d l ik t h p x p t wh n it h
.

a o t i th
o d g e e o o r ca n e a a e, e ce e as

d th
,

p w o e r, an it w w d it i
en, as ty t ; b t th as a co ar s a ra n u e

gl f t ut h d t t h t h u d zz l i g
,
’
ea ye-e e o r b m f t h im
ar s ro e n a n su n ea o e
m u t bl a d ju t g th i g th
e an wh wi t h t v i v ify d i ll u m i t
s a er n e re ere o an na e
u iv
,

a n erse
Wh f I p t i M E t p i h d? B u h i
ere o r e , re ea s r. a on un s e e ca se e s a
A d wh t m y L d ? A Ch i t i th
,

D i te s y
n a a re H ou, ! th or r s an. a, en e
m k h f ll ff y p ut him b u hi f i t h d i ff f m
.

as as a en o ou er s e c e e ca se s a e rs ro

y u o Y
rs .
py t h po u cou t f C h i t i i t y ie y e r se cti d
o rs O r s an n ou r ac on s, a n
a re a n a ddi t i l p f t h t y u l i gi i b l dy b b u d
ona ro o a o r re on s as oo ar aro s, a n

i t l t th i If m D i t i l bi g t i p w ( p p i g h
,

n o e ra n as e rs . so e e s ca o n o er su os n su c
a c h t f t h k f ill t t i ) h l d i d k d b b
a r a c er or e sa e O u s ra on s ou n ar an ar a ro u s

a g h v
e s, n t d t t t m ki g t h p f i
a e e ac e a f C h i t i it y
s a u e a n e ro e ss o n o r s an

cr i m i l ; if y m y L d w
na ou , Ch i t i n b k ll or d M e re a r s a oo se e r, an r

J dg t h h h
.
,

E t a on a g mu t w e,i y o se i d ard q t
u t en s c ou co n s er a e ua e o

j t i fy y l f f t h t y h v p d m t l ik wi ffi
us o u rs e or e se n en ce ou a e a ss e us e s e su ce ,
i th
n pp i t i
e su y t j os t i fy M E t
o n ar i t
ca se , i gy t o us r a on n se n e n c n ou o

d t h p i ll y f Ch i t i Wh y i gh t
.

N wg t
e a e an b i g e or i or e n a r s an e n ce s an r
d i v d b t t h t wh i h p w t hi k
.

er e u f f p a ti c D y
o e r co n e r s, or e rse cu on O ou n

t o co nv tM Et nt y ,

er l igi b y m bi t t i g hi xi t ?
r. a o o ou r re on e er n s e s e n ce

Y ou m i gh t f him by t t t
o rce p f y u t t b t h o r u re ld o ro es s o r en e s, u e co u
no t b li v th m
e e x pt y h ul d m k t h m di bl wh i h
e e e ce ou s o a e e c re e, c

p erh p a x d
s y ue p w D
ce e y s t h i k
,

o t rp l o t h er.G d y O ou n o e a se e o ou

w h i p by t h i xh ib i t i f y u z l ? If t h D m n t wh m
o rs s e on O o r ea so , e e o o o

B y Mr F o . x ’
s bi ll (179 1) j u rie s are , in ca se s o f lib l j e , u dge s bot h of t he
l a w an d t he fa ct .
3 86 A PPE N D I X .

s o m e n a t io n s Ofl e r
'

h um n h a e cat o m bs is l ess barbar o u s t h n th

a e De t y i
Of c ivil i d i t y se so c e
u t bl b ing—b t h ly b
.

Y ou n id m co s er an a s an a c co n a e e u e ca n on e
a cco unt bl f t h a t i n wh i h
e or in fl u n d by hi wi ll
e se a c o s c a re e ce s

d di b l i f ut t l y dist in t f m d u nn t d wi t h
.

B li f e e an s e e are er c ro an n co ec e
v l it i n Th y t h pp h n i n f t h g m nt d i g
o o e a re e a re e s o o e a re e e or sa re e
wh i h m p B li f
.

m ent f th o id e y p p it n eas c co o se an ro os io e e i s an

i v l un t d l ik th
.

p ti n
ar f t h m in d e ra o
p i n i
ot an e o er a ss o
n o
y o e s, s

p u l y p po t i n t
, ,

i t n it y
n e s is t th d g
re f x it m n t ro r o a e o e e ree s o e c e e

V l it i n i nt i l t m i t d m it H w t h n
.

o o s ess e a m oit er or e er o e ca n er or
t t h d t wh t is d i t i t f m t h t f ul t y f t h m in d
.
, ,

d m it b
e er e a ac e o a s nc ro a ac o e
wh p n i o se re s e nt i l t t h i b ing ? I m w t h t r l igi n
ce s esse a o e r e a a are a e o
i f un d d
s o t h v l un t i
e f b li f
on it m k
e it o ubj t ar n es s o e e as a es a s ec

g d d p un i h m nt ; b t b f w x t i gui h t h t dy y
,

o f re ar an s e u e o re e e n s e s ea ra

o f n d mm
re a so n it i fi t t h t w h ul d di v wh i h
an co o n se se , s a e s o s co e r, c
w e can t d wi t h ut t h i
no i t n wh t h
o o th b y e r a ss s a ce , e er or no ere e an
o th wh i h m y fli t g i d t h ugh t h l by int h f l i f
er c a su ce o u e us ro e a r o e.
If t h l w d ha di e mb a d h d ct b n f m l ly e r /
ce co u ren o a no ee or a
re p l d I ea e i v t h t f m t h p m i h l d t by y u
c o n ce e a ro e ro se e ou o r
L d hip z l w n d t d p i f b h l ding t h fl m
, ,
’
or s s ea e ee f no es a r o e o e a es o
ut i n k i dl d in S m it hfi l d Ev n w t h l h t h t d v
,

p)
er s e c o re n e e e no e as a ro e
d V lt i f m th i t iv u t y t h h i wh i h
.

t
e sca r e s a n o a re ro e r na e co n r e c a ns c
b und G l i l wh i h b d V nini g i
,
o th fl m a eo , e aun d es c u rn e a a a n res o
A d wh n t i n t h t p u m p t u u l y ll it l f t h
,

n ? i e re n a a o a re s o s ca s se e
sa n c tu y f f ar d m U d o g v n m n t wh i h wh i l t it i f ing
re e o n er a o er e c s n r es

t h v y i gh t f t h gh t d p h b t f p m i t t i g t h l i b t y
.
,
e er r O ou an s eec o as s o er n e er
i p i ll i d
,

O f th p e m re s s, d im p i n d b
a an u h s D i t or e an r so e e ca se e 18 a e s
i hi v i i t h i dig t i n f u t g d h um i t y
,

an d n o one ra s e s s o ce n e n na o o o ra e an

t h C h i t i n G d wh m hi f ll w ul giz
.

D o es e r s a t h D ity
o o s o o ers e o e as e e
f h um i l i t y f t h w ld t h m k
,

O d p — H th g an t ea ce e, e re e n e ra o r o e or e ee

f m — ut h i g i t n th
,

d b
o

re o r er m t a i o r se one an o r se a a ns a o er , an e ca u se
t hi b k t h in d t t u him Infi d l ?
,

li t c o rs a r e a s ec o c a an or re a s an e

Wh n t h Ap t l w n t b d t nv t t h t i w th y
,

e e os es e a ro a o co er e na o n s, ere e

en oj in d t t b d p i
e o ll wh s a di b l i v d t h d i v i i t y
an f o so n a o s e e e e n o

Ch i t m i i u dl y t h y w ul d h v b n m j u t ifi bl
.
’
r s 8 ss o n a ss re e o a e ee no o re s a e
i t hi th n h i
,

n s ca se t p nt wh p u t i t x cu ti t h l w
a e s a re se o s n o e e on e a
wh i h infli t p i ll y d i m p i n m nt t h D i t
c c s or an r so e on e e s
l igh t t ll y u Lo d h i p Infi d l
.

H t M E t
a s no r. a o n an e ua r o ca o r r s an e
as y h v t i m p i n im f p m ul g t ing d iff n t d t i
ou a e o r so or ro a a ere oc r ne
f m t h t wh i h y u p f ? Wh t d I y ? H h t v
io a c o ro ess a o sa as e no e en a
t ng
s ro lp ? Th w d I fid l
er ea ly m n nyt h ing wh n
e or n e ca n on ea a e
a p pl i d t e
p n wh p fo a t h t wh i h h d i b l i v
e r so Th o r o e s s es a c e s e e es e

f t ut h u di vi d d l i it in l u i v p w
.

t t es o r is an ; th
n e re a n ce on s c s e o e rs e
t t es f n i u f l h d i t h v i t y f t h f m u d wh i h
o co sc o s a se oo s e ar e o e or s n er c
it p t i t l f d it t d n y t w d m p l y i g wh t v
re s e n s se an s en e c o ar s e o n a e er
iv m m y b wi t h in it
,

c o er c e ea ns m m n d in d
a t p u th
e s co a , or er o ro c re e
a dm i i n ss of wh t i un u p t i bl f
o p t f m
a s s sce e o su or ro re a so n or

p u i n
e rs as o A di p i t b v w d f l h i m lf m
. s a ss o na e o ser er ou ee se o re
 A PP E N DI X .
3 87

p w
o full ery i n t e t d in f v f m
res e wh d p en di g a or oth t ut h a an , o, e n on e r
o f hi p ini
s O i m p l y t t
o ns, s d hi r n f t t i i g th m th n
s a e s e a so s o r en er a n n e a
th t d i gl y v wing hi unwi ll in g
,

in f hi
a gg'

O wh s a r e ss o r , o, ar n a o s n e ss
or i p it t
n ca acn w t h m by gum n t p o a s er d d t e
p th ar e ro cee e o re re s s e
e n er gi es b k t h p i i t f t h i p m u l g t by t h t t t u
an rea e s r o e r ro
,

a or a or re
an d i m p i n m n t wh r so i fli t i n h u l d m m d
e o se n c o e co co an
I h it t ffi m t h t t h wh i h M E t n
.

es t t a e no p ini
o a r a e O ons c r. a o
su t in d w h n un d g ing t h t m
s a e e k y f t i l t wh i h y u
er o a oc er o a r a a c o r
L d hip p d g d th n th
, ,

or s id d pp res t m m e t u a e ar o e f o re r e an oo a o se o
u ; b t w t h y f l as t h vi i n f C l i i t it t il l
,

hi s a c c se r u ere e a se e s o s O a a v n s s
w ul d b t h dut y f t h wh l o v l i b t y d v i t u t i t h i
,

o e e o o se o e er an r e o ra se e r
v i indig nt ly g i t v i v ing y t m f p u t i n— g i t
o ce na a a ns a re s s e o er s e c o a a ns
th e iv l y
co e rc p i g y p ini n wh i h if f l n d b t t h
e re re ss n an o o c a se, ee s u e
o f t u t h ; wh i h if t u lt im t ly
, ,

pp i i i p it f f mu t
p v i
o o s t on r c , r e, n s e o o r ce s u a e
re al

M E t n r. e t d th t th
a o ass r e i pt u w f m b gi ning t a e s cr re s e re , ro e n o
en d f bl
a d im p t u
a e an th t th Ap t l os w li r e,
’
d a e os es ere a rs an
iv l t h u ct i
,

d ece H d ni d t h m i
e rs . e e e e d ra c e ,i e re s r re o n, an a s ce n s o n
o f J u Ch i t es s H did r s : d t h At t n y G e l d ni d
so an e or e -
en era e e
t h p p i t i o n wh i h h ass t d t d t h t wh i h h d ni d
.

e ro os d c e er e an a ss e r e a c e e e
Wh t ingul l u i n i d d u i bl f m t h i f t ? N n b t , .

a s ar co n c s o s e c e ro s ac o e, u
t h t t he At t n y G n
a l d M E t n u t in d t w pp i t
or e -
e e ra an r. a o s s a e o o os e
O p ini n o Th At t s. y G n e l p t m b l t d ty i l
o rn e -
e era u s so e O so e e an ra n n ca
lw i f
a s n g in t M E t n b u h p ubl i h b k t d i g
o r ce a a s r. a o eca se e s es a oo en n
t p v th t u p t u l v n t wh i h up p d t h v
,

o ro e t i a ce r a n s e rn a ra e e s, c a re s o se o a e

t k n pl
a e i gh t n n t u i g in
a ce e ee m t ce n f th w ld
r es a o, a re o e co r er o e or
t u ll y t k p l B t h w i th t th f l h d f
,
’

did t no ac a a e a ce . u o s e ru or a se oo o
t h f t i d i pu t
e ac s l v n t t t h m i t d m i t t t h bl t t h
n s e re e a o e er or e er a ac a e o e

a dv t
o ca es o f th t w p ini n N
e m i
o o u t b l f
o hsi b l i f O an s a cco n a e or s e e

th
,

b e cau m
se ino p b l fan d i t i g
s i t M
ca a E t n e i o f re c n r. a o s e r e o re

t t ll y bl m l Wh t w t t h in k f t h j u t i
.

o a a e e s s. a a re f te o O e s ce o a s e n e n ce
wh i h p uni h
c in di v i du l g in t wh m it i
s es an t v n t t m pt d
a a a s o s no e e a e e

t o att h th ac l ight t t in f i m in l i t y
e s es s a o cr a

t d th t M E t n p ini l ul t d t ubv t ’
It i s a sse r e a r. a o s o o n s are ca c a e o s er

m li t y H w ? Wh t m l t t h i p k f wi t h i v n
o ra o a o ra ru s s o en o r re er e ce o r
id i ul i t h b k wh i h h p u bl i h d ? M l it y t h d t y f
.

r c e n e oo c e s e o ra or e u o a

l t i wh i h i f m t h
,

m an d i t iz
an i f un d d
c en , th s o e on e re a o ns c ar s e ro e

a sso c ai t i f h um n b i g d wh i h v y wit h t h i u m t
on o a e n s, a n c ar e c rc s a n ce s

p rod u d b yce t h d i ff t t t f
e t h i i t
e re n i T h i d
s a es o u t y i s a s so c a on. s n
i m i l it u t i n m u t b p i l y t h m i ll g
,

s ar s a o s, s e dr e c seti e sa e n a a es an na o n s.

Th pe i iO n n t
n o y t t h ico h i n
ra r f m o u pp i t i s t h t t h
a s a r se ro a s os on a e
wi ll f G o d i t h o s i t i f m l i t y I t i p l in t h t t h
e s o u r ce o r cr er o n o o ra s a a e

u t m t x t i n f Om ni p t n th t t b
.

os e er o ul d t
o o e i t u
ce c o no cau se a o e v r uo s
wh i h t ll y i v i i
c ac u a A ll p w fu l D m
s c ous m i gh t i d bi t b l y
n a - o er e on n u a
x p u i h m t t v i t u d ew d t i b t u l d t b y
.
, ,

a n ne n s en s o r e an r ar s o v ce , u co no

th m n
es e ff t t h
ea ligh t t h g i t h i b t t d i m m u t bl
s e ec e s es c an e n e r a s ra c an a e

S e e t he Att o rnev e n e ral s

’

Sp eech —(SJ
 38 8 AP PE N D I X .

n tua 0 1 ip t
r es . c ul d v nn y by p v i d n t i l in t po i t i n
o en ce o ar a ro e a er s o
th e l t i n f hum
re a o i ty ; i t h i l t t
s o an wh t b f w so c e n
,

s a er ca se, a e o re as
,

v i t u u w ul d b m v i i
r o s o di g t t h n
e co e y d n t l
c o u s, a c co r n o e ece ss a r an a u ra
re s ul t f t h l t t i n ; b t t h b t t n t u f t h pp i t p i
O e a e ra o u e a s ra c a r es o e o os e r n
c ip l w u l d h v u t in d
es o t th a l ight t h g F i t t h
e s s a e no e s es c an e. or n s a nc e , e

p uni h m s t wi t h w h i h
en i t y t in t h bb t h c i
so c e d res ra s e ro er , e a ssa ss n , a n
th v i h i j t l ud bl d qui i t W dm i d p t
e ra s e r, s us a a e, a n re s e e a re an re s ec

wh i h u b t h wh w ul d d f t t h d f wh i h
, .

t h in t i t t i
e s u ons c c r o se o o e ea e en s or c
so c ei ty w t bl i h d ; b t
as h l d p i ly im il
es a s e i b u s ou a re c s e s a r c o e rc o n e
e x i d gi t
e rc se m
a ly wh x p d hi di b l i f f y t m
a ns one ere
,

o e resse s s e e o a s s e
a dm i t t d by t h e n t u t d wit h t h x t i v p w u i g t t h
o se e r s e e e e cu e o e r, s n a e
sa m t im e m th d e f p m ul g t i
no e b t th o ff d d by
s o ro a on u o se a or e r e a so n ,
cer a t in l y t h i i n w u l d b m i nt l y in hum n d im m l ;
s co e r c o o e e ne a an o ra
d t h u pp i t i n t h t y v l ti n f m u kn wn p w v i l
.

an e s os o a an re e a o ro an n o o er a a s

t p lli t
o a
p u
a e a t i n n ler s e cun p v k d o d in d fson i bl i se se e ss , ro o e an e e s e, s
n t d t y t h b i wh i h n pl b t w n vi
,

a t o ce o e s ro e a rr e r d c r e a so a ce s e ee ce an

v i t u d l v t u p i i p l d f n t i i m p l w h b y it m y
r e, an ea e o n r nc e a a c s a ea ere a

e x cu s e v y t f f z y wh i h it w wi l d p i n d t h
e er ac o re n c s o n ass o s, an e
i p i t i n f t h D i t y h v ng n d d
ns ra o s o e e a e e e e re
l qu liti uh n ly h u m b ing
, .

M o ra a es a r e s p c T as o a an e ca n o s se s s . o

a t t ib t t h m t
r u e t h S pi it e f t h U iv o e t upp t h t it i r O e n erse , o r o s o se a s
ca p bl a f lt i g th m i t d g d G d i t m
e o a er n e d t nn x t
s o e ra e o n o an , a n o a e o
t hi i mp h i bl B i g q l i t i in m p t i bl wi t h y p ibl
,

s n co re en s e e n ua es co a e an o ss e
d fi iti
e n f i t
on o t I t m y b h
s na u r e. b j t d — O ht t th a e er e o ec e z u no e
C t
rea o r t p th p f t i n
o o sse ss f th tu e N er e c t t i bu t o s o e cr e a re O. 0 a r e
to G d th m o l qu l i t i f m i t u pp s him u pt i bl f
e o ra a es o a n, s o s o e s s ce e o

p i n wh i ch i i g t f p l g ni t i n it i p l in t h t
ass o s, ar s n ou O co r o r ea or a sa o s a a
ugh
, ,

a pu S pi i t
re t p r Ab
c a nn o i t p f t xc pt h i
o sse s s. e ar s no er e c e e e s ro
t v l ph nt i t p f t
,

a t ig i er t f t if he b
s no er e ciu e no o ra c o s, a n e e a s no er e c
if t h wio ert d il se H W d p an gu m
oc t mu t e. t th t b O ee an ar en s no a e
wh i h p v t h t t h D i t y i
c ro es augh b e v iu e s a s ro as a e ar, a s o ra c o s as a
t ig e r, d and il as l ph t B t v n upp wi t h t h
oc e as an e e an u e e s o se , e
v lg t h t G d i v n bl l d m th n f l ud
.

u ar, a o s a t d e er a e O a n, se a e on a ro e o c o s,
hi b s t th rea s th t f v i u p e i ea re n l g t th O f ar o s a ss o n s a a o o us o o se O
h u m ni t y hi wi ll h g bl d un t i
a s c th t
an f ea t hl y e an ce r a n as a O an e ar

k i g t il l g dn d j ti qu l i t i l d m n m in lly d i d
,

n s oo ess a n us ce a r e a es s e o o a en e

d it wi ll b dm i t t d t h t h d i pp v
,

him an e a f y ti n i e m a e sa ro es o an ac o n co

p t i b l wi t h t h se q u l i t i j t Wi t h
,

a e P o ti n f p ini
a i es . ers e c u o or o on s u n us

wh t n i t n y t h n h i p p f D i t y wh b
.

a co s s e th w c e ca n e o rs e rs o a e o se e ne v o
l n t h y b t m bi t t t h xi t
e ce e o as
,

e f t h i f ll w b ing b
,

er u e e s e n ce o e r e o e e ca se

f t h t D ity n t f m t h wh i h t h y n t t i
,

h i id
s ea s o d i ff a e a re e re ro o se c e e er a n
Al ! th
as i e re n i t n y i th p s no co u t wh w h i p
s s e c n o se e rs e c o rs o o rs a
b en ev l n t D i t y ; t h wh w h i p D m n w ul d l n t
o e e o se o o rs a e o o a o e ac
co n s o n a nt l y t t h p in i pl es by im p i ing d t t u i g i hi
o ese r c r so n an or r n n s
n m
a e.
P u t i n i t h n l y n m pp li c bl t
ers e c o s e oi hm t i fli t d a e a a e o un s en n c e on
an i d i v i du l i
n
q u a f h i p i
n co n s e i n h t d i p
e n ce o t i on s o n o s. a en s e rs e cu

d i gn d t a n w r ? C
es e o it c nvin s him wh o m it inj
e an ? C t o ce u r es an I
 APPEN DI X .
3 89

p ro v e l fl h
t o t he p eo p e t he a se o o d o f his o p ini n o s ? k
I t m ay m a e him
a h i w n
y po cr t e , a n d them co ards ; b u t ba d m e a s ca n p ro m o t e n o o o d g
en d u ju i
The n p re d ce d m d o o s in l k wi h u i i n t s sp c o o n a do ct r e t a tin h
u i gh n
.

n e e d s t he s s t a n in a d o f pow er.

i n u
S o c ra t e s was p o s o e d b eca se h e d a re d t o c o m ba t t he d e ra d g g in
i i n wh i h
s u p ers t t o s in c u nw
h is c o n t ry m e u
e r e e d ca t e d l g f
N o t o n a t er
h h n gni i j i
.

his de a t At e s r e co s e d t he n u st ce o f h is s e n t e n ce h is a ccu s er,

n
M e l it u s, wa s co n d e m e d, a n d S o cra t e s b eca m e a de m o d ig
J u h
.

u u
e s s C ris t wa s cr cifi e d b e ca s e h e a t t e m p t e d t o s u p erse de t he
i l
r tua wi h g l i
o f M o s es t re u a t o n s m o re m o ra l an dhu n v
m a e —his e ry
j u l i k wl
u dge m a d e p b c a c n o n n
e dgm e t Of his i n n o ce ce , b u t a bi o t e dg
a nd i n n
g o ra t m o b d n
e m a d e d t h e d e e d ohf o rro r— Ba ra bba s t he
i
m u rderer an d t ra t o r wa s r e e a se d l The m ee k f J
re o rm e r es u s wa s
l J ll
.

im m o a t e d t o t he sa n gui i
na ry D e t y Of t he e ws i i
T m e ro e d o n , t m e
h g w h h
.

iu n
c a n e d t he s t a t io s , a n d i in
it t e m t he Op n o s o f m e n
vul v u i fixi n
.

T he x
ga r , e e r in e t re m es, b e cam e p ers u a de d t he cr c o of
J u u n l v
es s wa s a s p e r a t u ra e e n t i i i l f
Te st m o n e s o f m ra c e s, s o re q u e n t
u nl i h n v h
.

in n e g t e e d a ge s , w wni g
e re n o t a t n t o p ro e t a t he was so m e
t h ing v n h i l i f ll g h u h l
di i e T s b e e , r o in t ro g t he a p se o f a es, m e t g wi h t
v l i l
.

i g
t he re e rie s o f P a t o a n d t h e r e a so n n s o f Ar s t o t e , a n d a cq u re d i
f n un i l
o rc e a n d e xt e t , i vi i
t t he d n ty ofJ u g wh i h
e s s b e ca m e a d o m a , c
i u
t o d s p t e w a s d ea t , h wh i h c u
t o d o b t wa sinf am y

li h li n
, .

C hr is t ia nity is n o w t h e e st a b s e d re gio : h e who a t t e m p t s t o

im p u u n l i
it , m st b e c o n t e t e d t o b e ho d m u r de r er s a n d t ra t o r s t a e k
p r e ce en ce O f h i m i n li i i n
p u b c O p n o ; t h h if g iu
o ug , his e n s be e q a ul
u g i
t o his co ra e, an d a s s s t e d by a p e c ul i li i n i
ar co a t o o f c r cu m s t an c e s,

fu u g xl i i i
t r e a e s m a y e a t him t o a d v n t y, a n d p erse c t e o t e rs u h in his
n a m e, as h e was in
e rs ecu t e d n
t he a m e o f h is p r e decess o r s in t he
h go m a e o f t he wo r d
n h hv u v h li f
.

The sam e m ea s t a t a e s p p o r t e d e ery o t e r p o p ul a r be e ,

hv u
a e s p po rt e d hi i
C r st a n it y i n n u
Wa r, im p r so m e t , m rder, a n d
l h u x l l hv
.

fa se o o d de e ds Of ne a m p e d a n d in co m p ar a b e a t ro cit y a e m a de
it wh a t it is iv n l i f hu f
We der e fro m o u r a ce st o rs a be e t s o st ere d a n d
u l h
.

u u
s pp o r t e d : we q arre , p er s e c t e , an d n n
a t e fo r it s m a i t e a n ce D o es
l vu i in h l ik h hi i i
.

n o t a na o g y fa o r t h e o p n o t a t , as, e o t er sy s t e m s, C r s t a n t y
i ug n
h as ar s en a n d a m e t e d , so l ik h e t e m itwi ll ih h
d e ca y a n d p e r s t at ,
as vi l k
o e n ce , d a r n e s s, a n d d e c e it , n o t re a so n ni g u i hv
a n d p ers a s o n , a e

p ro cu re d it s a d m ss o i in g
am o n ki
m an wh n h i
n d , so , e n e t u s as m h a s
i i
su bs de d, a n d t m e, t a t h i ll i l n fa v fl i i
b e co n t ro e r t er Of a s e Op n o n s , h a s
i v lv
n o e d it s vi n
re t e n d e d e d e ces in t h e d a r kn i i wi ll
ess o f a n t q u t y , it
h il n
b e co m e o be o e t c ; t a t M t o s p o e m a o n e
’
l wi ll i v g e p er m a n en cy t o
n u ii
t h e r e m e m bra ce o f it s a b s rd t e s a n d t a t m e n wh i ll l h il
a u gh a s e a rt y

at g fih in
ra ce , a t , re d e m p t o , a n d o r g i in l h
a s in , a s t e y n o w d o a t t h e

h
m e t a m o r p o ses o f Ju i i l i h in
p t e r, t h e m ra c e s o f Ro m s s a t s, t he e ffica cy
of wi h n
t c cra ft , a n d t h e a p p e ar a ce o f d e p a rt e d s p r t sii
h i i n li i n
.

n
Ha d t he C r st a Re g o co m m e ce d an d co n t n e d by t he m e re i u
fo r ce o f re a so nin u in lf vi x ll
g a n d p ers a s o , b y it s se e de n ce , e ce en ce a n d
-

n in n l g w ul in i i
fit ess , t he prece d g a a o y o d be adm ss ble . l v
We sho u d ne er
 sp e c ul at e o n l n f y t m p f t l y nf m bl
t he fut u re o bso et e ess o a s s e er e c co or a e
t n t
o d
a ur e a n it w u l d du
reas o n l g t h y d d ; it
: o en re so on as e en u re
w ul d b t u t h a i di p ut bl t h l igh t f t h
o e a r s n th s i m in l i t y a e as e O e sun , e cr a
o f m d ur d t h f t phy i l
er , a n o d m l wh i h d pe di g
er a c s, s ca an o ra c e n n on
g ni t i n d l t i v i t u t i n m u t m in k wl dg d
, ,

ou r or a sa o an re a e s a o s, s re a ac no e e as
sa ti f t y s ac or l g m i m so It i
on i n t v t i bl f t t h
as an s a n. s an n co ro er e ac e
f wh i h u gh t t h ty l u i
, ,

o id
c ns ti era on o f p th c o f o e re ss e as co n c s on s o

du l i t y
cr e m d t it or b ti y i m in t ini g t h m t h t h d
o er a e s o s n ac n a a n e a a
th J w u d f ti l h d v n th
, , ,

e t b n
e s nob b ee a f mar a ro s an ana ca ra ce o en , a e e e
r e so l ut i n f P nt iu Pi l t b qu l t hi nd u t h Ch i t i
o O o s a e een e a o s ca o r, e r s an
R l i gi n n v
e o u l d h v p v i l d it ul d t v n h v xi t d
e e r co a e re a e co no e e a e e s e

I t h v y xi t n c f wh t h i h d pi i n d p d
, .

M an e er m e s e e o o se os c er s e O n o s e en s
f m t h d f bl i
ro a re a t so f u ee
q ui v l l
e , a r s es t ou o a so rce so e o ca e arn a
l t h u m i l i t y w t l t t h t it i p i b l f t h y l f l t h v
e as o n a ea s a s o ss e or se a so
,

o a e
b n ee du d b y d
se ti n
ce d i m t e i t thu ca dm i i n f
o an c r cu s a n ce n o e a ss o O
t n t d t it ut
e e s f es ti l p f d t h t u t h f wh i h h
e o ra o na t y t ro o an e r o c as n o e
t i f t il y d m A kn wl dg t l t th t t h
,

b n ee sa t t d
s a c or e o n s ra e c o e e a eas a e
f l s h d f t hy b t h
.

p ini ffi i n t
’
a e oo o i ro er s f hi o o ns s no su c e re a so n or s
m i t i g t hy h t d Wh t ! b
er n a re f ll w b i g d i p ut t h a e ca u se a e o e n s es e
n bl f t h y f i t h wi l t t h u p un i h him wit h t t
.

d
‘
~
r e a so a e n ess O a o s o r u re an

u t i n f l igi u p ini n s w
,

im p i n m n t ? If p
r so e e rs e c dm i t t d o o r re o s O o ere a e
by t h m l i t h w wi d d w ul d t b p n by wh i h
e o ra s o e a oor o no e o e c
n vul i ni t f v y k in d m igh t m k in d
,

co s o s s o e er th p f a e ro a s on e ea ce o
i t y H w m n y d d f b b i m d bl d w u l d t iv
,

so c e o a ee s o ar ar s an oo o no re ce e
B t I wi ll d m d if t h t m th n t it l d t
’

a sa n c ti on u i t e an , a an s no ra er e e o
th e t t h n t h di
res ec un t a f i t y wh by d i pu t i g
e s co e n a n ce O so c e o, s n a
iv d t i i t h p v it f l h d d inut i l i t y (t h by
,

r e ce e o c r n e, e er ro es s a se oo an e re
a i m i g t t h b l i t i n f wh t i f l
n a e a o d u l o ) ogi v t it a s a se an se e ss or es o s
dh t bl i h ing it x ll n d t ut h
,

a nt er e pp t u i t y f
s an O or n o es a s s e ce e ce an r
ly t h i i m S l y t h i di v i du l wh d v t hi
.

S u re be s c an n o cr e. u re e n a o e o es s
t im t ef
'

l o d u t i t d i q ui y in t
e ar es s an th g n d qu t i
nres r c e n r o e ra es o ns
ii g t f
ar s n m
ou ln t O gh t t h t
our o ra iv th p t g a u re o u ra er o r e ce e e a ro n a e,
th n a u t t h v ge
e n co n er f l igh t d l gi l t u I w l d
e en a n ce , o an en en e e s a re ou
h v y t kn w m y L d t h t f t t f i
.

a e ou o o n t bin d ubd
or a e ers o r o n can o or s ue
ul f v i t F m th l m p l i t d f it du g n it
, ,

th e so o r u e. d ro e ca s an so u e O s n eo
a sce nd f d un d un t d wh i t h
s, re e a n t hi f m th p m p u t f
a e er ne, ro e o o s s ea o
j udgm t d en t I d t w ny t bw l t y
a re no s o ar
,
o no ar ou o e a re os our
Ch i t i n h u l d m k y f g t th t y
.
,

p f i n
r o e ss o as a r s a s m o a e ou or e a o u a re a an
b t I w
u y u g in t f t i
a rn t i g t h t p i d wh i h u d
o a a s esth na n a er o c n er e
iv y t m i t p i dl y m t u i g w h
, ,

p nt
re s e co er c e s s e th s t f oo ra a r n en e sea s o
j t i h ll b t h t f v l i t y d l v i h ll f
, ,

us ce s a e e se a s O d th ena an s a s n e s s, a n e ce s o
N wg t b e m th
a e b d e co f l l t h t i h n u bl
e e a d t
o e o a a s o o ra e an ru e .
I m n t t
ea mp M E t n wi t h S
no o co t a re J u ;h i r. a o o cra es o r es s e s a
m f bl m l
an o d a p t bl e ess a nh t ; h i i t iz n uni m p h d res ec a e c a ra c e r e s a c e ea c e

wi t h i m if t h f hi igh t
cr e i t iz n d m h v b
e r e o re , s r s as a c e an a an a e een

inf i g d t h y h v b n i f i g d by i ll g l l vi l n
,

r n e e a e d im m
ee n r n e e a an o ra o e ce .

B t I wi ll t th t h ul d nd J u i m g m h ld
,

u a ss e r a s o a s e co es s a r se a on en s ou

uh g i nl igh t n t h t h l gt h d i m p i
,

s c S
a one as t o cra es a a n e e e e ar en e ne r so n
 APPE N D IX .
39 1

m en t and i f m u pu i
n a o s n s hm en t (a cco rd i n g t o t he regi m en Of p e r s e cu t i o n
re viv d by y L d h i p ) w l d ff t wh t h m l k d t h
e o ur or s ou e ec a e oc an e cro s s
h v h t f ff t d d t h t in t h n t i n l h t l ik
a e e re o o re e ec e an e s a on e a o a c a ra c e r, e
th t At h n d J d w u l d m in i d l i bl b t by t h d
,

a on e s an u ea , o re a n e e, u e e
t u t i n f t h h i t y i w h i h it i
s r c o O e d d
s or Wh t h C h i t i
n c s r e co r e en e r s an

R l igi h ll h v f d d f m t h t h wh it m m y l i k t h t
.

e on s a a e a e ro e e ar en s e or e a
f P l yt h i m w h ll n l y t h ubj t f
,

o o e sm in b t no m in s a re a u re a o as e s ec O
i d i ul d w n d i dig n t p t i t y w ul d t t h im m t l i f y
,

r c e an o e r, n na os er o a ac or a n am

t o su ch ut g l ik t h m u d f S t it w ul d u th
an o ra e e e r er o o cra e s , o se c r e e
e x ti n f v y g
e cra o o e er a e.

Th h ibl d wi d w t i g
e o rr e an i t i w h i h gl m l i k m t e- as n en o rm e s, c ea e co e s
t h ugh t h d k
ro f g th i
e ard up n es s t it i u g
o
g d d
o c an s e rs o s a e s , a re re ar e
by t h m li t e o ra th n th n s as n o y ff t f kn wn
m o re u ; a e e c ess a r e ec o o ca se s
b t wh n
u n l igh t d g d t i n ig l i it l f by d d
e an e ene a e an na o s na s es se a ee

p hil p h y i t lf i v
,

b e com ing n n b t b b i o d f
e tiu ar a r an s a n an a cs , o so se s e en
i dn d t d ub t w h t h
u ce o h um n t will v m g f m t h
o e er a n a u re e er e er e ro e

p t t i hn
e s d im b il i t y f it
ess an h i l dh d Th y t f p ec O s c oo e s s em o er se cu
t wh w bi t h y
.

ti o n, a my L d
o se n e r f th p i di go u, or ar e o ne o e re s n

i p t n t d wi k d t h in i t t Th
, ,

m i dwi i t m
v es , s no o re m o e an c e an co n s s e n e
i l d d wi t h w h t ll d (i i lly I h l d n i v )
.

p r e ss s oa e a a re ca e ro n ca s ou co ce e

f f t h Ch i t i n l i gi n t h b k p l t wit h in v t i v
,

p r oo s o e r s a re o es e oo s a re re e e ec e
an d l m ny g in t i fi d l ; t h y p pp t h t h wh j t
ca u a a s n e s e resu o se a e o re e c s
C h i t i ni t y m t b u t t l y d i v t d f
r s a us e n d f li g ; t h yer es e o r e aso an ee n e
a dv n th m
a t u upp t d
ce e osti n d t k
ns fi t p i ip l
or e a sse r o s , an a e as rs r nc es
th m t e v l ti g d g
os re Th inf
o nn d wn f m t h o m as u d e ere ce s ra ro e s e a ss me
i p i gl y l gi l
.

p mi re ses are d m os n t ; b t if f un d t i n i
o ca an c o rre c u a o a o s
w k h i t t i n d d t f t ll t h i t bi l i y f t h up
,

ea n o a rc ec s ee e o o re e e ns a t o e s er
I f t h t t h f Ch i t i it y i wh t
,

t u tu
s r c re . e ru t d i p u t bl of r s an s no s a e, or a

pu p r th
o se a re b k w i tt ? If t h
e se oo fii i t t p v it
s r en e re a re su c en o ro e
wh t fu t h n d f t v y ? If G d h p k why i th
,

a r er ee o co n r o e rs o as s o en , s e
i
u n ver se no t i d If t h C h i t i
co nv nce l i gi n n d d p l n e r s an re o ee s ee er e ar
i g m
n
p i fu l i v t ig t i n t
o re a n t bl i h i n g nui
es a wh of o es a s ts e n e n ess , e re o re

p l i h t h t by f wh i h t h h u l
,

a t t m pt t
e o a cco m s mi d a o r ce , c e m an n ca n a o n e
e ff t wi t h
ec t i f t i n t i t lf sa I f l t l y it t t h
s ac o o t b d se as s ru ca nno e em o n

t t d wh i m p t n t l y tt m p t t t h f m G d th g v
, ,

s ra e f er e o r e o e a e o sn a c ro o e o er n
d im p i u l y t h t th Spi it f B n v l
,

m n t f hi
e o ti n s crea o an o s a s s er t a e r o e e o en ce

h as l ft t h t kn wl dg m t
e a ti l t
o t h w ll b i g f
,

e e os th e s sen a o e e -
e n o m an , e

on ly wh i h o ne i it p m u l g t i
c h
s n ce b n th ubj t f
s ro a on , as ee e s ec o
un i g v i l t h u h t d ? Ei t h t h
,

ce a s n ca f i il bl e ca ses o rr e co n c ea e a re er e
Ch i t i n l i gi i t u ,

r s a re it i on t If t s it
r m f m G d
e, o r s no ru e co es ro o
ut h t i i t y f th th
. ,

an d it s a d i t f d u bt
en c d di p t
can a m o o an s u e no ur er an
it s O ni p t t Aut h m i wi ll i g t
o en ll w If t u it d i t f
or s n o a o r e a m s o
l p f d i p bl f b i g p l d qu lly b y d t
.

ra ti o na ro o an s ca a e o e n a ce e a e on co n r o

v e rs y t h p in i
asp l w h i he h ,

v rb c b l i h
es d ni g m
c t t a e ee n e s t a s e co n ce r n a er

d m i d by L k d i p p t i n t th u f l
,

an n d N wt oc e an e on an n ro or o o e se u n ess
d th t v l t b—i g
,

o f t h f t i di p ut
e ac m u t it b
n s pp e , so b s e su o se a a en e o en e n
is an xi u t p u t h d i ff i f i kn wl dg
o s o ro c re e th th If
us o n o ts o e e on e e ar
fl u ly l igh t d l gi l t u w ul d p u i h t h
,

a se, s re no en en e e s a re o n s e r ea s o n er,
w ho o u h
ppo s e s a s ys t e m s o m c t he m o re fa t al a n d p er c o u s a s it is ni i
x n iv
e te s l i
e y a d m t t e d ; so m c u h u iv
t he m o r e p ro d ct e o f a b s r d a n d u
i u
ru n o s n
c o s e q u e n ce s , a s it n i
is e t w n e d by e d ca t o n , u i wi h t t he
p j i
re u d
’

ce s a n d a fl e c t io n s O f t h e ma hu n h
ea rt , in t he s a e o f a
p
,

h
p o p u l
a r be e li f
h h lf w hil h h l h
.

u
Le t u s s p p o s e t a t s o m e a it t e d p -
o so p e r s o u d asse r t t a t
h n u iv
t h e e ar t wa s t h e ce t re o f t h e n e rse , o r t a t d ea co u d e n t er t he h i l
hu n ma i n n
m n d in d e p e de t y O f sen s a t o l in
o r r e fl e xio n T s m an hi
l wh l n w ul
.

w o u d a sse r t a t is de m o n s t ra b y i co rre ct ; h e o d p ro m l a t e a ug
l ii
fa s e o p n o n Ye t , o w ul h f v i ll
d h e t e re o re d e se r e p o ry a n d im p ris o n
l w ul i h g l
.

m e n t ? By n o m e a n s ; p ro ba b y fe w o d d s c ar e m o re co r re ct y
ui i iz
t he d t es o f a c t e n a n d a m an I i h
a dm t t a t t h e ca se a bo e s t a t e d v
l h i k ing
.

i
is n o t p re c s e y in p o n t i
Th e t n p a r t o f t h e co m m t y ash uni
iv l uh hi i i h hv
.

n o t r ece i
e d a s in d s p u t a b e t h e t r t o f C r s t an t y , a s t e y a e

h w
t a t o f t he N e t o n a n s y s t em i v l
A e ry a rge p o rt o in O f so cie t y , a n d
h ll i v l nn iv l lu
.

w f x
t a t p o e r u y a n d e t e n s e y co e c t e d, d e r e s it s so e e m o m e nt
f li hi i
ro m t h e b e e f o f C r s t an t y , a s a i l f h
p o p u a r a it
g h v i i l
.

i i
To t o r t u re a n d m p r s o n t h e as s e rt e r O f a do m a , o we er r d cu o u s
l
a n d fa s e , is h ghl
i y b a r b a r o s an d u m p o i li i
t c H h
o w t e n d o es no t

ul g v wh n
.
, ,

i n
t h e c r e t y o f p e r se cu t o , b e co m e a g r a a t e d e it is d re c t e d i
i i i
a g a n st t he o p p o ser o f a n Op n o n ye t u nd er d isp u te , a n d c wh i
m en o f h
u i v ll
nr a e d a cq ui n
re m e t s , p i g
en e t r a tiun g e n s a n d s t a n e s s i l r t e vi u
hv n l h i l i v in i gl
, ,

i
a e s p e t , a n d a t a s t s a cr fi ce d , t e r es co m b a t n
i i l
Th e t m e is ra p d y a pp ro a c n , hi g I h h o p e t a t y o u , m y Lo r d, m a y
li v hl
e t o b e o d it s a r r i v wh al, h
e n t he M a o m e t a n , t he Je w, t h e C ris h
i i h i wi l l l v
t a n , t he D e s t , a n d t he At e st , h i e t o ge t er in
o n e co m m n t y , u i
ll h i g
e qu a y s a r n n wh i h i f
t he b e e fi t s c a r se ro m it s a ss o c a t io n , a n d i
i h i h l
u n t e d in t h e b o n d s o f c a r t y a n d bro t e r y o e lv
My Lo rd, y o u
hv n
.

n n i
a e c o de m n e d a n in o ce t m a n : n o cr m e wa s i u
m p t e d t o h im
a n d y o u se n t e n ce d him u i i
t o t o r t re a n d m p r s o n m e t n I hv a e not

hi l wi h vi i g h
.

a d d re sse d t s et t er t o you t t he hOp e o f c o n n c n y o u t a t yo u

hv a e a ct e d w ng
ro u in i l
The m o st n p r c p e d a n d b a rba ro s o f m e n a r e u '

wi h h i v h h w ul h v
.

not u
n p re p ar e d t so p s m s t o p ro e t a t t e y o d a e a c t e d in
h h w h vi
n o o t e r m a n n e r, a n d t o s o t at vi c e is rt e u i
B u t I ra se m y
li v i
.

s o t a ry x i in
o ce t o e p r e s s m y d s a p p ro ba t o , so fa r a s it g o e s , o f t he
cr u e land u ju n
n u n
s t s e t e n ce y o u p a sse d p o M r E a t o n — t o a s se r t , s o

l in i g h igh hu wh i h
.

fa r a s Ia m ca p a b e o f fl u e n c n , t o se r ts o f m an t y c i
hv w l
yo u a e a n t o n y a n d n a u l wfull inf i g y r n ed .

My Lo rd,
Yo rs , 810 u .

P rin t ed by WALTER S COTT, F ell in g , N e wcas t le -on -Ty ne .

I n S H I L L IN G M o n t hly Vo l u m es , S qu a r e 8 0 0 We l l p r in t ed o n fi ne .

ton ed pap er , w it h R ed -l ine B o r der , a nd st r ong ly bou n d i n C l o t h E a ch .

Vo l u m e con t a ins f r o m 3 0 0 t o 3 50 p ag es Wi t h I n t r odu cto ry N ot ices .

by W I LLI A M S H A R P, M AT H I LD E BLI N D , W A LT E R LEW I N , O HN J

H OG BE N , A J Y
S M I N TO N , JO S E P H S KI PS EY , E V A H O PE ,
. . G OHN J
R I C H M O N D , E R N E S T R H S , P ER C Y
E PI N K E R T O N , M RS G A R D E N , Y . .

D E A N C A RR I N T O N , D R G .
J
B RA D S H A W , F R E D E R I C K C O O P E R , H O N
. .

R O D E N N O E L, J . G
A D D I N T O N S M O N D S , G W I LL I S C O O KE , E R I C Y .

Y
M AC KA , E R I C S R O E RT S O N , W I LLI A M T I R E B UC K , S T UA RT
. B
J R E I D , M RS F R E I LI RA T H
. . G
R O E K E R , J L O I E R O ER T S O N , M A K . G B . .

S A M U EL W A D D I N T O N , et c , e t c G . .

C lo t h, R ed E dg e s R ed R o a n , G il t E dg e: 2 5 6 d . .

C lo th, Un cu t E dg e s S ilh P l u sh, G il t E dge s 4 s 6 d . .

H E F OL L OWI N G VOL UM E S A R E N O W R E A D Y
T .

C H R I S T I AN Y E A R . S COT T . M a rm i etc on , .

B y R e v Jo h n Ke b l e . . S COTT . La d y o f t h e La ke , e tc .

C O LE R ID G E . E dit e d b Willia m S h a rp
E di t e d b y Jo s e p h S kip se y . P R AED . E di t e d y Fr e d C o o p e r . .

L O N G F E LL O W . H OG G .

E dit e d b y E va H o p e . B y hi s D a u gh t e r , M rs G ard e n . .

C A M P B E LL . G OLD S M I T H .
E di t e d b y J B o gh e n . . E di t e d b Wil lia m Ti re b u ck .

S H E L LE Y . L O VE L E T E R S O F A
E dit e d b y J o s e p h S kip se y . V I O L I N I S T . B y E ric M a cka y .

W OR D S W OR T H . SP EN S E R .

E di t e d b y A J S ym i n n . . . E dit e d b H o n R o d e n N o e l . .

B LA KE E dit e d b y Jo se p h S p s e y
. . C H I LD R E N 0 T H E P OE T S .
W HI T T I ER . E di t e d b E ric S R o b e rt s o n . .

E dit e d b y E v a H o p e B EN JON 8 0
P OE . E di t e d b y Jo se p h S kip s e y . E dit e db y J A S ym o n ds . . .

C HA T T E R T O N . B Y R ON 2 Vo l s ) .

E di t e d b y Jo h n Rich m o n d di t e d b y M a t hil d e Blin d .

o
.

“ N
EE
B UR N S P em s °f
U
. .

B RNS Son 8 . s n
‘
. . e
E di t e b y Jo s e p h S k1p se y . AL LAN R A M S A I .
M AR L O W E .
E dit e d b Y y J Lo gi e Ro be rt s o n
. .

E dit e d b P E P in ke r t o n . . . S Y D N E Y D O B E L L.
KE A T S . E dit e b y Jo h n H o gb e n . E di t e d b y M rs D o b e ll . .

HER B ER T . P OP E . Edit e d b y J o hn H o gb e n .

E dit e d b y E rn es t R hys H E I NE E d it e d b M rs K ro e ke r
U
. . .

U
.

VI C T O R H G O . B EA M ON T F T CH ER .

T ra n s l a t e d b y D e a n C a rrin n . E dit e d b J S F l e t ch e r . . .

C OW P ER E di t e d b y E v a
. ope . B OW LE MB, A N D
S H A KE S P E AR E : HAR T LE Y C OL E R I D G E .

S o ng s, P o e m s , a n d S o n n e t s . E di t e d b W ill ia m T ir e b u ck .

E di t e d b y W illia m S h a rp . EA R L Y E N G I S H P O E T R Y .
E M ER S O N . E d ite d b y W Le wi n . . E di t e d b H M a ca u l a y Fit z gib b o n
. .

S O N N E T S o f t h i s C E N T UR Y . S EA M U 10 .

E di t e d b W ill ia m S h a r p . E dit e d b y M r s S h a r p . .

W H I T M A N . E t e d b y E Rh ys . . H ER R I C K . Ed it e d b y E rn e s t Rh ys

Lo n d o n : WA LT E R S C OT T , 24 W a rwic k Lan e , Pa t e rn o st e r R o w
 THE CAMELOT S ERI ES .

1/ VOL UM E S A L RE A D Y [ 5 5 UE D . 1/
ROMA N CE OF KI N G A RTHUR
h
.

i
Ed t e d by E rn e st R ys .

W A LDEN . i
Ed t e d b y W H D rc s . . i k .

CON FES S ION S OF A N EN G LIS H O P I UM

EA TE R . Ed it e d by Wi ll i am S h ar
p .

IMA G IN A RY C ON V E R S A TI O N S
v k ll i
.

i
E d t e d by H a e l o c E s .

P L U TA R C I I S '
’
L I VE S i . Ed t e d b y B J S ne , M A . . ll . .

S I R TH O M A S BR OW N E S R E L I G I O M ED I C I e t c
’
. .

Edi t d by J A dd i g t S ym d e . n on on s.

S H E L L EY S
’
ES S A Y S AND L ETTERS
i
Ed t e d by E rn e st R ys h .

PROS E W R I TI N G S OF S W IFT .

E d it e d b y W . Le wi n .

MY S T UD Y W INDOW S
h h
.

W i t I nt ro d u c t i o n by R i c a rd G a rn e t t , LL D . .

G R EA T E N G L I S H PA I N TE R S
i ll i h
.

i
E d t e d by W am S a rp .

LO R D BY R ON S
’
L E TT E R S . E d t e d by M B i . li nd .

ES S A Y S BY LEIG H H UN T . i
Ed t e d by A S ym o ns . .

L O N G F E LL O W S
’
PROS E W ORKS
wi th I ll i
.

Edit e d , n t ro d u c t o n , i by Wi am T ir e b u ck .

G R EA T M US I C A L C O M P O S E R S
wi t h I h
.

i
Ed t e d , n t ro d u c t o n , i b y M rs . S a rp .

M A R C US A U R E L I US . i
E d t e d by A li ce i
Z m m e rn .

S PEC IM EN DA Y S I N A M ERI CA . By Wa l t W hi tm a n .

W H I TE S ’
N A T URA L H I S TO RY o f S E LB O RN E
wi t h I n t h
.

i
Ed t e d , ro d u ct i o n, by R i c a rd Je ffe r i e s .

D EF OE S C A P TA I N S I N G LETO N
’
.

i
Ed t e d, wi t h I n t ro d u c t o n , lli d y S p l i g
i by H . Ha a ar n .

ES S A Y S : i
L t e r a ry an d P l it i l oBy J p h M zzi i
ca o se a n .

Wi h I i b y W i ll i C l k
.

t d n t ro u ct o n am ar e.
 M ON TH L Y S H I LLI N G '

VOL UM E S

G R EA T W RIT ERS .

A New Series of Critical Biographies .

E d i t d by P f ss
e E S R ro e or RIC . O BE R T S O N .

A L R E A D Y I S S UE D
LIF E O F LO N G F E LLOW . BY P R O FE S S O R ERI C S .

R O BE R T S O N .

Th e s t o ry o f t h e o ct s l ife is w e l l t o l d Th e r e m a r ks o n Lo n g fe ll o w
’
. as
t ra ns l a t o r a r e e xce le n t S a t u r d a y R evie w
”
a -

N 0 b e t t e r l ife o f Lo n gfe ll o w h as b ee n p u b lis h e d —Gl a sg o w H er a ld

. .

”
. .

LI F E O F C O LE R I D G E . By H AL L C A I N E .

T h e S co tsm a n sa y s— “ I t is a ca pit a l b o o k Writ t e n t h ro u gh o u t w it h .

s ir it a n d gr e a t l it e ra r y s kill Th e b i blio g r a p h y is u n u s u al l y f u ll , a n d a d ds to
p
.

t 9 v al u e o f t h e w o r k .

T h e A ca d em y s a ys I t is gr a ce fu ll y a n d s ym p a th e t ica l l y w rit t e n , a nd
it is n o s m a ll p r a is e t o sa y t h a t it is w o r t h y o f t h e m e m o r y w hi ch i t e n s h r in e s ”

Th e B ir m in gha m D a ily P os t sa y s— “ T h e b o o k is a gr e a t ga in , a n d ca n n o t
.

b e o v e r l o o k e d b y a n y s t u d e n t o f C o l e r id g e .

LI F E O F D I C K E N S . BY FR A N K T . M A RZ I A LS .

An in t e r e s t in g and w e l l w ri t t e n b io g ra p h y
-
.
”
—S co ts m a n .

LI F E D A N TE G A B R I E L R O S S E T TI
OF BY .

JO S E PH N I G HT K
LI F E O F S A M UE L JO H N S ON B Y C O L F G RA NT . . . .

LI F E O F D A RW I N . BY G . T . B ET T A N Y .

C H A R L O TT E B R O N T E By A UG US T I N E B I R R E LL . .

LIF E O F TH O M A S C A R LY L E BY R I C H A RD .

G A R N ET T , L L D . .

R ea dy A u g u s t 2 5m .

LI F E O F A D A M S M I TH BY R B . . . H A LD AN E, M P . .

To be f o l l ow e d on S ep t e m be r 2 6 1k by
L I F E O F K EA T S . BY W M . . R O S S ET T I .

Vo l um e s in p r e p a r a t io n A US T I N D O SO N , W I LL I A M
by B S H ARP,
J AM ES S I M E , E D M UN D G O S S E , e t c .

'

LIB RARY ED IT IO N O F G R EAT W R IT ERS

l hi i wi ll b p bl i h d
.

An I s su e o f a ll t he Vo um es in t s S e r e s e u s e
p r nte d i
on l ar
ge a
p p e r o f e xt r a u
q a li t y, in hn
a d so m e b ind i g D m y 8 n e
,

p rice
vol , vo,
25 . 6d p er . um e .

Lo n do n W A LT E R S C OT T , 24 W a rwic kLn a e, Pa t e r no st e r Ro w .
 I O OT H T H O US A N D .

CE O WN 8 71 0 , 4 40 P A G E S , P RI CE ON E S H I LL I N G .

D a ily Te legv ap /z k wi h p p
f
i
D e c de d y l a bo o t a ur o se .

S A vig
co t s m a n d l t f i xp o r o u s, c e lv e r, a n a m os e ro c o u s e o sure ,
h d i j
.

f h n i ”
i th f
n ef o rm o
y a st o r , o t e u m e ro u s s am s a n n u st c e s .

N“
l W kly Ch
e w ca s t e i l T h nt in
ee w inr o n c e. re n c a s a r ca sm a rm
d i n f h igh p p wh t
,

co m m en at o A o i bl b kur o se . so m e a r em a o l a e oo .
”

L d F ig
on on I t b id h h h i p ti l ;
a ro t c a nn o e sa t at t e aut or s ar a
l gy i d i vi l d C v iv
.

c er d N n nf
m en an Lib o co o rm s t ne s, e ra s an o n se r a t e s,
l wya d d
e rs a n n ll n d hi l h
t ra e sm e Th k h a co m e u er s as e s etc e s a re
w h di g S h y d wi h n i d bl
.
,

o rt re a f th n
p om e o e c a ra c t e r s a r e o r t ra e t co s e ra e
k i ll
.

M y t h L d d l iv
a fe ll C or y h eL d wh v
er u s ro m a a nt m a t e or ate er
l H d f b
e se e o or h l k f h n ly i h f
or e a r, teac d us to oo a ct s o e st n t e
,

a ce , a n to
b w e (wi h
a re k i d f h dd ) f
t a i g h n v wi h o s u er o sm e a r n t em o er t our

d p i bl
es d d
ca bl p l v
e an i i g i bili y d f l i fy i g
am na e a a er nto rr e c o n sa t an so a s n
G p l h ppy bl kh d f C hi ld ,

th L d
e w or
’
s Hi o n os e s to s un a oc ea s o re n ,

all gg i g d wn t G h nn d h v l i g S wi t gh f
st a er n o o e e a an t e e e r as t n
’
n e s - ro u or

fG p l
,

w ant o os e s .

O H v n ! i i h ea e d i f m
t s d d n v y
t e m o st a ccu rs e s n o an : an o e e er
wh e re a t
p h d h ig
re se n t , o n h p l n d y ! V i l
t e s t re e t s a n
y a ce s a t oon a er
i ly I y d p y y hi f i n M y h L d d l iv
,

se r o u s sa an ra as m c e or so , a t e or e er u s
o
fr m it .
— L et t e r f r o m Ca r ly le t o E m er so n .

L ondon W A LT E R S C OTT , 24 Wa rwi c kL a ne , Pa t e r n o s te r Ro w .

 E be aa melo t fi e r t e e.

ON E S H I LLI N G .

S PE C IME N

IN AME RIC A .

BY W A LT W H I T M A N .

N EW L Y R EV I S E D BY T HE A UT H O R , W I TH F R ES H

PR E F A C E AN D AD D I T I ON AL N OT E.

Lon d o n : WALTER S C OTT , 24 Wa rwick La n e , Pa t e rno st e r R o w .

 N O W R EA D Y .

in s iz e w it/z t /ze C a nter bu r y Poets,

’
Cl ot /z G il t , p r ice 13 .
4 a .

A PO E T I C C A LE N D A R

OF PA S SAG ES FROM TH E W ORKS OP

A L F R E D A U S T IN .

S E L E C TE D AN D A R RA N G E D BY A . 5 .

W it h a n I n t r o d u c t io n by W IL L IA M S HA RP

LO N DO N : WA LT ER S C O T T , 24 Wa rwi c kLn a e, Pa t e rn o s t e r Ro w .
N EW B O O KS FOR C HILDRE N .

F ool s c ap 8v o , C lo t h B o a rd s , pr ic e On e S h ill ing eac h .

AN D

VE R S E S F O R C H I L D R E N .

BY MRS . W K . . C L IFFORD ,

A a t kar f
c A i cy /t o w S t or ies, e tc .

W IT H AN I LL US T R A T I O N BY ED I T H C A M P BELL .

A NEW NATURAL HISTORY

OF BIRDS BEASTS AND FISHES
‘

.
, ,

BY J OHN K LE Ys , M A
. . .

LI F E STO RI ES OF

F A M O US C H I L D R E N .

AD A PT E D FR O M T H E F RE N C H .

By t lt e A u t /zo r f
o Spe n ser f or Clzil dr en .

LO N D O N : W ALT ER S C OTT , 24 W arw i c k La n e Pa t e rn o s t e r Ro w

, .
 N o w R e a dy , P r ice On e S kil ling P ost F r ee 1
I 2 .

THE

Em igra nt s Ha ndbo o k
TO THE

British Colonies .

S UI TABLE FOR EUROPEAN EM/GR/ITIOIV

Co m p il ed by W ALD E M A R B AN N O W,

G u ide t o E m igr a t ion

'

A a t kar f
o a nd Co lo m sa t io n .

ABOOKEVERY BRITISHSUBJECT SHOULD READ .

Lo ndo n
W A LT E R S CO TT , 2 4 Wa rwi ck La n e, n
Pa t e r o st e r Ro w .
 S EA S O N 1 8 87 .

TH O R O UG H LY R E VI S ED , N EW I LL U ST RAT I ON S , S T EA M E R T I M E

T A B LE S , S KELET O N T O U R S .

THE LAND OF THE VIKINGS

’

A P O P ULAR

O RWAY,
'

UI D E T O
C O N T AI N I N G

D e sc rip t i n of th t W nd f l C nt y
o a o er u ou r

d P li ti
.

C o ns tit t i n
u o anfN w y o cs o or a .

H int t T i t s o o u r s s.

R ilw y
a d St m b a an ea oat n
Ar ra ge m e nt s .

Pop l T i t R t
u ar o ur s o u es by Fj e d l a nd f j o rd .

l h
T a b es o f Exc an ge .

v lli in w y
Co st o f T ra e ng No r a .

i h
T r p s t o t he N o r t C a p e .

Th S n y f h S g
e ce t h H d ng
er o t e o ne , e ar a e r, th e Hj o ru nd , N o ra ng
h f m A of th S
,

d an ot er a ous rm s e ea.

F i h ing
s d Sh ti g an oo n .

M d o fT v l
es o ra e .

R t a es of Ch g f H d C il
a r es or o rse a n a rr o e , e t c.

T i t T
our s k t ll P t ra c s o a ar s .

T bl a f Di
es o f S i nt S i
s ta n ce s ro m tat o o ta t o n.

fea t u re o f t his S ea so n s G ui d e will be a d e t a il e d lis t o f

’
A ne w
o v e r t hirt y diffe re n t T o u rs , e xt e nd in g o ve r fi v e , t we l v e , an d
nin e t e e n da y s

l v h l
.

i
Ma ps o f the Prin c pa Ro u t es , an d e e ry o t e r I nfo rm a t o n u se fu i
t o the T ra v ll e e r.

Lo ndo n WA LT ER S COT T , 24 Wa rwic kL ane , Pa t e rno s t e r R o w .

 4 4 0 p a g es, p r in t e d on ant iqu e

clo t h i l
g , p r i ce 3 3
t . 6d .

An Antho lo gy o f t he m ost charact erist ic Po em s

by English Sco t ch , , and Irish Wom en .

S e le c t e d A rr a n ge d
, ,
a nd E d it e d

BY M RS . W I LLI A M S HA RP .

LOND ON : WALTER S C OTT, 2 4 WAR WI C K LAN E

 N O W R EA D Y

S UM M E R VOL UM E OF “
TH E CA N TE R B UR Y P OE TS ,

PR ICE ONE SH ILLING .

An A t n h o l o gy O f t he b e s t P o e m s a n d Pa ss a g e s de sc rip t ive
o f t he S ea s e l e c t e d fro m t he wri t i n g s o f E n g l i sh P o e t s fro m
, ,

S h a k e sp e a re t o t he p re se n t d a y a n d i nclud i n g se ve ral
,

hi t he rt o u n p u b l i she d e xa m pl e s .

S ELE C TED AN D A R R A N G ED BY M RS . WI LL I A M S H AR P ,

E dit or o f
“
Wom en s
’
Vo ices ,
”
Gr ea t M u si ca l Comp osers, e tc .

T he a bo v
e m ay b e ha d in t h
e v i
ar ous C a n t e rbu ry S e r i es n g
Bi din s .

Lon d on : WALT ER S C O TT , 24 W a rwick La n e , Pa t e r no st e r Ro w .

 Gro wn 8 0 0 , Price 4 3 . 6d .

AND O T H E R S T O RIES .

T HE L AT E P H I L I P B O U R KE M A RST ON .

WI T H A M E M O I R BY W I LLI A M S HA RP .

7 7z e G l o be sa
ys The vl
h l d b q i d if ly f h
o um e s ou e ac u re , on or t e

sak fh
e o t i by M
e m em o r r. W i ll i
S h p by wh i h it i p f d am ar , c s r e a ce .

Th f ll t
e u d es o t th i i v
an m s n h h y t pp d I t
au or ta t e a cc o u t t at as e a e a re . s

t t t m y b
s a e m en s l i d p n it i x ll t in f l ing d i ff d
a e re e u o , s e ce en ee , an t a or s

al g h
to et f l p y l f th p
e r a su cce s s u o r t ra a o e o e t.

H S e A
co t s m a n sa
y b i f s i by M W i ll i Sh p
r e bly m em o r r. am ar , a

an d ym p h i lly w i
s at n in t d
e t ca hr i
tte ,d m k h ro u ce s t e st o r e s, an a es t e

vol wh i h h
um e one h c ny d i wi ll b g t p
t e aut or s
’
ma a m r e rs e ea er o o sse ss .

Pow f l dier u n i in
stu i nt
e s , ro m a t c se n t me .

L on d on : WA LT ER S C O TT , 2 4 Wa rwi ck La n e , Pa t e r no st e r Ro w .
 p oem o n the Giro fte r E vict io ns
El { .

BY M A T H I L D E B L N D I . PR I C E Is .

A su bj ect o f o u r o wn t im e fe r t il e in wha t is p a t h e t i c a n d a we -
in sp iring , a nd fr ee
ro m a n y t a in t o f t h e v u l ga r a n d co n v e n t io n a l . P o sit iv e su bj e ct m a t t e r , t h e -

m o t io n wh ich in h e r e s in a ct u a l l ife , t h e v e r y s m il e a n d t h e v e ry t e a r a n d h e a r t a n g ,
p
-

.re , a ft e r a l l , p r e cio u s t o p o e t r y, a n d we h a v e t h e m h e re Th e H ea t h e r o n Fire m a y

.

o ssi b l y p r o v e s o m e t hin o f a ne w d e p a rt u re , a n d o n e t h a t was ce rt a inl y n o t su p e r

g
‘

u ou s . E v e n a p a rt m m t h e fas cin a t io n o f it s su bj e ct m a t t e r , t h e p o e m is d e v e l o p e
-

t h sp irit a n d e n e rgy , wit h a f e e lin fo r h o m e l y t r u t h o f cha ra ct e r a n d t r ea t m e n t ,

'

n d wrt h a g e ne rall y p e r v as iv e se ns e 0 b e a u t y — A t he n ce u m
”
. . .

M iss Bli n d has ch o s e n fo r h e r n e w p o e m o n e o f t h o s e t e rribl e Highl an d cl e ara n ces

hich s t a in t h e h is t o r y o f S co t ch l a n dl o r di s m . Th o u h h e r t a l e is a fi ct io n, it is t o o
e ll fo u n d e d o n fa ct . I t m a y b e s a id g e n e r a ll y o t h e p o e m t h a t t h e m o s t diffi cul t
c o n e s a r e t h o s e in wh ich M is s Bli n d s u cce e d s b e s t ; a n d o n t h e w h o l e w e a r e in clin e d
0 t hin k t h a t it s gr ea t e st a n d m o s t s u r p r is in g s u cc e ss is t h e p ict u r e o f t h e p o o r o ld
o l di e r , R o ry , d r i ve n m a d b y t h e b u r n in g o f h is wife —A ca d e m y
”
. .

A s u bj e ct which ha s p a in ful l y r e o ccu p ie d p u b li c o p in io n is , in t h e p o e m e n t itl e

-

Th e H e a t h e r o n Fire , t r e a t e d wi h ch a ra ct e ris t ic p o we r b y M is s B l in d
’
B o t h ar .

and d e scrip t iv e p o e m , The H ea t h er o n Fir e is e q u a l l y r e m a rka b l e

‘ ’
na rra t iv ' ”

p
.

orm ng l oa t
'

A p o e m r e m a rka b l e fo r b ea u t y o f e x r e ssio n an d p a t h o s o f in cid e n t s wil l b e fo un

T h e H e a t h e r o n F ir e E xq u is it e l y e lica t e a re t h e t o u ch e s wit h w hich th e pr o gre s
”
n .

f t h is t a l e o f t ru e l o v e is d e l in ea t e d u t o it s co n su m m a t io n am id t h e sim pl e rej o rcin gs 0

h e n e ighb o u rh o o d ; a n d t h e flig ht 0 ye a rs o f m a rr ie d l ife a n d da il y t o i l , as n u m e ro u
is t h o s e o f t h e ir co ur t s hip , is t o l d in st a nz a s fu l l o f m us ic a n d s o u l T his t a l e
.

3 o n e whi ch , u nl ess w e a r e m is ta ke n , m a s o a ffe ct p u b li c fe elin g a s t o b e a n e fi e ct ua

‘

t o sim il ar h u m a n cl e arin gs in fu t ur e —Leeds M er cu ry

’
. .

“
Lit e ra t u r e a n d p o e t ry are n e v e r s ee n a t t h e ir b e s t sa v e in co n t a ct w it h a ct u al life
this lit t l e b oo k a b o u n d s in v ivid d elin ea t ion o f c ha ra ct e r, an d is r e d o l e n t wit h t h e
o b l es t h u m an s ym p a t h y —N ewca s t le D a i ly Chr on icle
. .

Th e H ea t h e r o n Fire is a o em t ha t is rich n o t o nl y in p o we r a n d b ea u t y b u
”

n t ha t
“
e n t h u s ia s m o f h u m a n it y
p .

whi ch s t irs an d m o v es u s , a n d o f w h ich so m u c

mn t e m p o ra ry v e rs e is al m o st p a infu ny d e fi cie n t . M iss B l in d is n o t a m e r e p o e t i
r ifi e r wh o co ns id er s t h a t t h e b e s t p o e t ry is t ha t wr it te n b y t h e m a n w h o ha s n o t h in
.0 sa y b u t ca n sa y t ha t n o t hin g g ra ce fu ll y . We ca n b e s t d es crib e t h e kin d o f h e
u cce ss b y n o t ing t h e fa ct t h a t w hil e e n ga ge d in t h e p e r usa l o f h e r b o o k w e d o n o
sa y
“
Wha t a fi n e p o e m I b u t ” “
W t
ha a t e m l
b e s t o y I o r m o r e r o b a b l y s t ill sa
r
”

oth in a t a ll b u t re a d o n a n d o n un d e r t h e s p e ll o f a gr ea t h o rr o r a n a n o v e r p o we r in
it y . 095 o f w h ich t h is ca n b e sai d n e e ds n o o t h e r reco m m e n da t io n —Th
”
.

a m hes t er aa m ine r a nd Tim es .

“
A o e m r ece n tl y u b lis h e d in Lo n d o n Th e H ea t h e r o n Fir e ; a T a l e o f t h e High
d ea ran ce s is e cla t e d , in o n e o f t h e a rt icl e s wh ich h a v e a p r e d in t h e G e rm a
r o s e o n t h e S co tis h La n d Q u e s t io n , t o b e b as ed o n t e rribl e t ru t a n d u n d o u b t e d rea
o rro rs ; giving , in n o b l e s t e t i al l a n g u a ge a n d t h rill in g wo rd s , a d es cr i t io n w hi o
c
u gh t t o b e a sp u r o f a ct i o n pg t hm km g s ta t es m e n
’
.
—N or t h B ri t ish D a il y a il .

Lo ndon : WA LT E R S C OT T , 24 Wa rwi ck La ne , Pa t e r no st e r Ro w .
 . Pr ice 6 d ; . P os t F r ee, 7 4 .

NO . I . R EA D Y S E P T E M B E R I st , 1 88 7 .

A [ 0 UR N A L F OR N A T UR E L 0 VE R S A N D -

N A T UR E TH I N KE R S .

E D I T ED BY Dr .
J W WI LL I A M S
. .
,
MA . .

The N a t u r a lis t s M o n thly

’
wi ll con t i n a

1. igin a l a n d R e e a e a e s
Or c t iv P p
r on
P o p ul a S ci e n t i fic r r

s ubj e c t s b y w e ll known w i t s-
r er .

2 .Ar t i cl e s on t he D i s t ibu t i on of A ni m a lr d Pl a n t Life in t he an

B ri t i s h I s l a n d s .

3 M onog ra p h s on g ou p s g e n e a ll y looke d o v e b y t h e F i e l d
. r r r

N a t u a l i s t as t he B i t i h F
r ,
h w a t e Wo m s a n d Le e ch e s
r s re s -
r r

in Z oolog y a n d t he Li ch e n s a nd M o s se i n B o t a n y
,
s .

4 A ccoun t s of S ci e n t i fi c V o ya g e s a n d E x p e d i t ion s
. .

5 Bi og a p hic a l Li v e s of t he G e a t e s t S ci e n t i fi c M e n
. r r

6 . T he E d i t o s E a sy C h a i
“ ’
r — a M on t h l y C h i t ch a t on t h e
r -

m o s t i m p o t a n t S ci e n t ific Q u e s t ion s of t h e d y
r a .

7 R e p o t s of t he Le n e d S o c i e t i s
. r ar e .

8 G e n e ra l N o t e s a n d C o e s p on d e nc e
. rr .

9 .R e v i e w s of t h e l a t e s t Wo k s a d P a p e s r n r .

to. A n s w e r a n d Q u e ry C olu m n fo r Wo k e s r r .

The N a tw a lis t s M o n thly wil l b e i ss u e d on t he I s t o f e a ch

’

Mo n t h A nnu a l S ubsc r i p t i on 7 / po s t f r e e
.
, .

Lo d n on WALTE R S COT T , 24 Wa rwick La n e, Pa t e r n o ste r Ro w .

 N EW N O R T H C O UN T R Y M A G AZ I N E -
.

{t h e (mo n t hl y (t h r o n t cl c ,

O F NO R TH C O UN T R Y LO R E AN D L E G EN D
-
.

Cr o w n Q u a r /o , F o r t y E ight P ag es , P ri ce S ingoen ce
-
.

T H E M O N T H LY C H R O N I C L E ha s b e e n s t a b l i s h e d t o p re s e r v e e

the g re a t w e a l t h o f l e g e n d a n d s t o ry t h a t a b o u nds in t he

N o rt h o f E n g l a n d E v e ry n u m b e r c o n t a i ns a va ri e t y o f
.

a rt i cl e s o f g r e a t p o pul ar i n t e r e s t M o st o f t he a rt i cl e s .

a re i ll u s t ra t e d wit h e n gra v i n g s o f t he p e rs o ns o r sc e n e s

d e sc ri b e d .

O P I N I ON S OF T H E P R E S S .

A wo r d of l
w e co m e is d u e t o t h e M on thl y Chr on icl e of N or th - Cou n tr y
Lo r e a n d Legend , w hi ch p r o m is e s t o b e u se fu , an d is ce r t a inl y e ry
— A thenceu m
l v
che a p

l h
. .

The M on thly Chr on icle is a n a dm ir ab e s ixp e n n y b u dge t o f N o rt

l
Co u n t ry o r e a n d e ge n d
”
l
I t m e r it s, an d wi l d o u t l es s o bt ain , a n e t e nsi e
— Wa lcefi el d F r ee P r es s
. l x v
cir cu l a t io n

ll l l h
. .

“
I t is i u st r a t e d an d c e a r y p r int e d, a n d p r o m is es t o be a c o ice
l
r ep o sit o r y fo r t h e o r e o f N o rt hu m b r ia
”
— Leeds M er cu r y
pl di dl y g t v ll l y h p v
. .

“
It Is s en o up, m ar e o us c ea a nd int e r e st in g in e e ry
—B r it ish We ekly
,
a
p e
g

x ll t l y
. .

“
The m a ga in e , which is e ce en z a rr a n e , an d b e au t iq g d
y p rin t e d
ll
an d i u s t ra t e d , c o n t a in s a gr e a m ass o l
m a t e r r e a t in g t o m e n a n d t hin gs
t f t
o f t he p a s t I n N o r t h u m b ria u s e P b li h d
a t S x e n c e a m o n t h , it is t h e b e s t
i p
l l l v v
.

o ca p erio d ica w e h a e e e r s e en
”
—
D e r by a nd D er by shir e G az e t te
l
. .

F h or d t t f i p
e m M S t t gi
o es su m o th f ty
S x e n ce r co v es u s n o e ss an or
igh l l y p i t d q t p g f g d d p — K l M il
.

”
e t c o se r n e u ar o a es o oo so u n ro se. e so a

th d w wi h i
.

Th M hly Ch i l i
on t d f l i p yr on c e s a won er u S x e nn wo r an e s t
v
e ,

th i d
e s u cce s s W C b l d Ti
t e s er es
”
es t um er a n m es
ll
. .

It i i g
s an ti f t iq
amus n i p i ico ec on o an u ar a n s cr a s, r e m n sce n ce s ,
rhy m d k t h
es, an —M h t G
s d e c e s.
”
a nc es er ua r ian.

F ll f i
“
u ti g o di g t Ty id
nt e re s p i
n ll y
— Shi l d D ily
re a n , o ne s e rs e s ec a . e s a

P u blis hed f or the P r op r ie t o r s by Wa l ter S co t t, N ewcas t le a nd Lond on .

 T H E O C T O B E R V O LU M E O F

T HE C A NT E RBURY PO E T S

W I LL BE

Se l e ct e d fr o m En gl i s h and Am e r i ca n W ri t e rs

By J . G LEE S ON WH I T E .

CON T R I B UT I O N S BY

A US T I N D O B S O N AN D R E W LA N G

E . W . G O SS E j o H N P AY N E

W . E . H EN LEY A . C . S WI N B URN E

ET C .
,
ET C .

T hi s is t he fi rs t a t tem pt at a co ll ie ct o n o f t he En gl i h
s u se O f t h e se o ld

F re n c h m e tr ca i lf o rm s .

Lo d n on : WA LT E R S C OT T , 2 4 Wa rwi c k La n e , Pa t e r no st e r ROW .