SRM Valliammai Engineering College

An Autonomous Institution

SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur - 603203

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

EE8711 – Power system Simulation Laboratory Manual

LAB MANUAL
IV Year- VII Semester - Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Academic Year 2021-2022

(2017 Regulation)
Prepared by,
Mr.S.Rajan Babu/AP - (Sel.G)
Mr.V.Sudhagar/A.P- (Sr.G)
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
VII SEM - E.E.E.
EE 8711 - POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LABORATORY
S.NO NAME OF EXPERIMENTS

1. Computation of Transmission Line Parameters

2. Formation of Bus Admittance and Impedance Matrices and Solution

of Networks

3. Power Flow Analysis Using Gauss-Seidel Method

4. Power Flow Analysis Using Newton-Raphson Methods

5. Symmetric and unsymmetrical fault analysis

6. Transient stability analysis of SMIB System

7. Economic Dispatch in Power Systems

Load – Frequency Dynamics of Single- Area and Two-Area Power

8. Systems

9. State estimation: Weighted least square estimation

10. Electromagnetic Transients in Power Systems : Transmission Line

Energization

Page 2 of 155
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VII SEM – E.E.E.

EE 8711- POWER SYSTEM SIMULATION LABORATORY

CYCLE I

1. Computation of Transmission Line Parameters.

2. Formation of Bus Admittance and Impedance Matrices and Solution of Networks.

3. Power Flow Analysis Using Gauss-Seidel Method.

4. Power Flow Analysis Using Newton-Raphson Method.

5. Symmetric and unsymmetrical fault analysis.

CYCLE II

6. Transient and Small Signal Stability Analysis: Single-Machine Infinite Bus

System.

7. Economic Dispatch in Power Systems.

8. Load – Frequency Dynamics of Single- Area and Two-Area Power Systems.

9. State estimation: Weighted least square estimation.

10. Electromagnetic Transients in Power Systems : Transmission Line Energization.

Page 3 of 155
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTS

1. Load flow analysis of a given power system with STATCOM

2. Transient analysis of single machine infinite bus system with STATCOM

3. Transient Stability Analysis of Multi machine Power Systems

Page 4 of 155
EXP.NO:1 (A)
DATE:

COMPUTATION TRANSMISSION LINE OF PARAMETERS

AIM:

To determine the positive sequence line parameters L and C per phase per kilometer of a single
phase, three phase single and double circuit transmission lines for different conductor arrangements.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB

THEORY:

Transmission line has four parameters – resistance, inductance, capacitance and conductance.
The inductance and capacitance are due to the effect of magnetic and electric fields around the
conductor. The resistance of the conductor is best determined from the manufactures data, the
inductances and capacitances can be evaluated using the formula.

ARRANGEMENT INDUCTANCE CAPACITANCE

SINGLE PHASE SYSTEM Lc=2*10-7 ln(D/r’) Cc=2πξ0/ln(D/r)
r’=0.7788r. Cloop=Cc/2.
Lloop=2Lc
3PHASE SYMMETRICAL Lc=Lph=2*10-7 ln(D/r’) Cc=Cph=2πξ0/ln(D/r)
SYSTEM
3PHASE Lc=Lph=2*10-7 ln(Deq/r’) Cc=Cph=2πξ0/ln(Deq/r)
(1/3)
UNSYMMETRICAL Deq=(DAB*DBC*DCA)
TRANSPOSED SYSTEM
3PHASE La=2*10-7[ln√(Dab*Dca)/r’
UNSYMMETRICAL +j√3*ln√(Dab/Dca)
------------
UNTRANSPOSED Lb=2*10-7[ln√(Dbc*Dab)/r’
SYSTEM +j√3*ln√(Dbc/Dab)
Lc=2*10-7[ln√(Dca*Dbc)/r’
+j√3*ln√(Dca/Dbc)

Page 5 of 155
3PHASE SYMMETRICAL Lc=2*10-7 ln(√3D/2r’) Cc=2πξ0/ln(√3D/2r)
DOUBLECIRCUIT Lph=Lc/2 Cph=Cc*2.
SYSTEM
3PHASE Lc=2*10-7 ln[2(1/3)(D/r’)(m/n)(2/3)] Cc=2πξ0/ln(2(1/3)(D/r)(m/n)(2/3)]
UNSYMMETRICAL Lph=Lc/2 Cph=Cc*2.
TRANSPOSED SYSTEM
WITH VERTICAL
PROFILE
3PHASE Lc=2*10-7 ln(Dm/Ds) Cc=2πξ0/ln[i2m2jh/r3n3d](1/3)
UNSYMMETRICAL Lph=Lc/2 Cph=Cc*2.
TRANSPOSED DOUBLE
CIRCUIT
3PHASE LINE WITH Lc=2*10-7 ln(Dm/Ds)
BUNDELED Lph=Lc/2
(1/3) --------
CONDUCTORS Dm=(DAB*DBC*DCA)
(1/3)
Ds=( DSA*DSB*DSC)

PROCEDURE:

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File

3. Type and save the program in the editor window.

4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.

5. View the results.

Page 6 of 155
1. (a) Calculate the loop inductance and capacitance of a 1 phase line with two parallel
conductors spaced 3.5m apart. The diameter of each conductor is 1.5 cm.

Manual Calculation:

1(a) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF SINGLE PHASE LINE

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 1 PHASE LINE');
d=input('Enter diameter in
cm:'); r=d/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
D=input('Enter distance between conductors in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=4*10^(-7)*log(D/r1);
C=(pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log(D/rad));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in F/m):');
disp(C);

OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 1 PHASE LINE

Enter diameter in cm: 1.5

Enter distance between conductors in m: 3.5

INDUCTANCE (in H/m): 2.5582e-006

CAPACITANCE (in F/m): 4.5261e-012

Page 7 of 155
 1. (b) Calculate the inductance and capacitance of a conductor of a 3 phase system shown
which has 1.2 cm diameter and conductors at the edge of an equilateral triangle of side 1.5m.

Manual Calculation:

1b) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF THREE PHASE

SYMMETRIC LINE

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE SYMMETRIC
LINE');
d=input('Enter diameter in
cm:'); r=d/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
D=input('Enter distance between conductors in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=2*10^(-7)*log(D/r1);
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log(D/rad));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in
F/m):');
disp(C);
OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE SYMMETRIC LINE

Enter diameter in cm: 1.2

Enter distance between conductors in m:

1.5 INDUCTANCE (in H/m): 1.1543e-006

CAPACITANCE (in F/m): 1.0075e-011

Page 8 of 155
1. (c) Calculate the inductance, capacitance and reactance of 3 phase 50 Hz overhead transmission line
which has conductors of 2.5cm diameter. Distance between conductors are
5m between A &
B 4m between B &
C 3m between C &
A
Assume conductors are transposed regularly

Manual Calculation:

1c) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF THREE PHASE

UNSYMMETRIC TRANSPOSED LINE

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE
UNSYMMETRIC LINE - TRANSPOSED');
d=input('Enter diameter in
cm:'); r=d/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
Dab=input('Enter distance between conductors A & B in m:');
Dbc=input('Enter distance between conductors B & C in m:');
Dca=input('Enter distance between conductors C & A in m:');
f=input('Enter Frequency');
Deq=(Dab*Dbc*Dca)^(1/3);
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=2*10^(-7)*log(Deq/r1);
C=(2*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log(Deq/rad));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in
F/m):');
disp(C);
XL=2*pi*f*L;
XC=1/(2*pi*f*C);
disp('INDUCTIVER REACTANCE(in ohm/m):');

Page 9 of 155
disp(XL);
disp('CAPACITIVE REACTANCE(in ohm/m):');
disp(XC);
OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE UNSYMMETRIC LINE

- TRANSPOSED

Enter diameter in cm: 2.5

Enter distance between conductors A & B in m:

5 Enter distance between conductors B & C in

m: 4 Enter distance between conductors C & A

in m: 3 Enter Frequency50

INDUCTANCE (in H/m):

1.1994e-006

CAPACITANCE (in F/m):

9.6804e-012

INDUCTIVER REACTANCE (in

ohm/m): 3.7679e-004

CAPACITIVE REACTANCE (in ohm/m):

3.2882e+008

Page 10 of 155
1. (d) Calculate the inductance and capacitance per phase of a 3 phase transmission line as shown in
figure. Radius of conductor is 0.5 cm. Lines are untransposed.

Manual Calculation:

1d) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF THREE PHASE

UNSYMMETRIC UNTRANSPOSED LINE

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE UNSYMMETRIC LINE -
UNTRANSPOSED');
r=input('Enter radius in
cm:'); rad=r*10^(-2);
Dab=input('Enter distance between conductors A & B in m:');
Dbc=input('Enter distance between conductors B & C in m:');
Dca=input('Enter distance between conductors C & A in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788;
La=2*10^(-7)*(log(1/r1)+log((Dab*Dca)^(1/2))+(3)^(1/2)*j*log((Dab/Dca)^(1/2)));
Lb=2*10^(-7)*(log(1/r1)+log((Dbc*Dab)^(1/2))+(3)^(1/2)*j*log((Dbc/Dab)^(1/2)));
Lc=2*10^(-7)*(log(1/r1)+log((Dca*Dbc)^(1/2))+(3)^(1/2)*j*log((Dca/Dbc)^(1/2)));

disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(La);
disp(Lb);
disp(Lc);

Page 11 of 155
OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE UNSYMMETRIC LINE - UNTRANSPOSED

Enter radius in cm: 0.5

Enter distance between conductors A & B in m:

3.5 Enter distance between conductors B & C in

m: 3.5 Enter distance between conductors C & A

in m: 7 INDUCTANCE (in H/m):

1.4295e-006 -1.2006e-007i
1.3602e-006
1.4295e-006 +1.2006e-007i

Page 12 of 155
1 (e) Calculate the inductance and capacitance of a 3 phase double circuit line as in the figure if the
conductors are spaced 2m apart at the vertices of a hexagon and diameter of conductors is 2cm.

Manual Calculation:

1e) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF THREE PHASE

SYMMETRIC DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE
CIRCUIT - SYMMETRIC');
d=input('Enter diameter in
cm:'); r=d/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
D=input('Enter distance between conductors(side of hexagon) in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=10^(-7)*log((3)^(1/2)*D/(2*r1));
C=(4*pi*8.854*10^(-12))/(log((3)^(1/2)*D/(2*rad)));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in
F/m):');
disp(C);
OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE CIRCUIT –

SYMMETRIC
Enter diameter in cm: 2
Enter distance between conductors (side of hexagon) in m: 2
INDUCTANCE (in H/m): 5.4045e-007
CAPACITANCE (in F/m): 2.1586e-011

Page 13 of 155
1 (f) Calculate the inductance and capacitance per phase of a 3phase double circuit as shown in the
figure. Diameter of each conductor is 1.5cm.

Manual Calculation:

1f) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF THREE PHASE

UNSYMMETRIC, TRANSPOSED DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE WITH VERTICAL PROFILE

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE
CIRCUIT - UNSYMMETRIC & TRANSPOSED');
epsilon=8.854*10^(-12);
dia=input('Enter diameter in cm:');
r=dia/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
h=input('Enter distance h in m:');
D=input('Enter distance D in m:');
m=((D)^2+(h)^2)^(1/2);
n=((2*D)^2+(h)^2)^(1/2);
r1=rad*0.7788;
L=2*10^(-7)*log((2)^(1/6)*(D/r1)^(1/2)*(m/n)^(1/3));
C=4*pi*epsilon/(log(nthroot(2,3)*(D/rad)*(nthroot((m/n),(2/3)))));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in
F/m):');
disp(C);

Page 14 of 155
OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE CIRCUIT -

UNSYMMETRIC & TRANSPOSED

Enter diameter in cm: 1.5

Enter distance h in m: 6

Enter distance D in m: 2.5

INDUCTANCE (in H/m):

6.1678e-007

CAPACITANCE (in

F/m): 1.9301e-011

Page 15 of 155
1 (g) Calculate inductance and capacitance per phase of a 3 phase double circuit as shown in the figure.
Diameter of each conductor is 2cm. Line is transposed.

Manual Calculation:

1g) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF THREE PHASE

UNSYMMETRIC, TRANSPOSED DOUBLE CIRCUIT LINE WITHOUT VERTICAL
PROFILE

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE
CIRCUIT –
UNSYMMETRIC & NON VERTICAL');
epsilon=8.854*10^(-12);
dia=input('Enter diameter in cm:');
r=dia/2;
rad=r*10^(-2);
h=input('Enter distance h in m:');
D=input('Enter distance D in m:');
offset=input('Enter offset distance in m:');
d=h+2*offset;

Page 16 of 155
i=((offset)^2+(D)^2)^(1/2);
f=((h)^2+(2*D)^2)^(1/2);
g=((h+offset)^2+(D)^2)^(1/2);
j=D*2;
r1=rad*0.7788;
Dm=nthroot((i*i*g*g*h*h*j*j*i*i*g*g),12);
Ds=nthroot((r1*r1*f*f*r1*r1*d*d*r1*r1*f*f),12);
L=2*10^(-7)*log(Dm/Ds);
C=4*pi*epsilon/((1/3)*(log(((i)^2*(g)^2*j*h)/((rad^3)*(f^2)*d))));
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACITANCE(in
F/m):');
disp(C);

OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE OF 3 PHASE DOUBLE CIRCUIT –

UNSYMMETRIC & NON VERTICAL

Enter diameter in cm: 2

Enter distance h in m: 6

Enter distance D in m: 3.5

Enter offset distance in m: 1

INDUCTANCE (in H/m):

6.1600e-007

CAPACITANCE (in

F/m): 1.8826e-011

Page 17 of 155
1 (h) A 300 KV, 3 phase bundled conductor with sub conductors per phase has a horizontal configuration
as in the figure. Find inductance per phase and capacitance if the radius of each subconductor is 1.2cm.

Manual Calculation:

1h) CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF THREE PHASE LINE WITH BUNDLED

CONDUCTORS

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE BUNDLED CONDUCTORS');
epsilon=8.854*10^(-12);
r=input('Enter radius in
cm:'); rad=r*10^(-2);
h=input('Enter distance between conductors in m:');
D=input('Enter distance between two phases in m:');
r1=rad*0.7788;
Dm=nthroot((D*(D+h)*D*(D-h)*D*(D+h)*D*(D-h)*(2*D)*((2*D)+h)*((2*D)-h)*2*D),12);
Ds=nthroot((r1*r1*h*h*r1*r1*h*h*r1*r1*h*h),12);
L=2*10^(-7)*log(Dm/Ds);
disp('INDUCTANCE(in H/m):');
disp(L);
OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE OF 3 PHASE BUNDLED CONDUCTORS

Enter radius in cm: 1.2

Enter distance between conductors in m: 4

Enter distance between two phases in m: 10 INDUCTANCE (in H/m): 8.2889e-007

Page 18 of 155
 1(i) A three-phase transposed line composed of one ACSR, 1,43,000 cmil, 47/7 Bobolink
conductor per phase with flat horizontal spacing of 11m between phases a and b and between
phases b and c. The conductors have a diameter of 3.625 cm and a GMR of 1.439 cm. The line
is to be replaced by a three-conductor bundle of ACSR 477,000-cmil, 26/7 Hawk conductors
having the same cross sectional area of aluminum as the single-conductor line. The conductors
have a diameter of 2.1793 cm and a GMR of 0.8839 cm. The new line will also have a flat
horizontal configuration, but it is to be operated at a higher voltage and therefore the phase
spacing is increased to 14m as measured from the center of the bundles. The spacing between
the conductors in the bundle is 45 cm.
Determine the inductance and capacitance per phase per kilometer of the above two lines.
Manual Calculation:

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear
all;
disp('CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE');
D=input('Enter the diameter');
Dab=input('Dab=');
Dbc=input('Dbc=');
Dca=input('Dca=');
d=input('Enter the spacing');
r=d/2;
GMD=[Dab*Dbc*Dca]^(1/3);
disp(GMD);
GMR=(D*d^3)^(1/4);
GMR1=1.09*GMR;
disp(GMR1);
C=0.0556/log(GMD/GMR);
L=0.2*log(GMD/GMR);
disp('INDUCTANCE VALUE IN HENRY');
disp(L);
disp('CAPACILANCE VALUE IN FARAD');
disp(C);

OUTPUT:

CALCULATION OF INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE

Enter the diameter.03625
Dab=11
Dbc=11
Dca=22
Enter the
spacing0.045
13.8591
0.0465

INDUCTANCE VALUE IN HENRY 1.1568 CAPACILANCE VALUE IN FARAD 0.0096

Page 19 of 155
EXP.NO:1 (B)
DATE:

MODELLING OF TRANSMISSION LINES

AIM:

To understand modeling and performance of short, medium and long transmission lines.

SOFTWARE REQUIRED: MATLAB

FORM ULAE:

Vs=AVR+BIR

Is=CVR+DIR

TYPE METHOD ABCD PARAMETERS

Short ------------------- A=D=1; B=Z; C=0.
Medium Nominal T Method A=D=1+YZ/2;
B=Z(1+YZ/4);
C=Y;
Nominal π Method A=D=1+YZ/2;
B=Z;
C=Y(1+YZ/4);
Long Rigorous Method A=D=cos h(γℓ);
B=Zc sin h(γℓ);
C=1/Zc sin h(γℓ);
γ=√(ZY);
Zc=√(Z/Y);
Equivalent π Method A=D=1+YZ/2;
B=Z;
C=Y(1+YZ/A);
Z=Z sin h(γℓ)/ γℓ;
Y=Y tan h(γℓ/2)/ (γℓ/2);
γ=√(ZY);
Zc=√(Z/Y);
Equivalent T Method A=D=1+YZ/2;
B=Z;
C=Y(1+YZ/A);
Z=Z tan h(γℓ/2)/ (γℓ/2);
Y=Y sin h(γℓ)/ γℓ;
γ=√(ZY);
Zc=√(Z/Y);

Page 20 of 155
PROCEDURE:

1. Enter the command window of the MATLAB.

2. Create a new M – file by selecting File - New – M – File

3. Type and save the program in the editor window.

4. Execute the program by either pressing Tools – Run.

5. View the results.

Page 21 of 155
 1. An overhead 3 phase transmission line delivers 4000KW at 11 KV at 0.8 pf lagging. The
resistance and reactance of each conductor are 1.5Ω and 4Ω per phase. Determine the
line performance.
Manual Calculation:

SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
R=input('Resistance :');
XL=input('Inductive Reactance :');
XC=input('Capacitive Reactance :');
G=input('Conductance :');
length=input('Length of Transmission Line :');
f=input('Frequency :');
Z1= (R+j*XL)*length;
Y1= (G+j*XC)*length;
A = 1;
B = Z1;
C = 0;
D =1;
TM = [ A B; C D ];
VRL=input('ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE :');
VRP=VRL/(sqrt(3));
PR = input('ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW :');
Pf=input('ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR :');
h=acos(Pf);
SR=PR/Pf;
SR=SR*(cos(h)+j*sin(h));
QR=imag(SR);
IR=conj(SR)/(3*conj(VRP));
SM=TM*[VRP;IR];
VS=SM(1,1);
IS=SM(2,1);
Pfs=cos(angle(VS)-angle(IS));
SS=3*VS*conj(IS);
VSA=angle(VS)*(180/pi);
ISA=angle(IS)*(180/pi);
VS=sqrt(3)*abs(VS);
IS=abs(IS)*1000;
VREG=((VS/(abs(TM(1,1)))-VRL)/VRL)*100;
PS=real(SS);
QS=imag(SS);
eff=PR/PS*100;
PL=PS-PR;

Page 22 of 155
QL=QS-QR;
Z1
Y1
TM
fprintf('SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE %g at %g degrees \
n',VS,VSA); fprintf('SENDING END LINE CURRENT %g at %g
degrees \n',IS,ISA); fprintf('SENDING END POWER FACTOR %g\n',Pfs);
fprintf('SENDING END REAL POWER %g\n',PS);
fprintf('SENDING END REACTIVE POWER %g\n',QS);
fprintf('PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION %g\n',VREG);
fprintf('REAL POWER LOSS %g\n',PL);
fprintf('REACTIVE POWER LOSS %g\
n',QL);
fprintf('EFFICIENCY %G', eff);

OUTPUT:
Resistance : 1.5
Inductive Reactance :4
Capacitive Reactance :0
Conductance :0
Length of Transmission Line :1
Frequency : 50
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE 11
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW 4
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR : 0.8

Z1 =
1.5000 + 4.0000i

Y1 =
0
TM =

1.0000 1.5000 + 4.0000i

0 1.0000

SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE 12.6795 at 4.72953 degrees

SENDING END LINE CURRENT 262.432 at -36.8699
degrees SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.747805
SENDING END REAL POWER 4.30992
SENDING END REACTIVE POWER
3.82645
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION
15.2685 REAL POWER LOSS 0.309917
REACTIVE POWER LOSS 0.826446
EFFICIENCY 92.8092

Page 23 of 155
 2. A balanced 3 phase load of 30 MW is supplied at 132KV, 50Hz and 0.85 pf lag by means
of a line. The series impedance is 20+j52Ω and total admittance is 315*10-6Ʊ .Using
Normal T method determine A,B,C,D parameters and regulation.
Manual Calculation:

MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
R=input('Resistance :');
XL=input('Inductive Reactance :');
XC=input('Capacitive Reactance :');
G=input('Conductance :');
length=input('Length of Transmission Line :');
f=input('Frequency :');
Z1= (R+j*XL)*length;
Y1= (G+j*XC)*length;
m=menu('ENTER THE TYPE OF NETWORK','NOMINAL T', 'NOMINAL PI');
switch m
case {1}
A = 1+(Z1*Y1/2);
B=Z1*(1+(Z1*Y1/4));
C=Y1;
D=A;
otherwise
A = 1+(Z1*Y1/2);
B=Z1; C=Y1*(1+
(Z1*Y1/4)); D=A;
end
TM = [ A B; C D ];
VRL=input('ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE :');
VRP=VRL/(sqrt(3));
PR = input('ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW :');
Pf=input('ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR :');
h=acos(Pf);
SR=PR/Pf;
SR=SR*(cos(h)+j*sin(h));
QR=imag(SR);
IR=conj(SR)/(3*conj(VRP));
SM=TM*[VRP;IR];
VS=SM(1,1);
IS=SM(2,1);
Pfs=cos(angle(VS)-angle(IS));
SS=3*VS*conj(IS);

Page 24 of 155
VSA=angle(VS)*(180/pi);
ISA=angle(IS)*(180/pi);
VS=sqrt(3)*abs(VS);
IS=abs(IS)*1000;
VREG=((VS/(abs(TM(1,1)))-VRL)/VRL)*100;
PS=real(SS);
QS=imag(SS);
eff=PR/PS*100;
PL=PS-PR;
QL=QS-QR;
Z1
Y1
TM
fprintf('SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE %g at %g degrees \
n',VS,VSA); fprintf('SENDING END LINE CURRENT %g at %g
degrees \n',IS,ISA); fprintf('SENDING END POWER FACTOR %g\
n',Pfs);
fprintf('SENDING END REAL POWER %g\n',PS);
fprintf('SENDING END REACTIVE POWER %g\n',QS);
fprintf('PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION %g\n',VREG);
fprintf('REAL POWER LOSS %g\n',PL);
fprintf('REACTIVE POWER LOSS %g\
n',QL);
fprintf('EFFICIENCY %G', eff);

Page 25 of 155
NOMINAL T
OUTPUT:

Resistance : 20
Inductive Reactance : 52
Capacitive Reactance : 315*10^(-6)
Conductance :0
Length of Transmission Line :1
Frequency : 50
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE 132
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW 30
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR : 0.85
Z1 =
20.0000 +52.0000i
Y1 =
0 +3.1500e-004i
TM =
0.9918 + 0.0031i 19.8362 +51.8186i
0 + 0.0003i 0.9918 + 0.0031i
SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE 143.035 at 3.76761 degrees
SENDING END LINE CURRENT 142.007 at -23.3284 degrees
SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.890244
SENDING END REAL POWER 31.3199
SENDING END REACTIVE POWER
16.0245
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION
9.25407 REAL POWER LOSS 1.31989
REACTIVE POWER LOSS -2.56785
EFFICIENCY 95.7858

Page 26 of 155
 3. A 50Hz, 3 phase, 100 km transmission line has total impedance of 35Ω, reactance
0f 140Ω and shunt admittance of 930*10-6 Ʊ . It delivers 40 MW at 220KV, 0.9 pf lag
.Using nominal π determine A,B ,C,D Vs, VSA,ISA , pf, Ps Qs,η.

Manual Calculation:

NOMINAL PI

OUTPUT:
Resistance : 20
Inductive Reactance : 52
Capacitive Reactance : 315*10^(-6)
Conductance :0
Length of Transmission Line :1
Frequency : 50
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE 132
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW 30
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR : 0 .85

Z1 =
20.0000 +52.0000i
Y1 =
0 +3.1500e-004i
TM =

0.9918 + 0.0031i 20.0000 +52.0000i

-0.0000 + 0.0003i 0.9918 + 0.0031i

SENDING END LINE VOLTAGE 143.099 at 3.77321 degrees

SENDING END LINE CURRENT 142.011 at -23.3709
degrees SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.889862
SENDING END REAL POWER 31.3214
SENDING END REACTIVE POWER
16.0584
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION
9.30284 REAL POWER LOSS 1.32135
REACTIVE POWER LOSS -2.53394
EFFICIENCY 95.7813

Page 27 of 155
 1. A 3 phase 50 Hz,240KV line is 200m long. The line parameters are R=0.017Ω/ph/km;
L=0.94mH/ph/km; C=0.0111µ F/ph/km.Calculate l i n e performance when load is 500MW, 0.9
pf lag at 220KV.
Manual Calculation:

LONG TRANSMISSION LINE (ABCD CONSTANTS)

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
R=input('Resistance :');
L=input('Inductance :');
C=input('Capacitance :');
G=input('Conductance :');
length=input('Length of Transmission Line :');
f=input('frequency');
z= R+j*(2*pi*f*L*0.001);
y= G+j*(2*pi*f*C*0.000001);
gm=sqrt(z*y);
zc=sqrt(z/y);
m=menu('ENTER THE TYPE OF NETWORK','Equivalent PI', 'Equivalent T');
switch m
case {1}
Z1 = z*sinh(gm*length)/(gm*length);
Y1 = y*tanh(gm*length/2)/(gm*length/2);
otherwise
Y1= y*sinh(gm*length)/(gm*length);
Z1 = z*tanh(gm*length/2)/(gm*length/2);
end
A = 1+(Z1*Y1/2);
B=Z1; C=Y1*(1+
(Z1*Y1/4)); D=A;
TM = [ A B; C D ]; Z=B;
Y=(2*tanh(gm*length/2))/zc;
VRL=input('ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE :');
VRP=VRL/(sqrt(3));
PR = input('ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW :');
Pf=input('ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR :');
h=acos(Pf);
SR=PR/Pf;
SR=SR*(cos(h)+j*sin(h));
QR=imag(SR);

Page 28 of 155
IR=conj(SR)/(3*conj(VRP));
SM=TM*[VRP;IR];
VS=SM(1,1);
IS=SM(2,1);
Pfs=cos(angle(VS)-angle(IS));
SS=3*VS*conj(IS);
VSA=angle(VS)*(180/pi);
ISA=angle(IS)*(180/pi);
VS=sqrt(3)*abs(VS);
IS=abs(IS)*1000;
VREG=((VS/(abs(TM(1,1)))-VRL)/VRL)*100;
PS=real(SS);
QS=imag(SS);
eff=PR/PS*100;
PL=PS-PR;
QL=QS-QR;
z
y
zc
Z
Y
TM
fprintf('SENDING END VOLTAGE %g at %g degrees \n',VS,VSA);
fprintf('SENDING END CURRENT %g at %g degrees \n',IS,ISA);
fprintf('SENDING END POWER FACTOR %g\n',Pfs);
fprintf('SENDING END REAL POWER %g\n',PS);
fprintf('SENDING END REACTIVE POWER %g\n',QS);
fprintf('PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION %g\n',VREG);
fprintf('REAL POWER LOSS %g\n',PL);
fprintf('REACTIVE POWER LOSS %g\
n',QL);
fprintf('EFFICIENCY %G', eff);

Page 29 of 155
OUTPUT:

EQUIVALENT PI METHOD
Resistance : 0.0170
Inductance : 0.94
Capacitance : 0.0111
Conductance 0
Length of Transmission Line 200
frequency50
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE 220
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW 500
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR : 0.9

z=
0.0170 + 0.2953i
y=
0 +3.4872e-006i
zc =
2.9113e+002 -8.3727e+000i
Z=
0.0168 +
0.2933i Y =
1.3896e-007 +6.9984e-004i
TM =

1.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0168 + 0.2933i

0.0000 + 0.0000i 1.0000 + 0.0000i

SENDING END VOLTAGE 220.362 at 0.168518 degrees

SENDING END CURRENT 1457.76 at -25.8262 degrees
SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.898834
SENDING END REAL POWER 500.107
SENDING END REACTIVE POWER
243.861
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION
0.164499 REAL POWER LOSS 0.106943
REACTIVE POWER LOSS 1.70041
EFFICIENCY 99.9786

Page 30 of 155
EQUIVALENT T METHOD

Resistance : 0.0170
Inductance : 0.94
Capacitance : 0.0111
Conductance 0
Length of Transmission Line 200
frequency50
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE 220
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW 500
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR : 0.9

z=
0.0170 + 0.2953i
y=
0 +3.4872e-006i
zc =
2.9113e+002 -8.3727e+000i
Z=
0.0171 +
0.2963i Y =
1.3896e-007 +6.9984e-004i
TM =

1.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0171 + 0.2963i

-0.0000 + 0.0000i 1.0000 + 0.0000i

SENDING END VOLTAGE 220.366 at 0.170206 degrees

SENDING END CURRENT 1457.76 at -25.8264 degrees
SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.89882
SENDING END REAL POWER 500.109
SENDING END REACTIVE POWER
243.883
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION
0.166386 REAL POWER LOSS 0.109075
REACTIVE POWER LOSS 1.72148
EFFICIENCY 99.9782

Page 31 of 155
 5. The following data refers to a 3 phase overhead transmission line. The voltage is 220KV.
Total series impedance /ph=200∟30’. Total shunt
admittance/ph= 0.0013∟90’Ʊ . Load delivers is 100MW at 0.8pf lag. Using rigorous
method determine line performance.
Manual Calculation:

LONG TRANSMISSION LINE (RIGOROUS METHOD)

PROGRAM:

clc;
clear all;
R=input('Resistance :');
XL=input('Inductive Reactance :');
XC=input('Capacitive Reactance :');
G=input('Conductance :');
length=input('Length of Transmission Line :');
f=input('Frequency :');
z= (R+j*XL); y=
(G+j*XC); gm=sqrt(z*y);
zc=sqrt(z/y);
A=cosh(gm*length);
B=zc*sinh(gm*length);
C=1/zc *sinh(gm*length);
D=A;
TM=[A B;C D]; Z=B;
Y=2/zc*tanh(gm*length/2);
VRL=input('ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE :');
VRP=VRL/(sqrt(3));
PR = input('ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW :');
Pf=input('ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR :');
h=acos(Pf);
SR=PR/Pf;
SR=SR*(cos(h)+j*sin(h));
QR=imag(SR);
IR=conj(SR)/(3*conj(VRP));
SM=TM*[VRP;IR];
VS=SM(1,1);
IS=SM(2,1);
Pfs=cos(angle(VS)-angle(IS));
SS=3*VS*conj(IS);
VSA=angle(VS)*(180/pi);
ISA=angle(IS)*(180/pi);
VS=sqrt(3)*abs(VS);
IS=abs(IS)*1000;
VREG=((VS/(abs(TM(1,1)))-VRL)/VRL)*100;
PS=real(SS);
QS=imag(SS);
eff=PR/PS*100;
PL=PS-PR;

Page 32 of 155
QL=QS-QR;
z
y
zc
Z
Y
TM
fprintf('SENDING END VOLTAGE %g at %g degrees \n',VS,VSA);
fprintf('SENDING END CURRENT %g at %g degrees \n',IS,ISA);
fprintf('SENDING END POWER FACTOR %g\n',Pfs);
fprintf('SENDING END REAL POWER %g\n',PS);
fprintf('SENDING END REACTIVE POWER %g\n',QS);
fprintf('PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION %g\n',VREG);
fprintf('REAL POWER LOSS %g\n',PL);
fprintf('REACTIVE POWER LOSS %g\
n',QL);
fprintf('EFFICIENCY %G', eff);

Page 33 of 155
OUTPUT:

Resistance 35
Inductive Reactance 197
Capacitive Reactance : 0.0013
Conductance 0
Length of Transmission Line 1
Frequency 50
ENTER RECEIVEING END VOLTAGE 220
ENTER RECEIVING END LOAD IN MW 100
ENTER THE RECEIVING END LOAD POWER FACTOR : 0.8
z=
3.5000e+001 +1.9700e+002i
y=
0 + 0.0013i
zc =
3.9080e+002 -3.4446e+001i
Z=
3.2069e+001 +1.8895e+002i
Y=
0.0000 +
0.0013i TM =
1.0e+002 *
0.0087 + 0.0002i 0.3207 + 1.8895i
-0.0000 + 0.0000i 0.0087 + 0.0002i
SENDING END VOLTAGE 282.874 at 16.3752 degrees
SENDING END CURRENT 232.732 at -2.03335 degrees
SENDING END POWER FACTOR 0.948829
SENDING END REAL POWER 108.192
SENDING END REACTIVE POWER
36.0088
PERCENTAGE VOLTAGE REGULATION
46.9731 REAL POWER LOSS 8.19239
REACTIVE POWER LOSS -38.9912
EFFICIENCY 92.4279

RESULT:

Thus the line modeling of different types of transmission lines was done.

Page 34 of 155
EXP NO: 2

(a) DATE:

FORMATION OF BUS ADMITTANCE AND IMPEDANCE MATRICES AND

SOLUTION OF NETWORKS
AIM:

To develop a program to obtain Ybus matrix for the given networks by the method of inspection.

FORMATION OF Y-BUS MATRIX

Generalized [Y-Bus] Yii Yij 

=


 Yji Yjj 

Each admittance Yii (i =1,2,……n) is called the self admittance or driving point admittance of
bus I and equals the sum of all admittances terminating on the particular bus.

Each off-diagonal term Yij (i,j = 1,2…n; ji) is the transfer admittance between buses I and j,
n=total number of buses. Further, Yij = Yji

SIMULATION

In this exercise matrix, Z-Bus for the system is developed by first forming the Y bus and then
inverting it to get the Z-Bus matrix. The generator and transformer impedances are taken into account.

Ybus is a sparse matrix, Z-Bus is a full matrix, i.e., zero elements of Ybus become non-zero
values in the corresponding Z-Bus elements. The bus impedance matrix is most useful for short circuit
studies.

ALGORITHM

Step (1): Initialize [Y-Bus] matrix that is replace all entries by zero.

Yij = Yij-yij = Yji = off diagonal element

y
n
Step (2): Compute Yii  ij = diagonal element.
j 1

Step (3) : Modify the Ybus matrix by adding the transformer and the generator admittances

Page 35 of 155
 to the respective diagonal elements of Y- bus matrix.

Step (4) : Compute the Z-Bus matrix by inverting the modified Ybus matrix.

START

Read no of buses(NB),No of
lines (NL) & line Data

Initialize Y Bus Matrix

Consider Line l=1

i = sb(l); j = eb(l)

Y(i,i) = Y(i,i) + yseries(l) +0.5 ysh(l)

Y(j,j) = Y(j,j) + yseries(l) +0.5 ysh(l)

l=l+1 Is

Modify the Ybus by adding generator and transformer admittances to the respective diagonal elements.

Print all the Results

Compute the Z-bus matrix by inverting modified

Ybus STOP

Page 36 of 155
 1. The [Y-Bus] matrix is formed by inspection method for a four bus system. The line data and is
given below.

LINE DATA

Line SB EB Series Impedance Line charging

Number (p.u) Admittance (p.u)
1 1 2 0.10 + j0.40 j0.015

2 2 3 0.15 + j0.60 j0.020

3 3 4 0.18 + j0.55 j0.018

4 4 1 0.10 + j0.35 j0.012

5 4 2 0.25 + j0.20 j0.030

Manual Calculation:

Page 37 of 155
 FORMATION OF Y-BUS BY THE METHOD OF INSPECTION

PROGRAM:
clc;
clear
all;
n=input('Enter number of buses');
l=input('Number of lines');
s=input('1.Impedance or 2:Admittance');
ybus=zeros(n,n);
lc=zeros(n,n);

for i=1:l
a=input('Starting bus:');
b=input('Ending bus:');
t=input('Admittance or Impedance of line:');
lca=input('Line charging admittance:');
if(s==1)
y(a,b)=1/t;
else
y(a,b)=t;
end
y(b,a)=y(a,b);
lc(a,b)=lca;
lc(b,a)=lc(a,b);
end

for i=1:n
for j=1:n
if i==j
for k=1:n
ybus(i,j)=ybus(i,j)+y(i,k)+lc(i,k)/2;
end
else
ybus(i,j)=-y(i,j);
end
ybus(j,i)=ybus(i,j);
end
end
ybus

Page 38 of 155
OUTPUT:

Enter number of buses4

Number of lines5

1. Impedance or 2:Admittance1

Starting bus: 1

Ending bus: 2

Admittance or Impedance of line:

0.1+0.4i Line charging admittance: 0.015i

Starting bus: 2

Ending bus: 3

Admittance or Impedance of line:

0.15+0.6i Line charging admittance: 0.02i

Starting bus: 3

Ending bus: 4

Admittance or Impedance of line:

0.18+0.55i Line charging admittance: 0.018i

Starting bus: 4

Ending bus: 1

Admittance or Impedance of line:

0.1+0.35i Line charging admittance: 0.012i

Starting bus: 4

Ending bus: 2

Admittance or Impedance of line:

0.25+0.2i Line charging admittance: 0.03i

Page 39 of 155
ybus =

1.3430 - 4.9810i -0.5882 + 2.3529i 0 -0.7547 + 2.6415i

-0.5882 + 2.3529i 3.4194 - 5.8403i -0.3922 + 1.5686i -2.4390 + 1.9512i

0 -0.3922 + 1.5686i 0.9296 - 3.1919i -0.5375 + 1.6423i

-0.7547 + 2.6415i -2.4390 + 1.9512i -0.5375 + 1.6423i 3.7312 - 6.2050i

RESULT:

Thus the program for the Ybus formation by the method of inspection was executed and
the output is verified with the manual calculation.

Page 40 of 155
EXP NO: 2

(b) DATE:

FORMATION OF BUS IMPEDANCE MATRICES

AIM:

To develop a program to obtain the Z bus matrix for the given network by the method of bus building
algorithm.

FORMATION OF Z-BUS MATRIX

Z-Bus matrix is an important matrix used in different kinds of power system studies such as
short circuit study, load flow study, etc.

In short circuit analysis, the generator and transformer impedances must be taken into account.
In contingency anal ysis, the shunt elements are neglected while forming the Z-Bus matrix, which is
used to compute the outage distribution factors.

This can be easil y obtained by inverting the Ybus formed by inspection method or by analytical
method.Taking inverse of the Ybus for large systems is time consuming; Moreover, modification in the
system requires the whole process to be repeated to reflect the changes in the system. In such cases, the
Z-Bus is computed by Z-Bus building algorithm.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start the program.

Step 2: Read the number of buses, starting bus and ending bus.

Step 3: Initialize the Z Bus matrix.

Step 4: Form the Z – Bus matrix as follows

Case 1:

When a new bus of impedance Zb is connected to reference bus Zbus,new = [ Zb ]

Page 41 of 155
Case 2: Adding new bus p to existing bus q

Zbus,new = Zorig Z1q

Z2q

..
Zq1 Zq2 …… Zqq+ Zb

Case 3: Adding impedance from an existing bus to reference bus.

Zjk,act = Zjk – Zj(n+1)* Z(n+1)k

Z(n+1)(n+1)

Case 4: Adding Zb between two existing buses h and q

Zbus,new = Zorig Z1h - Z1q

Z2h –

Z2q Zh1 – Zq1 Zh2 – Zq2 Z(n+1)

(n+1)

Case 5: Print the Z – bus matrix.

Page 42 of 155
Problem:

Find the bus impedance matrix for the given network

Page 43 of 155
 FORMATION OF Z BUS BY BUS BUILDING ALGORITHM
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
nbus=input('Enter the total no. of buses excluding reference bus');
zbus=zeros(nbus,nbus);
t=1;
while t==1
s=menu('Specify the case number','Connect a new bus to reference bus','connect an old bus to new
bus','Connect two old buses','Connect an old bus to reference bus','Quit');
switch(s);
case{1}
zb=input('Enter the Zbus value');
zbus=zb;
case{2}
n=input('Enter the 2nd bus no.:');
zb=input('Enter the reactance
value:'); for i=1:n
if i==n
zbus(n,n)=zbus(n-1,n-1)+zb;
else
zbus(i,n)=zbus(i,n-1);
zbus(n,i)=zbus(n-1,i);
end
end
case{3}
l=input('Enter the existing bus number 1:');
n=input('Enter the existing bus number 2:');
zb=input('Enter the reactance value:');
n=n+1;
for i=1:n
if i==n
zbus(n,n)=zbus(l,l)+zb+zbus(n-1,n-1)-(2*zbus(1,n-1));
zbus(n,n);
else
zbus(i,n)=zbus(l,i)-zbus(i,n-1);
zbus(i,n);
zbus(n,i)=zbus(i,n);
end
end
for i=1:nbus
for j=1:nbus
if i==j
zbus(i,j)=zbus(i,j)-(zbus(i,n)*zbus(n,j)/zbus(n,n));
zbus(j,i)=zbus(i,j);
zbus(i,j)=zbus(j,i);

Page 44 of 155
 else
zbus(i,j)=zbus(i,j)-(zbus(i,n)*zbus(n,j)/zbus(n,n));
end
end
end
zbus(i,n)=0;
zbus(n,i)=0;
case{4}
n=input('Enter the bus number:');
zb=input('Enter reactance value:');
n=n+1;
for i=1:n
if i==n
zbus(n,n)=zbus(n-1,n-1)+zb;
else
zbus(i,n)=zbus(i,n-1);
zbus(n,i)=zbus(n-1,i);
end
end
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
if i==j
zbus(i,j)=zbus(i,j)-(zbus(i,n)*zbus(n,j)/zbus(n,n));
zbus(j,i)=zbus(i,j);
zbus(i,j)=zbus(j,i);
else
zbus(i,j)=zbus(i,j)-(zbus(i,n)*zbus(n,j)/zbus(n,n));
end
end
end
case{5}
disp('End the program');
choice=menu('Would you like to print program or end program','print','end');
if choice==1
zbus
else
t=0;
end
end
end

Page 45 of 155
OUTPUT:

Enter the total no. of buses excluding reference bus3

Enter the Zbus value1i

Enter the 2nd bus no.:2

Enter the reactance value: .25i

Enter the bus number: 2

Enter reactance value: 1.25i

Enter the 2nd bus no.:3

Enter the reactance value: 0.05i

End the program

zbus =

0 + 0.6000i 0 + 0.5000i 0 + 0.5000i

0 + 0.5000i 0 + 0.6250i 0 + 0.6250i

0 + 0.5000i 0 + 0.6250i 0 + 0.6750i

End the program

RESULT:

Thus the program for the Z bus formation by the method of inspection was executed and
the output is verified with the manual calculation.

Page 46 of 155
EXP NO:

3 DATE:

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY GAUSS – SEIDAL

METHOD
AIM:

To carryout load flow analysis of the given power system by Gauss – Seidal
method.

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Assume a flat voltage profile of 1+j0 for all buses except the slack bus. The
voltage of slack bus is the specified voltage and it is not modified in any iteration.

Step 2: Assume a suitable value of  called convergence criterion. Here  is a specified change in bus
th th
voltage that is used to compare the actual change in bus voltage k and (k 1) iteration.
Step 3: Set iteration count, k=0 and assumed voltage profile of the buses is denoted as
1 2 3
n ,V ,V , .V. except slack bus.
V
0 0 0 0

Step 4: Set bus count, p=1

Step 5: Check for slack bus. If it is a slack bus then go to step-12,otherwise go to next step.

Step 6: Check for generator bus. If it is a generator bus go to next step, otherwise (i.e., if it is load bus)
go to step=9.

Step 7: Temporarily set k

k
V  V p spec and phase of as the kth iteration value if the bus-p is a
p p
generator bus where Vp is the specified magnitude of voltage for bus – p. Then calculate the
spec
reactive power of the generator bus using the following equation.

The calculated reactive power may be within specified limits or it may violate the limits.

If the calculated reactive power is within the specified limits then consider this bus as generator bus
Page 47 of 155
p,c
and set Qp k 1 for this iteration and go to step-8.
Q

Page 48 of 155
If the calculated reactive power violates the specified limit for reactive power then treat this bus as a
load bus.The magnitude of the reactive power at this bus will correspond to the limit it has violated.

k 1
i.e., if Q Q then Q p Q
p,cal p,min

k 1
(or) Qp,cal  Qp,min then Qp  Qp,max

k k
Since the bus is treated as load bus, take actual value of V for (k 1)th iteration.i.e. V Need not be
p p

replaced by Vp when the generator bus is treated as load bus. Go to step9.

spec

Step 8: For generator bus the magnitude of voltage does not change and so for all iteration the
magnitude of bus voltage is the specified value. The phase of the bus voltage can be as shown below.
 
p 1 n
P jQ
 p p
V k 1   k 1 k
pq Vq

1   YpqVq 
 Y
p,temp
Y pp 
V k q 1 q  p 1 

p 
1 I mV 
 k 1
k1
p  tan  p,temp

p,temp  
 Real 


Now that (k
iteration voltage of the generator bus is given by
1)th

V k 1  p  k 1
p spec
V p

k 1
After calculating V for generator buses, go to step -11.
p

Step 9: For the load bus the k 1

(k 1)th iteration value of load bus –p voltage, V p can be calculated
using the following

equation.

Ypp 
 k q 1 q  p 1
Page 49 of 155

 Vp

Page 50 of 155
 Step 10: An acceleration factor,  can be used for faster convergence. If the acceleration factor is
th
specified then modify the (k 1) iteration value of bus-p voltage using the following equation.

V kp,1acc V kp (V kp1 V k p)

1 k 1
Then set , V k =V
p p,acc

Step 11: Calculate the change in the bus-p voltage, using the relation,

V kp1  V pk 1 V pk

Step 12: Repeat the steps 5 to 11 until all the bus voltages have been calculated. For this increment the
bus count by1 and go to step-5, until the bus count is n.

Step 13: Find out the largest of the absolute value of the change in voltage.

1 1 k 1
i.e., Find the largest among V k , V k , ….., V n Let this be the largest change
1

Vmax .Check whether this largest change Vmax is less than the prescribed tolerance  .If Vmax

is less than  then move to the next step. Otherwise increment the iteration count and go to step-4.

Step 14: Calculate the line flows and slack bus power using the bus voltages.

Page 51 of 155
FLOW CHART

Page 52 of 155
PROBLEM:

The system data for a load flow solution are given below. Determine the voltages by Gauss –
Seidal method

Line admittances Bus Specifications

Manual Calculation:
Bus code Admittance Bus code P Q V Remarks
1–2 2 – j8 1 - - 1.06 Slack
1–3 1 – j4
2 0.5 0.2 - PQ
2–3 0.666 – j2.664
2–4 1 – j4 3 0.4 0.3 - PQ
3–4 2 – j8 4 0.3 0.1 - PQ

Page 53 of 155
PROGRAM
clc;
clear all;
n=input ('no of
buses'); l=input ('no of
lines');
s=input ('impedance 1 or admittance
2'); for i=1:l
a=input ('starting bus');
b=input ('ending bus');
t=input ('admittance or impedance
value'); if s==1
y(a,b)=1/t;
else
y(a,b)=t;
end
y(b,a)=y(a,b);
end
ybus=zeros(n,n);
for i=1:n
for j=1:n
if i==j
for k=1:n ybus(i,j)=ybus(i,j)
+y(i,k);
end
else
ybus(i,j)=-y(i,j);
end
ybus(j,i)=ybus(i,j);
end
end

ybus
p=zeros(1,n);
q=zeros(1,n);
v=zeros(1,n);
pv=input ('no of pv buses');
pq=input('no of pq buses');
s=input ('slack bus number');
v(s)=input ('slack bus
voltage'); acc=input
('accleration factor');

Page 54 of 155
for i=1:pv
b(i)=input('pv bus number');
p(b(i))=input('real power');
v(b(i))=input ('voltage value');
qmin(b(i))=input ('min value of q');
qmax(b(i))=input ('max value of
q');
end
for i=1:pq
c(i)=input('pq bus number');
p(c(i))=input('real power');
p(c(i))=-p(c(i));
q(c(i))=input ('reactive power');
q(c(i))=-q(c(i));
v(c(i))=1+0i;
end
e=v;
e
enew(s)=v(s);
it=0;
yy=zeros(1,n);
for ii=1:n
ypq(ii)=0;
if ii~=s
flag=0;
gen=0;
for j=1:pv
if ii==b(j)
flag=1;
end
end
if flag==1
for k=1:n
yy(ii)=yy(ii)+ybus(ii,k)*v(k);
end
qcal(ii)=-imag(conj(v(ii))*yy(ii));
if qcal(ii)<qmin(ii)
qcal(ii)=qmin(ii);
elseif qcal(ii)>qmax(ii)
qcal(ii)=qmax(ii);
else
qcal(ii)=qcal(ii);
gen=1;
end
else
qcal(ii)=q(ii);
end

Page 55 of 155
qcal(ii)=qcal(ii)*sqrt(-1);
for k=1:n
if k~=ii
ypq(ii)=ypq(ii)+ybus(ii,k)*e(k);
end
end
enew(ii)=(((p(ii)-qcal(ii))/conj(e(ii)))-ypq(ii))/ybus(ii,ii);
dele(ii)=enew(ii)-e(ii);
enew(ii)=e(ii)+acc*dele(ii);

if gen==1 ang=angle(enew(ii));
enew(ii)=v(ii)*cos(ang)+v(ii)*sin(ang)*sqrt(-1);
end
e(ii)=enew(ii);
end
end
disp('voltages');
enew

Page 56 of 155
OUTPUT:

no of buses4
no of lines5
impedance 1 or admittance
22 starting bus1
ending bus2
admittance or impedance value2-
8i starting bus1
ending bus3
admittance or impedance value1-
4i starting bus2
ending bus3
admittance or impedance value0.666-
2.664i starting bus2
ending bus4
admittance or impedance value1-
4i starting bus3
ending bus4
admittance or impedance value2-

8i ybus =

3.0000 -12.0000i -2.0000 + 8.0000i -1.0000 + 4.0000i 0

-2.0000 + 8.0000i 3.6660 -14.6640i -0.6660 + 2.6640i -1.0000 + 4.0000i
-1.0000 + 4.0000i -0.6660 + 2.6640i 3.6660 -14.6640i -2.0000 + 8.0000i
0 -1.0000 + 4.0000i -2.0000 + 8.0000i 3.0000 -12.0000i

no of pv buses0 no
of pq buses3 slack
bus number1
slack bus voltage1.06
accleration factor1
pq bus number2
real power0.5
reactive power0.2
pq bus number3
real power0.4
reactive power0.3
pq bus number4
real power0.3

Page 57 of 155
reactive power0.1

e=

1.0600 1.0000 1.0000 1.0000

voltages

enew =

1.0600 1.0119 - 0.0289i 0.9929 - 0.0261i 0.9855 - 0.0486i

RESULT:

Thus load flow analysis by Gauss – Seidal method was done for the given power system.

Page 58 of 155
EXP NO:

4 DATE:

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS BY NEWTON - RAPHSON METHOD

AIM:
To carryout load flow analysis of the given power system by Newton raphson method.

ALGORITHM:

Step-1: Assume a flat voltage profile 1 + j0 for all buses (nodes) except the slack bus. The voltage of
the slack bus is the specified voltage and it is not modified in any iteration.

Step-2: Assume a suitable value of ε called convergence criterion. Hence ε is a specified change in the
residue that is used to compare the critical residues (Δ P and Δ Q or Δ V) at the end of each iteration.
Step-3: Set iteration count k = 0, and assumed voltage profile of the buses are denoted as V10, V20
…Vn0 except slack bus.
Step-4: Set bus count p = 1.
Step-5: Check for slack bus. If it is a slack bus then go to Step 13, otherwise go to next step.

Step-6: Calculate the real and reactive power of bus-p using the following equation.

Step-7: Calculate the change in real power, change in real power, Δ Pk = Pp,spec – Ppk; where Pp,spec =
Specified real power for bus-p.
Step-8: Check for Generator bus. If it is a Generator bus go to next step, otherwise go to Step 12.
Step-9: Check for reactive power limit violation of Generator buses. For this compare the calculated
reactive power Qpk with specified limits. If the limit is violated go to Step 11, otherwise go to next
step.
Step-10: If the calculated reactive power is within the specified limits then consider this bus as
Generator bus. Now calculate the voltage residue (change in voltage) using the following equation.
| Δ Vpk|2 = |Vp|spec2 - |Vpk|2 where |Vp|spec = specified voltage.
Step-11: If the reactive power limit is violated then treat this bus as a load bus. Now the specified
reactive power for this bus will correspond to the limit violated.

Page 59 of 155
 i.e., if Qpk < Qp, min then Qp, spec = Qp, min
(Or) if Qpk > Qp, min then Qp, spec = Qp, max
Step-12: Calculate the change in reactive power for load bus (or for the Generator bus treated as load
bus). Change in reactive power, Δ Qpk = |Qp, spec| - Qpk
Step-13: Repeat steps 5 to12 until all residues (change in P and Q or V) are calculated. For this
increment the bus count by 1 and go to Step 5, until the bus count is n.
Step-14: Determine the largest of the absolute value of the residue (i.e., find the largest among Δ Pk,
Δ Qk or |Δ Vpk|2. Let this largest change be Δ E.
Step-15: Compare Δ E and ε. If Δ E < ε then to Step 20, If Δ E > ε go to next step.
Step-16: Determine the elements of Jacobian matrix (J) by partially differentiating the load flow
equations and evaluating the equation using Kth iteration values.
Step-17: Calculate the increments in real and reactive part of voltages.
Step-18: Calculate the new bus voltage.
Step-19: Advance the iteration count, i.e., k = k + 1 and go to Step 4.

Step-20: Calculate the line flows.

Page 60 of 155
PROBLEM:

Consider the 3 bus system each of the 3 line bus a series impedance of 0.02 + j0.08 p.u
and a total shunt admittance of j0.02 pu.The specified quantities at the buses are given
below : Find the voltages in each bus for the given system using Newton-Raphson Method
Bus Real load Reactive Load Real power Reactive Voltage
demand, demand, QD generation,PG Power Specified
PD Generation,
QG
1 2 1 - - V1=1.04
2 0 0 0.5 1 Unspecified
3 1.5 0.6 0 QG3 =  V3 = 1.04
Manual Calculation:

Page 61 of 155
PROGRAM:

clc;
basemva=100;
accuracy=0.001;
accel=1.8;
maxiter=100;
busdata=[1 1 1.04 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 0.5 1 0 0 0 0 0
3 2 1.04 0 0 0 1.5 0.6 0 0 0 ];
linedata=[ 1 2 0.02 0.08 0.01 1
1 3 0.02 0.08 0.01 1
2 3 0.02 0.08 0.01 1];
lfybus
lfnewton
busout
lineflow

lfybus

j=sqrt(-1); i = sqrt(-1);
nl = linedata(:,1); nr = linedata(:,2); R = linedata(:,3);
X = linedata(:,4); Bc = j*linedata(:,5); a = linedata(:, 6);
nbr=length(linedata(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
Z = R + j*X; y= ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch admittance
for n = 1:nbr
if a(n) <= 0 a(n) = 1; else end
Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus); % initialize Ybus to zero
% formation of the off diagonal elements
for k=1:nbr;
Ybus(nl(k),nr(k))=Ybus(nl(k),nr(k))-y(k)/a(k);
Ybus(nr(k),nl(k))=Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));

end
end
% formation of the diagonal elements
for n=1:nbus
for k=1:nbr
if nl(k)==n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n)+y(k)/(a(k)^2) + Bc(k);
elseif nr(k)==n
Ybus(n,n) = Ybus(n,n)+y(k)
+Bc(k); else, end
end
end
clear Pgg

Page 62 of 155
lfnewton

ns=0; ng=0; Vm=0; delta=0; yload=0; deltad=0;

nbus = length(busdata(:,1));
for k=1:nbus
n=busdata(k,1);
kb(n)=busdata(k,2); Vm(n)=busdata(k,3); delta(n)=busdata(k, 4);
Pd(n)=busdata(k,5); Qd(n)=busdata(k,6); Pg(n)=busdata(k,7); Qg(n) = busdata(k,8);
Qmin(n)=busdata(k, 9); Qmax(n)=busdata(k, 10);
Qsh(n)=busdata(k, 11);
if Vm(n) <= 0 Vm(n) = 1.0; V(n) = 1 + j*0;
else delta(n) = pi/180*delta(n);
V(n) = Vm(n)*(cos(delta(n)) + j*sin(delta(n)));
P(n)=(Pg(n)-Pd(n))/basemva;
Q(n)=(Qg(n)-Qd(n)+ Qsh(n))/basemva;
S(n) = P(n) + j*Q(n);
end
end
for k=1:nbus
if kb(k) == 1, ns = ns+1; else,
end if kb(k) == 2 ng = ng+1; else,
end ngs(k) = ng;
nss(k) = ns;
end
Ym=abs(Ybus); t = angle(Ybus);
m=2*nbus-ng-2*ns;
maxerror = 1; converge=1;
iter = 0;
% Start of
iterations clear A
DC J DX
while maxerror >= accuracy & iter <= maxiter % Test for max. power mismatch
for i=1:m
for k=1:m
A(i,k)=0; %Initializing Jacobian matrix
end, end
iter =
iter+1; for
n=1:nbus
nn=n-nss(n);
lm=nbus+n-ngs(n)-nss(n)-ns;
J11=0; J22=0; J33=0; J44=0;
for i=1:nbr
if nl(i) == n | nr(i) == n
if nl(i) == n, l = nr(i);
end if nr(i) == n, l = nl(i);
end
J11=J11+ Vm(n)*Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)- delta(n) + delta(l));
J33=J33+ Vm(n)*Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)- delta(n) + delta(l));
if kb(n)~=1
J22=J22+ Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)- delta(n) + delta(l));
J44=J44+ Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)- delta(n) + delta(l));
else, end
if kb(n) ~= 1 & kb(l) ~=1
lk = nbus+l-ngs(l)-nss(l)-ns;
ll = l -nss(l);
% off diagonalelements of J1
A(nn, ll) =-Vm(n)*Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)- delta(n) + delta(l));
if kb(l) == 0 % off diagonal elements of J2

Page 63 of 155
 A(nn, lk) =Vm(n)*Ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)- delta(n) + delta(l));end
if kb(n) == 0 % off diagonal elements of J3
A(lm, ll) =-Vm(n)*Vm(l)*Ym(n,l)*cos(t(n,l)- delta(n)+delta(l)); end
if kb(n) == 0 & kb(l) == 0 % off diagonal elements of J4
A(lm, lk) =-Vm(n)*Ym(n,l)*sin(t(n,l)- delta(n) + delta(l));end
else end
else ,
end end
Pk = Vm(n)^2*Ym(n,n)*cos(t(n,n))+J33;
Qk = -Vm(n)^2*Ym(n,n)*sin(t(n,n))-J11;
if kb(n) == 1 P(n)=Pk; Q(n) = Qk; end % Swing bus
P if kb(n) == 2 Q(n)=Qk;
if Qmax(n) ~= 0
Qgc = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) - Qsh(n);
if iter <= 7 % Between the 2th & 6th
iterations if iter > 2 % the Mvar of generator buses are
if Qgc < Qmin(n), % tested. If not within limits
Vm(n) Vm(n) = Vm(n) + 0.01; % is changed in steps of 0.01
pu to elseif Qgc > Qmax(n), % bring the generator
Mvar within Vm(n) = Vm(n) - 0.01;end % the specified limits.
else,
end
else,end
else,end
end
if kb(n) ~= 1
A(nn,nn) = J11; %diagonal elements of J1
DC(nn) = P(n)-Pk;
end
if kb(n) == 0
A(nn,lm) = 2*Vm(n)*Ym(n,n)*cos(t(n,n))+J22; %diagonal elements of J2
A(lm,nn)= J33; %diagonal elements of J3
A(lm,lm) =-2*Vm(n)*Ym(n,n)*sin(t(n,n))-J44; %diagonal of elements of J4
DC(lm) = Q(n)-Qk;
end
end
DX=A\DC';
for n=1:nbus
nn=n-nss(n);
lm=nbus+n-ngs(n)-nss(n)-ns;
if kb(n) ~= 1
delta(n) = delta(n)+DX(nn); end
if kb(n) == 0 Vm(n)=Vm(n)
+DX(lm); end
end
maxerror=max(abs(DC));
if iter == maxiter & maxerror > accuracy
fprintf('\nWARNING: Iterative solution did not converged after ')
fprintf('%g', iter), fprintf(' iterations.\n\n')
fprintf('Press Enter to terminate the iterations and print the results \n')
converge = 0; pause, else, end

end

if converge ~= 1
tech= (' ITERATIVE SOLUTION DID NOT CONVERGE'); else,
tech=(' Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson Method');

Page 64 of 155
end
V = Vm.*cos(delta)+j*Vm.*sin(delta);
deltad=180/pi*delta;
i=sqrt(-1);
k=0;
for n = 1:nbus
if kb(n) ==
1 k=k+1;
S(n)= P(n)+j*Q(n);
Pg(n) = P(n)*basemva + Pd(n);
Qg(n) = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) - Qsh(n);
Pgg(k)=Pg(n);
Qgg(k)=Qg(n);
elseif kb(n) ==2
k=k+1; S(n)=P(n)
+j*Q(n);
Qg(n) = Q(n)*basemva + Qd(n) - Qsh(n);
Pgg(k)=Pg(n);
Qgg(k)=Qg(n);
end
yload(n) = (Pd(n)-
j*Qd(n)+j*Qsh(n))/(basemva*Vm(n)^2); end
busdata(:,3)=Vm'; busdata(:,4)=deltad';
Pgt = sum(Pg); Qgt = sum(Qg); Pdt = sum(Pd); Qdt = sum(Qd); Qsht = sum(Qsh);

busout

disp(tech)
fprintf(' Maximum Power Mismatch = %g \n', maxerror)
fprintf(' No. of Iterations = %g \n\n', iter)
head =[' Bus Voltage Angle ------Load------ ---Generation---
Injected'
' No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar
'
'
'];

disp(head)
for n=1:nbus
fprintf(' %5g', n), fprintf(' %7.3f', Vm(n)),
fprintf(' %8.3f', deltad(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f', Pd(n)),
fprintf(' %9.3f', Qd(n)), fprintf(' %9.3f', Pg(n)),
fprintf(' %9.3f ', Qg(n)), fprintf(' %8.3f\n', Qsh(n))
end
fprintf(' \n'), fprintf(' Total ')
fprintf(' %9.3f', Pdt), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qdt),
fprintf(' %9.3f', Pgt), fprintf(' %9.3f', Qgt), fprintf(' %9.3f\n\n', Qsht)

lineflow

SLT = 0;
fprintf('\n')
fprintf(' Line Flow and Losses \n\n')

Page 65 of 155
fprintf(' --Line-- Power at bus & line flow --Line loss-- Transformer\n')
fprintf(' from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap\n')

for n =
1:nbus busprt
= 0;
for L = 1:nbr;
if busprt == 0
fprintf(' \n'), fprintf('%6g', n), fprintf(' %9.3f', P(n)*basemva)
fprintf('%9.3f', Q(n)*basemva), fprintf('%9.3f\n', abs(S(n)*basemva))

busprt =
1; else,
end
if nl(L)==n k = nr(L);
In = (V(n) - a(L)*V(k))*y(L)/a(L)^2 + Bc(L)/a(L)^2*V(n);
Ik = (V(k) - V(n)/a(L))*y(L) + Bc(L)*V(k);
Snk = V(n)*conj(In)*basemva;
Skn = V(k)*conj(Ik)*basemva;
SL = Snk + Skn;
SLT = SLT + SL;
elseif nr(L)==n k = nl(L);
In = (V(n) - V(k)/a(L))*y(L) + Bc(L)*V(n);
Ik = (V(k) - a(L)*V(n))*y(L)/a(L)^2 +
Bc(L)/a(L)^2*V(k); Snk = V(n)*conj(In)*basemva;
Skn = V(k)*conj(Ik)*basemva;
SL = Snk + Skn;
SLT = SLT + SL;
else, end
if nl(L)==n |
nr(L)==n
fprintf('%12g', k),
fprintf('%9.3f', real(Snk)), fprintf('%9.3f', imag(Snk))
fprintf('%9.3f', abs(Snk)),
fprintf('%9.3f', real(SL)),
if nl(L) ==n & a(L) ~=
1
fprintf('%9.3f', imag(SL)), fprintf('%9.3f\n', a(L))
else, fprintf('%9.3f\n', imag(SL))
end
else, end
end
end
SLT = SLT/2;
fprintf(' \n'), fprintf(' Total loss ')
fprintf('%9.3f', real(SLT)), fprintf('%9.3f\n', imag(SLT))
clear Ik In SL SLT Skn Snk

Page 66 of 155
OUTPUT:

Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson

Method Maximum Power Mismatch = 6.82452e-
005
No. of Iterations = 3

Bus Voltage Angle ------Load------ ---Generation--- Injected

No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar

1 1.040 0.000 0.000 0.000 -1.002 -2.436 0.000

2 1.040 0.002 0.500 1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
3 1.040 0.038 0.000 0.000 1.500 -3.061 0.000

Total 0.500 1.000 0.498 -5.497 0.000

Line Flow and Losses

--Line-- Power at bus & line flow --Line loss-- Transformer

from to MW Mvar MVA MW Mvar tap

1 -1.002 -2.436 2.634

2 -0.167 -1.560 1.568 0.000 -2.164
3 -0.833 -0.873 1.207 0.000 -2.163

2 -0.500 -1.000 1.118

1 0.167 -0.604 0.627 0.000 -2.164
3 -0.667 -0.396 0.775 0.000 -2.163

3 1.500 -3.061 3.409

1 0.833 -1.290 1.535 0.000 -2.163
2 0.667 -1.768 1.889 0.000 -2.163

Total loss 0.000 -6.490

Page 67 of 155
RESULT:

Parameter Calculated Value Simulated Value

Bus voltage after the first

iteration using Newton
Raphson method

Thus the load flow analysis of the given power system by Newton – Raphson method was performed
for the given problem using Matlab-Power Tool Software.

Page 68 of 155
EXP NO: 5

DATE:
SYMMETRIC AND UNSYMMERTICAL FAULT ANALYSIS

AIM:
To become familiar with modeling and anal ysis of power systems under faulted condition and to
compare the fault level, post-fault voltages and currents for different types of faults, both symmetric
and unsymmetric.
OBJECTIVES
To conduct fault analysis on a given system using software available and obtain fault analysis report
with fault level and current at the faulted point and post-fault voltages and currents in the network for
the following faults.

1. Line-to-Ground
2. Line-to-Line
3. Double Line-to-Ground

SINGLE LINE-TO-GROUND FAULT

Page 69 of 155
Sequence Network of Single line-to-ground-fault

Fault Current

LINE-TO-LINE FAULT

Page 70 of 155
Sequence Network of Line-to-Line Fault

DOUBLE LINE-TO-GROUND FAULT

Page 71 of 155
Sequence of Double line-to-ground fault

Page 72 of 155
PROBLEM:
The one line diagram of a simple power system is shown in the figure. The neutral of
each generator is grounded through a current limiting reactor of 0.25/3 per unit on a
100MVA base. The system data expressed in per unit on a common 100MVA base is
tabulated below. The generators are running on no load at their rated voltage and rated
frequency with their emf’s in phase.

Determine the fault current for the following faults.

a) A balanced three phase fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf=j0.1 per
unit.
b) A single line to ground fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf=j0.1 per
unit.
c) A line to line fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf=j0.1 per unit.
d) A double line to ground fault at bus 3 through a fault impedance Zf=j0.1 per
unit.

Item Base MVA Voltage Rating X1 X2

X0 G1 100 20kV 0.15
0.15 0.05
G2 100 20kV 0.15 0.15 0.05
T1 100 20kV/220kV 0.1 0.1 0.1
T2 100 20kV/220kV 0.1 0.1 0.1

Page 73 of 155
PROGRAM:

zdata1 = [0 1 0 0.25
0 2 0 0.25
1 2 0 0.125
1 3 0 0.15
2 3 0 0.25];

zdata0 = [0 1 0 0.40
0 2 0 0.10
1 2 0 0.30
1 3 0 0.35
2 3 0 0.7125];
zdata2 = zdata1;
Zbus1 = zbuild(zdata1)
Zbus0 = zbuild(zdata0)
Zbus2 = Zbus1;
symfault(zdata1,Zbus1)
lgfault(zdata0, Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2)
llfault(zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2)
dlgfault(zdata0, Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2)

symfault

function symfaul(zdata, Zbus, V)

nl = zdata(:,1); nr = zdata(:,2); R = zdata(:,3);

X = zdata(:,4);
nc = length(zdata(1,:));
if nc > 4
BC = zdata(:,5);
elseif nc ==4, BC = zeros(length(zdata(:,1)), 1);
end
ZB = R + j*X;
nbr=length(zdata(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
if exist('V') == 1
if length(V) == nbus

Page 74 of 155
 V0 = V;
else, end
else, V0 = ones(nbus, 1) + j*zeros(nbus, 1);
end
fprintf('\Three-phase balanced fault analysis \n')
ff = 999;
while ff > 0
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
while nf <= 0 | nf > nbus
fprintf('Faulted bus No. must be between 1 & %g \n', nbus)
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
end
fprintf('\nEnter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in ')
Zf = input('complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = ');
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Balanced three-phase fault at bus No. %g\n', nf)

If = V0(nf)/(Zf + Zbus(nf, nf));

Ifm = abs(If); Ifmang=angle(If)*180/pi;
fprintf('Total fault current = %8.4f per unit \n\n', Ifm)
%fprintf(' p.u. \n\n', Ifm)
fprintf('Bus Voltages during fault in per unit \n\n')
fprintf(' Bus Voltage Angle\n')
fprintf(' No. Magnitude degrees\n')

for n =
1:nbus if
n==nf
Vf(nf) = V0(nf)*Zf/(Zf + Zbus(nf,nf)); Vfm = abs(Vf(nf));
angv=angle(Vf(nf))*180/pi;
else, Vf(n) = V0(n) - V0(n)*Zbus(n,nf)/(Zf + Zbus(nf,nf));
Vfm = abs(Vf(n)); angv=angle(Vf(n))*180/pi;
end
fprintf(' %4g', n), fprintf('%13.4f', Vfm),fprintf('%13.4f\n', angv)

end

fprintf(' \n')

fprintf('Line currents for fault at bus No. %g\n\n',

nf) fprintf(' From To Current Angle\n')
fprintf(' Bus Bus Magnitude degrees\n')

for n= 1:nbus
%Ign=0;
for I = 1:nbr
if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n
if nl(I) ==n k = nr(I);
elseif nr(I) == n k = nl(I);
end
if k==0
Ink = (V0(n) - Vf(n))/ZB(I);
Inkm = abs(Ink); th=angle(Ink);
%if th <= 0
if real(Ink) > 0
fprintf(' G '), fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf('%12.4f', Inkm)
fprintf('%12.4f\n', th*180/pi)

Page 75 of 155
 elseif real(Ink) ==0 & imag(Ink) < 0
fprintf(' G '), fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf('%12.4f', Inkm)
fprintf('%12.4f\n', th*180/pi)
else,
end Ign=Ink;
elseif k ~=
0
Ink = (Vf(n) - Vf(k))/ZB(I)+BC(I)*Vf(n);
%Ink = (Vf(n) - Vf(k))/ZB(I);
Inkm = abs(Ink); th=angle(Ink);
%Ign=Ign+Ink;
%if th <= 0
if real(Ink) > 0
fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf('%12.4f', Inkm), fprintf('%12.4f\n', th*180/pi)
elseif real(Ink) ==0 & imag(Ink) < 0
fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf('%12.4f', Inkm), fprintf('%12.4f\n', th*180/pi)
else, end
else,
end end else, end

if n==nf
fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf(' F'), fprintf('%12.4f', Ifm)
fprintf('%12.4f\n', Ifmang)
else,
end end
resp=0;
while strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
resp = input('Another fault location? Enter ''y'' or ''n'' within single quote
-> ');
if strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
fprintf('\n Incorrect reply, try again \n\n'), end
end
if resp == 'y' | resp ==
'Y' nf = 999;
else ff = 0; end
end % end for
while

lgfault
function lgfault(zdata0, Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2, V)
if exist('zdata2') ~= 1
zdata2=zdata1;
else, end
if exist('Zbus2') ~= 1
Zbus2=Zbus1;
else, end
nl = zdata1(:,1); nr = zdata1(:,2); nl0 = zdata0(:,1);
nr0 = zdata0(:,2); nbr=length(zdata1(:,1)); nbus =
max(max(nl), max(nr)); nbr0=length(zdata0(:,1));

Page 76 of 155
R0 = zdata0(:,3); X0 = zdata0(:,4);
R1 = zdata1(:,3); X1 = zdata1(:,4);
R2 = zdata1(:,3); X2 = zdata1(:,4);

for k=1:nbr0
if R0(k)==inf | X0(k) ==inf
R0(k) = 99999999; X0(k) = 99999999;
else, end
end
ZB1 = R1 + j*X1; ZB0 = R0 +
j*X0; ZB2 = R2 + j*X2;

if exist('V') == 1
if length(V) == nbus
V0 = V;
else, end
else, V0 = ones(nbus, 1) + j*zeros(nbus, 1);
end
fprintf('\nLine-to-ground fault analysis \n')
ff = 999;
while ff > 0
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
while nf <= 0 | nf > nbus
fprintf('Faulted bus No. must be between 1 & %g \n', nbus)
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
end
fprintf('\nEnter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in ')
Zf = input('complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = ');
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Single line to-ground fault at bus No. %g\n', nf)
a =cos(2*pi/3)+j*sin(2*pi/3);
sctm = [1 1 1; 1 a^2 a; 1 a a^2];
Ia0 = V0(nf)/(Zbus1(nf,nf)+Zbus2(nf, nf)+ Zbus0(nf, nf)+3*Zf); Ia1=Ia0; Ia2=Ia0;
I012=[Ia0; Ia1; Ia2];
Ifabc = sctm*I012;
Ifabcm = abs(Ifabc);
fprintf('Total fault current = %9.4f per unit\n\n', Ifabcm(1))
fprintf('Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit \n\n')
fprintf(' Bus -------Voltage Magnitude-----------------\n')
fprintf(' No. Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')

for n = 1:nbus
Vf0(n)= 0 - Zbus0(n, nf)*Ia0;
Vf1(n)= V0(n) - Zbus1(n,
nf)*Ia1; Vf2(n)= 0 - Zbus2(n,
nf)*Ia2;
Vabc = sctm*[Vf0(n); Vf1(n); Vf2(n)];
Va(n)=Vabc(1); Vb(n)=Vabc(2); Vc(n)=Vabc(3);
fprintf(' %5g',n)
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Va(n))),fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Vb(n)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Vc(n)))
end
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Line currents for fault at bus No. %g\n\n', nf)
fprintf(' From To -----Line Current Magnitude----------\n')
fprintf(' Bus Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')
for n= 1:nbus

Page 77 of 155
 for I = 1:nbr
if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n
if nl(I) ==n k = nr(I);
elseif nr(I) == n k = nl(I);
end
if k ~= 0
Ink1(n, k) = (Vf1(n) - Vf1(k))/ZB1(I);
Ink2(n, k) = (Vf2(n) - Vf2(k))/ZB2(I);
else,
end else, end
end
for I = 1:nbr0
if nl0(I) == n | nr0(I) == n
if nl0(I) ==n k = nr0(I);
elseif nr0(I) == n k = nl0(I);
end
if k ~= 0
Ink0(n, k) = (Vf0(n) - Vf0(k))/ZB0(I);
else,
end else, end
end
for I = 1:nbr
if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n
if nl(I) ==n k = nr(I);
elseif nr(I) == n k = nl(I);
end
if k ~= 0
Inkabc = sctm*[Ink0(n, k); Ink1(n, k); Ink2(n, k)];
Inkabcm = abs(Inkabc); th=angle(Inkabc);
if real(Inkabc(1)) > 0
fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf(' %11.4f',
abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3)))
elseif real(Inkabc(1)) ==0 & imag(Inkabc(1)) < 0
fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf(' %11.4f',
abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3)))
else, end
else,
end else, end
end
if n==nf
fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf(' F'),
fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(1)),fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(2))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', Ifabcm(3))
else, end
end
resp=0;
while strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
resp = input('Another fault location? Enter ''y'' or ''n'' within single quote
-> ');
if strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
fprintf('\n Incorrect reply, try again \n\n'), end

Page 78 of 155
 end
if resp == 'y' | resp ==
'Y' nf = 999;
else ff = 0; end
end % end for
while

llfault

function llfault(zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2, V)

if exist('zdata2') ~= 1
zdata2=zdata1;
else, end
if exist('Zbus2') ~= 1
Zbus2=Zbus1;
else, end

nl = zdata1(:,1); nr = zdata1(:,2);
R1 = zdata1(:,3); X1 = zdata1(:,4);
R2 = zdata2(:,3); X2 = zdata2(:,4);
ZB1 = R1 + j*X1; ZB2 = R2 + j*X2;
nbr=length(zdata1(:,1)); nbus = max(max(nl), max(nr));
if exist('V') == 1
if length(V) == nbus
V0 = V;
else, end
else, V0 = ones(nbus, 1) + j*zeros(nbus, 1);
end
fprintf('\nLine-to-line fault analysis \n')
ff = 999;
while ff > 0
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
while nf <= 0 | nf > nbus
fprintf('Faulted bus No. must be between 1 & %g \n', nbus)
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
end
fprintf('\nEnter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in ')
Zf = input('complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = ');
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Line-to-line fault at bus No. %g\n', nf)
a =cos(2*pi/3)+j*sin(2*pi/3);
sctm = [1 1 1; 1 a^2 a; 1 a a^2];
Ia0=0;
Ia1 = V0(nf)/(Zbus1(nf,nf)+Zbus2(nf, nf)+Zf); Ia2=-Ia1;
I012=[Ia0; Ia1; Ia2];
Ifabc = sctm*I012;
Ifabcm = abs(Ifabc);
fprintf('Total fault current = %9.4f per unit\n\n', Ifabcm(2))
fprintf('Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit \n\n')
fprintf(' Bus -------Voltage Magnitude-----------------\n')
fprintf(' No. Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')

for n =
1:nbus
Vf0(n)= 0;
Vf1(n)= V0(n) - Zbus1(n, nf)*Ia1;
Vf2(n)= 0 - Zbus2(n, nf)*Ia2;

Page 79 of 155
Vabc = sctm*[Vf0(n); Vf1(n); Vf2(n)];
Va(n)=Vabc(1); Vb(n)=Vabc(2); Vc(n)=Vabc(3);
fprintf(' %5g',n)
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Va(n))),fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Vb(n)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Vc(n)))
end
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Line currents for fault at bus No. %g\n\n', nf)
fprintf(' From To -----Line Current Magnitude---- \n')
fprintf(' Bus Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')

for n= 1:nbus
for I =
1:nbr
if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n
if nl(I) ==n k = nr(I);
elseif nr(I) == n k = nl(I);
end
if k ~= 0
Ink0(n, k) = 0;
Ink1(n, k) = (Vf1(n) - Vf1(k))/ZB1(I);
Ink2(n, k) = (Vf2(n) - Vf2(k))/ZB2(I);

Inkabc = sctm*[Ink0(n, k); Ink1(n, k); Ink2(n, k)];

Inkabcm = abs(Inkabc); th=angle(Inkabc);
if real(Inkabc(2)) < 0

fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),

fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf(' %11.4f',
abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3)))
elseif real(Inkabc(2)) ==0 & imag(Inkabc(2)) > 0
fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf(' %11.4f',
abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3)))
else, end
else,
end else, end
end
if n==nf
fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf(' F'),
fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(1)),fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(2))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', Ifabcm(3))
else, end
end
resp=0;
while strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
resp = input('Another fault location? Enter ''y'' or ''n'' within single quote
-> ');
if strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
fprintf('\n Incorrect reply, try again \n\n'), end
end
if resp == 'y' | resp ==
'Y' nf = 999;

Page 80 of 155
 else ff = 0; end
end % end for
while

dlgfault

function dlgfault(zdata0, Zbus0, zdata1, Zbus1, zdata2, Zbus2, V)

if exist('zdata2') ~= 1
zdata2=zdata1;
else, end
if exist('Zbus2') ~= 1
Zbus2=Zbus1;
else, end

nl = zdata1(:,1); nr = zdata1(:,2); nl0 = zdata0(:,1);

nr0 = zdata0(:,2); nbr=length(zdata1(:,1)); nbus =
max(max(nl), max(nr)); nbr0=length(zdata0(:,1));
R0 = zdata0(:,3); X0 = zdata0(:,4);
R1 = zdata1(:,3); X1 = zdata1(:,4);
R2 = zdata2(:,3); X2 = zdata2(:,4);

for k = 1:nbr0
if R0(k) == inf | X0(k) == inf
R0(k) = 99999999; X0(k) = 999999999;
else, end
end
ZB1 = R1 + j*X1; ZB0 = R0 +
j*X0; ZB2 = R2 + j*X2;

if exist('V') == 1
if length(V) == nbus
V0 = V;
else, end
else, V0 = ones(nbus, 1) + j*zeros(nbus, 1);
end

fprintf('\nDouble line-to-ground fault analysis \n')

ff = 999;
while ff > 0
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
while nf <= 0 | nf > nbus
fprintf('Faulted bus No. must be between 1 & %g \n', nbus)
nf = input('Enter Faulted Bus No. -> ');
end
fprintf('\nEnter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in ')
Zf = input('complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = ');
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Double line-to-ground fault at bus No. %g\n', nf)
a =cos(2*pi/3)+j*sin(2*pi/3);
sctm = [1 1 1; 1 a^2 a; 1 a a^2];

Z11 = Zbus2(nf, nf)*(Zbus0(nf, nf)+ 3*Zf)/(Zbus2(nf, nf)+Zbus0(nf, nf)+3*Zf);

Ia1 = V0(nf)/(Zbus1(nf,nf)+Z11);
Ia2 =-(V0(nf) - Zbus1(nf, nf)*Ia1)/Zbus2(nf,nf);

Page 81 of 155
Ia0 =-(V0(nf) - Zbus1(nf, nf)*Ia1)/(Zbus0(nf,nf)+3*Zf);
I012=[Ia0; Ia1; Ia2];
Ifabc = sctm*I012; Ifabcm=abs(Ifabc);
Ift = Ifabc(2)+Ifabc(3);
Iftm = abs(Ift);

fprintf('Total fault current = %9.4f per unit\n\n', Iftm)

fprintf('Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit \n\n')
fprintf(' Bus -------Voltage Magnitude-----------------\n')
fprintf(' No. Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')

for n = 1:nbus
Vf0(n)= 0 - Zbus0(n, nf)*Ia0;
Vf1(n)= V0(n) - Zbus1(n,
nf)*Ia1; Vf2(n)= 0 - Zbus2(n,
nf)*Ia2;
Vabc = sctm*[Vf0(n); Vf1(n); Vf2(n)];
Va(n)=Vabc(1); Vb(n)=Vabc(2); Vc(n)=Vabc(3);
fprintf(' %5g',n)
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Va(n))),fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Vb(n)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Vc(n)))
end
fprintf(' \n')
fprintf('Line currents for fault at bus No. %g\n\n', nf)
fprintf(' From To -----Line Current Magnitude----------\n')
fprintf(' Bus Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c \n')
for n= 1:nbus
for I = 1:nbr
if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n
if nl(I) ==n k = nr(I);
elseif nr(I) == n k = nl(I);
end
if k ~= 0
Ink1(n, k) = (Vf1(n) - Vf1(k))/ZB1(I);
Ink2(n, k) = (Vf2(n) - Vf2(k))/ZB2(I);
else,
end else, end
end
for I = 1:nbr0
if nl0(I) == n | nr0(I) == n
if nl0(I) ==n k = nr0(I);
elseif nr0(I) == n k = nl0(I);
end
if k ~= 0
Ink0(n, k) = (Vf0(n) - Vf0(k))/ZB0(I);
else,
end else, end
end
for I = 1:nbr
if nl(I) == n | nr(I) == n
if nl(I) ==n k = nr(I);
elseif nr(I) == n k = nl(I);
end
if k ~= 0
Inkabc = sctm*[Ink0(n, k); Ink1(n, k); Ink2(n, k)];
Inkabcm = abs(Inkabc); th=angle(Inkabc);
if real(Inkabc(2)) < 0

Page 82 of 155
 fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf(' %11.4f',
abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3)))
elseif real(Inkabc(2)) ==0 & imag(Inkabc(2)) > 0
fprintf('%7g', n), fprintf('%10g', k),
fprintf(' %11.4f', abs(Inkabc(1))),fprintf (' %11.4f',
abs(Inkabc(2)))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', abs(Inkabc(3)))
else, end
else,
end else, end
end
if n==nf
fprintf('%7g',n), fprintf(' F'),
fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(1)),fprintf(' %11.4f', Ifabcm(2))
fprintf(' %11.4f\n', Ifabcm(3))
else, end
end
resp=0;
while strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
resp = input('Another fault location? Enter ''y'' or ''n'' within single quote
-> ');
if strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
fprintf('\n Incorrect reply, try again \n\n'), end
end
if resp == 'y' | resp ==
'Y' nf = 999;
else ff = 0; end
end % end for
while

OUTPUT:

Enter Faulted Bus No. -> 3

Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = j*0.1

Balanced three-phase fault at bus No. 3

Total fault current = 3.1250 per unit

Bus Voltages during fault in per unit

Bus Voltage Angle

No. Magnitude degrees

1 0.5938 0.0000

2 0.6250 0.0000

Page 83 of 155
 3 0.3125 0.0000

Line currents for fault at bus No. 3

From To Current Angle

Bus Bus Magnitude degrees

G 1 1.6250 -90.0000

1 3 1.8750 -90.0000

G 2 1.5000 -90.0000

2 1 0.2500 -90.0000

2 3 1.2500 -90.0000

3 F 3.1250 -90.0000

Another fault location? Enter 'y' or 'n' within single quote -> 'n'

Line-to-ground fault analysis

Enter Faulted Bus No. -> 3

Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = j*0.1

Single line to-ground fault at bus No. 3

Total fault current = 2.7523 per unit

Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit

Bus -------Voltage Magnitude-------

No. Phase a Phase b Phase c

1 0.6330 1.0046 1.0046

2 0.7202 0.9757 0.9757

3 0.2752 1.0647 1.0647

Line currents for fault at bus No. 3

From To -----Line Current Magnitude----

Bus Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c

Page 84 of 155
 1 3 1.6514 0.0000 0.0000

2 1 0.3761 0.1560 0.1560

2 3 1.1009 0.0000 0.0000

3 F 2.7523 0.0000 0.0000

Another fault location? Enter 'y' or 'n' within single quote ->

'n' Line-to-line fault analysis

Enter Faulted Bus No. -> 3

Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf =

j*0.1 Line-to-line fault at bus No. 3

Total fault current = 3.2075 per unit

Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit

Bus -------Voltage Magnitude-------

No. Phase a Phase b Phase c

1 1.0000 0.6720 0.6720

2 1.0000 0.6939 0.6939

3 1.0000 0.5251 0.5251

Line currents for fault at bus No. 3

From To -----Line Current Magnitude----

Bus Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c

1 3 0.0000 1.9245 1.9245

2 1 0.0000 0.2566 0.2566

2 3 0.0000 1.2830 1.2830

3 F 0.0000 3.2075 3.2075

Another fault location? Enter 'y' or 'n' within single quote -> 'n'

Double line-to-ground fault analysis

Page 85 of 155
Enter Faulted Bus No. -> 3

Enter Fault Impedance Zf = R + j*X in complex form (for bolted fault enter 0). Zf = j*0.1

Double line-to-ground fault at bus No. 3

Total fault current = 1.9737 per unit

Bus Voltages during the fault in per unit

Bus -------Voltage Magnitude-------

No. Phase a Phase b Phase c

1 1.0066 0.5088 0.5088

2 0.9638 0.5740 0.5740

3 1.0855 0.1974 0.1974

Line currents for fault at bus No. 3

From To -----Line Current Magnitude----

Bus Bus Phase a Phase b Phase c

1 3 0.0000 2.4350 2.4350

2 1 0.1118 0.3682 0.3682

2 3 0.0000 1.6233 1.6233

3 F 0.0000 4.0583 4.0583

Another fault location? Enter 'y' or 'n' within single quote -> 'n'

Page 86 of 155
RESULT:

Quantity Calculated Value Simulated Value

FAULT CURRENT FOR

1. THREE PHASE
FAULT
2. L-G FAULT
3. L-L FAULT
4. DOUBLE LINE
FAULT

Thus the modeling and analysis of power system under faulted condition was made familiar and the
fault level, post fault voltage and currents for different types of fault both s ymmetric and
unsymmetrical was computed.

Page 87 of 155
EXP NO:

6 DATE:

TRANSIENT AND SMALL SIGNAL STABILITY ANALYSIS – SINGLE

MACHINE INFINITE BUS SYSTEM

AIM:

To become familiar with various aspects of the transient and small signal stability analysis of
Single-Machine-Infinite Bus (SMIB) system.
OBJECTIVES
 To understand modeling and analysis of transient and small signal stability of a SMIB power
system.
 To examine the transient stability of a SMIB and determine the critical clearing time of the
system, through stimulation by trial and error method and by direct method.
 To assess the transient stability of a multi- machine power system when subjected to a common
disturbance sequence: fault application on a transmission line followed by fault removal and line
opening.
 To determine the critical clearing time.

THEORY :
Stability : Stability problem is concerned with the behaviour of power system when it is subjected to
disturbance and is classified into small signal stability problem if the disturbances are small and
transient stability problem when the disturbances are large.

Transient stability: When a power system is under steady state, the load plus transmission loss equals
to the generation in the system. The generating units run a synchronous speed and system frequency,
voltage, current and power flows are steady. When a large disturbance such as three phase fault, loss of
load, loss of generation etc., occurs the power balance is upset and the generating units rotors
experience either acceleration or deceleration. The system may come back to a steady state condition

Page 88 of 155
maintaining synchronism or it may break into subsystems or one or more machines may pull out of
synchronism. In the former case the system is said to be stable and in the later case it is said to be
unstable.

Small signal stability: When a power system is under steady state, normal operating condition, the
system may be subjected to small disturbances such as variation in load and generation, change in field
voltage, change in mechanical toque etc., The nature of system response to small disturbance depends
on the operating conditions, the transmission system strength, types of controllers etc. Instability that
may result from small disturbance may be of two forms,
(i) Steady increase in rotor angle due to lack of synchronising torque.
(ii) Rotor oscillations of increasing magnitude due to lack of sufficient damping torque.
FORMULA :
Reactive power Qe = sin(cos-1(p.f))
S*

Stator Current It =

Et*

Pe - jQe
=

Et*

Voltage behind transient condition

E1 = Et + j X 1dI
Voltage of infinite bus

EB = Et - j( X3 + Xtr )It

X1 X2

where, X3 =

X1 + X2

Angular separation between E1 and EB

o =  E1 -  EB

Page 89 of 155
 Prefault Operation:
X1 X2

X = j Xd1+ jXtr +

X1 + X2

E1 x EB
Power Pe = sino

Pe * X

o = sin-1

E1 * EB

During Fault Condition:

Pe = PEii = 0

Find out X from the equivalent circuit during fault condition

Post fault Condition:

Find out X from the equivalent circuit during post fault condition

E1 x EB

Power Pe = sino
X

max =  - o

Pm
Pe =
sinmax

Page 90 of 155
Critical Clearing Angle:

Pm(max - o ) + P3maxcosmax - P2maxcoso

Coscr
=
P3max - P2max

Critical Clearing Time:

2H (cr - o)

tcr =
 fo Pm Secs

Page 91 of 155
PROBLEM:

Transient stability of SMIB system

A 60Hz synchronous generator having inertia constant H = 5 MJ/MVA and a direct axis
transient reactance Xd1 = 0.3 per unit is connected to an infinite bus through a purely reactive
circuit as shown in figure. Reactances are marked on the diagram on a common system base.
The generator is delivering real power Pe = 0.8 per unit and Q = 0.074 per unit to the infinite
bus at a voltage of V = 1 per unit.

a) A temporary three-phase fault occurs at the sending end of the line at point F.When the
fault is cleared, both lines are intact. Determine the critical clearing angle and the
critical fault clearing time.
b) A three phase fault occurs at the middle of one of the lines, the fault is cleared and teh
faulted line is isolated. Determine the critical clearing angle.

Manual Calculation:

Page 92 of 155
PROGRAM :

a) Pm = 0.8; E = 1.17; V = 1.0;

X1 = 0.65; X2 = inf; X3 = 0.65;

eacfault(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)

b) Pm = 0.8; E = 1.17; V = 1.0;

X1 = 0.65; X2 = 1.8; X3 = 0.8;

eacfault(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)

eacfault

function eacfault(Pm, E, V, X1, X2, X3)

if exist('Pm')~=1
Pm = input('Generator output power in p.u. Pm = '); else, end
if exist('E')~=1
E = input('Generator e.m.f. in p.u. E = '); else, end
if exist('V')~=1
V = input('Infinite bus-bar voltage in p.u. V = '); else, end
if exist('X1')~=1
X1 = input('Reactance before Fault in p.u. X1 = '); else, end
if exist('X2')~=1
X2 = input('Reactance during Fault in p.u. X2 = '); else, end
if exist('X3')~=1
X3 = input('Reactance aftere Fault in p.u. X3 = '); else, end
Pe1max = E*V/X1; Pe2max=E*V/X2; Pe3max=E*V/X3;
delta = 0:.01:pi;
Pe1 = Pe1max*sin(delta); Pe2 = Pe2max*sin(delta); Pe3 = Pe3max*sin(delta);
d0 =asin(Pm/Pe1max); dmax = pi-asin(Pm/Pe3max);
cosdc = (Pm*(dmax-d0)+Pe3max*cos(dmax)-Pe2max*cos(d0))/(Pe3max-Pe2max);
if abs(cosdc) > 1
fprintf('No critical clearing angle could be found.\n')
fprintf('system can remain stable during this disturbance.\n\n')
return
else, end
dc=acos(cosdc);
if dc > dmax
fprintf('No critical clearing angle could be found.\n')
fprintf('System can remain stable during this disturbance.\n\n')
return
else, end

Page 93 of 155
Pmx=[0 pi-d0]*180/pi; Pmy=[Pm Pm];
x0=[d0 d0]*180/pi; y0=[0 Pm]; xc=[dc dc]*180/pi; yc=[0 Pe3max*sin(dc)];
xm=[dmax dmax]*180/pi; ym=[0 Pe3max*sin(dmax)];
d0=d0*180/pi; dmax=dmax*180/pi; dc=dc*180/pi;
x=(d0:.1:dc);
y=Pe2max*sin(x*pi/180);
y1=Pe2max*sin(d0*pi/180);
y2=Pe2max*sin(dc*pi/180);
x=[d0 x dc];
y=[Pm y Pm];
xx=dc:.1:dmax;
h=Pe3max*sin(xx*pi/180);
xx=[dc xx dmax];
hh=[Pm h Pm];
delta=delta*180/pi;
if X2 == inf
fprintf('\nFor this case tc can be found from analytical formula. \n')
H=input('To find tc enter Inertia Constant H, (or 0 to skip) H = ');
if H ~= 0
d0r=d0*pi/180; dcr=dc*pi/180;
tc = sqrt(2*H*(dcr-d0r)/(pi*60*Pm));
else, end
else, end
%clc
fprintf('\nInitial power angle = %7.3f \n', d0)
fprintf('Maximum angle swing = %7.3f \n', dmax)
fprintf('Critical clearing angle = %7.3f \n\n', dc)
if X2==inf & H~=0
fprintf('Critical clearing time = %7.3f sec. \n\n',
tc) else, end
h = figure;
figure(h);
fill(x,y,'m')
hold;
fill(xx,hh,'c')
plot(delta, Pe1,'-', delta, Pe2,'r-', delta, Pe3,'g-', Pmx, Pmy,'b-', x0,y0,
xc,yc, xm,ym), grid
Title('Application of equal area criterion to a critically cleared system')
xlabel('Power angle, degree'), ylabel(' Power, per unit')
text(5, 1.07*Pm, 'Pm')
text(50, 1.05*Pe1max,['Critical clearing angle = ',num2str(dc)])
axis([0 180 0 1.1*Pe1max])
hold off;

OUTPUT:
a) To find tc enter Inertia Constant H, (or 0 to skip) H =

5 Initial power angle = 26.388

Maximum angle swing = 153.612

Critical clearing angle = 84.775

Critical clearing time = 0.260 sec.

Page 94 of 155
b) Initial power angle = 26.388
Maximum angle swing = 146.838
Critical clearing angle = 98.834

Page 95 of 155
Page 96 of 155
 Small signal stability of SMIB system
2) A 60Hz synchronous generator having inertia constant H = 9.94 MJ/MVA and a direct axis
transient reactance Xd1 = 0.3 per unit is connected to an infinite bus through a purely reactive circuit as
shown in figure. Reactances are marked on the diagram on a common system base. The generator is
delivering real power Pe = 0.6 per unit and 0.8 power factor lagging to the infinite bus at a voltage of
V = 1 per unit.

Assume the per unit damping power co-efficient is D=0.138. Consider a small disturbance of
∆δ=10°=0.1745 radian. Obtain equations describing the motion of the rotor angle and the generator
frequency.

Manual Calculation:

Page 97 of 155
PROGRAM:
E=1.35; V=1.0; H=9.94; X=0.65; Pm=0.6; D=0.138; f0=60;
Pmax=E*V/X, d0=asin(Pm/Pmax)
Ps=Pmax*cos(d0)
wn=sqrt(pi*60/H*Ps)
z=D/2*sqrt(pi*60/(H*Ps))
wd=wn*sqrt(1-z^2),fd=wd/(2*pi)
tau=1/(z*wn)
th=acos(z)
Dd0=10*pi/180;
t=0:.01:3;
Dd=Dd0/sqrt(1-z^2)*exp(-z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t+th);
d=(d0+Dd)*180/pi;
Dw=-wn*Dd0/sqrt(1-z^2)*exp(-z*wn*t).*sin(wd*t);
f=f0+Dw/(2*pi);
subplot(2,1,1),plot(t,d),grid
xlabel('t sec'),ylabel('Delta degree')
subplot(2,1,2),plot(t,f),grid
xlabel('t sec'),ylabel('frquency hertz')
subplot(111)

Page 98 of 155
OUTPUT:
Pmax = 2.0769

d0 = 0.2931

Ps = 1.9884

wn = 6.1405

z = 0.2131

wd = 5.9995

fd = 0.9549

tau = 0.7643

th = 1.3561

RESULT :
Thus the various aspects of transient and small signal stability analysis of single machine infinite bus
system were made familiar.

Page 99 of 155
EXP NO: 7

DATE:
ECONOMIC DISPATCH USING LAMBDA ITERATION METHOD
AIM:

To understand the basics of the Economic Dispatch by optimally adjusting the

generation schedules of thermal generating units so as to meet the system demand
which are required for unit commitment and economic operation of power systems.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
MATLAB Software
ALGORITHM:
Step 1:Choose appropriate value of Lagrangian multiplier λ
Step 2:Start iteration iter=0
Step 3:Iteration iter=iter+1
Step 4:Solve for power generated by ith unit using equation
Pi(k)=(λ(k) – bi)/2(ai+ λ(k) Bii)
Step 5:Check if any Pi is beyond or below the inequality constant
If Pi < Pi,min, fix Pi= Pi,min
If Pi>Pi,max, fix Pi= Pi,max
Step 6:Calculate the power loss using the equation PL=∑Bii Pi2
Step 7:Calculate power mismatch using the formula, ∆P(k)=PD+P (k)
-∑P (k)
L i
Step 8:If ∆P >0, then increment λ, λnew=λ+0.001 and go to step 3
(k)

else go to step 9
Step 9:If ∆P(k)<0, then decrement λ, λnew=λ-0.001 and go to step 3
else go to step 10

Page 100 of 155

 Step 10:If ∆P is less than tolerance value , print the values of generated
power and losses
Step 11:Stop
Program:
clc;
clear all;
%a b c fc max min
data= [0.00142 7.20 510 1.1 600 150
0.00194 7.85 310 1 400 100
0.00482 7.97 78 1 200 050];
ng=length(data(:,1));
a=data(:,1);
b=data(:,2);
c=data(:,3);
fc=data(:,4);
pmax=data(:,5);
pmin=data(:,6);
% loss=[0.00003 0.00009 0.00012];
loss=[ 0 0 0];
C=fc.*c; B=fc.*b; A=fc.*a;
la=1; pd=850; acc=0.2;
diff=1;

Page 101 of 155

while acc<(abs(diff));
for i=1:ng;
p(i)= (la-B(i))/(2*(la*loss(i)+A(i)));
if p(i)<pmin(i);
p(i)=pmin(i);
end;
if p(i)>pmax(i);
p(i)=pmax(i);
end;
end;

LS=sum(((p.*p).*loss));
diff=(pd+LS-sum(p));
if diff>0
la=la+0.001;
else la=la-0.001;
end;
end;
PowerShared=p
Lambda=la
Loss=LS

Page 102 of 155

Output:

a). When loss = [0.00003 0.00009 0.00012]

Power Shared = 435.1026 299.9085 130.6311

Lambda = 9.5290

Loss = 15.8222

b). When loss =0

Power Shared = 393.0858 334.5361 122.1992

Lambda = 9.1490

Loss = 0

Results:

Using Mat Lab program Optimal scheduling of generators is done for the given
three generator system by Lamda iteration method with and without loss and the
calculated values of this system are verified with the output result.

Page 103 of 155

EXP NO: 8

DATE:

LOAD – FREQUENCY DYNAMICS OF SINGLE- AREA AND TWO-

AREA POWER SYSTEMS

AIM:
To become familiar with the modeling and analysis of load frequency and tie line flow
dynamics of a power systems with load frequency controller (LFC) under different control modes and
to design improved controllers to obtain the best system response.
OBJECTIVES:
i. To study the time response(both steady state and transient) of area frequency deviation and
transient power output change of regulating generator following a small load change in a
single-area power system with the regulating generator under “free governor action” for
different operating conditions and different system parameters.
ii. To study the time response (both steady state and transient) of area frequency deviation and
the turbine output change of regulating generator following a small load change in a single
area system provided with an integral frequency controller, to study the effect of changing the
gain of the controller and to select the best gain for the controller to obtain the best response.
iii. To analyze the time response of area frequency deviation and net interchange deviation
following a small load change in one of the areas in an inter connected two area power
system under different control modes, to study the effect of changes in controller parameters
on the response and to select the optimal set of parameters for the controllers to obtain the
best response under different operating conditions.
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL:
Primary control:
The speed change from the synchronous speed initiates the governor control action resulting in all the
participating generator-turbine units taking up the change in load, and stabilizes the system frequency.
Secondary control:

Page 104 of 155

It adjusts the load reference set points of selected turbine-generator units so as to give nominal value
of frequency. The frequency control is a matter of speed control of the machines in the generating
stations. The frequency of a power system is dependent entirely upon the speed in which the
generators are rotated by their prime movers. All prime movers, whether they are steam or hydraulic
turbines, are equipped with speed governors which are purely mechanical speed sensitive devices, to
adjust the gate or control valve opening for the constant speed.

N = 120 f / P
Therefore Nαf
where, N = Speed in rpm
f = Frequency in Hz
P = Number of poles.

ΔXE(s) = [ΔPc (s) – (1/R) ΔF(s) ] x

where R = = speed regulation of the governor in

Hz/MW kG = = Gain of speed governor

TG = = Time constant of speed governor

Turbine model:

Page 105 of 155

Tt = Time constant of turbine

k t = Gain constant

ΔPV(s) = per unit change in valve position from nominal value

Generator Load model:

ΔPD(s) = Real load change

k p = 1/B = Power system gain

Tp = 2H/Bfo = Power system time constant

Model of load frequency control with integral control of single area system:

Page 106 of 155

PROBLEM:

1. The load dynamics of a single area system are Pr=2000 MW;

NOL=1000MW;H=5s;f=50Hz; R=4%; TG=0.08s;TT=0.3s; Assume linear characteristics .
The area has governor but not frequency control. It is subjected to an increase of
20MW. Construct simulink diagram and hence i) determine steady state frequency. ii) If
speed governor loop was open, what would be the frequency drop? iii) Prove frequency
is zero if secondary controller is included.

Manual Calculation:

Page 107 of 155

PROGRAM:
clear
all; clc;
rac=input('Enter the value of Related Area
capcity:'); nol=input('Enter the value of nominal
operating load:'); f=input('Enter the value of
frequency:'); cil=input('Enter the value of change
in load:');

dpd=input('Enter the value of deviation in load in percentage:');

df=input('Enter the value of deviation in frequency in percentage:');
r=input('Enter the value of regulation in Hz/pu MW:');
H=input('Enter the value of Inertia Time constant:');
D=((dpd*(nol))/(df*f));
Dpu=(D/rac);
Kp=(1/Dpu);
Tp=((2*H)/(f*Dpu));
delpd=cil/rac;
if r~= inf
B=(Dpu+(1/r));
else
B=(Dpu);
end
Fs=-(delpd/B);
disp('The static gain of the power system in Hz/pu MW' );
Kp
disp('The Time constant of the power system in seconds');
Tp
disp('Steady state frequency deviation in Hz');
Fs

OUTPUT:

Enter the value of Related Area capcity:2000

Enter the value of nominal operating load:1000
Enter the value of frequency:50
Enter the value of change in load:20
Enter the value of deviation in load in percentage:1
Enter the value of deviation in frequency in
percentage:1 Enter the value of regulation in Hz/pu
MW:2
Enter the value of Inertia Time constant:5
The static gain of the power system in Hz/pu MW
Kp = 100
The Time constant of teh power system in
seconds Tp = 20
Steady state frequency deviation in
Hz Fs = -0.0196

Page 108 of 155

OUTPUT:

Enter the value of Related Area capcity:2000

Enter the value of nominal operating load:1000
Enter the value of frequency:50
Enter the value of change in load:20
Enter the value of deviation in load in percentage:1
Enter the value of deviation in frequency in
percentage:1 Enter the value of regulation in Hz/pu
MW: inf
Enter the value of Inertia Time constant:5
The static gain of the power system in Hz/pu MW
Kp = 100
The Time constant of teh power system in
seconds Tp = 20
Steady state frequency deviation in
Hz Fs = -1

WITH GAIN

Frequency response

Page 109 of 155

WITHOUT GAIN

Frequency response

WITH INTEGRAL CONTROLLER

Page 110 of 155

 Frequency response

FOR TWO AREA SYSTEMS

1. A two area system connected by a tie line has the following parameters on a 1000 MVA base.
R1=0.05pu, R2=0.0625pu,D1=0.6, D2=0.9,H1=5,H2=4; Base power1=Base power2=1000MVA,
TG1=0.2s, TG2=0.3s, TT1=0.5s,TT2=0.6s. The units are operating in parallel at the nominal
frequency of 50Hz. The synchronizing power coefficient is 2pu. A load change of 200MW
occurs in area1. Find the new steady state frequency and change in the tie line flow. Construct
simulink block diagram and find deviation in frequency response for the condition mentioned.
Manual Calculation:

PROGRAM:
clear
all; clc;
rac1=input('Enter the value of Related area capacity-1 in MW:');
cil1=input('Enter the value of change in load-1 in MW:');
D1=input('Enter the value of damping coefficient-1 in pu:');
r1=input('Enter teh value of regulation-1 in pu:');
rac2=input('Enter the value of Related area capacity-2 in MW:');
cil2=input('Enter the value of change in load-2 in MW:');
D2=input('Enter the value of damping coefficient-2 in pu:');
r2=input('Enter teh value of regulation-2 in pu:');
f0=input('Enter the value of frequency:');
B1=(D1+(1/r1));
B1=B1/f0;
B2=(D1+(1/r2));
B2=B2/f0;
delpd1=cil1/rac1;
delpd2=cil2/rac2;
a12=-(rac1/rac2);
delf=((a12*delpd1)-delpd2)/(B2-(a12*B1));
f=f0+delf;
delptie=((B1*delpd2)-(B2*delpd1))/(B2-(a12*B1));
delptie=delptie*rac1;
fprintf('Steady state frequency deviation is : %g Hz\n',delf);
fprintf('System frequency :%g Hz\n',f);

Page 111 of 155

fprintf('Change in tie line flow from area 1 to area 2 :%g MW\n',
delptie);

OUTPUT:

Enter the value of Related area capacity-1 in MW:1000

Enter the value of change in load-1 in MW:200
Enter the value of damping coefficient-1 in pu:0.6
Enter the value of regulation-1 in pu:0.05
Enter the value of Related area capacity-2 in MW:1000
Enter the value of change in load-2 in MW:0
Enter the value of damping coefficient-2 in pu:0.9
Enter teh value of regulation-2 in pu:0.0625
Enter the value of frequency:50
Steady state frequency deviation is : -0.268817 Hz
System frequency :49.7312 Hz
Change in tie line flow from area 1 to area 2 :-89.2473 MW

Page 112 of 155

2. A two area system connected by a tie line has the following parameters on a 1000 MVA base.
R1=0.05pu, R2=0.0625pu, D1=0.6, D2=0.9, H1=5, H2=4; Base power1=Base power2=1000MVA,
TG1=0.2s, TG2=0.3s, TT1=0.5s, TT2=0.6s. The units are operating in parallel at the nominal
frequency of 50Hz. The synchronizing power coefficient is 2pu. A load change of 200MW
occurs in area1. Find the new steady state frequency and change in the tie line flow. Construct
simulink block diagram with the inclusion of the ACE’s and find deviation in frequency
response for the condition mentioned.
Manual Calculation:

Page 113 of 155

Page 114 of 155
RESULT:

Thus the modeling and analysis of load frequency and tie line flow dynamics of a power
systems with load frequency controller (LFC) under different control modes and to design improved
controllers to obtain the best system response was done using Matlab simulink.

Page 115 of 155

Exp.No: 9
Date:

State Estimation
Aim:
To obtain the bests possible estimate of state of the power system for the given set of
measurement by weighted least squares method.
State Estimation BY WLSE method
State estimation plays a very important role in the monitoring and control of modern power
system. The main aim of this is to obtain the voltages and bus angles by processing the available
system data.
State estimation is defined as the data processing algorithm for converting redundant meter
reading and other available information into as estimate of the state of electrical power system.
Real time measurement are collected in power system through SCADA system. Typical
data includes real and reactive line flows and real and reactive bus injections and bus voltage
magnitude. This telemetered data may contain errors. Theseerrors render the outputuseless. It is for
this reason that, power system state estimation techniques have been developed.
A commonly used criterion is that of minimizing the sum of the squares of the differences
between estimated measurement quantities and actual measurement. This is known as “weighted
least squares” criterion. The mathematical model of state estimation is based on the relation
between the measurement variable and the state variable.
Let
[Z] = Set of measurements
[X] = The vector of state variables
[f(X] = The equation relating measurement variables
to the state variable
[e] = The measurement error vector
We have
[Z] = [f(x)+[e] → (1)
The errors [e1,e2,….em]T are assumed to be independent random variable with Gaussian
distribution whose mean is zero. The variationmeasurement errorσiprovides an indication of the
certainity about the particular measurements. A large variance indicates that the corresponding
measurement accurate.
The objective function to be minimsed
→ (2)
Here m is the number of measurements
Minimise
J(x)={[f(x)-[Z]}T [W}[f(X/]-[Z]}
Linearsing equation (1) and simultaneously minimizing the objective function (3),
We get state correction vector as

[ΔX]={[H][W][H]-1[H][W]{[Z]-F9X)]}} (4)
Where

Page 116 of 155

[W]=Diagonal matrix which contain weightage value of each measurement
[H]=Matrix of partial differential derivatives of measurement functions with respect to state
variables

The correction vector [ΔX] should be computed using the latest available system state must
be checked for convergence.
Algorithm:
Read all the relevant data
Initialize the state vector
Compute measurement function [f(x)] and Jocobian matrix [H] using latest known system state
variable
Check weather all the elements of [ΔX] are within the tolerance value, if so latest [X] is the present
system state or else go to next step.
Update the state vector
[X]=[X0]+[ΔX] and go to step 3

Line data
Line number Start Bus End bus Reactance in p.u
1 1 2 0.2
2 2 3 0.4
3 1 3 0.25

Measurement Data:
S.No Measurement Quanities Values (p.u) Weightages
1 P1 0.72 1.0
2 P1,2 0.68 1.0
3 P3,2 -0.405 0.1
4 P1,3 -0.04 0.2

Program:
num = 3;
ybus = ybusppg(num);
zdata = zdatas(num);
bpq = bbusppg(num);
nbus = max(max(zdata(:,4)),max(zdata(:,5)));
type = zdata(:,2);
z = zdata(:,3);
fbus = zdata(:,4);
tbus = zdata(:,5);
Ri = diag(zdata(:,6));
V = ones(nbus,1);
del = zeros(nbus,1);
E = [del(2:end); V];
G = real(ybus);
B = imag(ybus);

Page 117 of 155

vi = find(type == 1);
ppi = find(type == 2);
qi = find(type == 3);
pf = find(type == 4);
qf = find(type == 5);
nvi = length(vi);
npi = length(ppi);
nqi = length(qi);
npf = length(pf);
nqf = length(qf);
iter = 1;
tol = 5;

while(tol> 1e-4)
h1 =
V(fbus(vi),1); h2
= zeros(npi,1); h3
= zeros(nqi,1); h4
= zeros(npf,1); h5
= zeros(nqf,1);
fori = 1:npi
m = fbus(ppi(i));
for k = 1:nbus
h2(i) = h2(i) + V(m)*V(k)*(G(m,k)*cos(del(m)-del(k)) + B(m,k)*sin(del(m)-del(k)));
end
end
fori = 1:nqi
m = fbus(qi(i));
for k = 1:nbus
h3(i) = h3(i) + V(m)*V(k)*(G(m,k)*sin(del(m)-del(k)) - B(m,k)*cos(del(m)-del(k)));
end
end
fori = 1:npf
m = fbus(pf(i));
n = tbus(pf(i));
h4(i) = -V(m)^2*G(m,n) - V(m)*V(n)*(-G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-
del(n)));
end
fori = 1:nqf
m = fbus(qf(i));
n = tbus(qf(i));
h5(i) = -V(m)^2*(-B(m,n)+bpq(m,n)) - V(m)*V(n)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n))
+ B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
h = [h1; h2; h3; h4;
h5]; r = z - h;

H11 = zeros(nvi,nbus-1);
H12 = zeros(nvi,nbus);

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for k = 1:nvi
for n = 1:nbus
if n == k
H12(k,n) = 1;
end
end
end

H21 = zeros(npi,nbus-1);
fori = 1:npi
m = fbus(ppi(i));
for k = 1:(nbus-1)
if k+1 == m
for n = 1:nbus
H21(i,k) = H21(i,k) + V(m)* V(n)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) + B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-
del(n)));
end
H21(i,k) = H21(i,k) - V(m)^2*B(m,m);
else
H21(i,k) = V(m)* V(k+1)*(G(m,k+1)*sin(del(m)-del(k+1)) -
B(m,k+1)*cos(del(m)- del(k+1)));
end
end
end

H22 = zeros(npi,nbus);
fori = 1:npi
m = fbus(ppi(i));
for k = 1:(nbus)
if k == m
for n = 1:nbus
H22(i,k) = H22(i,k) + V(n)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) + B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
end
H22(i,k) = H22(i,k) + V(m)*G(m,m);
else
H22(i,k) = V(m)*(G(m,k)*cos(del(m)-del(k)) + B(m,k)*sin(del(m)-del(k)));
en
d
en
d
en
d
% H31 - Derivative of Reactive Power Injections with Angles..
H31 = zeros(nqi,nbus-1);
fori = 1:nqi
m = fbus(qi(i));
for k = 1:(nbus-1)
if k+1 == m
for n = 1:nbus
H31(i,k) = H31(i,k) + V(m)* V(n)*(G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) + B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-
del(n)));
end
H31(i,k) = H31(i,k) - V(m)^2*G(m,m);
else
H31(i,k) = V(m)* V(k+1)*(-G(m,k+1)*cos(del(m)-del(k+1)) -
B(m,k+1)*sin(del(m)- del(k+1)));
end
end
Page 119 of 155
end

Page 120 of 155

 H32 = zeros(nqi,nbus);
fori = 1:nqi
m = fbus(qi(i));
for k = 1:(nbus)
if k == m
for n = 1:nbus
H32(i,k) = H32(i,k) + V(n)*(G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
end
H32(i,k) = H32(i,k) - V(m)*B(m,m);
else
H32(i,k) = V(m)*(G(m,k)*sin(del(m)-del(k)) - B(m,k)*cos(del(m)-del(k)));
en
d
en
d
en
d

H41 = zeros(npf,nbus-1);
fori = 1:npf
m = fbus(pf(i));
n=
tbus(pf(i)); for k =
1:(nbus-1) if k+1
== m
H41(i,k) = V(m)* V(n)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) + B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
elseif k+1 == n
H41(i,k) = -V(m)* V(n)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) + B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
else
H41(i,k) = 0;
end
end
end
end
% H42 - Derivative of Real Power Flows with V..
H42 = zeros(npf,nbus);
fori = 1:npf
m = fbus(pf(i));
n = tbus(pf(i));
for k = 1:nbus
if k == m
H42(i,k) = -V(n)*(-G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n))) -
2*G(m,n)*V(m);
elseif k == n
H42(i,k) = -V(m)*(-G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
else
H42(i,k) = 0;
end
end
end
end

H51 = zeros(nqf,nbus-1);
fori = 1:nqf
m = fbus(qf(i));
n=
tbus(qf(i)); for k =
1:(nbus-1) if k+1
Page 121 of 155
== m
H51(i,k) = -V(m)* V(n)*(-G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));
elseif k+1 == n
H51(i,k) = V(m)* V(n)*(-G(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)) - B(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)));

Page 122 of 155

else
H51(i,k) = 0;
end
end
end
end

H52 = zeros(nqf,nbus);
fori = 1:nqf
m = fbus(qf(i));
n = tbus(qf(i));
for k = 1:nbus
if k == m
H52(i,k) = -V(n)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) + B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n))) -
2*V(m)*(-B(m,n)+ bpq(m,n));
elseif k == n
H52(i,k) = -V(m)*(-G(m,n)*sin(del(m)-del(n)) + B(m,n)*cos(del(m)-del(n)));
else
H52(i,k) = 0;
end
end
end
end

H = [H11 H12; H21 H22; H31 H32; H41 H42; H51 H52];
Gm = H'*inv(Ri)*H;
J=
sum(inv(Ri)*r.^2);

dE = inv(Gm)*(H'*inv(Ri)*r);
E = E + dE;
del(2:end) = E(1:nbus-1);
V = E(nbus:end);
iter = iter + 1;
tol = max(abs(dE));
end

CvE = diag(inv(H'*inv(Ri)*H));
Del = 180/pi*del;
E2 = [V Del];
disp('-------- State Estimation------------------');
disp(' ');
disp('| Bus | V | Angle | ');
disp('| No | pu | Degree | ');
disp(' ');
for m = 1:n
fprintf('%4g', m); fprintf(' %8.4f', V(m)); fprintf(' %8.4f', Del(m)); fprintf('\n');
end
disp(' ');

Page 123 of 155

functionbbus =
bbusppg(num) linedata =
linedatas(num);
fb = linedata(:,1);
tb = linedata(:,2);
b = linedata(:,5);
nbus = max(max(fb),max(tb));
nbranch = length(fb);
bbus = zeros(nbus,nbus);
for k=1:nbranch
bbus(fb(k),tb(k)) = b(k);
bbus(tb(k),fb(k)) = bbus(fb(k),tb(k));
end
functionybus = ybusppg(num) % Returns ybus
linedata = linedatas(num);
fb = linedata(:,1);
tb = linedata(:,2);
r = linedata(:,3);
x = linedata(:,4);
b = linedata(:,5);
a = linedata(:,6);
z = r + i*x;
y = 1./z;
b = i*b;

nbus = max(max(fb),max(tb));
nbranch = length(fb);
ybus = zeros(nbus,nbus);
for k=1:nbranch
ybus(fb(k),tb(k)) = ybus(fb(k),tb(k))-y(k)/a(k);
ybus(tb(k),fb(k)) = ybus(fb(k),tb(k));
end

for m =1:nbus
for n =1:nbranch
if fb(n) == m
ybus(m,m) = ybus(m,m) + y(n)/(a(n)^2) +
b(n); elseiftb(n) == m
ybus(m,m) = ybus(m,m) + y(n) + b(n);
end
end
end

function [rho theta] = rect2pol(x)

rho = sqrt(real(x).^2 + imag(x).^2);
theta = atan(imag(x)./real(x));
functionrect = pol2rect(rho,theta)
rect = rho.*cos(theta) + j*rho.*sin(theta);

Page 124 of 155

RESULT:
The state of the given system has estimated using weighted least square method and the
results are found to be correct

Page 125 of 155

EXP NO: 10

DATE:

ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS IN POWER SYSTEMS

AIM:
(i) To study and understand the electromagnetic transient phenomena in power systems caused due to
switching and fault by PSCAD software.
ii) To become proficient in the usage of PSCAD software to address problems in the areas of
overvoltage protection and mitigation and insulation coordination of EHV systems.

OBJECTIVES:
a) To study the transients due to energization of a single-phase and three-phase load from a
non- ideal source with line represented by π model.
b) To study the transients due to energization of a single-phase and three-phase load from a
non- ideal source and line represented by distributed parameters.
c) To study the transient over voltages due to faults for a SLG fault at far end of a line.
d) To study the Transient Recovery Voltage (TRV) associated with a breaker for a

Solution Method for Electromagnetic Transients Analysis

Intentional and inadvertent switching operations in EHV systems initiate over voltages, which might
attain dangerous values resulting in destruction of apparatus. Accurate computation of these over
voltages is essential for proper sizing, coordination of insulation of various equipments and
specification of protective devices. Meaningful design of EHV systems is dependent on modeling
philosophy built into a computer program. The models of equipment’s must be detailed enough to
reproduce actual conditions successfully – an important aspect where a general purpose digital
computer program scores over transient network analyzers. The program employs a direct integration
time-domain technique evolved by Dommel. The essence of this method is discretization of differential
equations associated with network elements using trapezoidal rule of integration and solution of the
resulting difference equations for the unknown voltages. Any network which consists of

Page 126 of 155

interconnections of resistances, inductances, capacitances, single and multiphase π circuits, distributed
parameter lines, and certain other elements can be solved. To keep the explanations simple, however
single phase network elements will be used rather than the more complex multiphase network
elements.
SOLUTION METHOD FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSIENTS ANALYSIS:
Intentional and inadvertent switching operations in EHV systems initiate over voltages, which might
attain dangerous values resulting in destruction of apparatus. Accurate computation of these voltages is
essential for proper sizing, co-ordination of insulation of various equipments and specification of
protective devices. Meaningful use of EHV is dependent on modeling philosophy built into a computer
program. The models of equipments must be detailed enough to reproduce actual conditions
successfully –an important aspect where a general purpose digital computer program scores over
transient network analyzers.
The program employs a direct integration time-domain technique evolved by Dommel. The essence of
this method is discretization of differential equations associated with network elements using
trapezoidal rule of integration and solution of the resulting equations for the unknown voltages. Any
network which consists of interconnections of resistances, inductances, capacitances, single and
multiphase pi circuits, distributed parameter lines, and certain other elements can be solved. To keep
the explanations simple, however, single phase network elements will be used, rather than the complex
multiphase network elements.

Page 127 of 155

PROBLEM
1. Prepare the data for the network given in the given figure and run PSCAD software .Obtain the
plots of source voltage, load bus voltage and load current following the energization of a
single-phase load. Comment on the results. Double the source inductance and obtain the plots
of the variables mentioned earlier. Comment on the effect of doubling the source inductance.
Energization of a single phase 0.95 pf load from a non ideal source and a more realistic line
representation (lumped R,L,C ) using PSCAD software.

PSCAD MODEL

Page 128 of 155

Page 129 of 155
RESULT:
Thus the electromagnetic transient phenomena in power systems caused due to switching and
fault by using PSCAD software are anal yzed and results were obtained.

Page 130 of 155

ADITIONAL EXP NO:1
DATE:

LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS OF A GIVEN POWER SYSTEM WITH STATCOM

AIM:

To calculate the compensated voltage and angle in the given system using STATCOM as the
compensator

SOFTWARE REQUIRED:

Power system module of MATLAB

THEORY:

The STATCOM (or SSC) is a shunt-connected reactive-power compensation device that is

capable of generating and /or absorbing reactive power and in which the output can be varied to control
the specific parameters of an electric power system. It is in general a solid-state switching converter
capable of generating or absorbing independently controllable real and reactive power at its output
terminals when it is fed from an energy source or energy-storage device at its input terminals.
Specifically, the STATCOM considered in this chapter is a voltage-source converter that, from a given
input of dc voltage, produces a set of 3-phase ac-output voltages, each in phase with and coupled to the
corresponding ac system voltage through a relatively small reactance (which is provided by either an
interface reactor or the leakage inductance of a coupling transformer). The dc voltage is provided by an
energy-storage capacitor. A STATCOM can improve power-system performance in such areas as the
following:

1. The dynamic voltage control in transmission and distribution systems;

2. The power-oscillation damping in power-transmission systems;

3. The transient stability;

4. The voltage flicker control; and

5. The control of not only reactive power but also (if needed) active power in the connected line,
requiring a dc energy source.

Furthermore, a STATCOM does the following:

Page 131 of 155
1. It occupies a small footprint, for it replaces passive banks of circuit elements by compact electronic
converters;

2. It offers modular, factory-built equipment, thereby reducing site work and commissioning time; and

3. It uses encapsulated electronic converters, thereby minimizing its environmental impact.

A STATCOM is analogous to an ideal synchronous machine, which generates a balanced set of

three sinusoidal voltages at the fundamental frequency with controllable amplitude and phase angle. This
ideal machine has no inertia, is practically instantaneous, does not significantly alter the existing system
impedance, and can internally generate reactive (both capacitive and inductive) power.

The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) installed the first 100-MVA STATCOM in 1995 at its Sullivan
substation. The application of this STATCOM is expected to reduce the TVA’s need for load tap
changers, thereby achieving savings by minimizing the potential for transformer failure. This
STATCOM aids in resolving the off-peak dilemma of over voltages in the Sullivan substation area while
avoiding the more labor- and space-intensive installation of an additional transformer bank. Also, this
STATCOM provides instantaneous control and therefore increased capacity of transmission voltage,
providing the TVA with greater flexibility in bulk-power transactions, and it also increases the system
reliability by damping grids of major oscillations in this grid.

EXERCISE:

Rs=0.01; Xs=0.1;Rp=200;K+=0.9

Page 132 of 155

BUS DATA OF 3 BUS SYSTEM:

Bus Bus V angle load gen

no. code p.u. MW MVAR MW MVAR

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0

2 0 1 0 256.6 110.2 0 0

3 0 1 0 138.6 45.2 0 0

LINE DATA:

Bus R pu X pu B pu

From To

1 2 0.02 0.04 0.05

Page 133 of 155

 1 3 0.01 0.03 0.03

2 3 0.0125 0.025 0.06

PROGRAM:

clear all;

clc;

n=3;

pd=[0 2.562 1.102];

qd=[0 1.386 0.452];

qg=[0 0 0];

pg=[0 0 0];

vs=[1.05 1 1];

theta=[0 0 0];

con=0.1;

yb=[20-50j -10+20j -10+30j;

-10+20j 26-52j -16+32j;

-10+30j -16+32j 26-62j];

zs=0.01+0.1j;

beta=angle(zs);

rp=200;

k=0.9;

m=1;

cont=.1;

vdc=1;

alpha=0;

b=imag(yb);

g=real(yb);

Page 134 of 155

Page 135 of 155
an=angle(yb);

my=abs(yb);

iter=1;

while(cont>0.01 && iter<4)

iter

vc=(k*k)*(m)*(vdc);

pg(3)=((vc*vs(3)*cos(theta(3)-alpha+beta))-(vs(3)*vs(3)*cos(beta)))/abs(zs);

qg(3)=((vc*vs(3)*sin(theta(3)-alpha+beta))-(vs(3)*vs(3)*sin(beta)))/abs(zs);

pac=((vc^2*cos(beta))-(vs(3)*vc*cos(beta+alpha-theta(3))))/abs(zs);

p=pg-pd;

q=qg-qd;

for o=1:n

pp(o)=0;

qq(o)=0;

for l=1:n

pe(o)=vs(o)*vs(l)*my(o,l)*cos(an(o,l)-theta(o)+theta(l))+pp(o);

pp(o)=pe(o);

qe(o)=-vs(o)*vs(l)*my(o,l)*sin(an(o,l)-theta(o)+theta(l))+qq(o);

qq(o)=qe(o);

end

end

pp;

qq;

pchang(1:2)= p(2:3)-pp(2:3);

qchang(1:2)=q(2:3)-qq(2:3);

pdc=(vdc^2)/rp;

pext=pac-pdc;

Page 136 of 155

del=[0 0 0 0 0];

del=[pchang qchang pext];

%calculation of jacobian

for k=2:n

for l=1:n

if k~=l

H(k,l)=-vs(k)*vs(l)*my(k,l)*sin(an(k,l)+theta(l)-theta(k));

N(k,l)=vs(k)*vs(l)*my(k,l)*cos(an(k,l)+theta(l)-theta(k));

J(k,l)=-vs(k)*vs(l)*my(k,l)*cos(an(k,l)+theta(l)-theta(k));

L(k,l)=-vs(k)*vs(l)*my(k,l)*sin(an(k,l)+theta(l)-theta(k));

else

H(k,l)=-qq(k)-vs(k)*vs(k)*b(k,k);

N(k,l)=pp(k)+vs(k)*vs(k)*g(k,k);

J(k,l)=pp(k)-vs(k)*vs(k)*g(k,k);

L(k,l)=qq(k)-vs(k)*vs(k)*b(k,k);

end

end

end

H11(1:2,1:2)=H(2:3,2:3);

N12(1:2,1:2)=N(2:3,2:3);

J21(1:2,1:2)=J(2:3,2:3);

L22(1:2,1:2)=L(2:3,2:3);

jac=zeros(5,5);

jac=[H11 N12;J21 L22];

jac(1,4)=0;

jac(2,2)=(vs(3)*vc*sin(theta(3)-alpha+beta)/abs(zs))-(qq(k)-vs(k)*vs(k)*b(k,k));

jac(2,4)=-(k*vdc*cos(theta(3)-alpha+beta))/abs(zs);

Page 137 of 155

jac(2,5)=-(k*m*vdc*sin(theta(3)-alpha+beta))/abs(zs);

jac(3,4)=0;

jac(4,2)=-((vs(3)*vdc*cos(theta(3)-alpha+beta))/abs(zs))-(pp(k)-vs(k)*vs(k)*g(k,k));

jac(4,4)=(k*vdc*vs(3)*sin(theta(3)-alpha+beta))/abs(zs);

jac(4,5)=(-k*m*vdc*vs(3)*cos(theta(3)-alpha+beta))/abs(zs);

jac(5,2)=-(k*vdc*m*vs(3)*sin(alpha-theta(3)+beta))/abs(zs);

jac(5,4)=(k*m*vs(3)*vdc*sin(alpha-theta(3)+beta))/abs(zs);

jac(5,5)=-((vdc*k*vs(3)*cos(alpha-theta(3)+beta))-(2*k*k*m*vdc^2*cos(beta)))/abs(zs);

jac;

delta=(jac)\del';

dtheta(2:3)=delta(1:2);

theta=theta+dtheta

dv=[0 0 0];

dv(2:2)=delta(3:3);

vs=vs+dv

con=max(abs(dv));

iter=iter+1;

m=m+delta(4);

alpha=alpha+delta(5);

end

OUTPUT:

iter = 1

theta = 0 -0.0262 0.0033

vs = 1.0500 0.9778 1.0000

Page 138 of 155
iter = 2

theta = 0 -0.1781 -0.2471

vs = 1.0500 0.9770 1.0000

iter = 3

theta = 0 -0.5447 -0.8483

vs = 1.0500 0.9305 1.0000

RESULT:

Thus the compensated voltage and angle in the given system is calculated by using STATCOM as
the compensator

Page 139 of 155

ADITIONAL EXP NO:2 DATE:

TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF SINGLE MACHINE INFINITE BUS (SMIB) SYSTEM WITH

STATCOM

AIM:

To analyse the transient performance of Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system with
STATCOM using MATLAB.

THEORY:

A STATCOM is a voltage- sourced converter (VSC) –based shunt FACTS device and is capable
of injecting controllable reactive current into the system. Consider that a STATCOM is placed at bus m
in the SMIB system as shown in Fig.(1).The equivalent circuit of the system is shown in Fig.(2) where
the STATCOM is represented by a shunt reactive current source Is.

Vt Vm V
L1 L2
L3 L4
Infinite

STATCOM

Fig 1 Schematic diagram of SMIB system with STATCOM

E Vmm V0

jX1 jX2
+
I

Fig 2 Equivalent Circuit of SMIB system with STATCOM

Page 140 of 155

STATCOM can be represented by a shunt reactive current source Is

I s I e j(δm π/ 2) (1)

Here δm is the angle of voltage at bus m and is given by


δ  tan1 E ' X2 sin δ  
m 
VX  E ' X cos δ
 1 2  (2)

E ' X2 cos(δ  δm )  VX1 cos δm

V  X1X2
 m X1  X2 I
X1  X2
s (3)

Where, δ is the angle of the machine, X1 represents the equivalent reactance between the machine
internal bus and the intermediate bus m, X2 represents the equivalent reactance between bus m and the
infinite bus, E’ is the machine internal voltage and V is the infinite bus voltage.

The above equations Eq.(2) and Eq.(3) indicates that the angle δ m is independent of Is but the bus voltage
Vm depends upon Is. The electrical power Pe of the machine can be written as
E ' Vm
P sin(δ  δ )
m
e
X1 (4)

Substituting the value of Vm and δm in Eq.(4)

E ' E ' X2 cos(δ  δm )  VX1 cos δm  

P
E '  sin(δ  δ )  X1X2 I sin(δ  δ )

e  X X  

m X X  s m
X X
1   1  1 2 
1 2 (5)

Applying some basic circuit equations Pe written as

Pe =Pmax sinδ+f1 (δ)Is (6)

Where,

Pma
E'V
x
X X
1 2
(7)

f1 (δ) E ' X2
 sin(δ  δm )
X1  X2 (8)

Note that f1 (δ) is positive when δ oscillates between zero and π Eq.(6) suggests that Pe can be
modulated by controlling the STATCOM current I s .it may be mentioned here that Is in eq.(6) is positive
(negative) for capacitive (inductive) operation of the STATCOM.
Page 141 of 155
 The speed of the machine ω is an appropriate control signal that can be used to enhancement of
the power system damping. With the above control Is can be expressed as

Is=K1ω , I min
s
≤ Is ≤ Is max (9)

Page 142 of 155

 Here, K1 is a positive gain and it depends upon the maximum current rating (I max
s
) of the
STATCOM. From the mathematical model (Eqns.6, 7, 8 & 9).The simulation block diagram of the
SMIB system with STATCOM is shown in the Fig.(3).

Fig 3 Simulation block diagram of SMIB system with STATCOM Controller

Using Eq.(6) and Eq.(9) -E can be written as

-E (δ, ω) = [D+K1f1(δ)] ω2 (10)

Here –E is considered as the rate of dissipation of transient energy. The first term within the
square bracket of Eq.(10) is the natural damping coefficient D and the second term can be considered as
additional damping coefficient (DSTAT) provided by the STATCOM.

D  K f (δ) 
K E' sin(δ  δ )
X2
STAT 1 1 1
X 1 X
m
(11)

The above equations indicates that the value of DSTAT depends on the reactances (X1,X2) ,and
hence the location of STATCOM. When the STATCOM is placed near the infinite bus (X 2→0), DSTAT of
Eq.(11) approaches to zero..On the other hand, when X 1 tends to zero, δm of Eq.(2) becomes almost the
same as δ, and hence DSTAT is also approaches to zero. For a given δ, it can be shown that the maximum
value of DSTAT can be obtained when the reactance ratio ax=(X1/X2) becomes the same as the voltage
ratio av= (E’/V).For such case, δm of Eq.(2) becomes δ/2, and thus the maximum damping coefficient
provided by the STATCOM can be expressed as:

Dmax 
K E' δ
Here, a=ax=av.

Data for the SMIB

Page 143 of 155
system: (12)

Page 144 of 155

Generator: X`=0.3 pu, f=60 Hz, D=0, H=5s (M=H/f).

Transformer: X=0.1 pu.

Transmission lines: X=0.4 pu of each line.

The generator initially delivers a power of 1.0 pu at a terminal voltage of 1.05 pu and the infinite
bus voltage of 1.0 pu. The generator internal voltage E` for the above operating condition is found as
1.235640.35o pu.

OUTPUT:

ROTOR ANGLE RESPONSE WITHOUT STATCOM:

0.18

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.1
ROTOR ANGLE

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TIME (SEC)

ROTOR ANGLE RESPONSE WITH STATCOM:

Page 145 of 155

 0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
ROTOR ANGLE

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
TIME (SEC)

INFERENCE:

From the output response we can understand that with the inclusion of STATCOM the SMIB
system regains its rotor angle stability whereas without STATCOM the oscillations continued and rotor
angle stability could not be regained.

RESULT:

The transient performance of the Single Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system with STATCOM
was analysed using MATLAB.

Page 146 of 155

ADITIONAL EXP NO: 3

DATE:

TRANSIENT STABILITY ANALYSIS OF MULTIMACHINE POWER

SYSTEMS

AIM:
(i) To become familiar with modeling aspects of synchronous machines and network
for transient stability anal ysis of multi-machine power systems.
(ii) To become familiar with the state-of-the-art algorithm for simplified transient
stability simulation involving only classical machine models for synchronous machines.
(iii) To understand system behavior when subjected to large disturbances in the presence
of synchronous machine controllers.
(iv) To become proficient in the usage of the software to tackle real life problems encountered
in the areas of power system planning and operation.

OBJECTIVES

(i) To assess the transient stability of a multi machine power system when subjected to a common
disturbance sequence: fault application on a transmission line followed by fault removal
and line opening.

(ii) To determine the critical clearing time for the above sequence.

(iii)To observe system response and understand its behavior during a full load rejection at a
substation with and without controllers.

(iv)To observe system response and understand its behavior during loss of a major generating
station.

(v) To understand machine and system behavior during loss of excitation.

(vi)To study the effect of load relief provided by under frequency load shedding scheme.

Page 147 of 155

THEORY:
The classical transient stability study is based on the application of a three – phase fault. A
solid three – phase fault at bus k in the network results in Vk = 0. This is simulated by removing the kth
row and column from the pre-fault bus admittance matrix. The new bus admittance matrix is reduced
by eliminating all nodes except the internal generator nodes. The generator excitation voltages during
the fault and post – fault modes are assumed to remain constant.
The electrical power of the ith generator in terms of the new reduced bus admittance matrices
are obtained from

Pei = ∑  Ei’   Ej’   Yij  cos ( ij - i + j ) ---------------( 1 ) j =1

The swing equation with damping neglected, for machine i becomes, is given

by Hi d2i m

------ ------- = Pmi - ∑  Ei’   Ej’   Yij  cos ( ij - i + j )----------------( 2 )

π f0 dt2 j=1

where Yij are the elements of the faulted reduced bus admittance matrix, and Hi is the inertia constant
of machine i expressed on the common MVA base SB. If HGi is the inertia constant of machine i
expressed on the machine rated MVA SGi, then Hi is given by

Hi = (SGi / SB ) HGi----------------( 3 )

Showing the electrical power of the ith generator by P f and transforming equation ( 2 ) into
e
state variable model

yields di

------- = ωi , i = 1,2, ……… m-----------------( 4 )

dt

dωi

------- = (π f0 / Hi ) ( Pm - P fe )------------(5)

dt

Page 148 of 155

 For multi-machine transient stability analysis of an interconnected power system, it is
necessary to solve two state equations for each generator, with initial power angles 0 and ω0i = 0.
When the fault is cleared, which may involve the removal of the faulty line, the bus admittance
matrix is recomputed to reflect the change in the network. Next the post- fault reduced bus admittance
matrix is evaluated and the post- fault electrical power of the ith generator shown by Pipf is readily
determined from ( 1).
Using the post-fault power Pipf, the simulation is continued to determine the system stability,
until the plots reveal a definite trend as to stability or instability.
Usually the slack generator is selected as the reference, and the phase angle difference of all
other generators with respect to the reference machine are plotted.
Usually, the solution is carried out for two swings to show that the second swing is not greater
than the first one. If the angle differences do not increase, the system is stable. If any of the angle
differences increase indefinitely, the system is unstable.

Page 149 of 155

PROBLEM:
For bus 1, the voltage is given as V1=1.06∟0 and it is taken as slack bus. The base value
is 100MVA.

LOAD DATA GENERATION SCHEDULE

LOAD
BUS MW Mvar LINE BUS VOLTAGE GENERATION Mvar LIMITS
NO DATA MAG MW MACHINE DATA
NO GEN Min
Ra Xd’ Max H
A1 three phase
0 occurs
0 on line1R(PU)
5-6 near bus 6 and is cleared by the simultaneous opening of breakers
LINE NO LINE 1.06X(PU) ------
1/2B(PU) 1 -----
0 ------ 20
0.20
at2(START)
both ends
0 ofNO(END)
the
0 line. Perform the transient stability analysis and determine the system stability for
150 is cleared in2 0.5 second
0 0 c) Repeat
0.15 4
a)3 when 2 0.4 second
1.04b) when the fault 140
1 the
0 fault0is 4cleared in 0.035 0.225 0.0065 3 0 0.25 the 5
4 1 100to determine
simulation 70 5 the 3critical
0.025clearing angle
1.03 0.105 0.0045
100 0 90
5 1 90 30 6 0.040 0.215 0.0055
Manual
6 2 160 Calculation:
1104 0.000 0.035 0.0000
3 5 0.000 0.042 0.0000
4 6 0.028 0.125 0.0035
5 6 0.026 0.175 0.0300

Page 150 of 155

PROGRAM:
basemva = 100; accuracy = 0.0001; maxiter = 10;
busdata=[1 1 1.06 0.0 00.00 00.00 0.00 00.00 0 0 0
2 2 1.04 0.0 00.00 00.00 150.00 00.00 0 140 0
3 2 1.03 0.0 00.00 00.00 100.00 00.00 0 90 0
4 0 1.0 0.0 100.00 70.00 00.00 00.00 0 0 0
5 0 1.0 0.0 90.00 30.00 00.00 00.00 0 0 0
6 0 1.0 0.0 160.00 110.00 00.00 00.00 0 0 0];

linedata=[1 4 0.035 0.225 0.0065 1.0

1 5 0.025 0.105 0.0045 1.0
1 6 0.040 0.215 0.0055 1.0
2 4 0.000 0.035 0.0000 1.0
3 5 0.000 0.042 0.0000 1.0
4 6 0.028 0.125 0.0035 1.0
5 6 0.026 0.175 0.0300 1.0];

lfybus % form the bus admittance matrix

lfnewton % Power flow solution by Newton-Raphson
method busout % Prints the power flow solution on the
screen

% Gen. Ra Xd' H
gendata=[ 1 0 0.20 20
2 0 0.15 4
3 0 0.25 5];
trstab

trstab
global Pm f H E Y th
ngg f=60;
%zdd=gendata(:,2)+j*gendata(:,3);
ngr=gendata(:,1);

Page 151 of 155

%H=gendata(:,4);
ngg=length(gendata(:,1));
%%
for k=1:ngg
zdd(ngr(k))=gendata(k, 2)+j*gendata(k,3);
%H(ngr(k))=gendata(k, 4);
H(k)=gendata(k,4); % new
end
%%
for k=1:ngg
I=conj(S(ngr(k)))/conj(V(ngr(k)));
%Ep(ngr(k)) = V(ngr(k))+zdd(ngr(k))*I;
%Pm(ngr(k))=real(S(ngr(k)));
Ep(k) = V(ngr(k))+zdd(ngr(k))*I; % new
Pm(k)=real(S(ngr(k))); % new

end
E=abs(Ep);
d0=angle(Ep); for
k=1:ngg
nl(nbr+k) = nbus+k;

nr(nbr+k) = gendata(k, 1);

%R(nbr+k) = gendata(k, 2);

%X(nbr+k) = gendata(k, 3);

R(nbr+k) = real(zdd(ngr(k)));
X(nbr+k) = imag(zdd(ngr(k)));

Bc(nbr+k) = 0;
a(nbr+k) = 1.0;
yload(nbus+k)=0;
end
nbr1=nbr; nbus1=nbus;
nbrt=nbr+ngg;
nbust=nbus+ngg;
linedata=[nl, nr, R, X, -j*Bc, a];
[Ybus, Ybf]=ybusbf(linedata, yload, nbus1,nbust);
fprintf('\nPrefault reduced bus admittance matrix \n')
Ybf
Y=abs(Ybf); th=angle(Ybf);
Pm=zeros(1, ngg);
disp([' G(i) E''(i) d0(i) Pm(i)'])
for ii = 1:ngg
for jj = 1:ngg
Pm(ii) = Pm(ii) + E(ii)*E(jj)*Y(ii, jj)*cos(th(ii, jj)-d0(ii)+d0(jj));

end,
fprintf(' %g', ngr(ii)), fprintf(' %8.4f',E(ii)), fprintf(' %8.4f',
180/pi*d0(ii))
fprintf(' %8.4f \n',Pm(ii))
end
respfl='y';
while respfl =='y' | respfl=='Y' nf=input('Enter
faulted bus No. -> '); fprintf('\nFaulted reduced
bus admittance matrix\n')

Page 152 of 155

Ydf=ybusdf(Ybus, nbus1, nbust, nf)
%Fault cleared
[Yaf]=ybusaf(linedata, yload, nbus1,nbust, nbrt); fprintf('\
nPostfault reduced bus admittance matrix\n')
Yaf
resptc='y';
while resptc =='y' | resptc=='Y'
tc=input('Enter clearing time of fault in sec. tc = ');
tf=input('Enter final simulation time in sec. tf = ');
clear t x del
t0 = 0;
w0=zeros(1,
length(d0)); x0 = [d0,
w0];
tol=0.0001;
Y=abs(Ydf); th=angle(Ydf);
%[t1, xf] =ode23('dfpek', t0, tc, x0, tol); % Solution during fault (use
with MATLAB 4)
tspan=[t0, tc];
[t1, xf] =ode23('dfpek', tspan, x0); % Solution during fault (use with MATLAB
5) x0c =xf(length(xf), :);
Y=abs(Yaf); th=angle(Yaf);
%[t2,xc] =ode23('afpek', tc, tf, x0c, tol); % Postfault solution (use with MATLAB
4)
tspan = [tc, tf]; % use with MATLAB 5
[t2,xc] =ode23('afpek', tspan, x0c); % Postfault solution (use with MATLAB
5)
t =[t1; t2]; x = [xf; xc];
fprintf('\nFault is cleared at %4.3f Sec. \n', tc)
for k=1:nbus
if kb(k)==1
ms=k; else,
end
end
fprintf('\nPhase angle difference of each machine \n')
fprintf('with respect to the slack in degree.\n')
fprintf(' t - sec')
kk=0;
for k=1:ngg
if k~=ms
kk=kk+1;
del(:,kk)=180/pi*(x(:,k)-x(:,ms));
fprintf(' d(%g,',ngr(k)), fprintf('%g)', ngr(ms))
else, end
end
fprintf(' \n')
disp([t, del])
h=figure; figure(h)
plot(t, del)
title(['Phase angle difference (fault cleared at ', num2str(tc),'s)'])
xlabel('t, sec'), ylabel('Delta, degree'), grid
resp=0;
while strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1
resp=input('Another clearing time of fault? Enter ''y'' or ''n'' within quotes
-> ');

if strcmp(resp, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp, 'y')~=1 &

strcmp(resp, 'Y')~=1

Page 153 of 155

 fprintf('\n Incorrect reply, try again \n\n'), end
end
resptc=resp;

end
resp2=0;
while strcmp(resp2, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp2, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp2, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp2, 'Y')~=1
resp2=input('Another fault location: Enter ''y'' or ''n'' within quotes -> ');
if strcmp(resp2, 'n')~=1 & strcmp(resp2, 'N')~=1 & strcmp(resp2, 'y')~=1 &
strcmp(resp2, 'Y')~=1
fprintf('\n Incorrect reply, try again \n\n'), end
respf1=resp2;
end
if respf1=='n' | respf1=='N', return, else, end
end

OUTPUT:

Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson

Method Maximum Power Mismatch =

1.80187e-007

No. of Iterations = 4

Bus Voltage Angle ------Load------ ---Generation--- Injected

No. Mag. Degree MW Mvar MW Mvar Mvar

1 1.060 0.000 0.000 0.000 105.287 107.335 0.000

2 1.040 1.470 0.000 0.000 150.000 99.771 0.000

3 1.030 0.800 0.000 0.000 100.000 35.670 0.000

4 1.008 -1.401 100.000 70.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

5 1.016 -1.499 90.000 30.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

6 0.941 -5.607 160.000 110.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Total 350.000 210.000 355.287 242.776 0.000

Prefault reduced bus admittance matrix

Page 154 of 155

 Ybf =

0.3517 - 2.8875i 0.2542 + 1.1491i 0.1925 + 0.9856i

0.2542 + 1.1491i 0.5435 - 2.8639i 0.1847 + 0.6904i
0.1925 + 0.9856i 0.1847 + 0.6904i 0.2617 - 2.2835i

G(i) E'(i) d0(i) Pm(i)

1 1.2781 8.9421 1.0529
2 1.2035 11.8260 1.5000
3 1.1427 13.0644 1.0000
Enter faulted bus No. -> 6

Faulted reduced bus admittance

matrix Ydf =

0.1913 - 3.5849i 0.0605 + 0.3644i 0.0523 + 0.4821i

0.0605 + 0.3644i 0.3105 - 3.7467i 0.0173 + 0.1243i

0.0523 + 0.4821i 0.0173 + 0.1243i 0.1427 - 2.6463i Fault

is cleared by opening a line. The bus to bus nos. of the line to

be removed must be entered within brackets, e.g. [5, 7] Enter

the bus to bus Nos. of line to be removed -> [5,6] Postfault

reduced bus admittance matrix

Yaf =

0.3392 - 2.8879i 0.2622 + 1.1127i 0.1637 + 1.0251i

0.2622 + 1.1127i 0.6020 - 2.7813i 0.1267 + 0.5401i

0.1637 + 1.0251i 0.1267 + 0.5401i 0.2859 - 2.0544i

Enter clearing time of fault in sec. tc =

0.4 Enter final simulation time in sec. tf

= 1.5

Fault is cleared at 0.400 Sec.

Page 155 of 155

Phase angle difference of each

machine with respect to the slack in

degree.

t - sec d(2,1) d(3,1)

0 2.8839 4.1224

0.0000 2.8839 4.1224

0.0000 2.8839 4.1224

0.0001 2.8839 4.1224

0.0003 2.8840 4.1224

0.0015 2.8862 4.1235

0.0073 2.9399 4.1509

0.0224 3.4099 4.3908

Page 156 of 155

0.0444 4.9406 5.1720

0.0723 8.2866 6.8808

0.1060 14.2907 9.9504

0.1460 23.8359 14.8373

0.1860 35.4934 20.8099

0.2260 48.6576 27.5407

0.2660 62.7474 34.6877

0.3060 77.2873 41.9274

0.3460 91.9675 48.9846

0.3860 106.6754 55.6506

0.4000 111.8343 57.8619

0.4000 111.8343 57.8619

0.4117 115.7711 59.5250

0.4514 123.3461 62.7084

0.4910 122.4353 62.1741

0.5246 114.9564 58.8080

0.5571 101.5237 53.0062

0.5707 93.9706 49.8307

0.5843 85.2511 46.2219

0.5992 74.3703 41.7856

0.6151 61.2586 36.5099

0.6315 46.3109 30.5474

0.6484 29.6213 23.8982

0.6665 10.9104 16.3713

0.6874 -11.0636 7.2886

Page 157 of 155

0.7076 -31.4452 -1.5650

0.7277 -50.0888 -10.2773

0.7453 -64.3270 -17.5845

0.7605 -74.7647 -23.5451

0.7728 -81.8172 -28.0628

0.7869 -88.2825 -32.8413

0.8064 -94.3483 -38.6949

0.8333 -97.0931 -45.0843

0.8705 -90.1891 -50.2025

0.9099 -70.0025 -50.2533

0.9431 -44.2898 -45.5321

0.9756 -14.0114 -36.4903

1.0106 19.9645 -22.2399

1.0438 49.4313 -5.4158

1.0726 70.6234 10.6518

1.1035 87.7813 28.1804

1.1415 100.5913 48.4869

1.1896 103.9511 69.7127

1.2444 90.9792 84.8240

1.2773 75.0434 88.1302

1.2974 62.6822 87.7623

1.3174 48.6144 85.5064

1.3345 35.5322 82.0560

1.3498 23.3208 77.8011

1.3651 10.8942 72.4688

Page 158 of 155

 1.3850 -5.1516 63.9678

1.4059 -21.0700 53.3371

1.4268 -35.3195 41.1849

1.4478 -47.3380 27.7068

1.4706 -57.1182 12.1591

1.4960 -63.5779 -5.6903

1.5000 -64.1454 -8.4713

Another clearing time of fault? Enter 'y' or 'n' within quotes -> 'y'

Enter clearing time of fault in sec. tc = 0.5

Enter final simulation time in sec. tf =

1.5 Fault is cleared at 0.500 Sec.

Phase angle difference of each

machine with respect to the slack in

degree.

t - sec d(2,1) d(3,1)

1.0e+003 *

0 0.0029 0.0041

0.0000 0.0029 0.0041

0.0000 0.0029 0.0041

0.0000 0.0029 0.0041

0.0000 0.0029 0.0041

0.0000 0.0029 0.0041

0.0000 0.0029 0.0042

0.0000 0.0034 0.0044

0.0000 0.0049 0.0052

Page 159 of 155

0.0001 0.0083 0.0069

0.0001 0.0143 0.0100

0.0001 0.0240 0.0149

0.0002 0.0387 0.0225

0.0002 0.0557 0.0311

0.0003 0.0737 0.0402

0.0003 0.0920 0.0490

0.0004 0.1104 0.0573

0.0004 0.1291 0.0647

0.0005 0.1503 0.0716

0.0005 0.1503 0.0716

0.0005 0.1572 0.0734

0.0006 0.1738 0.0754

0.0006 0.1861 0.0730

0.0007 0.1997 0.0671

0.0007 0.2163 0.0593

0.0008 0.2389 0.0500

0.0008 0.2674 0.0400

0.0008 0.2889 0.0331

0.0008 0.3137 0.0254

0.0008 0.3362 0.0185

0.0009 0.3570 0.0120

0.0009 0.3789 0.0052

0.0009 0.4034 -0.0027

0.0009 0.4265 -0.0101

Page 160 of 155

0.0009 0.4457 -0.0162

0.0009 0.4645 -0.0219

0.0010 0.4843 -0.0274

0.0010 0.5072 -0.0327

0.0010 0.5374 -0.0374

0.0011 0.5729 -0.0397

0.0011 0.6061 -0.0399

0.0011 0.6451 -0.0385

0.0011 0.6853 -0.0355

0.0012 0.7332 -0.0298

0.0012 0.7731 -0.0231

0.0012 0.8105 -0.0148

0.0012 0.8456 -0.0052

0.0012 0.8834 0.0067

0.0013 0.9326 0.0226

0.0013 0.9720 0.0340

0.0013 1.0159 0.0446

0.0014 1.0606 0.0532

0.0014 1.1117 0.0606

0.0014 1.1624 0.0657

0.0014 1.2046 0.0684

0.0014 1.2445 0.0698

0.0015 1.2883 0.0704

0.0015 1.3322 0.0702

0.0015 1.3394 0.0701

Page 161 of 155

 Another clearing time of fault? Enter 'y' or 'n' within quotes -> 'n'

Another fault location: Enter 'y' or 'n' within quotes -> 'n'

RESULT:

Thus the multi-machine transient stability analysis is simulated on a given power system network.

Page 162 of 155