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3 moment theorem-1 - practical material

Civil Engineering (University of Nairobi)

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Continuous Beam 11
Objectives:

Derive the Clapeyron’s theorem of three moments Analyze continuous beam with different moment of
in- ertia with unyielding supports Analyze the continuous beam with different moment of inertia in
different spans along with support settlements using three moment equation.

11.0 INTRODUCTION
A beam is generally supported on a hinge at one end and a roller bearing at the other end. The
reactions are determined by using static equilibrium equations. Such as beam is a statically
determinate structure. If the ends of the beam are restrained/clamped/encastre/fixed then the moments
are included at the ends by these restraints and this moments make the structural element to be a
statically indeterminate structure or a redundant structure. These restraints make the slopes at the ends
zero and hence in a fixed beam, the deflection and slopes are zero at the supports.
A continuous beam is one having more than one span and it is carried by several supports (minimum
of three supports). Continuous beams are widely used in bridge construction. Consider a three bay of a
building which carries the loads W1, W2 and W3 in two ways.

W1 W2 W3

FIG. 11a Simply supported beam

FIG. 11b Bending moment diagrams

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 Continuous Beam •

W1 W2 W3

A B C D

FIG. 11c Continuous beam


   

FIG. 11d Bending moment diagram

If the load is carried by the first case then the reactions of individual beams can be obtained by
equilibrium equations alone. The beam deflects in the respective span and does not depend on the
influence of adjacent spans.
In the second case, the equilibrium equations alone would not be sufficient to determine the end
moments. The slope at an interior support B must be same on either side of the support. The
magnitude of the slope can be influenced by not only the load on the spans either side of it but the
entire loads on the span of the continuous beam. The redundants could be the reactions or the bending
moments over the support. Clapeyron (1857) obtained the compatibility equation in term of the end
slopes of the adjacent spans. This equation is called theorem of three moments which contain three
of the unknowns. It gives the relationship between the loading and the moments over three adjacent
supports at the same level.

11.1 DERIVATION OF CLAPEYRON’S THEOREM

(THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS)

Figure 11e shows two adjacent spans AB and BC of a continuous beam with two spans. The settlement
of the supports are A, B and C and the deflected shape of the beam is shown in A′B′C ′ (Fig. 11f).

l l
1 2
A B C
FIG. 11e

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 Continuous Beam •
55447
9

The primary structure is consisting of simply supported beams with imaginery hinges over each
support (Fig 11g). Fig 11h shows the simply beam bending moment diagrams and Fig 11i shows the
support moment diagram for the supports.
A compatibility equation is derived based on the fact that the end slopes of adjacent spans are
equal in magnitude but opposite in sign. Using Fig 11f and the property similar triangles
B − A + B C − B + B
GD DB¢ = B¢F
GDHF
CF
A ′
= C
DB = B
l1 l2
B B A −B C −B
i.e. A + C = + (i)
l1 l2 l1 l2
The displacements are obtained as1follows. 1 l1 1
δB
/3 . · · 2l Σ
1 Ï A x +M1 l 1
dABA == . Ì 11 A l1l ◊ 1 + +M ◊lB ◊2l /3 ¸Σ
˝
E11II1 Ó A1x¯1 +12 2MM A 1 32 1 MBl2
11
E l 3 2
2
˛ (ii)
B =
1 1 A2x¯2 C 2 MBl2 · 2l2/3
· l2
+ +
C
E2I2 2 3 2
Combining the equations (i) and .
(ii) . Σ
M l Σ l l l A x¯
A x¯
A 1
+ 2MB 1 2 + MC 2 + 6 1 1 2 2
+ +
E1I1 . −B E 1I 1 E2 I 2 E2I2 E 1 I 1 l 1 E 2 I2l1

 C −B Σ
(iii)
=6 A
+ l2
l1
The above equation is called as Clapeyron’s equation of three moments.
In
supports a simplified form of an uniform beam section (EI = constant); when there are no settlement of
. Σ
A x¯ A x¯
11 22 (iv)
MAl1 + 2MB(l1 + l2) + MCl2 = −6 l1 + l2
It is to be mentioned here that x¯1 and x¯2 are measured outwards in each span from the loads to the
ends.

11.1.1 Procedure for Analysing the Continuous Beams using Theorem of

Three Moments
diagrams viz, Athat
membered 1, A2 . . . An and locate the centroid of such diagrams x¯1, x¯2 . . . x¯n. It must be re-
the distances x¯1, x¯2 . . . x¯n are the centroidal distances measured towards the
ends (1) Draw simple beam moment diagram for each span of the beam. Compute the area of
the above
of each span as shown in Fig. 11j.
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548 • Basic Structural Analysis

A A
1 2

 x  x
1 2
FIG. 11j Simple beam moment diagrams

(2) Identify the support moments which are to be determined viz, MA, MB and MC
which are tothree
Apply be solved
momentsimultaneously. If thepair
equation for each beam is of uniform
of spans sectionin(EI
which results an =equation
constant)
orand
equations (3)
no
support settlements apply equation (iv) and in case the beam is non-uniform and the support
settles/raises apply equation (iii).
(4) The solution of the equations gives the values of the support moments and the bending moment
diagram can be drawn.
(5) The reactions at the supports and the shear force diagram can be obtained by using equilibrium
equations.

11.2 APPLICATION OF THREE MOMENT EQUATION IN CASE OF BEAMS

WHEN ONE OR BOTH OF THE ENDS ARE FIXED
11.2.1 Propped Cantilever Beam
Consider the propped cantilever beam of span AB, which is fixed at A and supported on a prop at B. It
is subjected to uniformly distributed load over the entire span. The fixed end moment at the support A
can be determined by using theorem of three moments.

w/m

l
A zero span A B
FIG. 11k Propped cantilever beam

As the A is fixed support, extend the beam form A to A′ of span ‘zero length’ and A′ is simply
supported.
(1) The simple
of this beam
bending moment
moment diagram
diagram is a parabolaparabola)
(symmetrical with a central
is at aordinate (wl2from
distanceof‘l/2’ /8). The centroid
the supports
A and B.

wl2/8

A B
FIG. 11l Simple beam moment diagram

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 .
Σ wl2
. wl3 Continuous Beam • 549
Σ 12 .
2 =
8
It’s area is A = 3 (l)
(2) The support moment diagram is drawn as
M
A

l
FIG. 11m Pure moment diagram

(3) Apply three moment theorem for the span AB.

M′ (0) + 2MA(0 + l) + 0 = −6 . Σ. Σ
wl 3 l
A
12 2

∴
MA = −wl2/8
(4) The support reactions are computed by drawing the free body diagram as

wl2/8 w/m
A B
l
VA V
B

FIG. 11n Free body diagram

V = 0; VA + VB = wl
−wl2 wl2
−V l 0
MA = 0; +
2 B

and hence 8
VB = 3wl
8
VA = 5wl
8
(5) Using the reactions, the shear force diagram and bending moment diagrams are obtained as

( 5wl
8 B

(
A 3wl
8

FIG. 11o Shear force diagram

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550 • Basic Structural Analysis

The point of contraflexure is determined by equating the bending moment expression to zero and
hence
5wl wx2 wl2
x− − =0
8 2 8

l2 + 4x2 − 5lx = 0
Solving the above equation we get x = l and
x=
The location of maximum positive bending moment from support A is obtained by equating the
shear force to zero.
5wl
− wx = 0
8
x = 5l
8
At this location, the maximum positive bending
. moment
Σ . is
Σ obtained from
−wl 2 5wl 5l w(5l/8)2
Max + ve BM = + −
8 2 8 8 2
25wl 22
9wl
wl 2
M=− 25wl2
C 8 + 64 −
=
128 = 0.07wl
128
0.07 wl2

ve
A 0.25 l B
 C 3l/8

( ) wl 2
8

FIG. 11p Bending moment diagram

11.2.2 Beams with Both the Ends Fixed

Consider a beam AB of span l is fixed at both the ends. The beam is carrying a concentrated load of W
at a distance of ‘l/3’ from the fixed end A.
As theatend
supported A is a fixed
A′. Likewise thesupport,
end B isextend this to
extended ABto′. A′ of span (l′) of zero length and is also simply
The simply supported bending moment diagram is drawn with the maximum ordinate as
W × (l/3) × (2l/3)

= 2Wl/9.
l
The centroid of the unsymmetrical triangle is shown in Fig. 11.3j.

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 Continuous Beam • 551

W
l/3 2l/3
l
l  O l O
A
A B B1
FIG. 11q Fixed beam

2Wl/9

FIG. 11r Simple beam moment diagram

a b

CG

la
(
lb

3
(3

FIG. 11s Centroid of an unsymmetrical triangle

. .
The centroid of the simply supported BMD is obtained using the above as from A and Σ
Σ 5l
4l 9
.
Σ 9
from B. 2Wl
. Wl2
The area of the bending moment diagram Σ 9 .
1 (l) =
is
2 9
The support moment diagram can be drawn by identifying the support moments as MA and MB.
Thus

MA MB

l
FIG. 11t Pure moment diagram

Applying three moment theorem for a pair of spans of A.′AB (Ref

Σ .Eq (iv))
Σ
W l2 5l
M′ (0) + 2MA (0 + l) + MB (l) = 0 − 6
A 9
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 × 1/l
9

2MA + MB = −0.37 Wl

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552 • Basic Structural Analysis

Considering the next pair of spans ABB′

MAl + 2MB(l + 0) + M′ (0) = −6 . Σ. Σ

W l2 4l
B
9 9

MA + 2MB = −0.296 Wl
Thus the support moments are obtained by solving the above equations
MA = −0.148 Wl
MB = −0.074 Wl

Free body diagram to determine the reactions

0.148 Wl W 0.074 Wl
l/3 2l/3
C
V V
B
A

FIG. 11u
Using the static equilibrium;
−VBl + 0.074 Wl = O
V = O; VA + VB = W
.
Σ
l
MA = O; − 0.148 Wl + 3

VB =
0.26W V
= 0.74W A
W

0.74 W 

 0.26 W

FIG. 11v Shearforce diagram

0.0986 Wl

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 

 

 0.148 Wl  0.074 Wl
FIG. 11w Bending moment diagram

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 Continuous Beam •

11.3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES ON CONTINUOUS BEAMS

B with AB11.1:
EXAMPLE
= 4mAand BC = 5m.beam
continuous A uniformly distributed
ABC is simply load ofat 10
supported kN/m
A and C is
andacting over the
continuous beam.
over The
support
moment of inertia is I throughout the span. Analyse the continuous beam and draw SFD and BMD.

10 kN/m

A 4m B 5m C

FIG. 11.1a

20 31.25 kNm

A1 A2
A C
−x −x
1 2

FIG. 11.1b Simple beam moment diagram

MB

FIG. 11.1c Pure moment diagram

Properties of the simple beam BMD

2 2
A1 = × 4 × 20 = 53.33 kNm2 A2 = × 5 × 31.25 = 104.17 kNm2
3 3
x¯1 = x¯2 =
2m 2.5m
Σ
l1 = 4m A x¯
Applying three moment equation for the span l2 = 5.0m
.
ABC A
x¯
MAl1
+ 2MB(l1 + l2) + MCl2 = −6 . l111 + 2 2 l2
53.33 × Σ
2 104.17 × 2.5
2MB(4 + 5) = −6 5
+
4
18MB = −6(26.67 + 52.1)

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 Continuous Beam •

MB = −26.26 kNm.

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 Continuous Beam • 555

EXAMPLE 11.2: Analyse the continuous beam by three moment theorem. Draw SFD and BMD.

10 kN 10 kN
2 4m 3 3m
D6m E 6m
A B C
FIG. 11.2a

SOLUTION
The simple beam moment diagram is drawn as
10 × 2 × 4

MD = Wab/l = = 13.33 kNm

6
6
ME = Wl/4 = 10 × = 15 kNm
4

13.33 15 kNm

A D B E C
FIG. 11.2b Simple beam moment diagram

MB

A B C
FIG. 11.2c Pure moment diagram

Properties of the simple beam BMD

1 1
A
1 = (6)13.33 = 40.0 A2 = × 6 × 15 = 45
26 + 2 2
x¯1 = = 2.67 m x¯2 = 3 m
3

l1 = 6m l2 = 6 m

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560 • Basic Structural

50
60 kNm

+ 2
+
A B C
FIG. 11.4b Simple beam moment diagram

MB

A C
FIG. 11.4c Pure moment diagram

Properties of the simple beam BMD

2 1
A1 = × 5 × 50 = 167.5 kNm2 A2 = × 10 × 60 = 300 kNm2
3 2
10 + 6
x1 = 2.5m x2 = = 5.33 m
3

l1 = 5.0m l2 = 10 m
.
5MA 2.5 167.5 × Σ
+ 300 × 5.33
+ 2MB(5 + 10) + 10MC = −6 5.0 10

30 MB = −6 (83.75 + 159.9)
MB = −48.73 kNm
Properties of the simple beam BMD

 V = 0; VA + VB1 = 80 (i) VB2 + VC = 25 (iii)

16(5)2
 M = 0; 5VA + 49 − =0 (ii) 10VB2 − 25(6) − 49 = 0 (iv)
VA = 30.2 kN 2 VB2 = 19.9 kN

VB1 = 49.8 kN VC = 5.1 kN

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562 • Basic Structural

The simple beam moments are

MD = 20 × 102/8 = 250 kNm

50 × 6 × 2

ME = = 75 kNm
8

250 kNm
75

A D B E C

FIG. 11.5b Simple beam moment diagram

Properties of simple beam BMD

2 1
A1 = × 10 × 250 = 1666.7 kNm2 A2 = × 8 × 75 = 300 kNm2
3 2
8+2
x1 = 5m x2 = = 3.33 m
3

l1 = 10 m l2 = 8.0m
Since A is fixed imagine a span A′A of zero length and A′ as simply supported. Apply three moment
theorem for the spans A′AB. . Σ
1666.7 × 5

M′ A(0) + 2MA(0 + 10) + MB(10) = −6 +0

10
20MA + 10MB = −5000

2MA + MB = −500 (i)

Apply three moment theorem for the spans ABC.
.
1666.7 × Σ
5 300 × 3.33
MA(10) + 2MB(10 + 8) + 8MC = −6 + 8
10
10MA + 36MB = −6(833.35 + 124.875)

Solving equations (i) and 10MA + 36MB = −5749.35 (ii)

(ii)
MA = −197.6 kNm
MB = −104.8 kNm

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556780 • Basic Structural

Free body diagram of spans AB and BC

24 kN 16 kNm 4 kN/m
10 kNm 16 kNm BC
A 2 2B 6m
VB2 VC
V V
A B1
FIG. 11.7e
FIG. 11.7d

Static equilibrium of AB Static equilibrium of BC

V = 0; VA + VB1 = 24 (i) VB2 + VC = 24 (iii)

 M = 0; 4VA + 16 − 10 − 48 = 0 (ii) MB = 0;

VA = 10.5 kN. 62
16 6V − 4 × 0
+ 2 =
VC = 9.3 CkN.
VB1 = 13.5.

10.5 VB2 = 14.7 kN.

 9.3
x
B D C
A −
−
14.7 kN
4m 13.5 6m

FIG. 11.7f Shear force diagram

The zero shear location in span BC is

14.7 − 4x = 0
x = 3.67 m.

∴ Maximum24+ve BM = 14.7(3.67) − 4(3.67)2/2 − 16 = 11 kNm

11
 16 kNm
10 
−
−
C
A B 3.67 m
FIG. 11.7g Bending moment diagram

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557702 • Basic Structural

Solving (i) and (ii); From eq (i); MB = −2MA and putting in eq (ii)

∴ MAM−A 12M
= 5.45 kNm.
A = −60

MB = −10.9 kNm.
Free body diagram of span AB and BC

5.45 kNm 10.9 kNm

10.9 kNm 30 kN/m
A B B C
2m 2m
A V
B1 V V
B2 C
FIG 11.8d
FIG 11.8e
Static equilibrium of span AB Static equilibrium of span BC

V = 0; V = 0
VA + VB1 = 0 (i) VB2 + VC = 60 (iii)
MB = 0; MB = 0;
− 30 × 22
0 (ii) 2VB2
VB2 = 35.5 kN =0
VA += 10.9
5.45 −8.2 +kN
2VA = −10.9 +
VC = 24.5 kN 2
A  C
VB1 = +8.2 kN
35.5
B kN/m
 

8.2 kN 24.5
FIG. 11.8f Shear force diagram

10.9
9.55
−
A
B D C


5.45 kNm
FIG. 11.8g Bending moment

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572 • Basic Structural

Applying three moment theorem for the span ABC

. Σ . Σ
5 +5 6 6
MA + 2MB. I 1.5I − 30 ×
I 1.5I Σ
240 × 2.67
+ 360 × 3
5I 6 × 1.5I
= −6
5MA + 18MB − 120 = −6 (128.16 + 120)
5MA + 18MB = −1488.96 + 120

5MA + 18MB = −1368.96 (ii)

Solving equations (i) and (ii)

Shear forces and moments in members MA =

AB −33.76
and BC. kNm.
Member AB MB = −66.67 kNm.
80 kN
3m 2m 66.67 kNm
D
33.76 kNm
V
VAB BA

FIG. 11.9d

V = 0; VAB + VBA = 80 (i)

5VAB + 66.67 − 33.76 − 80(2) = 0 (ii)
MB = 0; VAB = 25.42
∴ VBA = 54.58

Member BC MD = − 33.76 + 25.42(3) = 42.5 kNm.

20 kN/m
66.67 kNm 30 kNm

V 6m V
BC CB

FIG. 11.9e

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574 • Basic Structural Analysis

FIG. 11.9i Elastic curve

EXAMPLE 11.10: A continuous beam ABCD is simply supported at A and continuous over spans B
and C. The span AB is 6 m and BC are of length 6 m respectively. An overhang CD is of 1 metre
length. A concentrated load of 20 kN is acting at 4 m from support A. An uniformly distributed load of
10 kN/m is acting on the span BC. A concentrated load of 10 kN is acting at D.

20 kN
10 kN/m 10 kN
4m 2m
E F 1m D
A 6m B 6m C
I 2I 2I

FIG. 11.10a

The simple beam moments are

20 × 4 × 2
M= = 26.7 kNm
E 6
62
M = 10 × = 45.0 kNm
F 8

MC = −10 × 1 = −10 kNm

26.7 45 kNm

A E B F C
FIG. 11.10b Simply suppored BMD

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 Continuous Beam • 575

MB M
C

A B C D
FIG. 11.10c Pure moment diagram

Considering spans ABC

Properties the simple beam BMD
1 2
A1 = × 6 × 26.7 = 80.1 kNm2 A2 = × 6 × 45 = 180 kNm2
2 3
6+4
x1 = = 3.33 m. x2 = 3 m.
3

l1 = 6 m. l2 =.6 m.
Σ
3.33 80.1 × 180 × 3
. Σ
(−10)

6 MA 6 6 6MC
+ 2I = −6 + 6×2
I + 2MB + 6
I 2I
18MB − 30 = −6 (44.45 + 45)

MB = 28.15 kNm.
Shear force and bending moment values for the spans AB and BC

20 kN
28.15 kNm
4 2
A E B
VAB
VBA

FIG. 11.10d

Using equilibrium conditions;

V = 0; VAB + VBA = 20 (i)

M = 0; 6VAB + 28.15 − 20(2) = 0 (ii)
VAB = 1.98

VBA = 18.02

∴ ME = VAB(4) = 7.9 kNm

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557768 • Basic Structural Analysis

28.15 kNm
10 kN/m 10 kNm
B C
6m
V V
BC CB

FIG. 11.10e

Using equilibrium conditions;

V = 0; VBC + VCB = 10(6) = 60 62 (iii)

M

 C= 0 10V−BC28.15 + 6 VBC − 10 × = 0
= 33 kN. 2
(iv)

VCB = 27 kN.

33
1.98 10 kN
+ +
–
A 6m B 6m – C D
–
27

18.02
FIG. 11.10f Shear force diagram

26
7.9 

 10 kNm
−
−
A B E C D
FIG. 11.10g Bending moment diagram

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 Continuous Beam • 577

EXAMPLE 11.11: Analyse the continuous beam shown in figure by three moment theorem. Draw
SFD & BMD.
30 kN
40 kN 20 kN
4 2
E 2 2
A B F 2mD
C
FIG. 11.11a

SOLUTION
The simple beam moments at E and F are
Wab 30 × 4 × 2
M = = = 40 kNm
E
l 6
Wl 40 × 4
M
F
= = = 40 kNm
4 4

A E 40 B F C D
40 kNm
FIG. 11.11b Simply supported beam BMD
 
A B C
M D
MB C
FIG. 11.11c Pure moment diagram


Properties of simply supported beam BMD
1 1
A1 = × 6 × 40 = 120 kNm2 A2 = × 4 × 40 = 80 kNm2
2 2
6+4
x= = 3.33 x2 = 2 m.
1 3

l1 = 6.00 l2 = 4.0 m.

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578 • Basic Structural Analysis

Applying three moment theorem for spans AB & BC

Σ
. 3.33 80(2)
1
× 6 × 40 × +
6MA+ 2MB(6 + 4) + 4MC= −6 2 6.00 4
20MB − 160 = −6 (66.6 + 40)

20MB = −479.6
MB = −23.98

Free Body diagrams

30 kN
40 kN
4m 2m
24 kNm 2m 2m 40 kNm
E F
V VB2 V
A V C
B1
FIG. 11.11d
FIG. 11.11e

V = 0; VA + VB1 = 30 (i) V = 0; VB2 + VC = 40 (iii)

VA = 6V
6 kN MB = 0; VC40 + 40(2) − 24 − 4VC = 0
= 24 (iv)
MB = 0; A + 24 − 30(2) = 0 (ii)
∴ kN
VB1 = 24 kN
VB2 = 16 kN

20
16

+ +
6 +
2m 2m
A 4m E B 2m F C2mD
– –

 24 kN

FIG. 11.11f Shear force diagram

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 CCoonnttiinnuuoouuss BBeeaamm • 55789
1
40 40 40
kNm

−24 −


A E B F C D

EXAMPLE 11.12: Draw the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram for the beam shown
in figure.

10 kN/m
A'
A 3m B 6m C
FIG. 11.12a

45 kNm
+ 11.25 +

A B C
FIG. 11.12b Simply supported beam BMD
SOLUTION

As the end A is fixed, imagine an imaginery span A′A of zero length with no load and A′ is simply
supported.
Considering the span A′AB
 . Σ 
2
 0+
′  3 × 3 × 11.25 1.5 
MA(0) + 2MA(0 + 3) + 3MB = −6 (i)
 3 
 

6MA + 3MB = −67.5

Considering the span ABC .
22.5 × Σ
1.5 180 × 3
3MA + 2MB(3 + 6) + 6MC= −6 6
+
3MA + 18MB = −6 (11.25 +3 90)

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 3MA + 18MB = −607.5 (ii)

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558802 • Basic Structural Analysis

Solving (i) & (ii)

The BMD is drawn using the above end moments as kNm.
MB = −34.77
MA = 6.14 kNm.
45 kNm
11.25
34.77 +
+ −

A B C
+

6.14 kNm
FIG. 11.12c Bending moment diagram
Shear force and BM values for spans AB and BC
Static equilibrium of AB

6.14 kNm
10 kN/m 34.77 kNm
A 3m B
VAB V
BA

FIG. 11.12d

V = 0; VAB + VBA = 30 32 (i)

M

 B= 0; VAB =
34.77 + 1.36
6.14 kN.
+ 3VAB − 10 × =0 (ii)
2
VBA = 28.64 kN.
Static equilibrium of BC

34.77 kNm 10 kN/m

B C
6m
VBC x2
VCB

FIG. 11.12e

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 Continuous Beam •
55881
3

V = 0; VBC + VCB = 10(6) = 60 62 (iii)

M

 C= 0; −V34.77 + 6VBC − 10 ×
BC = 35.8 kN.
2
=0

VCB = 24.2 kN.

Maximum positive BM is span AB
The location of zero shear force in AB zone is

1.36 − 10x1 = 0.

x1 = 0.135 m
35.8
1.36

x2
C
A D B E

x1
 24.2 kN
FIG. 11.12f Shear force diagram

34.77 kNm
6.28
29.3
−
+ +

A
B E C
+
2.42 m
6.14
FIG. 11.12g Bending moment diagram

MX1X1 = 6.19 + 1.35 (0.135) − 10 (0.135)2/2 = 6.28 kNm.

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582 • Basic Structural Analysis

Maximum positive BM in span BC

The location of zero shear force in BC zone is

24.2 − 10 x2 = 0

x2 = 2.42 m
M×2×2 = 24.2(2.42) − 10(2.42)2/2

= 29.3 kNm.

at B at
acts andD,Cdetermine
and CD isthe
an moments
overhang.and
AB reactions
= BC = 5atmA,
and
B CD
and =C.2 Sketch
m. If athe
concentrated
shear forceload
andofbending
30 kN
moment EXAMPLE 11.13: A continuous beam ABCD is of uniform section. It is fixed at A, simply
supported
diagram and mark in the salient values.

30 kN

5m 5m 2m
A' A B C D
FIG. 11.13a

SOLUTION
′ ′
As the three
Apply end Amoment
is fixed theorem
imagine aforimaginery
the spansspan
A′ABA A of zero length and A is simply supported.

+ 2MA(0 + 5) + 5MB = −6(0 + 0)

MA(0)
10MA + 5MB = 0

2MA + MB = 0 (i)
Apply three moment theorem for the spans ABC

5MA + 2MB(5 + 5) − 60(5) = −6(0 + 0)

5MA + 20MB = 300 (ii)

Solving (i) and (ii)
MA = −8.57 kNm.
MB = +17.14

Downloaded by Pronay Dhak

 Continuous Beam • 583

Shear force and BM values for spans AB and BC

Span AB

8.57 kNm
17.14 kNm
A B
V 5m V
AB BA

FIG. 11.13b

V = 0; VAB + VBA = 0 (i)

MB = 0; 5VVABAB−=8.57
5.14 −kN.
17.14 = 0
VBA = −5.14
Span BC

17.14 kNm 60 kNm

B 5m C
V V
BC CB

FIG. 11.13c

V = 0; VBC + VCB = 0

 M = 0; VBC+ =17.14
60.0 −15.43 kN.
+ 5VBC = 0

VCB = +15.43 kN.

30 kN
5.14
 

A B C D



FIG. 11.13d Shear force diagram

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584 • Basic Structural Analysis

60

8.57

A B C D

17.10 kNm
FIG. 11.13e Bending moment diagram

EXAMPLE 11.14: Analyse the continuous beam by the theorem of three moments. Draw neat sketches
of SFD and BMD. Clearly indicate all the salient values.

20 KN/m
16 kN 2m 40 kN
2m 2m
4m 4m
A' A C D E
FIG. 11.14a

SOLUTION
The simple beam moments are
M wl2 wl 42 4
B= +
8 = 20 × + 16 × = 56 kNm
wl 44 8 4
MD = = 40 × = 40 kNm
4 4

 

A B C D E
FIG. 11.14b Simple beam moment diagram

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 Continuous Beam • 585



A B C E

FIG. 11.14c Simple beam moment diagram

Properties of simple beam BMD

2 1 1
A1 = × 4 × 40 + × 4 × 16 = 138.67 A2 = × 4 × 40 = 80 kNm2
3 2 2
l1 = 4 m x2 = 2 m

x1 = 2 m l2 = 4 m
Applying three moment theorem for span A′AC
. Σ  

l1 + MCl2 = −6  A 2x 2
M ′Al1 + 2MA + l2
+ l2 
A1x1
l1
2
2MA(4) + 4MC = −6 × 138.67 ×
4

8MA + 4MC = −416.01 (i)

Applying theorem of three moments for the spans ACE .
138.67 × Σ
2 80 × 2
MA(4) + 2MC(4 + 4) + ME (4) = −6 4
+
4

4MA + 16MM ==−6(109.335)

C A −36 kNm = −656.01 (ii)
Solving Equations (i) and (ii)
MC = −32 kNm

Free body
diagram
16 kN 20 32 kNm 40 kN
32 kNm 2m
36 kNm 2m kN/m 4m
4m V VC2 VE
V
A B C1 C D E
A C FIG. 11.14d

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FIG. 11.14e

Downloaded by Pronay Dhak

558868 • Basic Structural Analysis
Static equilibrium of AC Static equilibrium of CE

V = 0; V = 0;
VA +VC1 = 16 + 4(20) = 96 (i) VC2 +VE = 40 (iii)
MA = 0 42 ME = 0;
−36 32 4V − 16 2) − 20 × 0 (ii) −32 4V − 40 2 0 (iv)

VA = 49 kN ∴ + VC2 = 28 kN
+ + A ( = C2 ()=
2
VC1 = 47 kN VE = 12 kN
49
28

  
B D E
A  C
7 
 kN 
FIG. 11.14f Shear force Diagrams

56
40 kNm
 
36
32

− −

EXAMPLE 11.15: Sketch the BMD for the continuous beam shown in figure.

60 kN
20 kN/m 30 kN
1m 3m
O 4m 1m
A' A D3I B E 4I C F
FIG. 11.15a

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 Continuous Beam • 587

45 40

A D B E C
FIG. 11.15b Simple beam moment diagram

M
B

M MC
A

A B C
FIG. 11.15c Pure moment diagram

SOLUTION
Properties of the simple beam BMD
1 2
A1 = × 4 × 45 = 90 kNm2 A2 = × 4 × 40 = 106.7 kNm2
3
4 2+ 1
x1 = = 1.67 m x2 = 2 m
3
l1 = 4m l2 = 4 m
Since A is fixed assume an imaginery span of A′A of zero length with no loading. Assume A′ as simply
supported. Apply three moment equation for the span A′AB,
     
M ′ (0) + 0+4 4 0 + 90 × 2.33

M +   = −6  
2M
A A B
3I 3I 4 × 3I

8MA + 4MB = −315 (i)

Applying three moment theorem for the spans AB and BC; . Σ
. Σ . . 90 × 106.7 × 2
4 Σ 4 4
1.67 +
4 × 3I .
MA +
3I + 2MB 3I 4I + MC = −6 4 × 4I

4I
Solving (i) and (ii);

Downloaded by Pronay Dhak

1.33MA + 2MB(1.33
+ 1.0) − 30 = −6
(12.525 + 13.338)
1.33
MA +
4.66
MB =
30 −
(25.8
63)6

1.33
MA = −30.3
kNm.
MB = −18.1
MA +

4.66

MB =

−125

.18

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558980 • Basic Structural Analysis

Free body diagrams of span AB and BC

30.3 kNm 60 kN 18.1 kNm 18.1 kNm 20 kN/m

30 kNm
1m 3m
B C
A B 4m
VA V V V
B1 B2 C

FIG 11.15d FIG 11.15e

Static equilibrium of AB Static equilibrium of BC

V = 0; V = 0;
VA + VB = 60 (i) VB2 + VC = 80 (iii)

MB = 0;  MB = 0
−18.10 30 4V − 20 ×
42
0
−30.3 + 18.1 + 4VA − 60(3) = 0 + + B2 =
2
VA = 48.05 kN (ii) VB2 = 37.02 kN.
VB2 = 11.95 kN VC = 42.98 kN.

48.05
30
37.02
 

A D − B E C F
1.85 −
11.95

42.98 kN
FIG. 11.15f Shear force diagram

 15.95
 18.1 30.0 kNm
30.3
45.0
− −
−

A D B E C F

FIG. 11.15g Bending moment diagram

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 Continuous Beam • 589

EXAMPLE 11.16: Analyse the continuous beam by three moment theorem. E is constant. Draw the
bending moment diagram.

80 kN 20 kN/m
2m 1m
A' 3m E 4mF 1m D
3I A B 2I C 2I
3I FIG. 11.16a

53.33 40 kNm

A E B F C D
FIG. 11.16b Simple beam BMD

M
B

10 kNm
M
A

A B C D

FIG. 11.16c Pure moment diagram

SOLUTION
As the end A is fixed assume an imaginery span A′ of zero length with no load and A′ is simply

supported;
Apply three moment theorem for spans A′AB

 . Σ
. 0Σ 3 . 80 × 1.33
′ 
+ 2M Σ
M 3I A + +
 3
3I = −6 0 + 3 × 3I
0 3I
A
3I

Applying three moment theorem for spans ABC

Downloaded by Pronay Dhak

2MA + MB = −70.93
. Σ . Σ
. Σ . 4 80 × 1.67 106.67 × 2
Σ 3 3 4 +
MA + 3 × 3I
3I + 2MB 3I 2I − 10 = −6 2I × 4

2I
MA + 6MB − 20 = −6(14.84 + 26.67)

MA + 6MB = −249.06 (ii)

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590 • Basic Structural Analysis

Solving (i) and (ii)

MA = −16.05 kNm.
Free Body diagrams of span AB and BC
MB = −38.84 kNm.

16.05 kNm
80 kN 38.84 kNm 20 kN/m 10 kNm
2m 1m 38.84 kNm

VA E VB1 4m
VB2 VC
FIG. 11.16d FIG. 11.16e

V = 0; V = 0;
VA + VB1 = 80 (i) VB2 + Vc = 80 (iii)

M B = 0 MC = 0
20 × 42
0 (ii) 4VB2 − 0 (iv)

−16.05 + 38.84kN
VA = +19.07 − 80(1) + 3VA = 10 − 38.84 +
VB2 = 47.21 kN =
2
VB1 = +60.93 kN
∴ VC = 32.79 kN
ME = −17.86 + 20.88(2)

= 23.9 kNm
The location of zero shear in zone BC is obtained from

47.21 − 20x = 0

x = 2.36 m
2.362
47.21 × 2.36 − 20 ×
∴ Max +ve BM = −38.84 + 2

= 16.88 kNm
At the midspan of BC; MF = −38.84 +
22
47.21 × 2 − 20 × 15.58 kNm
2 =

Downloaded by Pronay Dhak

 CCoonnttiinnuuoouuss BBeeaamm • 55991
3
19.07
47.21
20

 
A E B C D
− −

60.93 33.79

FIG. 11.16f Shear force diagram

 15.58
  
 10 kNm
− −
−
A 2m E 1m B C 1m D
2.32 m
FIG. 11.16g Bending moment diagram

EXAMPLE 11.17: A continuous beam ABC is fixed at A and C. It is continuous over a simple
support B. Span AB is 5 m while BC span is 6 m. It is subjected to a concentrated load of 60 kN at
3 m from A and the span BC is subjected to uniformly distributed load of 10 kN/m. The ratio of
flexural rigidity of span BC to BA is 1.5. Sketch the shear force and bending moment diagram. Use
Clapeyron’s theorem of three moments.

60 kN
10 kN/m
3m 2m
5m 6m
A' A B C C
EI 1.5EI

FIG. 11.17a

SOLUTION
The simple beam moments are Wab 60 × 3 × 2
M = = = 72 kNm
D

Downloaded by Pronay Dhak

 5
l
wl2 10 × 62

ME = = = 45 kNm
8 8

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592 • Basic Structural Analysis

72 45 kNm

A D B E C

FIG. 11.17b Simple beam BMD

M
B

M
A MC

A B C
FIG. 11.17c Pure moment diagram

Since A is fixed imagine a span of zero length A′A with no load and A′ is simply supported.

Apply three moment theorem for the spans A′AB

Properties of the simple beam BMD
1
A1 = 0 A2 = × 5 × 72 = 180
52+ 2
x1 = 0 x 2 = 3 = 2.33

. Σ . l1 = 0 Σ . .A l2A=x5.0
Σ
l + 2MA
1 = −6 + A2x2
l + 2l + MB 2l
1
M′ 1 1
A
I1 I1 I2 I2 .l1 l2
. . 180
Σ×
Σ Σ
2MA 5 5 2.33
+ MB = −6
I I
5×I

10MA + 5MB = −503.28 (i)

Apply three moment theorem for the spans ABC
Properties of the simple beam BMD
2
A1 = 180 kNm2 A2 = × 6 × 45 = 180 kNm2
3
5+3
x= = 2.67 m
3
1 x2 = 3m

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l1 = 5 m l2 = 6 m

Downloaded by Pronay Dhak

 Continuous Beam • 593

. Σ . Σ
5 . Σ . 180 × 2.67 180 × 3
Σ
+5 6 6 +
MA I 1.5I 5 6 × 1.5
I + 2MB + MC 1.5I = −6
5MA + 18MB + 4MC = −6 (96.12 + 60)
5MA + 18MB + 4MC = −936.72 (ii)
Applying three moment theorem BCC′

As the end C is fixed imagine a span CC′ of zero length and C′ is simply
. supported Σ
. Σ . Σ
6 .Σ 180 × 3
6 0 +0
MB 6 × 1.5
1.5I + 2MC 1.5I + 0 + M C 1.5I = −6
′

Solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii) 4MB + 8MC = −360 (iii)
M
kNm.
A =
M =31.62
37.4
kNm. BMC =
26.29 kNm.

Shear force and bending moment values for the spans AB and BC respectively.
Span AB

31.62 kNm
3m 60 kN 37.4 kNm
A 2m
V B
D V
AB BA

FIG. 11.17d

V = 0; VAB + VBA = 60 (i)

MB = 0; 5VAB − 60(2) − 31.62 + 37.4 = 0 (ii)

VAB = 22.84 kN

VBA = 37.16 kN
Span BC

MD = 22.84(3) − 31.62 = 36.9 kNm

37.4 kNm 10 kN/m 26.29 kNm
B C
6m E
V V
BC CB

FIG. 11.17e

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559946 • Basic Structural Analysis

V = 0; VBC + VCB = 60
62
(iii)
M

 C= 0; V−
BC 37.4 + 26.29
= 31.85 kN + 6VBC − 10 ×
2
=0

VCB = 28.15 kN
32
M

E = 31.85(3) − 37.4 − 10 × = 13.15 kNm

2
31.85
22.84

 
F
A D B C
 
37.16
28.15 kN
2.815
FIG. 11.17f Shear force diagram

The location of zero shear in span CB is obtained by equating the shear force equation to zero as

(SF)xx = 28.15 − 10x = 0

x = 2.815 m
MF = 28.15(2.815) − 10(2.815)2/2 − 26.29

= 13.2 kNm

 37.49 37.4  13.15

31.62 26.29
kNm
− −

C
A D B F

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 Continuous Beam • 595

EXAMPLE 11.18: A continuous beam ABCD is of uniform section as shown in figure. EI is constant.
Draw the SFD and BMD
10 kN/m

6m 6m 6m
A E B F C G D

FIG. 11.18a

SOLUTION
10 × 62
The simple beam moments are

= 45 kNm
ME = MF = MG = 8

45 45 45 kNm

A B C D
FIG. 11.18b Simple beam BMD

MB MC

A D
B C
FIG. 11.18c Pure moment diagram

Considering spans ABC

2
A1 = × 6 × 45 = 180 KNm2
3

x1 = 3m .
3 180 × Σ
6MA 180 × 3
+ 2MB(6 + 6) + 6MC = −6 + 6
6

Downloaded by Pronay Dhak

 24MB + 6MC = −6(90 + 90) = −1080 (1)

Downloaded by Pronay Dhak

596 • Basic Structural Analysis

Considering span BCD .

180 × Σ
180 × 3
6MB + 2MC(6 + 6) + 6MD = −6
3 6

+
6

Solving Equations (1) and (2) 6MB + 24MC = −1080 (2)

MB = −36 kNm
MC = −36 kNm

Shear force and bending moment values in the spans ABC, BCD
Consider span AB

10 kN/m
36 kNm
A
B
6m
VAB VBA
FIG. 11.18d

V = 0; VAB + VBA = 6(10) = 60

62
(i)
M

 B= 0; 6V
VABAB=+24
36kN
− 10 ×
2
=0 (ii)
∴ VBA = 36 kN
Consider span BC

36 kNm 10 kN/m
36 kNm
B C
V 6m V
BC CB

FIG. 11.18e

V = 0; VBC + VCB = 60
62
(iii)
M
 C= 0; 6VBC − 36 + 36 − 10 ×
2
=0 (iv)

Downloaded by Pronay Dhak

 VBC = 30 kN, VCB = 30 kN

Downloaded by Pronay Dhak

 CCoonnttiinnuuoouuss BBeeaamm • 55997
9

Span CD

36 kNm 10 kN/m
D
C
VCD 6m VDC
FIG. 11.18f

V = 0; VCD + VDC = 10 × 66=2 60 (v)

M

 D= 0; V6V
CD = −
kN CD
3636 − 10 × = 0
2
VDC = 24
24 30 36

  
E F G
A B C D
x − 3m − −
1

36 30 24
kN
6m 6m 6m
FIG. 11.18g Shear force diagram
The location of zero shear is calculated as

24 − 10x1 = 0
x1 = 2.4m
2
ME30(3)
= = 24(2.4)
− 36 −− 10(2.4) /2 =
10 ×2 32/2 = 28.8 kNm M
9.0 kNm MF
G
= 24 (2.4) − 10(2.4) /2 = 28.8 kNm

9

28.8 36 36 28.8 kNm

− − 

A E B F C G D
FIG. 11.18h Bending moment diagram
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598 • Basic Structural Analysis

EXAMPLE 11.19: Analyse the continuous beam by three moment theorem. Also draw SFD and BMD.

25 kN/m 50 kN/m 15 kN/m

3m 2.8 m 4m
A E B F C G D
FIG. 11.19a

49
30
28.1

A E B F C G D
FIG. 11.19b Simply supported BMD

M MC
B

A B C D
FIG. 11.19c Pure moment diagram

SOLUTION
Properties of the simple beam BMD
2 2
A1 = × 3 × 28.1 = 56.2 kNm2 A2 = × 2.8 × 49 = 91.47 kNm2 A3 = 80 kNm2
3 3
x3 = 2 m
x1 = 1.5m x2 = 1.4m
l3 = 4 m
l1 = 3m l2 = 2.8m
Applying three moment theorem for spans ABC . Σ
56.2 × 91.47 × 1.4
1.5
MA(3)+ 2MB(3 + 2.8) + 2.8MC = −6 2.8
+
3
11.6MB + 2.8MC = −6(28.1 + 45.74)

Downloaded by Pronay Dhak

 11.6MB + 2.8MC = −443 (i)

Downloaded by Pronay Dhak

 CCoonnttiinnuuoouuss BBeeaamm • 56909
1

Applying three moment theorem for spans BCD

.
91.47 × Σ
2.8MB + 2MC(2.8 + 4) + 4MD = −6 80 × 2
1.4 4
+
2.8
2.8MB + 13.6MC = −6 (45.74 + 40)

Solving (i) and (ii) 2.8MB + 13.6MC = −514.44 (ii)

MB = −30.58 kNm, MC = −31.53 kNm

Free body diagrams of AB, BC and CD

25 30.58 kNm 50 kN/m 31.53 kNm 31.53 kNm 15 kN/m

30.58 kNm
kN/m
2.8 m
3m V V
4.0 m
V V B2 C1 VC1 VD
A B1

FIG. 11.19e FIG. 11.19f

FIG. 11.19d

V =of
Static equilibrium 0;spans AB, BC and CD  V = 0; V = 0;
VA + VB1 = 75 (i) VB2 + VC1 = 140 (iii) VC2 + VD = 60 (v)

 MB = 0;  MC = 0;  MD = 0;
42
3VA + 30.58 − 25 × 32 = 0 (ii) 31.53 − 30.58 + 2.8VB2 −31 53 4V − 15 ×
. + C2
0 (vi)
2 2 =
2.82
−50 ×
2 =0 (iv)
VA = 27.3 kN VB2 = 69.66 kN VC2 = 151.53/4 = 37.88 kN

VB1 = 47.7 kN VC = 70.34 kN VD = 22.12 kN

27.3 69.66 37.88

  

x x x
1 2 3
− − −

47.7by Pronay Dhak

Downloaded 70.34 22.12
660
020 • Basic Structural Analysis

The locations of27.3

shear forces
− 25x = in
0 zones AB, BC and
69.66 CD=are
− 50x 0 37.88 − 15x3 = 0
1 2

x1 = 1.09 m x2 = 1.39 m x3 = 2.52 m

M1 = 27.3(1.09) − 25 × 1.092/2 = 14.9 kNm

M2 = −30.58 + 69.66(1.39) − 50 × 1.392/2 = 17.94 kNm

M3 = −31.53 + 37.88(2.52) − 15 × 2.522/2 = 16.3 kNm

14.9 30.58  17.94 31.53  16.3

28.1  30
kNm
− −

1.09 1.39 2.52 m

EXAMPLE 11.20: Analyse the continuous beam by theorem of three moments and draw SFD and
BMD. EI is constant.
10 kN 5 kN/m 15 kN
2m 3m 2m
4m 5m
6m
A E B F C G D
FIG. 11.20a

10 22.5 kNm

A B C
FIG. 11.20b Simple beam BMD for span ABC

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 Continuous Beam • 601

22.5
18 kNm

B C D
FIG. 11.20c Simple beam BMD for span BCD

MC
MB

FIG. 11.20d Pure moment diagram

SOLUTION
Referring to Fig. 11.20 b
Properties of simple beam BMD
1 2
A1 = × 10 × 4 = 20 kNm2 A2 = × 6 × 22.5 = 90 kNm2
2 3
x1 = 2 m x2 = 3 m

l1 = 4 m
. l2 = 6 m
Applying three moment theorem for spans ABC, 20 ×
2 Σ
90 × 3
4MA+ 2MB(4 + 6) + 6MC = −6 + 6
4
20MB + 6MC = −6(10 + 45)

Referring to Fig. 11.20 c 20MB + 6MC = −330 (i)

Properties of simple beam BMD
2
A1 = × 6 × 22.5 = 90 kNm2
3
l1 = 6 m
x1 = 3 m

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 5+2
1 x2 = = 2.33 m
A2 = × 5 × 18 3

= 45 kNm2 l2 = 5m
2

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602 • Basic Structural Analysis

Applying three moment theorem for spans BCD

Considering span BCD .
90 × Σ
45 × 2.33
6MB + 2MC(6 + 5) + 5MD= −6
3 5

+
6
6MB + 22MC = −6(45 + 20.97)

6MB + 22MC = −395.82 (ii)

Solving (i) and (ii)
MB = 12.09 kNm.

MC = 14.69 kNm.
Shear force and bending moment values for spans AB, BC and CD.
10 kN
2m 2m 12 .09 kNm
A
E B
V V
AB BA

FIG. 11.20e

V = 0; VAB + VBA = 10 (i)

Solving (i) and (ii)

MB = 0; 4VAB + 12.09 − 10(2) = 0 (ii)
VAB = 1.98
kN
VBA = 8.02

Span BC
ME = 1.98(2) = 3.96 kNm
12.09 kNm 5 kN/m
14.69 kNm
B C
V 6m V
BC CB

FIG. 11.20f

V = 0; VBC + VCB = 6(5) = 30 kN (iii)

5 × 62

MB = 0; VBC+ =14.69

6VBC 14.56− kN
12.09 −
2
=0
VCB = 15.44 kN
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 CCoonnttiinnuuoouuss BBeeaamm • 66003
5

The location of shear force is zero is found out as

14.56 − 5x = 0

x = 2.91 m
2.912
Hence Max +ve BM = 14.56(2.91) − 12.09 − 5 ×
2 = 9.11 kNm
Span CD

15 kN
14.69 kNm
3m 2m
C D
V V
CD CD

FIG. 11.20g

V = 0; VCD + VDC = 15 (iv)

MD = 0; V5V
CD = 8.94
kN CD − 14.69 − 15(2) = 0
VDC = 6.06

1.98 14.56
8.94

 

D
A E B C
− − −
6.06
kN
8.02 14.69
FIG. 11.20h Shear force diagram

 9.11 15.44 kNm

12.09  12.12

3.96
− −

A E B C D

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604 • Basic Structural Analysis

supports B and
EXAMPLE
C. AB
11.21: A =continuous
BC = CD =beam
4 m.ABCD
EI is constant.
is simplyIt supported
is subjected
at to uniformly
A and distributed
D. It is load
continuous of
over
8 kN/m over the span BC. Draw the shear force diagram and bending moment diagram.

8 kN/m

4m 4m 4m
A B E C D

FIG. 11.21a
SOLUTION ME =
The simple beam moment 8 × 42

= 16 kNm
8
16 kNm

A B E C D
FIG. 11.21b Simple beam bending moment diagram

MB M
C

A B C D
FIG. 11.21c Pure moment diagram
Consider span ABC
Applying three moment theorem; .
2 Σ
0+ × 4 × 16 × 2
4MA + 2MB(4 + 4) + 4MC = −6 3 4

Consider span BCD 16MB + 4MC = −128 Σ (i)

.
4 × 16 × 2
2
4MB + 2MC(4 + 4) + 4MD= −6 × +0
3 4

4MB + 16MC = −128 (ii)

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 Continuous Beam • 605

Solving (i) and (ii)

M = −6.4 kNm
Shear force and bending moment values of Bspans AB, BC and CD
span AB MC = −6.4 kNm

6. 4 kNm
A B
4m
V V
AB BA

FIG. 11.21d

V = 0; VAB + VBA = 0 (i)

MB =VkN
AB = −1.6
0; 4VAB + 6.4 = 0 (ii)

span BC VBA = +1.6

6.4 kNm 8 kN/m 6.4 kNm

B C
V 4m V
BC CB

FIG. 11.21e

V = 0; VBC + VCB = 8(4) = 32 (iii)

8 × 42

MC = 0; − 6.4
VBC+ =6.4
kN
16+ 4VBC −
2
=0 (iv)

VCB = 16
span CD

6.4 kNm
C D
4m
V V
CD CD

FIG. 11.21f

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660068 • Basic Structural Analysis

V = 0; VCD + VDC = 0 (v)

MD = V0;CD =−1.6

6.4kN
+ 4VCD = 0 (vi)
VDC = −1.6
16

1.6 kN
 
B
A C D
− −
−
16
FIG. 11.21g Shear force diagram

16 kNm

6.4 6.4

− −

A B C D
FIG. 11.21h Bending moment diagram

EXAMPLE 11.22: Analyse the beam shown in figure by SFD and BMD. EI is constant.

10 kN/m

6m 6m 6m 6m
A B C D E
FIG. 11.22a

45 45

A B C D E
FIG. 11.22b Simple beam BMD

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 Continuous Beam • 607

M M M
B C D

A B C D E
FIG. 11.22c Pure moment diagram

Properties of simple beam BMD

2 2
A1 = × 6 × 45 = 180 A2 = × 6 × 45 = 180 KNm2
3 3
x1 = 3 m x2 = 3 m

l1 = 6 m l2 = 6 m
Applying 3 moment theorem for the spans ABC .
Σ
180 × 3
6MA+ 2MB(6 + 6) + 6MC = −6 0 + 6

24MB + 6MC = −540 (i)

Applying 3 moment theorem for the spans BCD .
180 × Σ
3
180 × 3
6MB + 2MC(6 + 6) + 6MD = −6 6
+
6
6MB + 24MC + 6MD = −6(180) = −1080

MB + 4MC + MD = −180 (ii)

Applying 3 moment theorem for spans CDE . Σ
180 × 3

6MC + 2MD(6 + 6) + 6ME = −6 +0

6

solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii) 6MC + 24MD = −540 (iii)
MB = −12.86 kNm.
MC = −38.57 kNm.
MD = −12.86 kNm.
Free body diagram of AB, BC, CD and DE
span AB
12.86 kNm
A B
6m
V V
AB BA

FIG. 11.22d

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608 • Basic Structural

V = 0; VAB + VBA = 0 (i)

MB =V0;AB = 6V
−2.14
AB +kN
12.86 = 0 (ii)
VBA = +2.14 kN.
span BC

12.86 kNm 10 kN/m 38.57 kNm

B C
6m
VBC VCB
FIG. 11.22e

V = 0; VBC + VCB = 60 (iii)

10 × 62

MC = 0; − 12.86
VBC += 38.57
25.72 +kN
6VBC −
2
=0 (iv)
VCB = 34.28 kN
span CD

38.57 kNm
10 kN/m 12.86 kNm
C
D
6m
VCD VDC
FIG. 11.22f

V = 0; VCD + VDC = 6(10) = 60 kN 62 (v)

M

 D= 0; VCD
12.86 = 34.28
kN− 38.57 + 6VCD − 10 × 2 = 0 (vi)

VDC = 25.72
span DE

12.86 kNm

6m
VDE VED
FIG. 11.22g

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610 • Basic Structural Analysis

SOLUTION

The simple beam moments are MB = −20(1) = −20 kNm

20 × 42
MF = = 40 kNm
60 8× 4

MG = = 60 kNm
4
40 kNm 60 kNm

B C F D G E
FIG. 11.23b (b) Simple beam BMD

MD
MC

20

B C D E
FIG. 11.23c (c) Pure moment diagram

Apply 3 moment theorem for the spans BCD

. Σ
2 2
−20(3) + 2MC(3 + 4) + MD(4) = −6 0 + × 4 × 40 ×
−60 + 14MC + 4MD = −320 3 4

14MC + 4MD = −260 (i)

Apply 3 moment theorem for the spans CDE . Σ
2 2 1 2

MC(4) + 2MD(4 + 4) + 4ME= −6 × 4 × 40 × + × 4 × 60 ×

3 4 2 4

Solving (i) and (ii)

4MC + 16MD = −6(53.33 + 60) = −680 (ii)
MC = −6.92 kNm
MD = −40.77

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 Continuous Beam • 613
. Σ

+ 6EI A
+ C
L1 L2

A1x1 = 960
2
A2x2 = 3× 6 × 180 × 3 = 2160
Σ Σ . Σ
960 2160 240+ 120
EI × 4 EI × 6
+
Substituting, MA × 4 + 2MB(4 + 6) = −6 4 6 + 6EI
4M
MAA =+ −163.33
20MB = −3120
kNm Σ → MA + 5MB = −780 (2)
Solving (1) and (2),
hogging BM.

MB = −123.33 kNm
240 kN
40 kN/m
163.33 kNm 2m 123.33 kNm
2m B
A B 6m O
C

130 kN 110 kN 140.56 kN 94.44 kN

FIG. 11.25d Free body diagram of spans AB and BC

130 kN
140.56

A B C
94.44

110
FIG. 11.25e Shear force diagram

240
163.33 kNm  123.33
  180


FIG. 11.25f Bending moment diagram

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61168 • Basic Structural Analysis

100 kN 30 kN/m
4m
A 8m 6m
B C
2.5EI EI

Ans:

RA = 45kN, RB = 165.5kN, RC = 69.5kN

(11.3)
(11.3)AIf
Acontinuous
the supportbeam
continuous B ofofby
sinks
beam uniform section
10 mm,
uniform ABCD
determine
section ABCD isisresultants
the supported and
supportedand loaded
loadedasasatshown
andmoments iningure.
the supports.
shown Figure. If
the support B sinks by 10 mm, determine the resultants and questions at the supports.

Assume E = 2(10)5 N/mm2; I = 6(10)7 mm4

40 kN
10 kN/m
3m 20 kNm
A 4m B C 1m D
6m

EI =

Ans:
VAB = +16.5 kN, VBA = +23.5, VBC = +19, VCB = +21.0

MB = −14 kNm

(11.4) Determine the reactions at A, B and C of the continuous beam shown in figure.
8 kN 3 kN/m
1m 3m
A 4m 5m
I B 1.25I C

Ans:
VAB = 6.75 kN, VBA = 1.25, VBC = 6.31; VCB = 8.69

MA = −3.31 kNm, MB = −3.87, MCB = +7.44

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 Continuous Beam •

(11.5) Analyse the continuous beam shown in Figure and determine the reactions

80 kN
50 kN/m 40 kN
1m 2m 2m 2m
4m 4m 4m
A 1.5I B 2I C I D

Ans:

VAB = 41.68 kN, VBA = 38.32, VBC = 102.88, VCB = 97.12

VCD = 28.03, VDC = 11.97, MA = −17.98 kNm,

MB = −52.93, MC = −41.42, MD = −9.29 kNm

(11.6) Analyse three span continuous beam by three moment theorems. Draw the BMD and shear
force diagram. Determine the end moments and reactions EI is constant.

50 kN 50 75 kN/m
25 kN/m
2m 2m
A 6m B 6m C 4m D
EI =

Ans:

(i) RA = 75.39 kN, RB = 127.59 kN, RC = 97.85 kN, RD = 99.17 kN

MA = −75.78 kNm, MB = −73.44 kNm, MC = −55.55 kNm, Md = −55.2 kNm.

(11.7) Analyse and draw BMD and SFD for the beam shown in Figure. The values of second moment
area of each span are indicated along the members. Modulus of elasticity is constant.

100 kN
30 kN/m 80 kN 40 kN
2.5 m 1.25 m
2.5 m 2.5 1.25 m
2 m
3I
I B 6m
A C 4I D

Ans:

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 Continuous Beam •

MA =

−56.02

kNm,

−75.47

kNm,

−94.3 kNm,

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 Continuous Beam •

(11.11) Determine the reactions and the support moment at B. Using Clapeyron’s three moment theo-
rem.
10 kN
2m 2m 30 kN/m
3m
3m
A B C
EI =

Ans:
VA = 4.81 kN, VB = 0.31, VC = 4.88 kN, MB = −0.72 kNm
(11.12) Analyse the continuous beam by three moment theorem, determine the support moments. No
loads on span AB.

0.5 kN 2.5 kN
1m
3m
8m 6mD 3m
I
A I B C I

Ans:

MA = −1.09 kNm, MB = −2.188 kNm, MC = −7.5 kNm

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