CLAssEs AND DETEC7S

A cass }ean extenuon of the iodea Sthuctiuue Licel

C . 7he most mpontant Jeatasu s7 c44 dhi 'claur'.
T Signi fieanee ir igh herd by h
fict that
hdluP inulialy gaulhe ame

CSTRUOTURES RevsED
The me the
tuntg nt ealkus 77he Clapquaze is
Stuetaud. 7hey provide a mrtho fo Packip
ge1s
data
lilh+-types, Astuel+ine u o Cmvenent
to r andllar agroup f ogiealA latid data
ems à aU usdapnid olatatypè uwits a
templali
That egas daie i t datapop eskre4 .

Once t h ctuclare Type hal keen depned, we carcseal

Vagta declatatiins t h a a
that ype usn
rnila h e built type dechialiend

Slui stuclen

Chau namiloJ
Iht stl-numbu
4loat total_maiks

7he
keynerd tauct leclats luedsn & as neno dala a

pe Yha Can hstd thote elds dflut daleypu.

 These 4ielel au Kheron al tuuctau membeAs y
ements 7he identher stud1ns, Sh ih
Aeleuol to al uolin mame or stiutao Ta, Can
be ttd s coueti Vuwasles y p t stuolen &

S t u c Stolnt A c dcdaialon

ana Kas thte

Ais a Vaivosle D7ype Ataolun
membeu Vaivables a4 depned by thu Tamplaka.,
cot Y
Nembe Vavastes can be a cc erud uyn The
peu'od opes dlor

SApyl A:name , "Jshn "

A Hsllbumben=?91
A Ts7nlmaik! =S)SS*
inal-total = A- to/almaiki +5

cr l u otines au
Suctan Can han auRyL, pointu
membeAs,

C STRU CTURE
LIMITA77ONS O
allns 7hoAtuetdala
dou4 not
7he <tandaseC
b e tienlid tike built-in tyPLu.
Type
Sme Coplex
flont
float y
 (2
S u e Complex CL c2, c3
The lomplex embeus C1, c2 ard cs car eanly b
usi'gne d Values ucingthe dat bJpesa tor, but we
(fan
mot add tup
mot ald ttup Ceriplex umsee on Aubtia cE ome 0

the and67heg .

C cL +C2 itlant i
C iuelinus u hat Zhay do
&The impordant- Limitatrirn E/ by t h i
ns Pmit clati hidps. by
accesed th
membeu can /AineetHy
*cAu anyhet n Theui
yart'ables by any fupeerom
STyutlTuw
7he ktuataun ne mu au pullre m m b u e .
Strpe.

ExTENSIONS 70 TRUCT VR ES

D Ct+ Supports all the ealuu 7

Siuclincu as edefno
in C. 'Brut+ C++ has expandea t t apa bilitie

Aurthat Suit i t oDP thils 7

a Hemmpts ks nbun, h uwudefpnrd lypes Calt

Class closea pes4
and a/ro pwvieles a a t itiky b aey hoee
ypa
1he data,
Toheranct e a mechanie m by h c h one ype
37
inherit 7het i p u u
Can chaacteuictii.s fn
 1S also
Supptkd Ctt.
7 n
77,
7
Shnictane Can a e o t u Vatabls a
a

An chns as membeus , Ti can a lso declac some

paivate' so
They eannst

membeis as 7hat

be aCcessecl lhe by the -ex n a l Anchons.

S> T ltt, the smietins ames au stan od oulone

and can be ueed ike any othu ype namis.
The Rey oes a u e con be omitted 1 tha eleelaati

Sttetars vaslebles.

Shiden& A', Ct+ leclakattn

Thc ie en enTe in C

The only oliffeunte between a ciutue anod a clasu

tIn ct 4 7hat by elafault t h mem bne s a

The membew
elass as pmvate ,'Sshile by efhult
a Stiuetau au pubrc.
 SPECIFVING A CLAss
anoa/ald
and i t
a uway 5 b1nt 7he otath
A clees cdata ler tndrrns)
Ze atoos
nchons tosclhu
.
Sh
6 h ee
n

From crenal uu exetnal

u

t e hidelin, if necesrauy a a n e o abaliace

aellcceatin y 7hw buil
clae we
o 7hw
ehefnny a
be uatfl
kike any
That n
dntrkype
th dnla lype.
A ClaarpecfeaTionhas toopadi.

c l a s s decaralion
clarslepn1tron

Puncier
and seg7
Thetyppe
becifrés
h e Ela44 oleetaatrin defiitron
oles
ebes

and elass tinetion

mem beu aiL
implemented.

howihe
elaks finidrent
eleclaa7ton
it
clarr
pm 7a
The geneal
class c l a i s n a me

pmvat:

Vazjasle drcaintront

hncTion decasat6n

pubhe
Vrlable elechsaons

findiin cleclatotos
 The cla cleclaialron r Smila t a Stue chelatat
The Key orrd pllok iu am
class Sperilet thak hat
abst(ate clate 57Tpe clatname. 7ne
body 7a
class Ze enclese d' thin baces and
a Simitsen
tuhinalrsy

The clas Pdy ConTaus The olecaialion 57 vaiiables

and Anttiods, hese unctrins and Vasia bles ae

Colleehwl Called elau membu

Theq acutualy genped

Theg unde tvo Sectrens

&aendt whe èh 6f the

6neyprilglz hnt pusde
anol h i Ch 7 7hem
membes ale pvati

The key-oe pmvat anod blhe a Knmn a

icibeli labek.

The class membes that hane been eleclerrd a perva

Can be arcemed nly h«thin t clas.
Ca9 se accoud
m thi dlhet hand pushc nembur
m 6xaicle thu clak albo,

By default, Tke membu a Clat a_piivalb,

DA brtuw he labe au mie/n Than by otefaiult
all he membeu at ptiva
Buch a clats tr Compleely hoteten pom he ou/ele

odl and dees not deue a y puype

 The
Vailab/es declateol 1nc/cle he clas a g kn w as
Nata membeus ano 7he fun ltrcns au knoon a

mem bet unorons , mly 7he membe incone Cay

hane eeeas tz e b b a s data nem bus and
Ava l Ainctrono.
7he b h e memStu bottunttrent and data) Ca
be accoeed m 7tsicl he l a s

The bihdip data and fun otren osehes in

Spyi ehdu ~ype varnsle Kepus ts a4

encapsilatioin.

Class
No
Enley to -
ivai aya

X
Date
hin ctrons

Puslhe aua
enay alned|
Pu6/èosal
Dala

hunctoms

nPetr Kicdig tu clases

 S m p l e cJau Evamp
lt

clae km

V a t t a b l e declata-
tren
Int tumber

lont c s paiva y dfaute

Publie
afloat )
VerZetdaa
lnt fencth n
declatalvon

auitprrbpe

enold stom

CREAT7NG DBJECIS
w e Can cuate
Leen d e c latud,
claes ha Cdtathi
The Cla
c l a k name
name,
Onu a
Tha dype y f
VaaLly S7
/TEMM
ITEM
class

DATA getdata)
mumbe
COA
putlala0
FUNeTIOnLs
Gldatal

clas
Kepttounh tion 57 a
 He /mem ory r u caratd
CLeates a Vatratlo
the claas allables Knnon as
aee jocis
7hetepore called an shyett Type v~m

7he clar specificntron like a staclane pioNelis

my a emplals and dets 6 S r a l az Mem N

pace the Thy eet.

e c s Can'se Ceateol Shenb a clasi 2 definod
placf 7heri mames
imm1dialuly aPer th

yclosn? &ace as he do in he cyie7 stu ctuu

elass tem

zty
Atm

lce EssING CLUASs M\EMBERS

7
7he privale data
clau a Can e accene ny

Thrryph the nembolJuncdint 7hau clags.

Shjettname . frun Chm-ame (aelual ctifumentt)

 etda la Clo, 7S.
umses and
Z val anol aisgns 7ha alur l o
mplemen trhp
t utdata) fnctrón

memst.
Valuts 57 eda7a
wauld duplay 7h
6y 49
Amembe iinctie Can be Invoked
an h y e i .
ho meanin/
getdata Clo, 7Ss)

7he statrmente 1Ke

numbu =/op|/tgal

A
A vailaLe decatud at publie Can be a ecescAd y

The ct- dutcty

Int
Int
P 7 0,/er
pusie P Z = /0 P vals
int 2

y2
 6)
DEF INING MEMBER FUnc71ONNC

Membet funtren Can be elefied Ih hoo places

Oectsicle the cla& dafà itrcn

&) Zssete the class edefanttrón.
he place. elefmrt ein, he fnetión
Irepecthue 7
he Samo 7äck.
Sholdplform
A OUTSIDE 7HE CLASS DEFINIT ION
ns)cle a c/a
l e c lart
Mermset frnct one 7ha aiu

6 t riel the class,

elejird Sepatcath al2
haw b e ke The nom

Kruch
a vey
Theli dfinitrene
Anetenf vnsron 7knehein
the a7d
Since ctt loes n st Support
MUat
muot de
Ae u
us4
eed

he ANS? prtatpe m
ekepnctrein
Tke fonet o n e a d u
o depoig hin Cfrcm an
need
laa
m
meem
mb5e
eii
ftinctron
Letuen a

The AHesen
te
membe Hinctron tiheome.
m e m b e r Aincttó hpa
Thab a
Tha
mamal
finctron
Casel
(asel h e headu.
Ih headi.
mernbNshIp
dentitg
Tdetity
aies a

A
frincthon-name
agument
gumenE

Metun-type
name:'!
cloks_na
etecaialior)
 tells
I i he
Ki Compilet
Copilet
lakr-name !
The membeShip label c he
"clas
Thate Junchen Aunttroin-ham beleng Anothe
Awlivsts
Clcname. 1è the ezpe 7 tAN fn ci en u
Aepla ce
heaaln_line.
tthe c laccname specifhid w 7he tencdre
The Sym bot Calleol Zhe S p e Juastuton opuals

a . Float 6)
Void Hm getelale Cin

n u Mbel = a

Ce =6,

Votol te m putdalo (vtol)

humbei c " \n"

Co utre< "Numbel

" Cea
Cout L<

odo n o t
S e r u n any value thui
Value thui.
Stnee heee fned1one

ueliunype LEhe
hatachuéttô
Lome p eciak
The membel fintcns kaue tui kome tneion
Kanme frinchon
claies Can u tae All
f e v u a l ifesent well
Kedstu thei
lasel
name. The membelship

7he penvali
datn f7hs
Can asers
Memk functiohe, lo,
(( nen-memb-es t n c ro
CannT do

clasf. A
M
meem
m L
L en
1 fn ttha
finutjo7
k1ntran
Can Call ano fhw
an5this
memsei
(3) d o t - Dpelalor.
alyvett
wttheud uenp
 INsIDE THE CiAs
DEFINIT7ON
Anoth e melueol 5/ def1n a mem bet Juneh on is ts
Aepla ce the tnction dec?kk atrèn Ay 1 h actual

fencron definitrón insele he elask.

eialor
Clats em

1nt numbe
Ploat Cos
Pushé:
Y d etdatal inz a, float 6)}/dethsalian

Vi putdalo l viol) the clas

Cout& humbet ze "n ";

3
IEhen a Auncttón 2 cdan èd tàciue Cleae, i 7 is ditata
aA an hune tuncron. &an
ion and l a m t a r o n s
tha- apply
/trebrons
All the
Kut.
alho apliak
inlne Ainctrm ae

chc
 Phog am
incluode Kiostadz

cless l e m

In niurnbe,

l o a t Ci
ub-hc
a,
P)
/lo at c t;
o r y p e lehra
lint
otcdato
va
votd puteala [vor'e)

umLec<<
"
\n"
&n
"neimbe .
C e u t < <

Coute " cOIt

Memben functon Defnih on

a {oat 6)
Voobl t-lem
qtdala (t une maLel h
umbe = a oiveali vau asl
Coet=6, t u e l uao

matn

Coute "|n e c t x
"
"\n "
24tdata (lev, 299.4)

ptdala )

getda Ta ( 20no, 1 c o )
Iputdal ();
 Metun D

3
NLINe
FUncr1oN
MARING AN OUTS/DE

a u thn
o0P u s ep
yiotws f
One of tne fom the clast otefinitran.
impleme+ation membe

detailt th
bcdefinè
PLacb'ou
good
2 il thiuefer
the clars.
cla
drokste e
hncth one
h e can cdene a menbet tunckèn outi'ple R e c l athe
rs

the
it inrre
n liie by uaui
m a ke
a n d shll
epn tt en Kader
Kradeu lun
luni kf Anbtein
Anbrèn
he
Pualpes nleat_
defnetron.
clas Lm

Pubh
Cn a,
f/oat 6)
Venh gtdal

int a , tloat6)
inltne t d item' 2tda7a l
umbe =a
Cet b,

3
 FONCT7OALY
APEST ING Df MEMBER

clae can s e calllod only

membe funchon 7 a

7hab class uing a d opeA at

y aa n
hec 7 ik
Can be calltY by Lus/nz
A menmse_frn ct7on hudame
thkame

m e m b e s fiunétien
a7
aotAu. tnetros,
name hsile
sfmembe
as mestnig
i Knoo
class . 7 h i

PRIVATE MEWBER PwcT7ON

be called by
membefin etrón
can vnh
pYira
no7hu tncicn thatt 'u a membn 67 tk clas
invske a p t a l fun etron tain
en an
het- Cann&

clas Sampli

nt m /pvalt mums
vtd Kead Cvw'a
PAnet èn
Pubhé
(vo1/)
vo le u jpdat

ample, huy
Cannot
/won t woK 8S c

( v a t e 'memsns,

he
s 11gat,The fineton Mendl) can se callee 7
eunetron cupAat ( tue alut s7 m.
 yid sample upda t (votl)

s i m s t e callj
no
rp
terdl )

A CASS
hITHIN
ARRA YS
1h a
vaitabtes
uieel as membe
The an44 Can be valed.
u
clast defnctrén
7he follooin
ela
CemstInt
Sicè
=
lo,

clacs QMaY

/ *a' u int type

1nta site T
pub/te votd)
t Val l
votd
vw oliphy Cver'd)'

3 è
leec
clta
av d
rd
ai
t a p
v ti
a va
é t

Vaiialle
at7
tusued
usied iin the
t he
canbe be
he aAy can

clhs anay
anRy v
Vaau
uans
Lke.
the
m e m b e n b7 any d
&thes
ths v
vnaay
y

memfruncthons
Uke ay
OBTECT

NEMORY ALLOCATTON FOR

Shn thy
1shen thuy
2 allotates
he memey Spate for shyect
hot Lshen
the clastiu yelfed
a declalsd and

paitty uue. he membe Ainetione

hu sttimantu cnly
memenyYace 671/ once
au aeated anol placed Yr Ke
Arhen he ae lensod as a pait s7 a elas-eeeifieatin
rhe Lame.
Siia allne hyoek belonsn tb hat clas ue
t
 membes hunction s, no Sepatata pace c allotaol
m e m b e faun chont tshen h e skpecti aw C i t a t e d , ..

allocatrdsepacatol
p a c e for memset ataslesu
7he
s p a i a t t * m e m ry
locatrónt fr
Freach e c t e m b e vaiiasle
nli'a, beraiel The
hye ett a
ene

h«td elerun d a t a Valuen For airent hzecó.

Cill " allohjeei
Cmmon fsr
membeA f u n c h o n

enteLhinetren 2
shon
raled
mennW

uncont clefncod

e c t 22 p e le3
DhjeetL
m e m b e i V a i i a b l e 2

m e m s e s v a i i e s h L

membeu r a l n s e

membeA vaiiable 2
membe Vailo bh2
mrnbe v a i u a s i2

memoy cuatod

Cwhen 66eit defro

mem
7
 (la)
S7ATIC DATA MENBERS
a4
gualifreol
class can be a
date
membe57
a
hes, Vasa Lle
A s t u t i e mem
pmpeitiae e f
7he Vauolle
t tKat 7 a C sutie
Simila Cha(a-
Chaa
CeKTanu p
CeKdann e ccial
spe ia
har
)StaTie
membet Vaiiabe

to zno when the irz u i

inttiallzed
(tratiztion
Z e cALatrA. a otlu tn
clap 2i
Dt
pygnethal.

membeu u
entaZrd p 7h
tha that
e cy 7
0y
t haieol ey all th eaeit
entir clhs aet Ca
a l

a
cLatrd.

cnsatis
mat#L
Kow man hje
ns
cla, but t
biue i
t7
idi tiosn K
t he
e class,
clas,
vsibte ly
'a
( pegtam.
Z the enñy
trme

uded t o matt w
Satie vataslu
ae noimaly
ts-the ent elars .

valuis common

PAoLam2.
* i n e d u d i o t t i v a m

cla
uLing na miipace
clat 1em

Ctamt int tount

Int numbe

Pubhè
 ei'd geten ta Cn a)
numbet =
Ceun t '
2
Vtd etlotunt l vdo)
Cout H Count

Ceut e ountce" In'

3
InE Hem :' Count
Int malin)

a, 4,c
agetmurt)
bJottntC)
Cettount ( )

agetdala. (ioo
bgetdnta (200)
Cetdal lBoo)'
Cout < A ptes A e a o i p clala " ze "|n "

autCount)
6ekcoentt)
CJetcomnt ()

3
 7he ouyut ofAe þmam
COunt: D
(ont
Ceunt 0
A
teAadnp data

Couht 3
Count 3
Cout 3

int t m :: count
olata membere

7he type and scpe s7 each ttntre mem e e vaua ske

muut he depnsd ovesrde. th claes cefnilrn Thie

catic data memns a t Ltned
e cekay be cause the
A a t t a s ttan
a
pait b7 an syoit , Snce
sepaarly aa then Tran
theaThan
h Tke clast t r e f
cot
aanoelals
tey e llars
e ars
au
a e to
as kner3 n
a knenan
aa s

wth any
clars oyoee1hey
VaAralis
memse4fune7tor
nm--inuie

Vas/asles
at. Cike
statc
dtelased
tu a Clas de olaiatron ane
S
&tta
atti
roe
as hey au s h i l e dafininp
dafininp a
a

h
Loue .ile tSh le
drfned Can alko b e ' a t tYned
ntal
Value
Ame
ayinsle,
the vauasl

tm:! Count=10
Int
 Statie Membel funct ons
that i de claud taii has Tbe
nembe fune en
ollosn9 opotties he
kaw arcex
& mly
s t a t i func7ron
can
)
or Vattasle) eclaieo
atie mombes (hincono
3
n TAL Same clas.
Th
rembel huncTrón can se calud uasp
A S tatie
class nam a4 slloor:

clachame ' uncAon-nanme

PARRam
mcuole<t'os~iam

e lass t e s t

n t co de
Staie mt Count '
Pushce
Votolsetmode Cvotel

Code = * t Couht

3
t d shnscoole Cvatel )
Cout " b 4 e e r nmumhe " < code < " | -

Statte Votd Shoicotu tCvrA)

Cout<< 1ount? 2 Counte"|n

3
 nt tes- " Count_

InE main)
S
trat tL, t 2
t.
l)setcode

t e s t ! s h a 2 L o u n t U

testt3

t3Setcode()
t e s - : ! s h o sc o u n t l ;

t shoocoolsl

t3.sh ervdCodel)

Coun 2
Count' 3
D numbet L

5hpeet u m s e a 2

tomk
wil nat
fhencioin
7h follnsn' sherseoaumtl)

oe vrded E t I A a t t e

I tahe cocle
Cmut << E d e S

2
 ARRAY Of 0BJECTS
datatype
as ay can be of any
he krouO t h a t an
deys
Kaw u ayf
can alsa/
stutd Simil4kly wr
valsntlea
hedudm' elate. urh
au etHutype
of VatNstes tha
au
Calleod
anays 7 ge
b
class poyee
chau namel3 0

lont
Pushe
VielatdatalvoT
varel Putdata ( i t ) ,

3 2e a tel defncd
olata type
ee
empy t u a t u u l a t

The idtntifiei th i
cuala
ued
and cao Le empiye4.
Cave
shu
3m a n a g L

dppenn
l e y e e
manaei37; aua l, pret
of rema

oskeTrI. auay w ke
toeke.
emslóyee

empby
hoee
Thoee kzeia
ohyetid.
conlarus
manafu
aMay
7h
managuLt 7 .p u t d a t l ) ;

6thwauay
6thuu auay

hk ngy
ay

rhec
beha
b e
Kav
mulusa
s7 aMay
ate ostiks
aCeesfid

Sce a n auay atey

houal a°e

ulh tuu tRonthe

can
and
h e l e m e n t t

erore
a c e u
t n d v i o l u a l

the
membu
m mbu r n erork
frsn
acear

memsu opeqatw
 LsE>
ThiStaement JUCgne he ohyet mananl IJ
invkethe membi Juntion pridn tal)
al ?

# r i n c u o l eK i o s t i e a m >

na meepace s-Ld,
tsIng
yee

S cha namel 30
float
tvrel)
pustie.
data
uttata
L e r
qet Cvtel)

n a e
n e name
"Enki
A
Cout

C name
"
E n t age
Ct

bord)
pentata

t m p l y e e

na
" z

Vord
Name
:
Cout
A

3 =3
Int s/
Con&+

i nt ma iu C)
Employee marapeqLire 7

s f m a n @ y e ' 2 e tt
Coict L2 n Desåele