The _______ model is the basis for today’s computers.

a. Leibnitz
b. von Neumann
c. Pascal
d. Charles Babbage
Correct Answer: (b)

In a computer, the _______ subsystem stores data and programs.

a. ALU
b. input/output
c. memory
d. control unit
Correct Answer (c)

In a computer, the _______ subsystem performs calculations and logical operations.

a. ALU
b. input/output
c. memory
d. control unit
Correct Answer (a)

In a computer, the _______ subsystem accepts data and programs and sends processing results to
output devices.
a. ALU
b. input/output
c. memory
d. control unit
Correct Answer (b)

In a computer, the _______ subsystem serves as a manager of the other subsystems.

a. ALU
b. input/output
c. memory
d. control unit
Correct Answer (d)

According to the von Neumann model, _______ are stored in memory.

a. only data
b. only programs
c. data and programs
d. neither data nor programs
 Correct Answer (c)

A step-by-step solution to a problem is called _______.

a. hardware
b. an operating system
c. a computer language
d. an algorithm
Correct Answer (d)

FORTRAN and COBOL are examples of _______.

a. hardware
b. operating systems
c. computer languages
d. algorithms
Correct Answer (c)

A 17th-century computing machine that could perform addition and subtraction was the _______.
a. Pascaline
b. Jacquard loom
c. Analytical Engine
d. Babbage machine
Correct Answer (a)

_______ is a set of instructions in a computer language that tells the computer what to do with
data.
a. An operating system
b. An algorithm
c. A data processor
d. A program
Correct Answer (d)

_______ is the design and writing of a program in structured form.

a. Software engineering
b. Hardware engineering
c. Algorithm development
d. Instructional architecture
Correct Answer (a)

The first electronic special-purpose computer was called _______.

a. Pascal
b. Pascaline
c. ABC
 d.ENIAC
Correct Answer (c)

One of the first computers based on the von Neumann model was called _______.
a. Pascal
b. Pascaline
c. ABC
d. EDVAC
Correct Answer (d)

The first computing machine to use the idea of storage and programming was called _______.
a. the Madeline
b. EDVAC
c. the Babbage machine
d. the Jacquard loom
Correct Answer (d)

_______ separated the programming task from computer operation tasks.

a. Algorithms
b. Data processors
c. High-level programming languages
d. Operating systems
Correct Answer (c)

The base of the decimal number system is ____.

a. 2
b. 8
c. 10
d. 16
Correct Answer: (c)

The base of the binary number system is ____.

a. 2
b. 8
c. 10
d. 16
Correct Answer: (a)

The base of the octal number system is ____.

a. 2
b. 8
c. 10
 d.16
Correct Answer: (b)

The base of the hexadecimal number system is ____.

a. 2
b. 8
c. 10
d. 16
Correct Answer: (d)

When converting a decimal integer to base b, we repeatedly _____ b.

a. divide
a. by
b. multiply
b. by
c. add to
d. subtract from
Correct Answer: (a)

When converting a decimal fraction to base b, we repeatedly ____b.

a. divide
a. by
b. multiply
b. by
c. add to
d. subtract from
Correct Answer: (b)

Which of the following representations is erroneous?

a. (10111)2
b. (349)8
c. (3AB)16
d. 256
Correct Answer: (b)

Which of the following representations is erroneous?

a. (10211)2
b. (342)8
c. (EEE)16
d. 145
Correct Answer: (a)
Which of the following representations is erroneous?
a. (111)2
b. (346)8
c. (EEG)16
d. 221
Correct Answer: (c)

Which of the following representations is erroneous?

a. (110)2
b. (141)8
c. (EF)16
d. 22A
Correct Answer: (d)

Which of the following is equivalent to 12 in decimal?

a. (1110)2
b. (C)16
c. (15)8
d. None of the above
Correct Answer: (b)

Which of the following is equivalent to 24 in decimal?

a. (11000)2
b. (1A)16
c. (31)8
d. None of the above
Correct Answer: (a)

A byte consists of _______ bits.

a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 16
Correct Answer: (c)

In a set of 64 symbols, each symbol requires a bit pattern length of _______ bits.
a. 4
b. 5
c. 6
d. 7
Correct Answer: (c)
How many symbols can be represented by a bit pattern with ten bits?
a. 128
b. 256
c. 512
d. 1024
Correct Answer: (d)

If the ASCII code for E is 1000101, then the ASCII code for e is _______. Answer the question
without consulting the ASCII table.
a. 1000110
b. 1000111
c. 0000110
d. 1100101
Correct Answer: (d)

A 32-bit code called _______ represents symbols in all languages.

a. ANSI
b. Unicode
c. EBCDIC
d. Extended ASCII
Correct Answer: (b)

An image can be represented in a computer using the _______ method.

a. bitmap graphic
a. only
b. vector graphic
b. only
c. Excess system
c. only
d. either bitmap or vector graphic
Correct Answer: (d)

In the _______ graphic method of representing an image in a computer, each pixel is assigned a
bit patterns.
a. bitmap
b. vector
c. quantized
d. binary
Correct Answer: (a)

In the _______ graphic method of representing an image in a computer, the image is decomposed
into a combination of geometrical figures.
 a. bitmap
b. vector
c. quantized
d. binary
Correct Answer: (b)

In the _______ graphic method of representing an image in a computer, re-scaling of the image
creates a ragged or grainy image.
a. bitmap
b. vector
c. quantized
d. binary
Correct Answer: (a)

When we want to store music in a computer, the audio signal must be _______.
a. sampled
a. only
b. quantized only
c. coded
c. only
d. sampled, quantized, and coded
Correct Answer: (d)

A floating-point value after normalization is (1.0101) ´ 2-4.

What is the value of exponent section in the Excess-127 representation?
a. 4
b. -4
c. 127
d. 123
Correct Answer: (d)

Assume a new Excess system uses 17 bits to represent the exponent section. What is he bias value
in this system?
a. 17
b. 16
c. 65535
d. 65536
Correct Answer: (c)

Which number representation method is often used to store the exponential value of a fractional
part?
a. unsigned integers
 b. two’s complement
c. Excess
d. ten’s complement
Correct Answer: (c)

In an Excess conversion, we _______ the number to be converted.

a. add the bias number to
b. subtract
b. the bias number from
c. multiply the bias number by
d. divide
d. the bias number by
Correct Answer: (a)

When a fractional part is normalized, the computer stores the _______.

a. only the sign
b. only the exponent
c. only the mantissa
d. the sign, exponent, and mantissa
Correct Answer: (d)

The precision of the fractional part of a number stored in a computer is defined by the _______.
a. sign
b. exponent
c. mantissa
d. last digit
Correct Answer: (c)

The combination of sign and mantissa of a real number in IEEE standard floating point format is
stored as an integer in the ____________ representation.
a. unsigned
b. sign-and-magnitude
c. two’s complement
d. one’s complement
Correct Answer: (b)

_______ is an arithmetic operation.

a. The exclusive OR
b. The unary NOT
c. Subtraction
d. The binary AND
Correct Answer: (c)
_______ is a logical bit operator.
a. The exclusive OR
b. The unary NOT
c. The binary AND
d. exclusive OR, unary NOT, or binary AND
Correct Answer: (d)

The _______ method of integer representation is the most common method for storing integers in
computer memory.
a. sign-and-magnitude
b. one’s complement
c. two’s complement
d. unsigned integers
Correct Answer: (c)

In two’s complement addition, if there is a final carry after the left most column addition, _______.
a. add it to the right most column
b. add it to the left most column
c. discard it
d. increase the bit length
Correct Answer: (c)

For an 8-bit allocation, the smallest decimal number that can be represented in two’s complement
form is _______.
a. -8
b. -127
c. -128
d. -256
Correct Answer: (c)

For an 8-bit allocation, the largest decimal number that can be represented in two’s complement
form is _______.
a. 8
b. 127
c. 128
d. 256
Correct Answer: (b)

In two’s complement representation with a 4-bit allocation, we get _______ when we add 1 to 7.
a. 8
b. 1
 c. -7
d. -8
Correct Answer: (d)

In two’s complement representation with a 4-bit allocation, we get _______ when we add 5 to 5.
a. -5
b. -6
c. -7
d. 10
Correct Answer: (b)

If the exponent in Excess_127 is binary 10000101, the exponent in decimal is _______.

a. 6
b. 7
c. 8
d. 9
Correct Answer: (a)

If we are adding two numbers, one of which has an exponent value of 7 and the other an exponent
value of 9, we need to shift the decimal point of the smaller number _______.
a. one place to the left
b. one place to the right
c. two places to the left
d. two places to the right
Correct Answer: (c)

_______ operator (s) takes two inputs to produce one output.

a. Only AND
b. Only OR
c. Only XOR
d. AND, OR, or XOR
Correct Answer: (d)

The unary _______ operator inverts its single input.

a. AND
b. OR
c. NOT
d. XOR
Correct Answer: (c)

_______ operator (s), if the input is two 0s, the output is 0.

a. In only AND
 b. In only OR
c. In only XOR
d. In AND, OR, or XOR
Correct Answer: (d)

_______ operator (s), if the input is two 1s, the output is 0.

a. In only AND
b. In only OR
c. In only XOR
d. In AND, OR, or XOR
Correct Answer: (c)

For the binary AND operation, only an input of _______ gives an output of 1.
a. two 0s
b. two 1s
c. one 0 and one 1
d. two 2s
Correct Answer: (b)

For the binary OR operation, only an input of _______ gives an output of 0.

a. two 0s
b. two 1s
c. one 0 and one 1
d. two 2s
Correct Answer: (a)

We use a bit pattern called a _______ to modify another bit pattern.

a. mask
b. carry
c. float
d. byte
Correct Answer: (a)

To flip all the bits of a bit pattern, make a mask of all 1s and then _______ the bit pattern and the
mask.
a. AND
b. OR
c. XOR
d. NOT
Correct Answer: (c)
To un-set (force to 0) all the bits of a bit pattern, make a mask of all 0s and then _______ the bit
pattern and the mask.
a. AND
b. OR
c. XOR
d. NOT
Correct Answer: (a)

To set (force to 1) all the bits of a bit pattern, make a mask of all 1s and then _______ the bit
pattern and the mask.
a. AND
b. OR
c. XOR
d. NOT
Correct Answer: (b)

The _______ is a computer subsystem that performs operations on data.

a. CPU
b. memory
c. I/O hardware
d. bus subsystem
Correct Answer: (a)

_______ is a stand-alone storage location that holds data temporarily.

a. An ALU
b. A register
c. A control unit
d. A tape drive
Correct Answer: (b)

_______ is a unit that can add two inputs.

a. An ALU
b. A register
c. A control unit
d. A tape drive
Correct Answer: (a)

A register in a CPU can hold _______.

a. only data
b. only instructions
c. only program counter values
d. data, instruction, or program counter values
 Correct Answer: (d)

A control unit with five wires can define up to _______ operations.

a. 5
b. 10
c. 16
d. 32
Correct Answer: (d)

A word can be _______ bits.

a. only 8
b. only 16
c. only 32
d. 8, or 16, or 32
Correct Answer: (d)

If the memory address space is 16 MB and the word size is 8 bits, then _______ bits are needed to
access each word.
a. 8
b. 16
c. 24
d. 32
Correct Answer: (c)

The data in _______ is erased if the computer is powered down.

a. RAM
b. ROM
c. a tape drive
d. a CD-ROM
Correct Answer: (a)

_______ is a memory type with capacitors that need to be refreshed periodically.

a. SRAM
b. DRAM
c. ROM
d. CROM
Correct Answer: (b)

_______ is a memory type with traditional flip-flop gates to hold data.

a. SRAM
b. DRAM
c. ROM
 d.CROM
Correct Answer: (a)

There are _______ bytes in 16 Terabytes.

a.
216
b.
240
c.
244
d.
256
Correct Answer: (a)

_______ can be programmed and erased using electronic impulses but can remain in a computer
during erasure.
a. ROM
b. PROM
c. EPROM
d. EEPROM
Correct Answer: (d)

_______ is a type of memory in which the user, not the manufacturer, stores programs that cannot
be overwritten.
a. ROM
b. PROM
c. EPROM
d. EEPROM
Correct Answer: (b)

Main memory in a computer usually consists of large amounts of ______ speed memory.
a. high
b. medium
c. low
d. very high speed
Correct Answer: (c)

A _______ is a storage device to which the user can write information only once.
a. CD-ROM
b. CD-R
c. CD-RW
d. CD-RR
Correct Answer: (b)

A _______ is a storage device that can undergo multiple writes and erasures.
a. CD-ROM
 b. CD-R
c. CD-RW
d. CD-RR
Correct Answer: (c)

The smallest storage area on a magnetic disk that can be accessed at one time is a _______.
a. track
b. sector
c. frame
d. head
Correct Answer: (b)

If the memory has 232 words, the address bus needs to have _______ wires.
a. 8
b. 16
c. 32
d. 64
Correct Answer: (c)

A control bus with eight wires can define _______ operations.

a. 8
b. 16
c. 256
d. 512
Correct Answer: (c)

A _______ controller is a high-speed serial interface that transfers data in packets.

a. SCSI
b. USB
c. FireWire
d. USB and FireWire
Correct Answer: (d)

The three steps in the running of a program on a computer are performed in the specific order
_______.
a. fetch, execute, and decode
b. decode, execute, and fetch
c. fetch, decode, and execute
d. decode, fetch, and execute
Correct Answer: (c)
In the _______ method for synchronizing the operation of the CPU with an I/O device, the I/O
device informs the CPU when it is ready for data transfer.
a. programmed I/O
b. interrupt-driven I/O
c. DMA
d. isolated I/O
Correct Answer: (b)

In the _______ method for synchronizing the operation of the CPU with an I/O device, the CPU
is idle until the I/O operation is finished.
a. programmed I/O
b. interrupt-driven I/O
c. DMA
d. isolated I/O
Correct Answer: (a)

In the _______ method for synchronizing the operation of the CPU with an I/O device, a large
block of data can be passed from an I/O device to memory directly.
a. programmed I/O
b. interrupt-driven I/O
c. DMA
d. isolated I/O
Correct Answer: (c)

The TCP/IP model has _______ layers.

a. five
b. six
c. seven
d. eight
Correct Answer: (a)

The _______ layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite provides services for end users.
a. data-link
b. transport
c. application
d. physical
Correct Answer: (c)

The _______ layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite transmits a bit stream over a physical medium.
a. physical
b. data-link
c. network
 d.transport
Correct Answer: (a)

The _______ layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite is responsible for node-to-node delivery of a frame
between two adjacent nodes.
a. transport
b. network
c. data-link
d. session
Correct Answer: (c)

The _______ layer of the TCP/IP protocol suite is responsible for source-to-destination delivery
of the entire message.
a. transport
b. network
c. data-link
d. session
Correct Answer: (b)

What is the domain name in the e-mail address [email protected]?

a. kayla
b. [email protected]
c. nasa.gov
d. gov
Correct Answer: (c)

Which physical topology uses a hub or switch?

a. bus
b. ring
c. star
d. bus and ring
Correct Answer: (c)

IP addresses are currently _______ bits in length.

a. 4
b. 8
c. 32
d. 40
Correct Answer: (c)

_______ protocol (s) is one of the protocols in the transport layer.

 a. Only TCP
b. Only UDP
c. Only SCTP
d. TCP, UDP, and SCTP
Correct Answer: (d)

_______ is a protocol for file transfer.

a. FTP
b. SMTP
c. TELNET
d. HTTP
Correct Answer: (a)

_______ is a protocol for e-mail services.

a. FTP
b. SMTP
c. TELNET
d. HTTP
Correct Answer: (b)

_______ is a protocol for accessing and transferring documents on the WWW.

a. FTP
b. SMTP
c. TELNET
d. HTTP
Correct Answer: (d)

_______ is a program that facilitates the execution of other programs.

a. An operating system
b. Hardware
c. A queue
d. An application program
Correct Answer: (a)

_______ supervises the activity of each component in a computer system.

a. An operating system
b. Hardware
c. A queue
d. An application program
Correct Answer: (a)

Multi-programming requires a _______ operating-system.

 a. batch
b. time-sharing
c. parallel
d. distributed
Correct Answer: (b)

_______ is multi-programming with swapping.

a. Partitioning
b. Paging
c. Demand paging
d. Queuing
Correct Answer: (c)

_______ is multi-programming without swapping.

a. Partitioning
b. Virtual memory
c. Demand paging
d. Queuing
Correct Answer: (a)

In _______, only one program can reside in memory for execution.

a. mono-programming
b. multi-programming
c. partitioning
d. paging
Correct Answer: (a)

_______ is a multi-programming method in which multiple programs are entirely in memory with
each program occupying a contiguous space.
a. Partitioning
b. Paging
c. Demand paging
d. Demand segmentation
Correct Answer: (a)

In paging, a program is divided into equally sized sections called _______.

a. pages
b. frames
c. segments
d. partitions
Correct Answer: (a)
In _______, the program can be divided into differently sized sections.
a. partitioning
b. paging
c. demand paging
d. demand segmentation
Correct Answer: (d)

In _______, the program can be divided into equally sized sections called pages, but the pages
need not be in memory at the same time for execution.
a. partitioning
b. paging
c. demand paging
d. demand segmentation
Correct Answer: (c)

A process in the _______ state can go to either the ready, terminated, or waiting states.
a. hold
b. virtual
c. running
d. hold or running
Correct Answer: (c)

A process in the ready state goes to the running state when _______.
a. it enters memory
b. it requests I/O
c. it gets access to the CPU
d. it finishes running
Correct Answer: (c)

A program becomes a _______ when it is selected by the operating system and brought to the hold
state.
a. job
b. process
c. deadlock
d. partition
Correct Answer: (a)

Every process is _______.

a. only a job
b. only a program
c. only a partition
d. a job and a program
 Correct Answer: (d)

The _______ scheduler creates a process from a job and changes a process back to a job.
a. job
b. process
c. virtual
d. queue
Correct Answer: (a)

The _______ scheduler moves a process from one process state to another.
a. job
b. process
c. virtual
d. queue
Correct Answer: (b)

To prevent _______, an operating system can put resource restrictions on processes.

a. starvation
b. synchronization
c. paging
d. deadlock
Correct Answer: (d)

_______ can occur if a process has too many resource restrictions.

a. Starvation
b. Synchronization
c. Paging
d. Deadlock
Correct Answer: (a)

The _______ manager is responsible for archiving and backup.

a. memory
b. process
c. device
d. file
Correct Answer: (d)

The _______ manager is responsible for access to I/O devices.

a. memory
b. process
c. device
d. file
 Correct Answer: (c)

_______ is a step-by-step method for solving a problem or doing a task.

a. A construct
b. A recursion
c. An iteration
d. An algorithm
Correct Answer: (d)

There are ______ basic constructs in computer -science.

a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
Correct Answer: (c)

The _______construct tests a condition.

a. sequence
b. decision
c. repetition
d. flow
Correct Answer: (b)

The _______ construct uses a set of actions one after another.

a. sequence
b. decision
c. repetition
d. flow
Correct Answer: (a)

The _______ construct handles repeated actions.

a. sequence
b. decision
c. repetition
d. flow
Correct Answer: (c)

_______ is a pictorial representation of an algorithm.

a. A UML diagram
b. A program
c. Pseudocode
d. An algorithm
 Correct Answer: (a)

_______ is an English-language-like representation of code.

a. A UML diagram
b. A program
c. Pseudocode
d. An algorithm
Correct Answer: (c)

_______ is a basic algorithm that adds a list of numbers.

a. Summation
b. Product
c. Smallest
d. Largest
Correct Answer: (a)

_______ is a basic algorithm that multiplies a list of numbers.

a. Summation
b. Product
c. Smallest
d. Largest
Correct Answer: (b)

_______ is a basic algorithm that arranges data according to its value.

a. Inquiry
b. Sorting
c. Searching
d. Recursion
Correct Answer: (b)

The items are divided into two lists (sorted and unsorted) _____ sort.
a. only in a selection
b. only in a bubble
c. only in an insertion
d. in selection, bubble, or insertion
Correct Answer: (d)

In _______ sort, the item that goes into the sorted list is always the first item in the unsorted list.
a. selection
b. bubble
c. insertion
d. every
 Correct Answer: (c)

In _______ sort, the smallest item from the unsorted list is swapped with the item at the beginning
of the unsorted list.
a. selection
b. bubble
c. insertion
d. every
Correct Answer: (a)

In ______ sort, the smallest item moves to the beginning of the unsorted list. There is no one-to-
one swapping.
a. selection
b. bubble
c. insertion
d. every
Correct Answer: (b)

_______ is a basic algorithm in which we want to find the location of a target in a list of items.
a. Sorting
b. Searching
c. Product
d. Summation
Correct Answer: (b)

We use a _______ search for an unordered list.

a. sequential
b. binary
c. bubble
d. insertion
Correct Answer: (a)

We use a _______ search for an ordered list.

a. sequential
b. binary
c. bubble
d. insertion
Correct Answer: (b)

_______ is a process in which an algorithm calls itself.

a. Insertion
b. Searching
 c. Recursion
d. Iteration
Correct Answer: (c)

The only language understood by computer hardware is a _______ language.

a. machine
b. symbolic
c. high-level
d. natural
Correct Answer: (a)

C, C++, and Java can be classified as _______ languages.

a. machine
b. symbolic
c. high-level
d. natural
Correct Answer: (c)

FORTRAN is a(n) _______ language.

a. procedural
b. functional
c. declarative
d. object-oriented
Correct Answer: (a)

Pascal is a(n) _______ language.

a. procedural
b. functional
c. declarative
d. object-oriented
Correct Answer: (a)

Java is a(n) _______ language.

a. procedural
b. functional
c. declarative
d. object-oriented
Correct Answer: (d)

LISP is a(n) _______ language.

a. procedural
b. functional
 c. declarative
d. object-oriented
Correct Answer: (b)

_______ is a common language in the business -environment.

a. FORTRAN
b. C++
c. C
d. COBOL
Correct Answer: (d)

_______ is a popular object-oriented language.

a. FORTRAN
b. COBOL
c. Java
d. LISP
Correct Answer: (c)

A _______ program can be either an application or an applet.

a. FORTRAN
b. C++
c. C
d. Java
Correct Answer: (d)

LISP and Scheme are both _______ languages.

a. procedural
b. functional
c. declarative
d. object-oriented
Correct Answer: (b)

Prolog is an example of a(n) _______ language.

a. procedural
b. functional
c. declarative
d. object-oriented
Correct Answer: (c)

One phase in system development is _______.

a. analysis
b. application
 c. designing
d. collecting
Correct Answer: (a)

Defining the users, requirements, and methods is part of the _______ phase.
a. analysis
b. design
c. implementation
d. testing
Correct Answer: (a)

In the system development process, writing the program is part of the _______ phase.
a. analysis
b. design
c. implementation
d. testing
Correct Answer: (c)

In the system development process, structure charts are tools used in the _______ phase.
a. analysis
b. design
c. implementation
d. testing
Correct Answer: (b)

Testing a software system can involve _______ testing.

a. black-box
b. glass-box
c. neither black-box nor glass-box
d. both black-box and glass-box
Correct Answer: (d)

_______ is the breaking up of a large project into smaller parts.

a. Coupling
b. Incrementing
c. Obsolescence
d. Modularization
Correct Answer: (d)

_______ is a measure of how tightly two modules are bound to each other.
a. Modularity
b. Coupling
 c. Interoperability
d. Cohesion
Correct Answer: (b)

_________between modules in a software system must be minimized.

a. Coupling
b. Cohesion
c. Neither coupling nor cohesion
d. Both coupling and cohesion
Correct Answer: (a)

_________between modules in a software system must be maximized.

a. Coupling
b. Cohesion
c. Neither coupling nor cohesion
d. Both coupling and cohesion
Correct Answer: (b)

A data structure can be _______.

a. only an array
b. only a record
c. only a linked list
d. an array, a record, or a linked list
Correct Answer: (d)

An array that consists of just rows and columns is a _______ array.

a. one-dimensional
b. two-dimensional
c. three-dimensional
d. multidimensional
Correct Answer: (b)

Each element in a record is called _______.

a. a variable
b. an index
c. a field
d. a node
Correct Answer: (c)

All the members of a record must be _______.

a. the same type
b. related types
 c. integer type
d. character type
Correct Answer: (b)

_______ is an ordered collection of data in which each element contains the location of the next
element.
a. An array
b. A record
c. A linked list
d. A file
Correct Answer: (c)

In a linked list, each element contains _______.

a. only data
b. only a link
c. neither data nor a link
d. data and a link
Correct Answer: (d)

The _______ is a pointer that identifies the next element in the linked list.
a. link
b. node
c. array
d. data
Correct Answer: (a)

Given a linked list called children, the pointer variable children identifies ________ element of the
linked list.
a. the first
b. the second
c. the last
d. any
Correct Answer: (a)

An empty linked list consists of _______.

a. a node
b. two nodes
c. data and a link
d. a null head pointer
Correct Answer: (d)

To traverse a list, you need a _______ pointer.

 a. null
b. walking
c. beginning
d. insertion
Correct Answer: (b)

In an abstract data type, _______.

a. the ADT implementation is known
b. the ADT implementation is hidden
c. the ADT public operations are hidden
d. Nothing is hidden
Correct Answer: (b)

A stack is a _________ structure.

a. FIFO
b. LIFO
c. DIFO
d. SIFO
Correct Answer: (b)

A(n) _______ list is also known as a queue.

a. LIFO
b. FIFO
c. unordered
d. ordered
Correct Answer: (b)

If A is the first data element input into a stack, followed by B, C, and D, then _______ is the first
element to be removed.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
Correct Answer: (d)

If A is the first data element input into a queue, followed by B, C, and D, then _______ is the first
element to be removed.
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
Correct Answer: (a)
The pop operation _______ of the stack.
a. deletes an item from the top
b. deletes an item from the bottom
c. inserts an item at the top
d. inserts an item at the bottom
Correct Answer: (a)

The push operation _______ of the stack.

a. deletes an item from the top
b. deletes an item from the bottom
c. inserts an item at the top
d. inserts an item at the bottom
Correct Answer: (c)

In a binary tree, each node has _______ two subtrees.

a. more than
b. less than
c. at most
d. at least
Correct Answer: (c)

In preorder traversal of a binary tree, the ______.

a. left subtree
a. is processed first
b. right subtree is processed first
c. root is processed first
d.
d.the root is never processed
Correct Answer: (c)

In _______ traversal of a binary tree, the right subtree is processed last.

a. preorder
b. inorder
c. postorder
d. any order
Correct Answer: (b)

In postorder traversal of a binary tree, the root is processed _______.

a. first
b. second
 c. last
d. after the left subtree
Correct Answer: (c)

In postorder traversal of a binary tree, the left subtree is processed _______.

a. first
b. second
c. last
d. after the right subtree
Correct Answer: (a)

In _______ traversal of a binary tree, the left subtree is processed last.

a. preorder
b. inorder
c. postorder
d. out of order
Correct Answer: (a)

In an inorder traversal of a binary tree, the root is processed _______.

a. first
b. second
c. last
d. two times
Correct Answer: (b)

_______ file can be accessed randomly.

a. A sequential
b. An indexed
c. A hashed
d. Any
Correct Answer: (d)

_______ file can be accessed sequentially.

a. A sequential
b. An indexed
c. A hashed
d. No
Correct Answer: (a)

When a sequential file is updated, the ______ file gets the actual update.
a. new master
b. old master
 c. transaction
d. error report
Correct Answer: (a)

When a sequential file is updated, the ______ file contains a list of all errors occurring during the
update process.
a. new master
b. old master
c. transaction
d. error report
Correct Answer: (d)

When a sequential file is updated, the ______ file contains the changes to be applied.
a. new master
b. old master
c. transaction
d. error report
Correct Answer: (c)

After a sequential file is updated, the _______ file contains the most current data.
a. new master
b. old master
c. transaction
d. error report
Correct Answer: (a)

If the transaction file key is 20 and the first master file key is 25, then we _______.
a. add the new record to the new master file
b. revise the contents of the old master file
c. delete the data
d. write the old master file record to the new master file
Correct Answer: (a)

If the transaction file key is 20 with a delete code and the master file key is 20, then we _______.
a. add the transaction to the new master file
b. revise the contents of the old master file
c. delete the data
d. write the old master file record to the new master file
Correct Answer: (c)

An indexed file consists of _______.

a. only a sequential data file
 b. only an index
c. only a random data file
d. an index
d. and random data file
Correct Answer: (d)

The index of an indexed file has _______ fields.

a. two
b. three
c. four
d. any number of
Correct Answer: (a)

In the _______ hashing method, selected digits are extracted from the key and used as the address.
a. direct
b. division remainder
c. modulo division
d. digit extraction
Correct Answer: (d)

In the _______ hashing method, the key is divided by the file size, and the address is the remainder
plus 1.
a. direct
b. modulo division
c. division remainder
d. digit extraction
Correct Answer: (b)

In the _______ hashing method, there are no synonyms or collisions.

a. direct
b. modulo division
c. division remainder
d. digit extraction
Correct Answer: (a)

_______ are keys that hash to the same location in the data file.
a. Collisions
b. Buckets
c. Synonyms
d. Linked lists
Correct Answer: (c)
When a hashing algorithm produces an address for an insertion key and that address is already
occupied, it is called a _______.
a. collision
b. probe
c. synonym
d. linked list
Correct Answer: (a)

The address produced by a hashing algorithm is the _______ address.

a. probe
b. synonym
c. collision
d. home
Correct Answer: (d)

The _______ area is the file area that contains all the home addresses.
a. probe
b. linked
c. hash
d. prime
Correct Answer: (d)

In the ______ collision resolution method, we try to put data that cannot be placed in location 123
into location 124.
a. open addressing
b. linked list
c. bucket hashing
d. random hashing
Correct Answer: (a)

In a three-level DBMS architecture, the layer that interacts directly with the hardware is the
_______ level.
a. external
b. conceptual
c. internal
d. physical
Correct Answer: (c)

In a three-level DBMS architecture, the _______ level determines where data is actually stored on
the storage devices.
a. external
b. conceptual
 c. internal
d. physical
Correct Answer: (c)

The _______ level of a three-level DBMS architecture defines the logical view of the data.
a. external
b. conceptual
c. internal
d. physical
Correct Answer: (b)

The data model and the schema of a DBMS are often defined at the _______ level.
a. external
b. conceptual
c. internal
d. physical
Correct Answer: (b)

In a three-level DBMS architecture, the _______ level interacts directly with the users.
a. external
b. conceptual
c. internal
d. physical
Correct Answer: (a)

Of the various database models, the _______ model is the most prevalent today.
a. hierarchical
b. network
c. relational
d. linked list
Correct Answer: (c)

Each column in a relation is called _______.

a. an attribute
b. a tuple
c. a union
d. an attitude
Correct Answer: (a)

Each row in a relation is called _______.

a. an attribute
b. a tuple
 c. a union
d. an attitude
Correct Answer: (b)

A unary operator is applied to _______ relation(s) and creates an output of ________ relation(s).
a. one, one
b. one, two
c. two, one
d. two, two
Correct Answer: (a)

A binary operator is applied to _______ relations (s) and creates an output of ________ relation(s).
a. one, one
b. one, two
c. two, one
d. two, two
Correct Answer: (c)

The unary _______ operation always results in a relation that has exactly one more row than the
original relation.
a. insert
b. delete
c. update
d. select
Correct Answer: (a)

If you want to change the value of an attribute of a tuple, you use the _______ operation.
a. project
b. join
c. update
d. select
Correct Answer: (c)

The operation that takes two relations and combines them based on common attributes is the
_________ operation.
a. join
b. project
c. union
d. intersection
Correct Answer: (a)

If you need to delete an attribute in a relation, you can use the _______ operation.
 a. join
b. project
c. union
d. intersection
Correct Answer: (b)

You want to create a relation called New that contains tuples that belong to both relation A and
relation B. For this, you can use the _______ operation.
a. select
b. union
c. project
d. intersection
Correct Answer: (d)

Which of the following is a unary operator?

a. intersection
b. union
c. join
d. project
Correct Answer: (d)

Which of the following is a binary operator?

a. select
b. update
c. difference
d. all of the above
Correct Answer: (c)

_______ is a declarative language used on relational databases.

a. PDQ
b. SQL
c. LES
d. PBJ
Correct Answer: (b)

Three security goals are _____.

a. confidentiality, cryptography, and nonrepudiation
b. confidentiality, encryption, and decryption
c. confidentiality, integrity, and availability
d. confidentiality, denial of service, and masquerading
Correct Answer: (c)
Which of the following attacks is threatening integrity?
a. Masquerading
b. Traffic Analysis
c. Denial of service
d. Encoding
Correct Answer: (a)

Which of the following attacks is threatening availability?

a. Replaying
b. Modification
c. Denial of service
d. Decoding
Correct Answer: (c)

_____________ means concealing the contents of a message by enciphering.

a. Steganography
b. Cryptography
c. Compressing
d. Authentication
Correct Answer: (b)

______________means concealing the message by covering it with something else.

a. Cryptography
b. Steganography
c. Compressing
d. Authentication
Correct Answer: (b)

In __________cryptography, the same key is used by the sender and the receiver.
a. symmetric-key
b. asymmetric-key
c. public-key
d. open-key
Correct Answer: (a)

In _________ cryptography, the same key is used in both directions.

a. symmetric-key
b. asymmetric-key
c. public-key
d. open-key
Correct Answer: (a)
_________ cryptography is often used for long messages.
a. Symmetric-key
b. Asymmetric-key
c. Public-key
d. Open-key
Correct Answer: (a)

___________ cryptography is often used for short messages.

a. Symmetric-key
b. Asymmetric-key
c. Secret-key
d. Open-key
Correct Answer: (b)

__________means that the sender and the receiver expect confidentiality.

a. Nonrepudiation
b. Integrity
c. Authentication
d. encryption and decryption
Correct Answer: (d)

___________ means that the data must arrive at the receiver exactly as they were sent.
a. Nonrepudiation
b. Message integrity
c. Authentication
d. Secrecy
Correct Answer: (b)

______________ can provide authentication, integrity, and nonrepudiation for a message.

a. Encryption/decryption
b. Digital signature
c. Compression
d. Key-exchange
Correct Answer: (b)

In ___________, the identity of a party is verified once for the entire duration of system access.
a. entity authentication
b. message integrity
c. message authentication
d. message encryption
 Correct Answer: (a)

In __________ cryptography, everyone has access to everyone’s public key.

a. symmetric-key
b. asymmetric-key
c. secret-key
d. private-key
Correct Answer: (b)

In the asymmetric-key method used for confidentiality, which key(s) is (are) publicly known?
a. encryption key only
b. decryption key only
c. both encryption and decryption keys
d. neither encryption key nor decryption key
Correct Answer: (b)

The RSA algorithm for confidentiality uses _______ cryptography.

a. asymmetric-key
b. symmetric-key
c. substitution
d. transposition
Correct Answer: (a)

In RSA, if user A wants to send an encrypted message to user B, the plaintext is encrypted with
the public key of _______.
a. user A
b. user B
c. the network
d. a third party.
Correct Answer: (b)