COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

ONLINESTUDY REPRESENTS COMPLETE INTERVIEW MATERIAL:

Contents
Basic Programming Questions .......................................................................................... 2

C/C++/JAVA/OOPS/PYTHON/DBMS/MCHINE LEARNING/IOT
INTERVIEW EXPERIENCES ..................................................................................................... 31

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HR INTERVIEW QUESTIONS & ANSWERS ............................................................................ 39

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ELECTRONICS ENGG QUESTIONS ........................................................................................... 42

MECHANICAL ENGG QUESTIONS ........................................................................................... 46

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ELECTRICAL ENGG QUESTIONS ............................................................................................. 49

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OPERATING SYSTEM QUESTIONS .......................................................................................... 53
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TIPS AND STRATEGIES ............................................................................................................. 60
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Coding Questions(does not contains Answers) ...................................................... 61

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1) What are the differences between C++ and Java ?

Platform- C++ is platform-dependent. Java is platform-independent.

independent

Mainly used C++ is mainly used for system Java is mainly used for application programming. It is
for programming. widely used in window, web-based, enterprise and

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mobile applications.

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Design Goal C++ was designed for systems Java was designed and created as an interpreter for
and applications printing systems but later extended as a support

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programming. It was an network computing. It was designed with a goal of

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extension of C programming being easy to use and accessible to a broader
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language. audience.
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Goto C++ supports Java doesn't support the goto statement.
the goto statement.
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Multiple C++ supports multiple Java doesn't support multiple inheritance through
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inheritance inheritance. class. It can be achieved by interfaces in java.

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Operator C++ supports operator Java doesn't support operator overloading.

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Overloading overloading.
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Pointers C++ supports pointers. You Java supports pointer internally. However, you can't
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can write pointer program in write the pointer program in java. It means java has
C++. restricted pointer support in java.
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Compiler and C++ uses compiler only. C++ is Java uses compiler and interpreter both. Java source
Interpreter compiled and run using the code is converted into bytecode at compilation time.
compiler which converts The interpreter executes this bytecode at runtime and
source code into machine produces output. Java is interpreted that is why it is
platform independent.

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code so, C++ is platform

dependent.

Call by Value C++ supports both call by Java supports call by value only. There is no call by
and Call by value and call by reference. reference in java.

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reference

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Structure and C++ supports structures and Java doesn't support structures and unions.
Union unions.

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Thread Support C++ doesn't have built-in Java has built-in thread support.

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support for threads. It relies irc
on third-party libraries for
thread support.
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Documentation C++ doesn't support Java supports documentation comment (/** ... */) to
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comment documentation comment. create documentation for java source code.

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Virtual C++ supports virtual keyword Java has no virtual keyword. We can override all non-
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Keyword so that we can decide static methods by default. In other words, non-static
whether or not override a methods are virtual by default.
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function.
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unsigned right C++ doesn't support >>> Java supports unsigned right shift >>> operator that
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shift >>> operator. fills zero at the top for the negative numbers. For
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positive numbers, it works same like >> operator.

Inheritance C++ creates a new Java uses a single inheritance tree always because all
Tree inheritance tree always. classes are the child of Object class in java. The object
class is the root of the inheritance tree in java.

Hardware C++ is nearer to hardware. Java is not so interactive with hardware.

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Object- C++ is an object-oriented Java is also an object-oriented language. However,

oriented language. However, in C everything (except fundamental types) is an object in
language, single root Java. It is a single root hierarchy as everything gets
hierarchy is not possible. derived from java.lang.Object.

2) What are the features of Java Programming Language?

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There are the following features in Java Programming Language.

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o Simple: Java is easy to learn. The syntax of Java is based on C++ which makes easier to

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write the program in it.

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o Object-Oriented: Java follows the object-oriented paradigm which allows us to
maintain our code as the combination of different type of objects that incorporates
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both data and behaviour.
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o Portable: Java supports read-once-write-anywhere approach. We can execute the
Java program on every machine. Java program (.java) is converted to bytecode (.class)
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which can be easily run on every machine.

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o Platform Independent: Java is a platform independent programming language. It is

different from other programming languages like C and C++ which needs a platform to
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be executed. Java comes with its platform on which its code is executed. Java doesn't
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depend upon the operating system to be executed.

o Secured: Java is secured because it doesn't use explicit pointers. Java also provides the
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concept of Byte Code and Exception handling which makes it more secured.
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o Robust: Java is a strong programming language as it uses strong memory

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management. The concepts like Automatic garbage collection, Exception handling,

etc. make it more robust.

o Architecture Neutral: Java is architectural neutral as it is not dependent on the

architecture. In C, the size of data types may vary according to the architecture (32 bit
or 64 bit) which doesn't exist in Java.

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o Interpreted: Java uses the Just-in-time (JIT) interpreter along with the compiler for the
program execution.

o High Performance: Java is faster than other traditional interpreted programming

languages because Java bytecode is "close" to native code. It is still a little bit slower
than a compiled language (e.g., C++).

o Multithreaded: We can write Java programs that deal with many tasks at once by
defining multiple threads. The main advantage of multi-threading is that it doesn't

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occupy memory for each thread. It shares a common memory area. Threads are

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important for multi-media, Web applications, etc.

o Distributed: Java is distributed because it facilitates users to create distributed

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applications in Java. RMI and EJB are used for creating distributed applications. This

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feature of Java makes us able to access files by calling the methods from any machine
on the internet.
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o Dynamic: Java is a dynamic language. It supports dynamic loading of classes. It means
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classes are loaded on demand. It also supports functions from its native languages,
i.e., C and C++.
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3) What is JVM ?
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Java Virtual Machine is a virtual machine that enables the computer to run the Java program.
JVM acts like a run-time engine which calls the main method present in the Java code. JVM is the
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specification which must be implemented in the computer system. The Java code is compiled by
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JVM to be a Bytecode which is machine independent and close to the native code.
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4) What is JIT Compiler ?

Just-In-Time(JIT) compiler: It is used to improve the performance. JIT compiles parts of the
bytecode that have similar functionality at the same time, and hence reduces the amount of time
needed for compilation. Here the term “compiler” refers to a translator from the instruction set
of a Java virtual machine (JVM) to the instruction set of a specific CPU.

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5) What are the different access specifiers in Java ?

In Java, access specifiers are the keywords which are used to define the access scope of the
method, class, or a variable. In Java, there are four access specifiers given below.
• Public: The classes, methods, or variables which are defined as public, can be accessed
by any class or method.
• Protected: Protected can be accessed by the class of the same package, or by the sub-
class of this class, or within the same class.

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• Default: Default are accessible within the package only. By default, all the classes,

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methods, and variables are of default scope.
• Private: The private class, methods, or variables defined as private can be accessed

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within the class only.

6)
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What is the difference between an object-oriented programming language and object-
based programming language?
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There are the following basic differences between the object-oriented language and object-
based language.
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• Object-oriented languages follow all the concepts of OOPs whereas, the object-based
language doesn't follow all the concepts of OOPs like inheritance and polymorphism.
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• Object-oriented languages do not have the inbuilt objects whereas Object-based languages
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have the inbuilt objects, for example, JavaScript has window object.
• Examples of object-oriented programming are Java, C#, Smalltalk, etc. whereas the examples
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of object-based languages are JavaScript, VBScript, etc.

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7) What are the features of OOP?

The important features of Object-Oriented programming are:
• Classes and Objects
These contain data and functions bundled together under a unit. In other words, class is
a collection of similar objects. When we define a class it just creates template or Skelton.
So no memory is created when class is created. Memory is occupied only by object.

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Example:
Class className
{
Data
Functions
};

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main ( )
{

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className objectname1,objectname2,..;

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}
In other words classes acts as data types for objects.

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Objects are the instances of a class.
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• Inheritance
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Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP(Object Oriented Programming). It is the

mechanism in java by which one class is allow to inherit the features(fields and
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methods) of another class.

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• Polymorphism
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The word polymorphism means having many forms. In simple words, we can define
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polymorphism as the ability of a message to be displayed in more than one form.

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•
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Data Abstraction
Abstraction means displaying only essential information and hiding the details. Data
abstraction refers to providing only essential information about the data to the outside
world, hiding the background details or implementation.

• Data Encapsulation

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Encapsulation is defined as wrapping up of data and information under a single unit. In

Object-Oriented Programming, Encapsulation is defined as binding together the data
and the functions that manipulate them.

• Dynamic Binding
In dynamic binding, the code to be executed in response to function call is decided at
runtime.

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• Message Passing

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Objects communicate with one another by sending and receiving information to each

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other. A message for an object is a request for execution of a procedure and therefore
will invoke a function in the receiving object that generates the desired results. Message

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passing involves specifying the name of the object, the name of the function and the
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information to be sent.
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8) What is Inline function?

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Inline function is a technique used by the compilers and instructs to insert complete body of the
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function wherever that function is used in the program source code.

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9) What is an abstract class?

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An abstract class is a class which cannot be instantiated. Creation of an object is not possible
with abstract class but it can be inherited. An abstract class can contain only Abstract method.
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Java allows only abstract method in abstract class while for other language it allows non-
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abstract method as well.

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10) What is an abstract class?

An abstract class is a class which cannot be instantiated. Creation of an object is not possible
with abstract class , but it can be inherited. An abstract class can contain only Abstract method.
Java allows only abstract method in abstract class while for other language it allows non-
abstract method as well.

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11) What is an interface ?

An interface is a collection of abstract method. If the class implements an inheritance, and then
thereby inherits all the abstract methods of an interface.

12) What is exception handling ?

Exception is an event that occurs during the execution of a program. Exceptions can be of any
type — Run time exception, Error exceptions. Those exceptions are handled properly through

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exception handling mechanism like try, catch and throw keywords.

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13) What is static and dynamic binding ?

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Binding is nothing but the association of a name with the class. Static binding is a binding in

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which name can be associated with the class during compilation time and it is also called as
early Binding.
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Dynamic binding is a binding in which name can be associated with the class during
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execution time and it is also called as Late Binding.
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14) What is a copy constructor ?

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This is a special constructor for creating a new object as a copy of an existing object. There will
be always only on copy constructor that can be either defined by the user or the system.
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15) What is the difference between a structure and a class ?

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Structure default access type is public but class access type is private. A structure is used for
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grouping data whereas class can be used for grouping data and methods. Structures are
exclusively used for data and it doesn’t require strict validation but classes are used to
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encapsulates and inherit data which requires strict validation.

16) Why is C known as the Mother Language ?

C is known as a mother language because most of the compilers and JVMs are written in C
language. Most of the languages which are developed after C language has borrowed heavily

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from it like C++, Python, Rust, JavaScript, etc. It introduces new core concepts like arrays,
functions, file handling which are used in these languages.

17) What are the differences between Local Variables and Global Variables?

Basis for Local variable Global variable

comparison

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Declaration A variable which is declared inside A variable which is declared
function or block is known as a outside function or block is

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local variable. known as a global variable.

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Scope The scope of a variable is available The scope of a variable is

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within a function in which they are irc available throughout the
declared. program.
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Access Variables can be accessed only by Any statement in the entire
those statements inside a function program can access variables.
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in which they are declared.

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Life Life of a variable is created when Life of a variable exists until

the function block is entered and the program is executing.
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destroyed on its exit.

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Storage Variables are stored in a stack The compiler decides the

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unless specified. storage location of a variable.

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18) What is the use of writing a function in C Programming Language?

• C functions are used to avoid the rewriting the same code again and again in our
program.

• C functions can be called any number of times from any place of our program.

• When a program is divided into functions, then any part of our program can easily be
tracked.
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• C functions provide the reusability concept, i.e., it breaks the big task into smaller tasks
so that it makes the C program more understandable.

19) What is the difference between Call By Value and Call By Reference?

Call by value Call by reference

Description When a copy of the value is When a copy of the value is

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passed to the function, then the passed to the function, then the

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original value is not modified. original value is modified.

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Memory Actual arguments and formal Actual arguments and formal
location arguments are created in separate arguments are created in the

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memory locations. same memory location.
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Safety In this case, actual arguments In this case, actual arguments
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remain safe as they cannot be are not reliable, as they are
modified. modified.
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Arguments The copies of the actual The addresses of actual

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arguments are passed to the arguments are passed to their

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formal arguments. respective formal arguments.

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20)
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What is recursion in C ?
When a function calls itself, and this process is known as recursion. The function that calls
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itself is known as a recursive function.

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Recursive function comes in two phases:

Winding phase: When the recursive function calls itself, and this phase ends when the
condition is reached.
Unwinding phase: Unwinding phase starts when the condition is reached, and the control
returns to the original call.

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21) What is a pointer in C?

A pointer is a variable that refers to the address of a value. It makes the code optimized and
makes the performance fast. Whenever a variable is declared inside a program, then the system
allocates some memory to a variable. The memory contains some address number. The
variables that hold this address number is known as the pointer variable.

22) What is a NULL pointer ?

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A pointer that doesn't refer to any address of value but NULL is known as a NULL pointer. When

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we assign a '0' value to a pointer of any type, then it becomes a Null pointer.

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23) What is a far pointer in C ?

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A pointer which can access all the 16 segments (whole residence memory) of RAM is known as
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far pointer. A far pointer is a 32-bit pointer that obtains information outside the memory in a
given section.
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24) What is a dangling pointer in C ?

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• If a pointer is pointing any memory location, but meanwhile another pointer deletes the
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memory occupied by the first pointer while the first pointer still points to that memory
location, the first pointer will be known as a dangling pointer. This problem is known as
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a dangling pointer problem.

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•
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Dangling pointer arises when an object is deleted without modifying the value of the
pointer. The pointer points to the deallocated memory.
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25) What is the usage of Pointer in C ?

• Accessing array elements: Pointers are used in traversing through an array of integers
and strings. The string is an array of characters which is terminated by a null character
'\0'.

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• Dynamic memory allocation: Pointers are used in allocation and deallocation of memory
during the execution of a program.
• Call by Reference: The pointers are used to pass a reference of a variable to other
function.
• Data Structures like a tree, graph, linked list, etc.: The pointers are used to construct
different data structures like tree, graph, linked list, etc.

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26) What is Static Memory Allocation ?
•

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In case of static memory allocation, memory is allocated at compile time, and memory
can't be increased while executing the program. It is used in the array.

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• The lifetime of a variable in static memory is the lifetime of a program.

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• The static memory is allocated using static keyword.
• The static memory is implemented using stacks or heap.
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• The pointer is required to access the variable present in the static memory.
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• The static memory is faster than dynamic memory.
• In static memory, more memory space is required to store the variable.
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27) What is Dynamic Memory Allocation ?

• In case of dynamic memory allocation, memory is allocated at runtime and memory can
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be increased while executing the program. It is used in the linked list.

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• The malloc() or calloc() function is required to allocate the memory at the runtime.
•
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An allocation or deallocation of memory is done at the execution time of a program.

• No dynamic pointers are required to access the memory.
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• The dynamic memory is implemented using data segments.

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• Less memory space is required to store the variable.

28) What is a structure ?

• The structure is a user-defined data type that allows storing multiple types of data in a
single unit. It occupies the sum of the memory of all members.
• The structure members can be accessed only through structure variables.

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• Structure variables accessing the same structure but the memory allocated for each
variable will be different.

29) What is a union ?

• The union is a user-defined data type that allows storing multiple types of data in a
single unit. However, it doesn't occupy the sum of the memory of all members. It holds
the memory of the largest member only.

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• In union, we can access only one variable at a time as it allocates one common space for

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all the members of a union.

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30) What is an auto keyword in C ?

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In C, every local variable of a function is known as an automatic (auto) variable. Variables which
are declared inside the function block are known as a local variable. The local variables are also
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known as an auto variable. It is optional to use an auto keyword before the data type of a
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variable. If no value is stored in the local variable, then it consists of a garbage value.
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31) What is a token ?

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The Token is an identifier. It can be constant, keyword, string literal, etc. A token is the smallest
individual unit in a program. C has the following tokens:
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Identifiers: Identifiers refer to the name of the variables.

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Keywords: Keywords are the predefined words that are explained by the compiler.
Constants: Constants are the fixed values that cannot be changed during the execution of a
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program.
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Operators: An operator is a symbol that performs the particular operation.

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Special characters: All the characters except alphabets and digits are treated as special
characters.

32) What is command line argument ?

The argument passed to the main() function while executing the program is known as
command line argument. For example:

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main(int count, char *args[])

{
//code to be executed
}

33) What is a file?

A file is a named location which stores data or information permanently. A file is always

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stored inside a storage device using file name (e.g. STUDENT.MARKS). A file name

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normally has primary and secondary name separated by a “.”(DOT).

34) What is the difference between Function Overloading and Overriding ?

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Overloading is when two or more methods in the same class have the

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same method name but different parameters(i.e different method
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signatures).
Overriding is when two methods having the same method name and
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parameters (i.e., method signature) but one of the methods is in the
parent class and the other is in the child class.
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35) What is a deadlock in OS ?

Deadlock is a situation or condition where the two processes are waiting for each other
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to complete so that they can start. This result both the processes to hang.
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36) What is Context Switching ?

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Transferring the control from one process to other process requires saving the state of
the old process and loading the saved state for new process. This task is known as
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context switching.

37) Differentiate between Compiler and Interpreter.

An interpreter reads one instruction at a time and carries out the actions
implied by that instruction. It does not perform any translation. But a
compiler translates the entire instructions.

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38) What are the differences between list and tuple in Python ?

LIST TUPLES

Lists are mutable i.e they can be Tuples are immutable (tuples are lists which
edited. can’t be edited).

Lists are slower than tuples. Tuples are faster than list.

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Syntax: list_1 = [10, ‘Chelsea’, 20] Syntax: tup_1 = (10, ‘Chelsea’ , 20)

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39) What type of language is Python ? Scripting or Programming ?

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Python is capable of scripting, but in general sense, it is considered as a general-

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purpose programming language. irc
40) What is type conversion in Python ?
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Type conversion refers to the conversion of one data type into another.
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int() – converts any data type into integer type

float() – converts any data type into float type
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ord() – converts characters into integer

hex() – converts integers to hexadecimal
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oct() – converts integer to octal

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tuple() – This function is used to convert to a tuple.

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set() – This function returns the type after converting to set.

list() – This function is used to convert any data type to a list type.
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dict() – This function is used to convert a tuple of order (key,value) into a

dictionary.
str() – Used to convert integer into a string.
complex(real,imag) – This functionconverts real numbers to
complex(real,imag) number.

41) What is pickling and unpickling in Python ?

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Pickle module accepts any Python object and converts it into a string
representation and dumps it into a file by using dump function, this process is
called pickling. While the process of retrieving original Python objects from the
stored string representation is called unpickling.

42) How to comment multiple lines in Python ?

Multi-line comments appear in more than one line. All the lines to be commented are

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to be prefixed by a #. You can also a very good shortcut method to comment multiple

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lines. All you need to do is hold the ctrl key and left click in every place wherever you
want to include a # character and type a # just once. This will comment all the lines

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where you introduced your cursor.

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43) What are docstrings in Python ?
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Docstrings are not actually comments, but, they are documentation strings. These
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docstrings are within triple quotes. They are not assigned to any variable and
therefore, at times, serve the purpose of comments as well.
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44) What is a dictionary in Python ?

The built-in datatypes in Python is called dictionary. It defines one-to-one relationship
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between keys and values. Dictionaries contain pair of keys and their corresponding
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values. Dictionaries are indexed by keys.

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45) What advantages do NumPy arrays offer over (nested) Python lists?
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• Python’s lists are efficient general-purpose containers. They support (fairly)

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efficient insertion, deletion, appending, and concatenation, and Python’s list

comprehensions make them easy to construct and manipulate.
• They have certain limitations: they don’t support “vectorized” operations like
elementwise addition and multiplication, and the fact that they can contain
objects of differing types mean that Python must store type information for every

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element, and must execute type dispatching code when operating on each
element.
• NumPy is not just more efficient; it is also more convenient. You get a lot of vector
and matrix operations for free, which sometimes allow one to avoid unnecessary
work. And they are also efficiently implemented.
• NumPy array is faster and You get a lot built in with NumPy, FFTs, convolutions,
fast searching, basic statistics, linear algebra, histograms, etc.

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46)

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Does Python have OOPS Concept ?
Python is an object-oriented programming language. This means that any program

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can be solved in python by creating an object model. However, Python can be

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treated as procedural as well as structural language.
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47) What is __init__ ?
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__init__ is a method or constructor in Python. This method is automatically called to
allocate memory when a new object/ instance of a class is created. All classes have
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the __init__ method.

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48) What is meant by Database ?

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In simple terms, Database is a collection of data in some organized way to facilitate

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its user’s to easily access, manage and upload the data.

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49) What are the advantages of DBMS ?

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• Controlled Redundancy: DBMS supports a mechanism to control redundancy of

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data inside the database by integrating all the data into a single database and as
data is stored at only one place, the duplicity of data does not happen.
• Data Sharing: Sharing of data among multiple users simultaneously can also be
done in DBMS as the same database will be shared among all the users and by
different application programs.

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• Backup and Recovery Facility: DBMS minimizes the pain of creating the backup of
data again and again by providing a feature of ‘backup and recovery’ which
automatically creates the data backup and restores the data whenever required.
• Enforcement of Integrity Constraints: Integrity Constraints are very important to be
enforced on the data so that the refined data after putting some constraints are
stored in the database and this is followed by DBMS.
• Independence of Data: It simply means that you can change the structure of the

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data without affecting the structure of any of the application programs.

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50) What is the use of Normalization in DBMS ?

s.
Normalization is the process of analyzing the relational schemas which are based on

le
their respective functional dependencies and the primary keys in order to fulfill certain
properties.
irc
The properties include:
sc
▪ To minimize the redundancy of the Data.
▪ To minimize the Insert, Delete and Update Anomalies.
nt
de

51) What are the differences between Primary Key and Unique Key ?
• The main difference between the Primary key and Unique key is that the Primary
tu

key can never have a null value while the Unique key may consist of null value.
• In each table, there can be only one primary key while there can be more than one
.s

unique key in a table.

w
w

52) Explain ACID properties in DBMS.

w

• Atomicity: This is based on the concept of “either all or nothing” which basically
means that if any update occurs inside the database then that update should
either be available to all the others beyond user and application program or it
should not be available to anyone beyond the user and application program.
• Consistency: This ensures that the consistency is maintained in the database
before or after any transaction that takes place inside the database.

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• Isolation: As the name itself suggests, this property states that each transaction
that is occurring is in isolation with others i.e. a transaction which has started but
not yet completed should be in isolation with others so that the other transaction
does not get impacted with this transaction.
• Durability: This property states that the data should always be in a durable state
i.e. any data which is in the committed state should be available in the same state
even if any failure or restart occurs in the system.

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53)

co
Explain Entity, Entity Type, and Entity Set in DBMS?\
• Entity is an object, place or thing which has its independent existence in the

s.
real world and about which data can be stored in a database. Eg: any person,

le
book, etc.
• Entity Type is a collection of the entities which have the same attributes. Eg:
irc
STUDENT table contains rows in which each row is an entity holding attributes
sc
like name, age , and id of the students, hence STUDENT is an Entity Type which
holds the entities having same attributes.
nt

• Entity Set is a collection of the entities of the same type. Eg: A collection of the
de

employees of a firm.
tu

54) What are the different levels of abstraction in DBMS ?

.s

There are 3 levels of data abstraction in the DBMS.

• Physical Level: This is the lowest level of the data abstraction which states
w

how the data is stored in the database.

w

• Logical Level: This is the next level of the data abstraction which states the
w

type of the data and the relationship among the data that is stored in the
database.
• View Level: This is the highest level in the data abstraction which
shows/states only a part of the database.

55) What is a functional dependency in DBMS ?

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This is basically a constraint which is useful in describing the relationship among the
different attributes in a relation.
Example: If there is some relation ‘R1’ which has 2 attributes as Y and Z then the
functional dependency among these 2 attributes can be shown as Y->Z which states
that Z is functionally dependent on Y.

56) How is pattern matching done in SQL ?

m
With the help of the LIKE operator, pattern matching is possible in the SQL.’%’ is used

co
with the Like operator when it matches with the 0 or more characters and ‘_’ is used
to match the one particular character.

s.
Example:
•

le
select * from Emp where name like ‘b%’
• select * from Emp where name like ‘hans_’
irc
sc
57) What are the different types of relationships in RDBMS ?
One-to-One: This basically states that there should be a one-to-one relationship
nt

between the tables i.e. there should be one record in both the tables. Eg: Among a
de

married couple, both wife and husband can have only one spouse.
One-to-Many: This states that there can be many relationships for one i.e. a primary
tu

key table hold only one record which can have many, one or none records in the
.s

related table. Eg: A Mother can have many children.

Many-to-Many: This states that both the tables can be related to many other tables.
w

Eg: One can have many siblings and so do they have.

w
w

58) What is data structure?

Data structure refers to the way data is organized and manipulated. It seeks to find ways
to make data access more efficient. When dealing with the data structure, we not only
focus on one piece of data but the different set of data and how they can relate to one
another in an organized manner.

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59) Differentiate between file and structure storage structure.

The key difference between both the data structure is the memory area that is being
accessed. When dealing with the structure that resides the main memory of the
computer system, this is referred to as storage structure. When dealing with an auxiliary
structure, we refer to it as file structures.

m
60) When is a binary search best applied?

co
A binary search is an algorithm that is best applied to search a list when the elements are
already in order or sorted. The list is searched starting in the middle, such that if that

s.
middle value is not the target search key, it will check to see if it will continue the search

le
on the lower half of the list or the higher half. The split and search will then continue in
irc
the same manner.
sc

61) What is a linked list?

nt

A linked list is a sequence of nodes in which each node is connected to the node
de

following it. This forms a chain-like link for data storage.

tu

62)
.s

How do you reference all the elements in a one-dimension array?

w

To reference all the elements in a one -dimension array, you need to use an indexed
w

loop, So that, the counter runs from 0 to the array size minus one. In this manner, You
can reference all the elements in sequence by using the loop counter as the array
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subscript.

63) In what areas do data structures are applied?

Data structures are essential in almost every aspect where data is involved. In general,
algorithms that involve efficient data structure is applied in the following areas:

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 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

numerical analysis, operating system, A.I., compiler design, database management,

graphics, and statistical analysis, to name a few.

64) What is LIFO?

LIFO is a short form of Last In First Out. It refers how data is accessed, stored and
retrieved. Using this scheme, data that was stored last should be the one to be extracted

m
first. This also means that in order to gain access to the first data, all the other data that
was stored before this first data must first be retrieved and extracted.

co
s.
65) What is a queue?

le
A queue is a data structure that can simulate a list or stream of data. In this structure,
irc
new elements are inserted at one end, and existing elements are removed from the
sc
other end.
nt

66) What are binary trees?

de

A binary tree is one type of data structure that has two nodes, a left node, and a right
tu

node. In programming, binary trees are an extension of the linked list structures.
.s
w

67) Which data structures are applied when dealing with a recursive function?
w

Recursion, is a function that calls itself based on a terminating condition, makes use of
w

the stack. Using LIFO, a call to a recursive function saves the return address so that it
knows how to return to the calling function after the call terminates.

68) What is a stack?

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A stack is a data structure in which only the top element can be accessed. As data is
stored in the stack, each data is pushed downward, leaving the most recently added data
on top.

69) Explain Binary Search Tree

A binary search tree stores data in such a way that they can be retrieved very efficiently.

m
The left subtree contains nodes whose keys are less than the node’s key value, while the
right subtree contains nodes whose keys are greater than or equal to the node’s key

co
value. Moreover, both subtrees are also binary search trees.

s.
le
70) What are multidimensional arrays? irc
Multidimensional arrays make use of multiple indexes to store data. It is useful when
sc
storing data that cannot be represented using single dimensional indexing, such as data
representation in a board game, tables with data stored in more than one column.
nt
de

71) Are linked lists considered linear or non-linear data structures?

tu

It depends on where you intend to apply linked lists. If you based it on storage, a linked
list is considered non-linear. On the other hand, if you based it on access strategies, then
.s

a linked list is considered linear.

w
w

72) How does dynamic memory allocation help in managing data?

w

Apart from being able to store simple structured data types, dynamic memory allocation
can combine separately allocated structured blocks to form composite structures that
expand and contract as needed.

73) What is FIFO?

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FIFO stands for First-in, First-out, and is used to represent how data is accessed in a
queue. Data has been inserted into the queue list the longest is the one that is removed
first.

74) What is an ordered list?

An ordered list is a list in which each node’s position in the list is determined by the

m
value of its key component, so that the key values form an increasing sequence, as the
list is traversed.

co
s.
75) What is merge sort?

le
Merge sort, is a divide-and-conquer approach for sorting the data. In a sequence of
irc
data, adjacent ones are merged and sorted to create bigger sorted lists. These sorted
sc
lists are then merged again to form an even bigger sorted list, which continues until you
have one single sorted list.
nt
de

76) Differentiate NULL and VOID

tu

Null is a value, whereas Void is a data type identifier. A variable that is given a Null value
indicates an empty value. The void is used to identify pointers as having no initial size.
.s
w

77)
w

What is the primary advantage of a linked list?

w

A linked list is an ideal data structure because it can be modified easily. This means that
editing a linked list works regardless of how many elements are in the list.

78) What is the difference between a PUSH and a POP?

Pushing and popping applies to the way data is stored and retrieved in a stack. A push
denotes data being added to it, meaning data is being “pushed” into the stack. On the
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other hand, a pop denotes data retrieval, and in particular, refers to the topmost data
being accessed.

79) What is a linear search?

A linear search refers to the way a target key is being searched in a sequential data
structure. In this method, each element in the list is checked and compared against the

m
target key. The process is repeated until found or if the end of the file has been reached.

co
80) How does variable declaration affect memory allocation?

s.
le
The amount of memory to be allocated or reserved would depend on the data type of
the variable being declared. For example, if a variable is declared to be of integer type,
irc
then 32 bits of memory storage will be reserved for that variable.
sc

81)
nt

What is the advantage of the heap over a stack?

de

The heap is more flexible than the stack. That’s because memory space for the heap can
be dynamically allocated and de-allocated as needed. However, the memory of the heap
tu

can at times be slower when compared to that stack.

.s
w

82) What is a postfix expression?

w

A postfix expression is an expression in which each operator follows its operands. The
w

advantage of this form is that there is no need to group sub-expressions in parentheses

or to consider operator precedence.

83) What is Data abstraction?

Data abstraction is a powerful tool for breaking down complex data problems into
manageable chunks. This is applied by initially specifying the data objects involved and
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the operations to be performed on these data objects without being overly concerned
with how the data objects will be represented and stored in memory.

84) How do you insert a new item in a binary search tree?

Assuming that the data to be inserted is a unique value (that is, not an existing entry in
the tree), check first if the tree is empty. If it’s empty, just insert the new item in the root

m
node. If it’s not empty, refer to the new item’s key. If it’s smaller than the root’s key,
insert it into the root’s left subtree, otherwise, insert it into the root’s right subtree.

co
85) How does a selection sort work for an array?

s.
The selection sort is a fairly intuitive sorting algorithm, though not necessarily efficient.

le
In this process, the smallest element is first located and switched with the element at
irc
subscript zero, thereby placing the smallest element in the first position.
sc
The smallest element remaining in the subarray is then located next to subscripts 1
through n-1 and switched with the element at subscript 1, thereby placing the second
nt

smallest element in the second position. The steps are repeated in the same manner till
de

the last element.

tu

86) How do signed and unsigned numbers affect memory?

.s

In the case of signed numbers, the first bit is used to indicate whether positive or
w

negative, which leaves you with one bit short. With unsigned numbers, you have all bits
w

available for that number. The effect is best seen in the number range (an unsigned 8-bit
w

number has a range 0-255, while the 8-bit signed number has a range -128 to +127.

87) What is the minimum number of nodes that a binary tree can have?

A binary tree can have a minimum of zero nodes, which occurs when the nodes have
NULL values. Furthermore, a binary tree can also have 1 or 2 nodes.

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88) What are dynamic data structures?

Dynamic data structures are structures that expand and contract as a program runs. It
provides a flexible means of manipulating data because it can adjust according to the
size of the data.

m
89) In what data structures are pointers applied?

co
Pointers that are used in linked list have various applications in the data structure. Data
structures that make use of this concept include the Stack, Queue, Linked List and Binary

s.
Tree.

le
irc
90) Do all declaration statements result in a fixed reservation in memory?
sc

Most declarations do, with the exemption of pointers. Pointer declaration does not
nt

allocate memory for data, but for the address of the pointer variable. Actual memory
allocation for the data comes during run-time.
de
tu

91) What are ARRAYs?

.s

When dealing with arrays, data is stored and retrieved using an index that refers to the
w

element number in the data sequence. This means that data can be accessed in any
w

order. In programming, an array is declared as a variable having a number of indexed

elements.
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92) What is the minimum number of queues needed when implementing a

priority queue?

The minimum number of queues needed in this case is two. One queue is intended for
sorting priorities while the other queue is used for actual storage of data.

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93) Which sorting algorithm is considered the fastest?

There are many types of sorting algorithms: quick sort, bubble sort, balloon sort, radix
sort, merge sort, etc. Not one can be considered the fastest because each algorithm is
designed for a particular data structure and data set. It would depend on the data set
that you would want to sort.

m
94)

co
Differentiate STACK from ARRAY.

Stack follows a LIFO pattern. It means that data access follows a sequence wherein the

s.
last data to be stored when the first one to be extracted. Arrays, on the other hand, does

le
not follow a particular order and instead can be accessed by referring to the indexed
irc
element within the array.
sc

95) Give a basic algorithm for searching a binary search tree.

nt

if the tree is empty, then the target is not in the tree, end search
de

2. if the tree is not empty, the target is in the tree

3. check if the target is in the root item
tu

4. if a target is not in the root item, check if a target is smaller than the root’s value
5. if a target is smaller than the root’s value, search the left subtree
.s

6. else, search the right subtree

w
w

96) What is a dequeue?

w

A dequeue is a double-ended queue. This is a structure wherein elements can be

inserted or removed from either end.

97) What is a bubble sort and how do you perform it?

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 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

A bubble sort is one sorting technique that can be applied to data structures such as an
array. It works by comparing adjacent elements and exchanges their values if they are
out of order. This method lets the smaller values “bubble” to the top of the list, while
the larger value sinks to the bottom.

98) What is Cloud Computing ?

Cloud computing is a type of computing that relies on shared computing resources rather than

m
having local servers or personal devices to handle applications.

co
In its most simple description, cloud computing is taking services ("cloud services") and moving
them outside an organization's firewall. Applications, storage and other services are accessed

s.
via the Web. The services are delivered and used over the Internet and are paid for by the cloud

le
customer on an as-needed or pay-per-use business model.
irc
99) Explain the concept of IOT ?
sc
The internet of things, or IoT, is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and
digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs) and
nt

the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-
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computer interaction.
tu

100) What is Machine Learning ?

.s

Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides systems the
ability to automatically learn and improve from experience without being explicitly
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programmed. Machine learning focuses on the development of computer programs that

w

can access data and use it learn for themselves.

w

The process of learning begins with observations or data, such as examples, direct
experience, or instruction, in order to look for patterns in data and make better decisions in
the future based on the examples that we provide. The primary aim is to allow the
computers learn automatically without human intervention or assistance and adjust actions
accordingly.

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 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

Interview Experiences:

m
Interview Experiences of Our Students Nikhil t:
HR TEAM came to my college RVR JC

co
i went to 8 am in my bus
and interviews started from 9 am

s.
upto 1:30 pm all the girls were interviewed
as all know there will be tr , mr (skype) and hr(direct face 2 face)

le
my friends asked few girls about the interview procedure and questions
i didnot ask becoz i am full shy to ask , anyway thats different from current topic
irc
they told few questions

Q1. what are diff between c c++ java and java python ?
sc
Q2. what is abstraction polymorphism etc on oops concepts
Q3. basic questions blah blah blah
nt

now our boys turn had started

de

there are 5 panels btw

they sorted according to our name given at time registration
so I am almost last
tu

my friends whose names starts with A had went first

and they came after 15-20 min
.s

i am very curious to know what happened?

some told that medium questions
w

like asking a program to write (matrix addition ,multiplication)

how many sorting techniques you know?
w

and which is the best in time complexity?

then some other questions related to LATEST TRENDS
w

like machine learning , big data ,blah blah blah

you no need to know in depth just you need to know
some of other department students like ece , eee ,mech were interviewed in their core
subjects
I did not even understood what are those becoz i am cse student
i fell udner panel 3
my friend was also under same panel before me
he went first
and returned
i asked him
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 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

he told that some advanced dbms(database) concepts

and he told about his project

now its my turn

its about 5:15 pm in the evening
tr's went to tea break and came
they told to come in
now there is laptop infront of me with a headset with mic
i sat down and feeling super nervuous becoz its my first skype interview

there are two TR members in skype and one HR in face2face

m
interview had went like this

co
TR : tell me about yourself
me : i had introduced my self and my hands started shivering

s.
TR : what languages do you know?

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me : basics in C , JAVA and intermediate in python

TR : why like that?

irc
me : i had learnt c java in my clg i had done some intermediate programs but now i cant
remember as that of python
sc

TR : okok , write a string palindrome program in c and python

nt

me : i had written in python which took 3 lines and in c i took 5 -10 min and showed
them
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TR : okok , how do you use pyhton in machine learning ?

me : I DONT KNOW THAT MUCH ABOUT MACHINE LEARNING
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TR : (secondmember) : which other language you use in ml other than python?

.s

me : i have no idea sir

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TR : ok ok , what databases you know ?

me : sql , mongo db (here's my intention is to divert them to the mongo db as i forgot
w

sql basics also ,eventually persons will actually grasp the second word than first word )
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TR : is mongo db rdbms or non rdbms ?

me : non rdbms its nosql and document based database

TR : how data is stored in mongodb?

me : in json format

TR : okok, what is client server architecture ?

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me : i answered

TR : what is three tier architecture ?

me : i answered

TR : in IOT
my mind started shivering becoz i am not an ece guy and i dont know about IOT
i waited for him to complete the question

TR : in IOT , we are about to use IPv6 addresses , what do you know about them ?
now my mind was so happy as i know networking

m
i answered in depth somewhat

co
TR : what is webservices?
me : i answered

s.
TR : ok naga sai nikhil thank you

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i was shocked and feared if they mean "YOU CAN LEAVE FOR TODAY "

Then HR asked TR 's

irc
TR told that i am good to go to HR
THIS DOES PUT A SMIILE ON MY FACE
sc

Ccoming to HR
nt

he took my resume when i entered the room

upto then he read it
de

one thing i tell you friends is to put your projects remember this line
tu
.s

HR : what is flipkart scraper?

w

as i have done project on webscraping

me : its a scraper which gets value of redmi note 5 and emails me when the price
w

changed
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HR : will that require permission from flipkart ?

me : no ,becoz you can view the products and their prices without loggining into flipkart

HR : you have youtube channel ?

(i have put it in my resume )
me : yes sir

HR : how many subscribers?

me : 200-300

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 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

HR : will you do weekly a video?

me : no sir i wil ldo if i get continouus holidays and not in exams time

HR : how much moeny you earnt?

me : ididnot apply for adsense sir and also revenue will be low

HR : ok ok you are find and you can go

and he also asked about my CTF's and some token of appreciations
as you can see clearly there are no quesions like

"why TCS ? "

m
"tell me abot tcs?"
"why should we hire you?"

co
"will you leave tcs if you got some better company?"
i promise and telling you there are no shit questions like this in any of the rounds

s.
THE REASON IS

le
my projects :)
irc
put on your projects in your resume even you didnot complete that project
i dont have latest trend like machine learning, big data and others
i am only good at basics and cyber security( i didnot tell it to TR because i lost my
sc
codevita interview because of this )
nt

and i dont know about results

de

i just had my interview ,came home, commenting here about my interview

THIS IS MY EXPERIENCE
tu

Interview Experience of a TCS candidate (SRM chennai university ! )

.s

1.Tell me about yourself?

2.Why did you choose engineering?
w

3.why did you choose it company when you're from EcE?

4.Why should we hire you?
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5. If any other It company offers more package like Google will you stick with Tcs or else
will you move to that company?
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6.Do you prefer further studies?

7. Difference between python and C?
8.Will you be able to all weekends under pressure for 12 hours?
9. Do you have any questions?

#TCS NQT interview Experience 1

tcs-nqt-interview-questions-and-experiences
Attended TCS NQT interview in the month of June 2019 & got selected.
Two rounds – TR and HR. First was TR.
Questions were:
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 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

Q1. What is cloud computing, application of cloud computing, SAAS?

Q2. Do you know any real-time applications of cloud computing?
Q3. What is a linear data structure?
Q4. Explain quick sort with algorithm and example?
Q5.Given an array, how will you search an element in the most efficient manner?
Q6.Difference between execution and error?
Round 2: HR
1) Tell me something which is not a part of your resume?
2) What are u doing to increase your communication skills?
3) Are you willing to relocate?
4) Why TCS?

m
#TCS NQT interview Experience 2

co
tcs nqt interview questions & experiences
Attended TCS NQT off-campus for 2018 batch & got selected.

s.
There was one round of interview only which combined Technical, HR, MR rounds.
Questions were based on my core branch which is Electrical. All of them were basic

le
questions like what is your fav subject, what is an induction motor, its applications, etc.
Some questions were from programming like write a program to print Fibonacci series.
irc
Some HR questions were like – Are you willing to relocate, Are you okay with night shifts etc.
Imp points to note down:
Never lie anything in your application form or resume.
sc
Whether you know anything or not, don’t stay calm in the interview.
Smile more, be bold, be positive. They never hire candidates who are always serious and
nt

worried about little things.

Sleep well before the interview and wear neat and clean and proper formal dress. (from hair
de

band to shoes). –
If you are cross-questioned at one of your lies, its better to tell the truth.
Do full research about the company before the interview.
tu

Keep your voice loud and clear.

These are all the important traits which the company is looking for. So try to match these
.s

points. All the best !!

PS: If it’s your day, then nothing is gonna stop you. And if it’s not then no matter how hard
w

you try, nothing gonna happen. So, the bottom line is that do your best, don’t worry about
the result.
w

Also, in the online test, I was asked this coding question – Write a Program to count the
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number of vowels and consonants in the word taken as an input by the user.

#TCS NQT interview Experience 3

tcs nqt interview questions
Attended TCS NQT for 2018 batch & got selected.
Overall Interview was good. You need to be confident. Prepare about projects well and
basics of HTML, C. Prepare the topics which are mentioned in your resume. Some of the
questions that were asked are:
1) Tell me about yourself?
2) Tell me about TCS?
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 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

3) Why do you want to join TCS?

4) Why you are applying for IT industry and why not jobs in your Core domain?
5) Explain your project & your role in the project?
6) Some HTML basics & about Embedded systems

#TCS NQT interview Experience 4

The overall interview experience was great. I am from Civil background and I was
interviewed for over 40 mins. There were 2 rounds, Technical & HR interview.
Who built C?
Difference between Call by Value and Call by Address?
Difference between merge sort and insertion sort?

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Example of merge sort.
How to count the elements of a String?

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Basics about structure, linked list, queue.
The HR interview went for only 5 mins and they asked me only 3 questions: 1) relocation 2)

s.
background check and 3) serviceability bond.

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#TCS NQT interview Experience 5
Attended TCS NQT in 2018 irc
First of all, they asked me to introduce about myself. I said I’m confident in C, C++, JAVA,
DBMS. After that a few technical questions were asked.
What is Dangling Pointer?
sc
Basic SQL queries?
C program to check whether a number is prime?
nt

What is a double pointer?

Briefly asked about your project.
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Difference between C and C++.

Overall it was a good interview. Finally, I asked the interviewer to rate my interview. I think I
shouldn’t have asked that question!! The interviewer told me he can’t tell that now and
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asked me to wait for the email.

.s

#TCS NQT interview Experience 6

I am from Mechanical branch. My interview was on 9th Feb 2018 in MGIT college,
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Hyderabad. For me all the three round (TR, MR, HR) were held in one round with 3
interviewers. They asked me questions on C and JAVA as I said I am trained on those
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languages. Prepare all the basics of languages mentioned in your resume and be prepared
on each and every line of your resume. If u think u can’t answer for a question on your
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resume then please remove that line from your resume.

You will be asked this question “Being a non-IT student, why are u coming into this field”?.
When asked, answer carefully else they will definetly drag on this topic based on ur answer.
However maybe the interviewer’s face (serious or smiling), you should be confident with a
smile on our face. Some topics & questions asked were:
OOPs concepts – All the definitions of OOPs concepts
• between while and do while.
• Interface definition,
• Platform dependency

Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”

 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

• JVM
• Prime number program
• Many questions on java (I don’t remember some of them)
• If you are okay with relocation, then why didn’t u choose to do engineering in some
other state?
• Difference between 2 stroke and 4 stroke Difference

TCS NQT Programming Questions

1. What is data abstraction? what are the three levels of data abstraction with
Example?

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2. What is command line argument?
3. Advantages of a macro over a function?

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4. What are the different storage classes in C?
5. Which header file should you include if you are to develop a function which can

s.
accept a variable number of arguments?
6. What is cache memory?

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7. What is debugger?
8. Const char *p , char const *p What is the difference between the above two?
9. What is Memory Alignment?
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10. Explain the difference between 'operator new' and the 'new' operator?
11. Difference between delete and delete[]?
sc
12. What is conversion constructor?
13. What is a spanning Tree?
nt

14. Why should we use data warehousing and how can you extract data for analysis
with an example?
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15. Explain recursive function & what is the data structures used to perform
recursion?
16. Differentiate between Compiler and Interpreter?
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17. What is the scope of a variable?

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18. What is a user-defined exception in Java?

19. What is Java Applet?
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20. What do you know about the garbage collector?

21. Write a Binary Search program
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22. What are enumerations?

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23. What a is a static identifier?

24. What is Cryptography?
25. What is encryption?
26. What is decryption?
27. What exactly is a digital signature?
28. What is an Interrupt?
29. What is trigger?
30. What do you mean by joins in SQL? Explain its type.
31. How you handle the pressure? (Following questions were asked by the
Managerial guy)

Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”

 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

32. If you are a Team Leader and one of your assistant is not working up to the mark
and due to him/her, the project is being delayed. How will you handle this situation?
33. Are you comfortable working in night shift? (Following questions were asked by
HR guy).
34. Are you ok with the 2-year bond?
35. Why do you want to join TCS?
36.How can volte work in a 4G mobile?
37.What is an IP address?
38. What is Cloud Computing?
39. Explain types of protocols.
40. What are your strengths and weaknesses?

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41. How to connect nine dots using three straight lines?

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Sample Interview Experience by Student for TCS
Type of Interview: On-Campus Interview

s.
Student Interview
Round 2: Interview Round

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Technical Questions
Some of the questions asked in this section were:
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• What are the properties of intrinsic semiconductor?
• What is modulation and its types?
• What is the difference between electronics and electricals?
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• What is the difference between C and C++?
• What is OOPS?
nt

• What is a Linked List?

HR Questions
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• Tell me about yourself.

• Why do you want to shift your domain from ECE to IT?
• How many offers do you have?
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• Why don’t you join your father’s business?

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1.Tell which subject you read recently for interview – DBMS.

2.What is DBMS.?
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3.What is advantage of DBMS?

4.What is redundancy?
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5.How to remove redundancy?

6.What is Normalization?
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7.Tell about normal forms?

8.What is DDL,DML,DCL?
9.Write Query to create a table?
10.Copy data from one table to another table?
11.Second max salary of an employee
12.Right outer join query and tabulated output
13.Normalization definition and anomalies
14.Give employee table asked some simple SQL query
15.What is Indexing and Clustering in RDBMS? Why we used?
16.Types of Joins in RDBMS
Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”
 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

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HR INTERVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS:
Q1. Tell me about yourself.

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Hello sir, madam good morning /afternoon/evening.
I am Shilpa from Shimla.

s.
Recently, I have completed my graduation ( BTech) in electronics and communication
engineering from RGIT.

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I have done my schooling from girls high school with 9.7 cgpa.
I have done my intermediate from Nalanda I have secured 94%.
irc
My father is an electrician, my mother is a teacher, I have one brother.
My strength is I am highly determined to fulfil my goals.
My role model is my parents.
sc
My hobbies are reading books, playing indoor games.
My short-term goal is to get a job in a reputed company and my long term goal is to
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get a respected position in that organization.

As a fresher, I have no experience but I will try to prove myself when the opportunity
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comes to me. I am looking to join your company to explore my skills.

That's all about myself.
Don’t make the mistake of sharing too much personal information in any of your HR
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interview questions and answers round. You will not be left with enough time to sell your
experience and relevant technical skills
.s

Q2. Why Should i hire you ?

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As a fresher, I am having less practical knowledge but have the ability to grab things quickly
and I believe in improving myself day to day is key of my success and growth of the company.
w

I will be working with full efficiency and getting work done at the assigned time.
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Q3. What are your strengths and weaknesses?

My strength is I am a very bold, self-motivated person, quick learner, honest towards my job
with a positive attitude.
My weakness is I can't say no when people ask me for help, believing everyone.

Q4. Can you perform under pressure?

Most of the times, the job of software development is that of working under pressure.
Sometimes, it will be the pressure of delivering on time while it can be that of a bug that has
sprung all of a sudden in your code.So, expect pressure in everything you do. It is important

Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”

 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

to maintain your performance and develop strategies to deliver under pressure. You can then
go ahead an talk about your way of dealing with pressure and performing under it.
Relate with a problem which looks real: My mother was not well and my father was out of
station during my exam. I had the pressure of Exam and I had to take care of my mother also,
but still I performed well and I managed to get x% in 10th/12th/Graduation.

Q5. Why do you want to work at our company?

It would be a great honor to work with one of the most reputed organization. I'm sure that I'll
learn many more things and will surely work with the team members and do my best.

Q6. Are you willing to relocate or travel?

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Yeah, it will be cherry on cake because travelling is my hobby. So a new place new friend a
new environment and new working location. It's amazing because change is necessary, and I

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believe in change.
Note: Never Ever say no for any questions, they are not going to send you immediately. They

s.
are checking your patience level.

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Q7. Where do you see yourself five years from now?
After 5 years, I would be in more professional and better than what I am now.
irc
I also would like to lead the team and make an ideal for my team members.
And also be make myself confidence and trustable employee as a company expect from me.
Note : don’t say that I will become MD and CEO of the company and will replace you.
sc

Q8. Give me an example of your creativity.

nt

According to me, the creativity is not only making new things but also in the improvement of
existing things. Some people think that doing different things is creativity, But I don't think so.
de

Creativity is not only making different things just do things differently.

Relate with a real Example:
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Q9. How long would you expect to work for us if hired?

I will work with your company till the day, I feel that I am not giving the best result which is
.s

required by your company, after trying my level best.

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Q10. How do you feel about working nights and weekends?

Company growth is obviously employees growth, Whenever a company needs me, I will be
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there either in nights or weekends.

Note : Don’t say no , they just wanted to check your patience level.
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Q11. What are your salary expectations?

As of now, I haven’t thought much about it. I’m more focused on learning the requirements
for this position that I am applying for.
Q12. What motivates you to do good job?
Responsibility towards work motivates me the most, and my aim within any company is to
move up to greater levels of responsibility to achieve each goal with better responsibilities.

Q13. Would you lie for the company?

Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”

 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

It totally depends upon the situation. If lying is the last option to tackle the situation for my
company I have to do it but only if it is the last, otherwise I will use my creativity to deal with
the situation because in life we always have the second option. We just need to find it and
make it count.

Q14. On a scale of one to ten, rate me as an interviewer.

Sir/Mam, I do not have the audacity to rate a highly qualifies person like you. However, if you
must insist, I would give you a 10 because I am really grateful that you gave me the
opportunity to sit for this interview. This has been a really pleasant experience for me because
you listened to whatever I said with patience and it is a huge thing for me. Thank you so much.

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Q15. Do you have any questions for me?
Thanks sir for giving me this opportunity to ask you a question.

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I want to know more about this job profile, and if anything I can learn/improve which can
benefit the company.

s.
Q16. Are not you overqualified for this position?

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No sir/madam, I don't think I am overqualified for this job, in my opinion, qualification does
not come with theoretical knowledge and experience makes you more qualified because
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analyzing the situation in real time makes us more prominent.And when it comes to
knowledge learning never ends.
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17. What is the difference between hard work and smart work?
HARD WORK : GIVES EXPERIENCE.
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SMART WORK : COMES FROM EXPERIENCE.

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What is the difference between confidence and over confidence?

" I can do it "- confidence, " Only I can do it "- overconfidence.
" I am suitable for this job "- confidence, " I am the only one suitable for this job "-
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overconfidence.
" Trusting yourself "- confidence, " Underestimating others "- overconfidence.
.s

A person is confident when he know the fact better, A person is overconfident when he know
the facts better than others.
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Q18.If you won $20 million lottery, would you still work?
w

Yes! Money does not give us experience but work does. And this money will be over one day
but our experience of doing work is not.
w

If I got $10 million lottery then ill save it for business in future. Firstly, I'll get all the skills,
knowledge, business strategies and marketing form doing a job in reputed company like yours.
After getting all skills then I'll be thinking about business.

Q19. What are your career options right now?

As a fresh candidate my career option right now is to gain knowledge and earn experience
from new new challenges and to upgrade myself according.

Q20 .What are your outside interests?

I love travelling because it creates an opportunity to meet new people. So, I wish to travel.
Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”
 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

Q21. Being an ECE/Mechanical/Electrical/Civil students why do u want to Join Software

Industry?
Although I belong to an Electrical/Mechanical/Electronics background over the course of four
years I have discovered a strong passion for coding and would like to work in the same field
since one should do the work they enjoy. Moreover here, us saying we have passion is not
enough we must justify the answer by letting them know about the particular fields/languages
we have developed our passion in and do not be scared if they ask you a few questions about
it just to confirm what you are saying is accurate . So don’t even try to bluff with the word
“passion for coding”

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About TCS:
Founded : 1968, 51 years ago

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Headquarters: Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Founder: Tata Sons, FC Kohli

s.
Number of Employees: 424,285
Revenue : US$20.9 billion

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Services : OutSourcing ,Consulting ,Managed Services.
irc
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING QUESTIONS for SOFTWARE COMPANIES:
Questions: What is Microcontroller and Microprocessor? Name a microcontroller and a
sc
microprocessor?
nt

Microcontroller
They are a whole complete system in themselves (maybe sometimes specific Operating
de

System too). They consist of Processing Unit, RAM, ROM, other external peripherals.
They generally have Harvard Architecture.
The processing speed is comparatively slow.
tu

The addresses in programming are placed outside the IC.

Examples: Arduino, 8051.
.s

Microprocessor:
They only consist of the Processing Unit. They don't have peripherals included in them.
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They generally have Von Neumann Architecture.

The processing speed is comparatively faster.
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The addresses in programming have their own space.

Example: Raspberry Pi.
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Q1. Explain Am And Fm.

AM-Amplitude modulation is a type of modulation where the amplitude of the carrier signal
is varied in accordance with the information bearing signal. FM-Frequency modulation is a
type of modulation where the frequency of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the
information bearing signal.

Q2. Name The Modulation Techniques.

Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”

 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

For Analog modulation–AM, SSB, FM, PM and SM .

Digital modulation–OOK, FSK, ASK, Psk, QAM, MSK,CPM, PPM, TCM, OFDM.
Q3. What Is Demodulation?
Demodulation is the act of removing the modulation from an analog signal to get the original
baseband signal back. Demodulating is necessary because the receiver system receives a
modulated signal with specific characteristics and it needs to turn it to base-band.

Q4. What Is Cut-off Frequency?

The frequency at which the response is --3dB with respect to the maximum response.

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Q5. What Is Op--amp?
An operational amplifier, often called an op--amp , is a DCcoupled high -gain electronic voltage

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amplifier with differential inputs and, usually, a single output. Typically the output of the
op-amp is controlled either by negative feedback, which largely determines the magnitude of its

s.
output voltage gain, or by positive feedback, which facilitates regenerative gain and oscillation.

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Q6. What Is Transistor?
In electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch
irc
electronic signals. The transistor is the fundamental building block of computers, and all other
modernelectronic devices. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in
integrated circuits.
sc

Q7. What Is Diode?

nt

In electronics, a diode is a two-terminal device. Diodes have two active electrodes between
which the signal of interest may flow, and most are used for their unidirectional current
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property.

Q8. What Is A Semi Conductor?

tu

A semiconductor is a solid material that has electrical conductivityin between that of a

conductor and that of an insulator(AnInsulator is a material that resists the flow of electric
.s

current. It is an object intended to support or separate electrical conductorswithout passing

current through itself); it can vary over that wide range either permanently or dynamically.
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Q9. What Is Conductor?

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A substance, body, or device that readily conducts heat, electricity, sound, etc. Copper is a good
conductor of electricity.
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Q10. What Is Inductor?

An inductor is a passive electrical device employed in electrical circuits for its property of
inductance. An inductor can take many forms.

Q11. What Is Capacitor?

A capacitor is an electrical/electronic device that can store energyin the electric field between a
pair of conductors (called “plates”). The process of storing energy in the capacitor is known as

Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”

 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

“charging”, and involves electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity, building up
on each plate.
Capacitors are often used in electric and electronic circuits asenergy-storage devices. They can
also be used to differentiate between high-frequency and low-frequency signals. This property
makes them useful in electronic filters.

Q12. What Is A Rectifier?

A rectifier changes alternating current into direct current. This process is called rectification.
The three main types of rectifier are the half-wave, full-wave, and bridge. A rectifier is the
opposite of an inverter, which changes direct current into alternating current. HWR- The
simplest type is the half-wave rectifier, which can be made with just one diode. When the

m
voltage of the alternating current is positive, the diode becomes forwardbiased and current
flows through it. When the voltage is negative, the diode is reverse-biased and the current

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stops.

s.
Q13. What Is An Integrated Circuit?
An integrated circuit (IC), also called a microchip, is an electronic circuit etched onto a silicon

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chip. Their main advantages are low cost, low power, high performance, and very small size.

Q14. What Is Oscillator?

irc
An oscillator is a circuit that creates a waveform output from a direct current input. The two
main types of oscillator are harmonic and relaxation. The harmonic oscillators have smooth
sc
curved waveforms, while relaxation oscillators have waveforms with sharp changes.
nt

Q15. What Is A Feedback? And Explain Different Types Of Feedback.

Feedback is a process whereby some proportion of the output signal of a system is passed (fed
de

back) to the input. This is often used to control the dynamic behaviour of the system.

Types of feedback:
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Negative feedback: This tends to reduce output (but in amplifiers, stabilizes and linearizes
.s

operation). Negative feedback feeds part of a system’s output, inverted, into the system’s
input; generally with the result that fluctuations are attenuated.
w

Positive feedback: This tends to increase output. Positive feedback, sometimes referred to as
w

“cumulative causation”, is a feedback loop system in which the system responds to

perturbation (Aperturbation means a system, is an alteration of function, induced by external or
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internal mechanisms) in the same direction as the perturbation. In contrast, a system that
responds to the perturbation in the opposite direction is called a negative feedback system.

Bipolar feedback: which can either increase or decrease output.

Q16. Explain Full Duplex And Half Duplex.

Full duplex refers to the transmission of data in two directions simultaneously. For example, a
telephone is a full-duplex devicebecause both parties can talk at once. In contrast, a
walkie-talkie is ahalf-duplex device because only one party can transmit at a time. Most

Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”

 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

modems have a switch that lets you choose between full-duplex and half-duplex modes. The
choice depends on whichcommunications program you are running.

In full-duplex mode, data you transmit does not appear on yourscreen until it has been received
and sent back by the other party. This enables you to validate that the data has been accurately
transmitted. If your display screen shows two of each character, it probably means that your
modem is set to half-duplex mode when it should be in full-duplex mode.

Q17. What Is Barkhausen Criteria?

Barkhausen criteria, without which you will not know which conditions, are to be satisfied for
oscillations.

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“Oscillations will not be sustained if, at the oscillator frequency, the magnitude of the product

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of the transfer gain of the amplifier and the magnitude of the feedback factor of the feedback
network ( the magnitude of the loop gain ) are less than unity”.

s.
The condition of unity loop gain ­Aβ = 1 is called the Barkhausencriterion. This condition implies

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that | Aβ|= 1and that the phase of – Aβ is zero.

Q18. What Is An Amplifier?

irc
sc
An electronic device or electrical circuit that is used to boost (amplify) the power, voltage or
current of an applied signal.
nt

Q19. What Is Cdma, Tdma, Fdma?

de

Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access methodutilized by various radio
communication technologies. CDMA employsspread-spectrum technology and a special coding
scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed
tu

over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides
access by time, whilefrequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it byfrequency.
.s

An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to
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communicate with each other. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time
division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different directions (spatial
w

division).
w

In CDMA, they would speak different languages. People speaking the same language can
understand each other, but not other people. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is
given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a
particular code can understand each other.

Q20. What Is Multiplexing?

Multiplexing (known as muxing) is a term used to refer to a processwhere multiple analog
message signals or digital data streams are combined into one signal over a shared medium.
The aim is to share an expensive resource. For example, in telecommunications, several phone
calls may be transferred using one wire.
Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”
 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

Q21. What Is A Repeater?

A repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it at a higher level
and/or higher power, or onto the other side of an obstruction, so that the signal can cover
longer distances without degradation.

Q22. Difference Between Electronic And Electrical.

Electronics work on DC and with a voltage range of -48vDC to +48vDC. If the electronic device is
plugged into a standard wall outlet, there will be a transformer inside which will convert the AC
voltage you are supplying to the required DC voltage needed by the device.

m
Examples: Computer, radio, T.V, etc…

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Electric devices use line voltage (120vAC, 240vAC, etc…).Electric devices can also be designed to
operate on DC sources, but will be at DC voltages above 48v.

s.
Examples: incandescent lights, heaters, fridge, stove, etc…

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Read About Sampling theorem,Base station, Antenna, 3G/4G/5G.
irc
MECHNAICAL BRANCH INTERVIEW QUESTIONS:
Q1. What Is Extrued Aluminum?
sc
Extrusion is the process where a metal or a metal bar is pulled through a mandrel to elongate it
and/or give it a final shape.
nt

Extruded Aluminum is a common form of making small aluminum wire, bars or beams and many
varieties of small non-structural, decorative pieces.
de

Q2. What Is The Mechanical Advantage Of A Double Pulley?

It only takes half the effort to move an object but twice the distance.
tu

Q3. What Is Knurling?

.s

Knurling is a machining process normally carried our on a centre lathe. The act of Knurling
creates a raised criss-cross pattern on a smooth round bar that could be used as a handle or
w

something that requires extra grip.

w

Q4. How Does Hydraulic Clutches Work?

By using a non-compressible fluid, it acts like a solid push rod.
w

Q5. Why Is Over-pressurizing An Air Conditioning System Bad?

Overcharging a refrigeration or air conditioning system can result in an explosion. To avoid
serious injury or death, never overcharge the system. Always use proper charging techniques.
Limit charge amounts to those specified on the system equipment serial label or in the original
equipment manufacturer's service information.
Overcharging the system immerses the compressor motor, piston, connecting rods, and
cylinders in liquid refrigerant. This creates a hydraulic block preventing the compressor from
starting. The hydraulic block is also known as locked rotor.

Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”

 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

Continued supply of electricity to the system causes heat to build in the compressor. This heat
will eventually vaporize the refrigerant and rapidly increase system pressure. If, for any reason,
the thermal protector fails to open the electrical circuit, system pressure can raise to high
enough levels to cause a compressor-housing explosion.

Q6. Will A Steel Cable Become Longer If It Is Heated While Under Load?
Even the heaviest steel cables stretch under load, whether they heat or not. Heating the cable
will certainly elongate it. Friction caused by guides or pulleys can greatly increase the
temperature of a cable under load.
You might consider the possibility of total failure if the heat is high enough and I am not sure

m
but the cable might act in unpredictable ways when it fails. Applying heat to a steel cable under
load is probably dangerous to your health and the health of anyone nearby.

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When steel is heated, steel expands. It does not need to be under load. That is the reason that
in the old days before advanced electronics and optics surveyors used chains rather than cables

s.
for measuring land. Had they used cable they would have gotten different measurements in
summer and winter based on the difference in temperature and the coefficient of expansion of

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the material. The coefficient of expansion is a number that informs just how much a given
material will expand or contract for a given change in temperature.
irc
To find the coefficient of expansion and other interesting information consult a materials
handbook, available in better libraries or your local college of engineering. Another example of
expanding steel and the necessity for dealing with this characteristic is the overlapping slip joint
sc
found on bridges that allows horizontal structural members to expand and contract without
damaging the bridge.
nt

Q7. What Is The Congressional Space Medal Of Honor?

de

The medal was created in 1969, designed by Congress for "any astronaut who in the
performance of his duties has distinguished himself by exceptionally meritorious efforts and
contributions to the welfare of the Nation and mankind.
tu

Q8. What Is The Law Of Thermodynamics?

.s

There are actually 3 Laws of Thermodynamics (the actual number is debatable, but the number
ranges from 3-5, depending on your adding skills).
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Q9. Is It The Stress That, Produces Strain Or Strain Produces Stress?

w

A Force applied to an object will cause a displacement. Strain is effectively a measure of this
displacement (change in length divided by original length).
w

Stress is the Force applied divided by the area it is applied. (E.g. pounds per square inch)
Therefore, to answer the question, the applied force produces both “Stress and Strain”. “Stress
and Strain” are linked together by various material properties such as Poisson's ratio and
Young's Modulus.

Q10.. How Does A Super Charger Work In A Car?

A supercharger is a used to increase the volume of air dragged into each cylinder per stroke.
In combustion engines, there are only really two ways to increase power, firstly increase the
amount of fuel in the engine (either increase the displacement, or add more cylinders) or
increase the amount of air in the engine (for a more effective explosion of the fuel)
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 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

Superchargers are powered by the engines crankshaft, which is connected usually by a belt
drive. This rotational power turns a fan, which sucks air into the intake manifold similar in effect
to turbochargers, with reduced lag. However, superchargers take more energy out the engine,
so swings and roundabouts.

Q11. Why Do The Radiators In Your House Click When You Start The Heating System?
They are clicking because they are heating up. The heat causes expansion and that is why you
hear clicking.

Q12. How Can I See Where Pipes Are Behind The Wall?
By using radio waves.

m
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Q13. How Are The Pneumatic System And The Hydraulic System Similar?
Pneumatics use gases such as air or nitrogen, hydraulics use oil or water, both systems use

s.
pressure to act on a specific application.

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Q14. What Is The Difference Between An Electric Motor And An Electric Generator?
There is no fundamental difference between an electric motor and an electric generator or
irc
dynamo. In normal use, all motors behave as generators, and all generators behave as motors.
DC Motors act like generators because they use less electrical energy when allowed to spin fast.
DC generators act like motors because they become easier to spin when less electrical energy is
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drawn from their terminals.
For example, connect two small DC magnet motors together. Then if you spin the shaft of the
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first motor, the second motor's shaft will start spinning too. One acts as a DC generator, and the
other acts as a DC motor. Alternatively, spin the second one's shaft, and the first one will start
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spinning.
Another example: If you connect a small DC motor to a small battery, then an electric current
will appear in the motor's coils, and the motor starts spinning. However, if you spin the motor's
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shaft slightly faster than the normal speed, the direction of current in the circuit will reverse,
and the battery starts taking in energy from the motor. The motor has become a generator, and
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it is recharging the battery.

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Question 15. What Are Some Examples Of A Periscope?

It is an optical instrument for viewing objects, which are above the level of direct sight; mostly
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used in submarines.
Maintenance, repair and operations (MRO)
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Q16. What Does Green Field Project Mean?

Green field projects are those projects, which do not create any environmental nuisance
(pollution), follows environmental management system and EIA (environment impact
assessment). These projects are usually of big magnitude.

Q17.is Pipe Round Because It Provides The Least Area To Volume Ratio?

Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”

 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

More likely because it is easier to manufacture, much easier to put threads on, you do not have
to worry about orientation when you put them together, and they have no weak spots created
by corners.
My gutter pipes are rectangular because they do not stick out as far from the house as a circular
one with the same area. However, they are low enough in the pressure they contain that they
can be formed from sheet metal with a crimped seam. Making a water supply pipe, that way
would be impossible.
In addition, it is easy to keep them aligned to the house. Running a rectangular water main
under a street would be a major pain.
Solar Water Pumps Interview Questions

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Q18.How Does Hydraulics Work?
A positive displacement pump (gear, vane, or piston pump) is driven by a prime mover

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(Electrical Motor or Engine) it sucks fluid from reservoir and delivers oil to system. During
loading, a resistance to flow creates the pressure, which is utilized to do the work through

s.
cylinder for linear motion, or through hydraulic motor for rotary motion, Direction of flow is
changed with help of direction control valve & system pressure is regulated by pressure control

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valve & flow is regulated by flow control valve.
irc
Q19.What Is The Difference Between Hydraulic Oil And Engine Oil?
Both the hydraulic and engine oils are made from base oils with additives mixed in. The
additives used change the characteristics of the oils so that they function differently.
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Generally, hydraulic oils (final product including additives) are expected to have very low
compressibility and very predictable friction and viscosity stability under pressure.
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Generally engine oils (Engine Lubrication Oils anyway) are intended to have high resistance to
heat (degradation including chemical and viscosity due to heat) resistance to burning and
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resistance to absorption of fuels and chemical compounds produced during combustion.

Both classes of oils are likely to have additives intended to provide detergency and to reduce
foaming.
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Base oils are most commonly petroleum oil bases due to cost, but other bases oil can be used
including mineral oils (especially for hydraulic oils) and plant oils (especially for engine oils) and
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oils from animal sources.

w

Q20.What Does Angular Momentum Mean?

Angular momentum is an expression of an objects mass and rotational speed.
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Momentum is the velocity of an object times it is mass, or how fast something is moving how
much it weigh. Therefore, angular momentum is the objects mass times the angular velocity
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where angular velocity is how fast something is rotating expressed in terms like revolutions per
minute or radians per second or degrees per second

Note : Read About 2stroke/4Stroke and all.

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING QUESTIONS:

Q1.What Is The Difference Between A Verilog Task And A Verilog Function?
The following rules distinguish tasks from functions:
A function shall execute in one simulation time unit; a task can contain time-controlling
statements.
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 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

A function cannot enable a task; a task can enable other tasks or functions.
A function shall have at least one input type argument and shall not have an output or inout
type argument;a task can have zero or more arguments of any type.
A function shall return a single value; a task shall not return a value.

Q2. What Is Electric Traction?

Electric traction means using the electric power for traction system (i.e. for railways,trams,
trolleys etc).
Electric traction means use of the electricity for railways,trams, trolleys etc. Now a days,
magnetic traction is also used for bullet trains.and basically dc motors are used for electric
traction systems.

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Q3.What Is “pu” In Electrical Engineering?

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Pu stands for per unit and this will be used in single line diagram of power distribution and it is
like a huge electrical circuit with no of components (generators, transformers, loads) with

s.
different ratings (in MVA and KV). To bring all the ratings into common platform we use pu
concept in which, in general largest MVA and KV ratings of the component is considered as base

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values, then all other component ratings will get back into this basis.Those values are called as
pu values. irc
Q4.Why Link Is Provided In Neutral Of An Ac Circuit And Fuse In Phase Of Ac Circuit?
Link is provided at a Neutral common point in the circuit from which various connection are
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taken for the individual control circuit and so it is given in a link form to withstand high Amps.
But in the case of Fuse in the Phase of AC circuit it is designed such that the fuse rating is
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calculated for the particular circuit (i.e load) only.So if any malfunction happen the fuse
connected in the particular control circuit alone will blow off.
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Q5. How Tube Light Circuit Is Connected And How It Works?

A choke is connected in one end of the tube light and a starter is in series with the circuit. When
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supply is provided ,the starter will interrupt the supply cycle of AC. Due to the sudden change of
supply the chock will generate around 1000volts . This volt will capable of to break the electrons
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inside the tube to make electron flow. once the current passes through the tube the starter
circuit will be out of part. now there is no change of supply causes choke voltage normalized
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and act as minimize the current.

w

Q6.What Is Marx Circuit?

It is used with generators for charging a number of capacitor in parallel and discharging them in
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series.It is used when voltage required for testing is higher than the available

Q7. What Are The Advantages Of Speed Control Using Thyristor?

Advantages :
Fast Switching Characterstics than Mosfet, BJT, IGBT.
Low cost.
Higher Accurate.

Q8.Why Human Body Feel Electric Shock ?? N In An electric Train During Running , We Did Nt
Feel Any shock ? Why?
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 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

Unfortunately our body is a pretty good conductor of electricity, The golden rule is Current
takes the lowest resistant path if you have insulation to our feet as the circuit is not complete
(wearing rubber footwear which doing some repairs is advisable as our footwear is a high
resistance path not much current flows through our body).The electric train is well insulated
from its electrical system.

Q9. What Is The Principle Of Motor?

Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in an magnetic field it produce turning or
twisting movemnt is called as torque.

Q10. Why, When Birds Sit On Transmission Lines Or Current Wires Doesn’t Get Shock?

m
Its true that if birds touch the single one line (phase or neutral) they don’t get electrical shock…
if birds touch 2 lines than the circuit is closed and they get electrical shock.. so if a human touch

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single one line(phase) then he doesn’t get shock if he is in the air (not touching – standing on
the ground if he is standing on the ground then touching the line (phase) he will get a shock

s.
because the ground on what we standing is like line (ground bed – like neutral)? and in the
most of electric lines the neutral is grounded..so that means that human who touch the line

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closes the circuit between phase and neutral.
irc
Q11.What Happen If We Give 220 Volts Dc Supply To D Bulb R Tube Light?
Bulbs [devices] for AC are designed to operate such that it offers high impedance to AC supply.
Normally they have low resistance. When DC supply is applied, due to low resistance, the
sc
current through lamp would be so high that it may damage the bulb element.
nt

Q12. Which Motor Has High Starting Torque And Staring Current Dc Motor, Induction Motor
Or Synchronous Motor?
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DC Series motor has high starting torque. We can not start the Induction motor and
Synchronous motors on load, but can not start the DC series motor without load.
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Q13.What Is Acsr Cable And Where We Use It?

ACSR means Aluminium conductor steel reinforced, this conductor is used in transmission &
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distribution.
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Q14. What Will Happen When Power Factor Is Leading In Distribution Of Power?
If their is high power factor, i.e if the power factor is close to one:
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losses in form of heat will be reduced,

cable becomes less bulky and easy to carry, and very cheap to afford, &
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it also reduces over heating of tranformers.

Q15. What Is The One Main Difference Between Ups & Inverter ? And Electrical Engineering &
Electronics Engineering ?
uninterrupt power supply is mainly use for short time .means according to ups VA it gives
backup.
ups is also two types :
on line.
offline.

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 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

online ups having high volt and amp for long time backup with with high dc voltage.but ups
start with 2v dc with 7 amp. but inverter is startwith 2v,24,dc to 36v dc and 20amp to 80amp
battery with long time backup.

Q16. What Is 2 Phase Motor?

A two phase motor is a motor with the the starting winding and the running winding have a
phase split.
e.g;ac servo motor.where the auxiliary winding and the control winding have a phase split of 90
degree

Q17. What Is Power Factor? Whether It Should Be High Or Low? Why?

m
Power factor should be high in order to get smooth operation of the system.Low power factor
means losses will be more.it is the ratio of true power to apparent power. it has to be ideally 1.

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if it is too low then cable over heating & equipment overloading will occur.
if it is greater than 1 then load will act as capacitor and starts feeding the source and will cause

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tripping.(if pf is poor ex: 0.17 to meet actual power load has to draw more current(V
constant),result in more losses if pf is good.

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ex: 0.95 to meet actual power load has to draw less current(V constant),result in less losses).
irc
Q18. There Are A Transformer And An Induction Machine. Those Two Have The Same Supply.
For Which Device The Load Current Will Be Maximum? And Why?
The motor has max load current compare to that of transformer because the motor consumes
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real power.. and the transformer is only producing the working flux and its not consuming..
hence the load current in the transformer is because of core loss so it is minimum.
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Q19. Explain The Working Principal Of The Circuit Breaker?

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Circuit Breaker is one which makes or breaks the circuit.It has two contacts namely fixed
contact & moving contact.under normal condition the moving contact comes in contact with
fixed contact thereby forming the closed contact for the flow of current. During abnormal &
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faulty conditions(when current exceeds the rated value) an arc is produced between the fixed &
moving contacts & thereby it forms the open circuitArc is extinguished by the Arc Quenching
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media like air, oil, vaccum etc

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Q20. How Many Types Of Colling System It Transformers?

ONAN (oil natural,air natural).
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ONAF (oil natural,air forced).

OFAF (oil forced,air forced).
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ODWF (oil direct,water forced).

OFAN (oil forced,air forced).

Q21.What Is Stepper Motor.what Is Its Uses?

Stepper motor is the electrical machine which act upon input pulse applied to it. it is one type
of synchronous motor which runs in steps in either direction instead of running in complete
cycle.so, in automation parts it is used.

Q22. Why The Capacitors Works On Ac Only?

Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”
 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

Generally capacitor gives infinite resistance to dc components(i.e., block the dc components). it

allows the ac components to pass through.

Q23. What Happens If I Connect A Capacitor To A Generator Load?

Connecting a capacitor across a generator always improves power factor,but it will help
depends up on the engine capacity of the alternator,other wise the alternator will be over
loaded due to the extra watts consumed due to the improvement on pf. Secondly, don’t
connect a capacitor across an alternator while it is picking up or without any other load.

Q24. What Is The Difference Between Surge Arrestor And Lightning Arrestor?
LA is installed outside and the effect of lightning is grounded,where as surge arrestor installed

m
inside panels comprising of resistors which consumes the energy and nullify the effect of surge.

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Q25. Why Use The Vcb At High Transmission System ? Why Can’t Use Acb?
Actually the thing is vacuum has high arc queching property compare to air because in VCB ,the

s.
die electric strengths equal to 8 times of air . That is y always vaccum used as in HT breaker and
air used as in LT .

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Q26. Difference Between A Four Point Starter And Three Point Starter?
irc
The shunt connection in four point stater is provided separately form the line where as in three
point stater it is connected with line which is the drawback in three point stater.
sc
OPERATING SYSTEM QUESTIONS:
1) Explain the main purpose of an operating system?
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Operating systems exist for two main purposes. One is that it is designed to make sure a
computer system performs well by managing its computational activities. Another is that it
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provides an environment for the development and execution of programs.

2) What is demand paging?

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Demand paging is referred when not all of a process’s pages are in the RAM, then the OS brings
the missing(and required) pages from the disk into the RAM.
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3) What are the advantages of a multiprocessor system?

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With an increased number of processors, there is a considerable increase in throughput. It can

also save more money because they can share resources. Finally, overall reliability is increased
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as well.
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4) What is kernel?
A kernel is the core of every operating system. It connects applications to the actual processing
of data. It also manages all communications between software and hardware components to
ensure usability and reliability.

5) What are real-time systems?

Real-time systems are used when rigid time requirements have been placed on the operation of
a processor. It has well defined and fixed time constraints.

6) What is a virtual memory?

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 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

Virtual memory is a memory management technique for letting processes execute outside of
memory. This is very useful especially is an executing program cannot fit in the physical
memory.

7) Describe the objective of multiprogramming.

The main objective of multiprogramming is to have a process running at all times. With this
design, CPU utilization is said to be maximized.

8 ) What is time- sharing system?

In a Time-sharing system, the CPU executes multiple jobs by switching among them, also known
as multitasking. This process happens so fast that users can interact with each program while it

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is running.

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9) What is SMP?
SMP is a short form of Symmetric Multi-Processing. It is the most common type of multiple-

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processor systems. In this system, each processor runs an identical copy of the operating
system, and these copies communicate with one another as needed.

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10) How are server systems classified? irc
Server systems can be classified as either computer-server systems or file server systems. In the
first case, an interface is made available for clients to send requests to perform an action. In the
second case, provisions are available for clients to create, access and update files.
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11) What is asymmetric clustering?

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In asymmetric clustering, a machine is in a state known as hot standby mode where it does
nothing but to monitor the active server. That machine takes the active server’s role should the
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server fails.

12) What is a thread?

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A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization. In general, a thread is composed of a thread ID,
program counter, register set, and the stack.
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13) Give some benefits of multithreaded programming.

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– there is increased responsiveness to the user

– resource sharing within the process
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– economy
– utilization of multiprocessing architecture
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14) Briefly explain FCFS.

FCFS stands for First-come, first-served. It is one type of scheduling algorithm. In this scheme,
the process that requests the CPU first is allocated the CPU first. Implementation is managed by
a FIFO queue.

15) What is RR scheduling algorithm?

RR (round-robin) scheduling algorithm is primarily aimed for time-sharing systems. A circular
queue is a setup in such a way that the CPU scheduler goes around that queue, allocating CPU
to each process for a time interval of up to around 10 to 100 milliseconds.
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 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

16) What are necessary conditions which can lead to a deadlock situation in a system?
Deadlock situations occur when four conditions occur simultaneously in a system: Mutual
exclusion; Hold and Wait; No preemption; and Circular wait.

17) Enumerate the different RAID levels.

RAID 0 – Non-redundant striping
RAID 1 – Mirrored Disks
RAID 2 – Memory-style error-correcting codes
RAID 3 – Bit-interleaved Parity
RAID 4 – Block-interleaved Parity

m
RAID 5 – Block-interleaved distributed Parity
RAID 6 – P+Q Redundancy

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18) Describe Banker’s algorithm

s.
Banker’s algorithm is one form of deadlock-avoidance in a system. It gets its name from a
banking system wherein the bank never allocates available cash in such a way that it can no

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longer satisfy the needs of all of its customers.
irc
19) What factors determine whether a detection-algorithm must be utilized in a deadlock
avoidance system?
One is that it depends on how often a deadlock is likely to occur under the implementation of
sc
this algorithm. The other has to do with how many processes will be affected by deadlock when
this algorithm is applied.
nt

20) State the main difference between logical from physical address space.
de

Logical address refers to the address that is generated by the CPU. On the other hand, physical
address refers to the address that is seen by the memory unit.
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21) How does dynamic loading aid in better memory space utilization?
With dynamic loading, a routine is not loaded until it is called. This method is especially useful
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when large amounts of code are needed in order to handle infrequently occurring cases such as
error routines.
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22) What are overlays?

w

Overlays are used to enable a process to be larger than the amount of memory allocated to it.
The basic idea of this is that only instructions and data that are needed at any given time are
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kept in memory.

23) What is the basic function of paging?

Paging is a memory management scheme that permits the physical address space of a process
to be noncontiguous. It avoids the considerable problem of having to fit varied sized memory
chunks onto the backing store.

24) What is fragmentation?

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 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

Fragmentation is memory wasted. It can be internal if we are dealing with systems that have
fixed-sized allocation units, or external if we are dealing with systems that have variable-sized
allocation units.

25) How does swapping result in better memory management?

During regular intervals that are set by the operating system, processes can be copied from
main memory to a backing store, and then copied back later. Swapping allows more operations
to be run that can fit into memory at one time.

26) Give an example of a Process State.

– New State – means a process is being created

m
– Running – means instructions are being executed
– Waiting – means a process is waiting for certain conditions or events to occur

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– Ready – means a process is waiting for an instruction from the main processor
– Terminate – means a process is stopped abruptly

s.
27) What is a socket?

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A socket provides a connection between two applications. Each endpoint of a communication is
a socket. irc
28) What is Direct Access Method?
Direct Access method is based on a disk model of a file, such that it is viewed as a numbered
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sequence of blocks or records. It allows arbitrary blocks to be read or written. Direct access is
advantageous when accessing large amounts of information.
nt

29) When does thrashing occur?

de

Thrashing refers to an instance of high paging activity. This happens when it is spending more
time paging instead of executing.
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30) What is the best page size when designing an operating system?
The best paging size varies from system to system, so there is no single best when it comes to
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page size. There are different factors to consider in order to come up with a suitable page size,
such as page table, paging time, and its effect on the overall efficiency of the operating system.
w
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31) When designing the file structure for an operating system, what attributes are
considered?
w

Typically, the different attributes for a file structure are naming, identifier, supported file types,
and location for the files, size, and level of protection.

32) What is root partition?

Root partition is where the operating system kernel is located. It also contains other potentially
important system files that are mounted during boot time.

33) What are device drivers?

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 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

Device drivers provide a standard means of representing I/O devices that maybe manufactured
by different companies. This prevents conflicts whenever such devices are incorporated in a
systems unit.

34) What are the primary functions of VFS?

VFS, or Virtual File System, separate file system generic operations from their implementation
by defining a clean VFS interface. It is based on a file-representation structure known as vnode,
which contains a numerical designator needed to support network file systems.

35) What are the different types of CPU registers in a typical operating system design?
– Accumulators

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– Index Registers
– Stack Pointer

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– General Purpose Registers

s.
36) What is the purpose of an I/O status information?
I/O status information provides information about which I/O devices are to be allocated for a

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particular process. It also shows which files are opened, and other I/O device state.

37) What is multitasking?

irc
Multitasking is the process within an operating system that allows the user to run several
applications at the same time. However, only one application is active at a time for user
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interaction, although some applications can run “behind the scene”.
nt

38) Explain pros and cons of a command line interface?

A command line interface allows the user to type in commands that can immediately provide
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results. Many seasoned computer users are well accustomed to using the command line
because they find it quicker and simpler.
However, the main problem with a command line interface is that users have to be familiar with
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the commands, including the switches and parameters that come with it. This is a downside for
people who are not fond of memorizing commands.
.s

39) What is caching?

w

Caching is the processing of utilizing a region of fast memory for a limited data and process. A
cache memory is usually much efficient because of its high access speed.
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40) What is spooling?

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Spooling is normally associated with printing. When different applications want to send an
output to the printer at the same time, spooling takes all of these print jobs into a disk file and
queues them accordingly to the printer.

41) What is an Assembler?

An assembler acts as a translator for low-level language. Assembly codes written using
mnemonic commands are translated by the Assembler into machine language.

42) What are interrupts?

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 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

Interrupts are part of a hardware mechanism that sends a notification to the CPU when it wants
to gain access to a particular resource. An interrupt handler receives this interrupt signal and
“tells” the processor to take action based on the interrupt request.

43) What is GUI?

GUI is short for Graphical User Interface. It provides users with an interface wherein actions can
be performed by interacting with icons and graphical symbols. People find it easier to interact
with the computer when in a GUI especially when using the mouse. Instead of having to
remember and type commands, users click on buttons to perform a process.

44) What is preemptive multitasking?

m
Preemptive multitasking allows an operating system to switch between software programs.
This, in turn, allows multiple programs to run without necessarily taking complete control over

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the processor and resulting in system crashes.

s.
45) Why partitioning and formatting is a prerequisite to installing an operating system?
Partitioning and formatting create a preparatory environment on the drive so that the

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operating system can be copied and installed properly. This includes allocating space on the
drive, designating a drive name, determining and creating the appropriate file system and
irc
structure.

46) What is plumbing/piping?

sc
It is the process of using the output of one program as an input to another. For example,
instead of sending the listing of a folder or drive to the main screen, it can be piped and sent to
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a file, or sent to the printer to produce a hard copy.

de

47) What is NOS?

NOS is short for Network Operating System. It is a specialized software that will allow a
computer to communicate with other devices over the network, including file/folder sharing.
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48) Differentiate internal commands from external commands.

.s

Internal commands are built-in commands that are already part of the operating system.
External commands are separate file programs that are stored in a separate folder or directory.
w

49) Under DOS, what command will you type when you want to list down the files in a
w

directory, and at the same time pause after every screen output?
a) dir /w
w

b) dir /p
c) dir /s
d) dir /w /p

Answer: d) dir /w /p

50) How would a file name EXAMPLEFILE.TXT appear when viewed under the DOS command
console operating in Windows 98?
The filename would appear as EXAMPL~1.TXT . The reason behind this is that filenames under
this operating system are limited to 8 characters when working under DOS environment.
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51) What is a folder in Ubuntu?

There is no concept of Folder in Ubuntu. Everything included in your hardware is a FILE.

52) Explain why Ubuntu is safe and not affected by viruses?

It does not support malicious e-mails and contents, and before any e-mail is opened by users it
will go through many security checks
Ubuntu uses Linux, which is a super secure O.S system
Unlike other O.S, countless Linux users can see the code at any time and can fix the problem if
there is any
Malware and viruses are coded to take advantage of the weakness in Windows

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53) Explain what is Unity in Ubuntu? How can you add new entries to the launcher?

co
In Ubuntu, Unity is the default graphical shell. On the left side of the Ubuntu, it introduces the
launcher and Dash to start programs.

s.
In order to add new entries to the launcher, you can create a file name like .desktop and then
drag the file on the launcher.

le
54) Explain the purpose of using a libaio package in Ubuntu?
irc
Libaio is Linux Kernel Asynchronous I/O (A/O). A/O allows even a single application thread to
overlap I/O operations with other processing, by providing an interface for submitting one or
more I/O requests in one system call without waiting for completion. And a separate interface
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to reap completed I/O operations associated with a given completion group.
nt

55) What is the use of behavior tab in Ubuntu?

Through behaviors tab, you can make many changes on the appearance of the desktop
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Auto-hide the launcher: You can use this option to reveal the launcher when moving the pointer
to the defined hot spot.
Enable workspaces: By checking this option, you can enable workspace
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Add show desktop icon to the launcher: This option is used to display the desktop icon on the
launcher
.s

56) What is the meaning of “export” command in Ubuntu?

w

Export is a command in Bash shell language. When you try to set a variable, it is visible or
exported to any subprocess started from that instance of bash. The variable will not exist in the
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sub-process without the export command.

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57) Explain how you can reset Unity Configuration?

To reset the unity configuration the simplest way to do is to hit open a Terminal or hit Atl-F2
and run the command # unity –reset

58) Explain how to access Terminal?

To access terminal, you have to go under Application Menu -> Accessories -> Terminal.

Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”

 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

TIPS & STRATEGIES:

1. Make Sure you have done some project and you have idea of what you done in
your project and what was your role.
2. Don’t mention in your resume: Microsoft word, Microsoft excel, windows etc.
3. The more Questions will be asked from your project and the language known.
4. If you attended some session of Machine learning/Artificial Intelligence/Data
Science. Don’t mention that you have a knowledge of this things.

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5. Mechanical/Electrical/Electronics Students has to prepare basics of C
programming/Data Structure and just the basics Concept of OOPS.

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6. Mechanical/Electrical/Electronics please cover your basic subject/Core

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Subjects.
7. Whatever language you mention in Resume, you need to know About it.

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8. Learn Basics of python Everyone. irc
9. All the Very Best for your Interview.
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Programming Questions to be Prepared for Interview:

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• Reverse a String.
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• Reverse a Number.
• Palindrome.
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• Prime Number.
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• Leap Year.
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• Greatest among 10 numbers.

• Fibonacci Series.
• HCF / GCD.
• Factorial.
• Decimal to Binary & vice versa
• Armstrong Number.
• Area.
• Swap 2 numbers.
Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”
 COMPREHENSIVE INTERVIEW MATERIAL DESIGNED BY STUDENTS CIRCLES

• Concatenate 2 strings.
• LCM of Two Number using CLP.
• Average of Two Numbers.
• Sum of Digits of a number.
• Binary to Decimal.
• Decimal to Binary.
• Factorial of a Number.
• Square Root of Prime Number.

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• Square Root without square root.
Armstrong Number.

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•
• Odd-Even Number.
Binary to Octal.

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•
• Decimal to Octal.

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• Check Leap Year. irc
• Area of Circle.
• Checking Palindrome (Number).
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• Area of Triangle.
• Checking Palindrome (String).
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• Reverse Digits of a Number.

• Checking Prime or Not.
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• Bubble Sort/Insertion Sort/merge Sort.

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.s
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Prepared by: Ex. TATA EMPLOYEE “PRATIK SHRIVASTAVA”