IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI)

Vol. 10, No. 3, September 2021, pp. 780~788

ISSN: 2252-8938, DOI: 10.11591/ijai.v10.i3.pp780-788  780

Inflection rules for Marathi to English in rule based machine translation

Namrata G Kharate1, Varsha H Patil2

1Department of Computer Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Information and Technology, India
2Department of Computer Engineering, Matoshri College of Engineering and Research Center, India

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Machine translation is important application in natural language processing.
Machine translation means translation from source language to target
Received Apr 30, 2020 language to save the meaning of the sentence. A large amount of research is
Revised May 22, 2021 going on in the area of machine translation. However, research with machine
Accepted Jun 8, 2021 translation remains highly localized to the particular source and target
languages as they differ syntactically and morphologically. Appropriate
inflections result correct translation. This paper elaborates the rules for
Keywords: inflecting the parts-of-speech and implements the inflection for Marathi to
English translation. The inflection of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives are
Adpositions carried out on the basis of semantics of the sentence. The results are discussed
Inflection with examples.
Machine translation
Parts-of-speech This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Vibhakti

Corresponding Author:
Namrata G Kharate
Department of Computer Engineering
Vishwakarma Institute of Information and Technology
India
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
Machine translation is one of the emphasis applications in natural language processing (NLP).
Institutions and organizations in India have started working on machine translation systems for Indian
languages and have gained satisfactory results [1], [2]. Communication plays important role in life of people.
There are many languages used for communication all around the world and good literary works are available
in every language. It is not possible to learn all the languages and so there is a need to develop effective
machine translation means for targeting multiple languages. English is the language used my majority of the
world population for official work, literary work, and all sorts of communication. Marathi is primary
language and mostly used in Indian state Maharashtra. It is found that about 71 million people speak Marathi
and variety of literature and novels are available in Marathi and hence there is a need for Marathi to English
translation [3]. Researches have published the work mostly related to pair of languages and some standard
tools are also available for translation [4]-[6]. But it is found that more contribution is needed for Marathi to
English translation. As the structure and the grammar vary for the source and target languages, the
restructuring and grammatical rules need to be observed correctly. This paper mainly discusses the
inflectional rules related to the Marathi-English language pair. Rules are discussed with examples. Rules
plays important role in rule based machine translation. This paper includes the literature review related to
inflections, importance of adpositions in linguistics, proposed work, inflectional rules, research method,
results, and discussion.
Tidke and Sugandhi [7] presented the implementation of the inflection for English to Marathi
translation for parts of speech like nouns, pronouns, verbs, and adjectives. Wren and Martin [8] written book
on English grammar in which various rules are given for English word inflection. Conway [9] has discussed
the problem of English plurals and claimed that even at the lexical level; it can be a complex matter to

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correctly inflect the individual words of a sentence to reflect their number, person, mood, and case. As per
related work there is no sufficient work is done infection on Indian languages. In this paper we are working
on Marthi language. As Marathi language is very rich in morphology so it’s little bit difficult to study.
Adpositions are words which can occur before or after a word, phrase or clause that is necessary to complete
the meaning of a given sentence. Adpositions are mainly categorized as: Prepositions, postpositions and
circumpositions.
 Prepositions: Prepositions mean the words which occur before the complement [9]. A preposition
occurs in English language. These prepositions are usually converted into postpositions in Marathi
language.
 Example: The birds are sitting on the tree. Here ‘on’ is the preposition.
 Postpositions: Postpositions mean the words which occur after the complement [10]. Postpositions
occur in Marathi language. Example: पक्षी झाडावर बसलेले आहे त. Here ‘वर’ is the postposition.
 Circumpositions: Circumpositions are words appear on before and after the complement.
Circumpositions used in English language. Example: I will play regularly from now on. Here ‘from ...
on’ are the circumpositions. English language has SVO structure and Marathi language has SOV
structure. The languages which follow SVO structure use prepositions. Hence, during translation of a
Marathi sentence to an English sentence, there is a necessary to change the postpositions of language
Marathi which is the source language of the research to prepositions of language English which is the
target language of the research. So, translation postpositions to prepositions are a main problem which
needs to be solved by inflecting the nouns, verbs, and cases (Vibhakti). Depending upon suffix attached
to Marathi word there is a change in words position of English words while translating.

2. PROPOSED METHOD
In this paper we are designing inflection rules to POS tags (noun, pronoun, adjective and verb) of
Marathi language. As shown in Figure 1, output of tokenization [11] and stemming is provided to
morphology analysis. We are taking help of shallow parser to retrieve part of speech tags and its morphology
analysis. Morphology analysis describes multiplicity, gender, person, and tense of verb. Before implementing
inflection module, we have to define rules for inflection of each POS tag. Generating the appropriate
inflection of a word is needed to keep the correct inflection of the word in English [12], [13]. Words can be
classified in two types based on the inflection [14], [15]: inflectional words and non-inflectional words. The
inflectional words are noun, pronoun, adjective and verb. The non-inflectional words are adverb, preposition,
interjection, and conjunction. The words are inflected on the basis of changing gender (masculine, feminine,
neuter), multiplicity (singular, plural), tense (present, past, future), person (first, second, third) and case
(genitive/possessive case).

Figure 1. Proposed work system architecture

2.1. Inflection module

2.1.1. Noun inflection rules
Declension means inflection of nouns in English language. Noun paradigms inflect for number
(singular or plural) but not for gender or case except genitive/possessive case. Generally, nouns are made
Inflection rules for Marathi to English in rule based machine translation (Namrata G Kharate)
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plural by appending -s but this approach fails miserably on many special cases such as: class  classes, story
 stories and box  boxes. So, there are some pure suffix-based approaches as given in Table 1.
The suffixes which mostly added in noun plural inflections in English language are: -s, -es, -ves, -
ies, -en, -ee, -e, and -ices. Conway [9] has discussed the problem of English plurals and claimed that even at
the lexical level; it can be a complex matter to correctly inflect the individual words of a sentence to reflect
their number, person, mood, and case. Out of the three noun cases, inflection occurs in only possessive case.
Possessive case is used to denote authorship, origin, and ownership. Inflection of nouns in the possessive
case is carried out by adding of -’s or -s’ to the end of a noun. Table 2 includes the noun case inflection.

Table 1. Noun multiplicity inflection

Terminating Strings of the root word Plural Inflection Examples
Noun ending with Adding -es Class-Classes
-s/-sh/-ch/-x/-o/-us Match-Matches
Box-Boxes
Nouns ending with -y & preceded by a consonant -y replace by -i and add -es City-Cities
Story-Stories
Nouns ending with -f/-fe -f/-fe replace by v and add Wife-Wives
-es Leaf-Leaves
Nouns ending with -oo Replace by -ee Foot-Feet
Tooth-Teeth
Nouns ending with -an Replace by -en Man-Men
Woman-Women
Nouns ending with -ix Replace by -ices Matrix-Matrices
General noun Adding -s Book-Books
Desk-Desks

Table 2. Noun case inflection

Original word type Inflection Rule Examples
Noun-singular Add “ ‘s “ The boy’s school
Noun-plural and ends with ‘s’ Add “ ‘ “ Boys’ school
Horses’ tails.
Noun-plural but does not ends with ‘s’ Add “ ‘s “ Men’s club
Children’s books
Two nouns are closely connected Add “ ‘s “ to second noun Karim and Salim’s Bakery
Nouns telling distance/space/ weight Add “ ‘s “ I want a day’s leave.
Shila will be back in a month’s time.

Postpositions in Marathi occur as prepositions in English [16]. Translating Marathi sentence to

English sentence requires conversion of postposition to preposition [17]. For example:

एक मार्ग पुण्यावरून र्ोव्याला जातो  One road goes from Pune to Goa.

In above example the suffix ला comes as a postposition in Marathi whereas the word to come as a preposition
in English. Thus, postposition processing involves attachment of preposition before prepositional object.
Preposition also undergoes inflections according to the suffix attached to postpositional object. In Marathi
there are seven cases, each having its own functional meaning and suffixes. There are different prepositions
are used according to suffix attached [18] as given in Table 3.

Table 3. Noun case inflection from Marathi to English

Marathi suffix English
Case (Vibhakti)
Singular Plural Suffix
Nominative - - -
Accusative ला,स ना,स to/for
Instrumental/Agent ने नी By/with
Dative ला ना for/to
Ablative उन/ हून उन/हून from
Genitive/Possessive चा/ ची/ चे चा/ ची/ चे of/'s
Locative त त in

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2.2. Verb inflection

Inflection of verbs in English is called conjugation. The conjugation of a verb gives the different
verb forms either by inflection or by combination with parts of other verbs (auxiliary verb) which shows
mood, tense, number, and person. English verbs are inflected for tense. A verb lexeme has at most five forms
i.e., third person singular form, past tense, progressive participle, perfect or passive participle form. In fact,
most verbs have only four forms, because the past tense and the perfect (or passive) participle forms are the
same. This is true for all regular verbs. In third person singular there are few variations. In present third
person singular, suffix -s is added to both regular and irregular verb. If verbs are ends with a sibilant
consonant, then suffix -es is added and if verbs end with -y preceded by a consonant have then -y changed to
-i- and then the suffix -es is added. Table 4 includes verb-third person singular form inflection.
There are some variations for the progressive participle. The suffix -ing is added to all verbs to get
progressive participle form. Most of the verbs add “ing” to the end without changing the spelling, but for
some verb’s spelling in present participle form little bit different according to the specific environment. There
are different rules according to verbs ends with as indicated in Table 5.

Table 4. Verb- third person singular form inflection

Original Word Type Inflection Rule Examples
Verbs ending in -ch/-s/-sh/-x/-z Add -es Watch  Watches
Miss  Misses
Verbs ending in a consonant y Changing the y to i and add -es Try  Tries

Table 5. Verb-progressive participle form inflection

Original Word Type Inflection Rule Examples
verbs ending in silent “e” Delete -e & add -ing Bake  Baking
Bite  Biting
verbs with a short, stressed vowel sound double the final consonant and add -ing Swim  Swimming
Plan  Planning
verbs ending in -ie change -ie to -y and add -ing Lie  Lying
Die  Dying
verbs ending in -c Add -k and -ing Frolic  Frolicking
Mimic Mimicking

Past tense and past participle form are generated by adding -ed to regular verbs, for example walk-
walked-walked. Past tense and past participle form are generated by adding -ed to irregular verbs. There are
mainly three types of irregular verbs. First type of Verbs in which all the three forms i.e., base form, past
tense and past participle form are the same e.g., put – put – put. Next type of verbs in which second and third
forms are the same e.g., sit – sat – sat and third type of verbs in which all three forms are different e.g., drink
– drank – drunk. All this indicates that inflection for verbs in English requires more consideration than
simply adding the affixes -s, -ing, and -ed. Conjugation of verb by combination with parts of other verbs e.g.,
auxiliary verb, plays vital role in translation of Marathi to English sentence [17]. Verb tense is decided
according to action in a sentence is happening e.g., in the present, future, or past. There are four forms in
each tense type. Regular verbs follow a standard rule when conjugated according to tense. Conjugation of the
regular verb is indicated in Table 6. V1 stands for base form of verb, V2 for past tense of verb, V3 for
progressive participle form of verb and Ving for perfect or passive participle form of verb. For Marathi
language type of tense is identified from suffix attached to verb and auxiliary verb used as indicated in
Table 7. Table 6 shows rules for verb conjugation in tenses according to suffix attached to Marathi verb.

2.3. Adjective inflection

There are three forms of adjective in English grammar. They are called the degrees of comparisons
i.e., positive degree, comparative degree, and superlative degree. Positive degree of an adjective is the
adjective in its simple form. Adjectives are inflected to get comparative and superlative forms.
Generally, for superlative and comparative forms, adjectives are generated by adding the suffixes -er
and -est to the positive form, respectively. There are some exceptional rules as shown in Table 8. Few
adjectives in which comparative and superlative are not formed from positive, for example: Good–Better–
Best. It can be concluded that adjective inflection in English is also more complicated than following simple
rules of grammar.

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Table 6. Rules for verb conjugation in tenses

Person Masculine/Feminine/Neutral
Tense Singular Plural
Present Past Future Present Past Future
First Simple V1 V2 shall + V1 V1 V2 shall + V1
Continuous am +Ving was+Ving shall be+Ving are +Ving Were+Ving shall be+Ving
Perfect Have+V3 Had+V3 shall have + V3 Have+V3 Had+V3 shall have + V3
Perfect Have been+ Had been+ shall have been Have been+ Had been+ shall have been
Continuous Ving Ving + Ving Ving Ving + Ving
Second Simple V1 V2 will + V1 V1 V2 will +V1
Continuous are +Ving Were+Ving will be+Ving are +Ving Were+Ving will be+Ving
Perfect Have+V3 Had+V3 will have + V3 Have+V3 Had+V3 will have + V3
Perfect Have been+ Had been+ will have been Have been+ Had been+ will have been
Continuous Ving Ving + Ving Ving Ving + Ving
Third Simple V1 +s/es V2 will +V1 V1 +s/es V2 will +V1
Continuous is +Ving was +Ving will be+Ving Are+Ving were +Ving will be+Ving
Perfect has+V3 had+V3 will have + V3 has+V3 had+V3 will have + V3
Perfect Has been+ Had been+ will have been Has been+ Had been+ will have been
Continuous Ving Ving + Ving Ving Ving + Ving
Prospective am going to was going to + will going to + are going to were going to will going to +
+ V1 V1 V1 + V1 + V1 V1

Table 7. Suffix attached to Marathi verb in tenses

Person Masculine/Feminine/Neutral
Tense Singular Plural
Present Past Future Present Past Future
First Simple तो/ते ले /लो / ल्ले ईल तो ले /लो /ल्ले ऊ
Continuous त + आहे त + होतो /होती त + असेल त + आहे त+ होतो त + असेल
Perfect ले/ लो/ ल्ले + ले/ लो / ल्ले + ले/ लो/ ल्ले + ले/ लो/ ल्ले + ले/ लो / ल्ले ले/ लो/ ल्ले +
आहे होते/ होतो असेल आहे + होते / होतो असेल
Perfect त+ आलेला त + आलेला त+ आलेला त+ आलेलो + त+ आलेलो त + आलेलो
Continuous /आलेली + आहे /आलेली /आलेली+ असेल आहे +होतो/होती +असेल
+होतो/होती
Second Simple तो/ते ली /ला शील तो ले/ लो /ल्ले आल
Continuous त + आहे त+ होता/ होती त + असेल त + आहे त+ होते त+ असाल
Perfect ला/ले/ ल्ले + ले/ ला /ल्ले + ले/ ला/ ल्ले + ले/ ल्ले + आहे ले / ल्ले + ले / ल्ले +
आहे होता/ होती असेल होते असेल
Perfect त+ आलेला त + आलेला त+ आलेला त+ आलेला त + आलेला त+ आलेला
Continuous /आलेली + आहे /आलेली+ होता /आलेली+ असेल /आलेली + आहे /आलेली /आलेले+असाल
/होती +होतो/होती
Third Simple तो/ते/ तात ल्ले / ली /ला ईल तात ले /ल्ले ईल
Continuous त/ तो/ते+आहे त + होतो /होती त त + आहे त+ होते त+ असतील
/होते +असेल/असतील
Perfect ले / ल्ले/ ली/ ला ले / ल्ले/ ली/ ला ले / ल्ले/ ली/ ला ले/ ल्ले + आहे ले / ल्ले + ले/ ल्ले
+ आहे +होते +असेल होते +असतील
Perfect त+ आलेला त+ आलेला त+ आलेला त+ आलेले + त + आलेले त + आलेले +
Continuous /आलेली + आहे /आलेली /आलेली+ असेल आहे +होते असतील
+होतो/होती
Prospective णारआहे णारहोतो णारअसेल णारआहे णारहोतो णारअसेल

Table 8. Adjective inflection

Original word type Inflection Rule Examples
Adjective ending in silent “e” Only add -r/-st Brave-Braver-Bravest
Adjective ending in “y” Delete y and add i and then add -er/-est Happy-Happier-Happiest
One syllable adjective and ends in single Double consonant and add -er/-est Red-redder-reddest
consonant, preceded by a short vowel
Two or more syllables adjective Add more /most before Difficult-more difficult-most difficult

2.4. Pronoun inflection

A pronoun is a word that can be substituted for a noun or a noun phrase. Pronoun inflection is
similar to noun inflection. The words are inflected on the basis of changing gender i.e., masculine, feminine
and neuter; multiplicity i.e., singular, plural; and case i.e., nominative, accusative, and possessive. Pronoun
inflection rules are given in Table 9.

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Table 9. Pronoun inflection

Person Gender Nominative Possessive Accusative
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
First Person M/F I We My, mine, me Our, ours, us -

Second Person M/F You Your, yours You

Third Person M He They His Their, theirs Him Them

F She Her, hers Her
N It its it

3. RESEARCH METHOD
While implementation of the inflection, there is a necessity of the information of each word i.e.,
POS tags, gender tags, tense, multiplicity, and degree, which are identified from Shallow parser developed by
IIIT, Hyderabad, India. It provides the system with the morphological analysis of a Marathi sentence. The
parser provides output in Shakti standard format [19], [20]. It provides the root word, POS tag, tense, gender,
multiplicity, direct or oblique case, suffix, Vibhakti and other details important to identify the role of the
word in the sentence. The output is represented as a sequence of abbreviated features, with each attribute is
having a fixed position and meaning in sequence. Following eight cases are occurs in morph output: <fsaf =
'root, lcat, gend, num, pers, case, vibh, suff’>.
 Root indicates the root word of the word morphed.
 Lcat gives the lexical category of the word. The values it can take are: Noun (n), pronoun (pn), verb (v),
adjective (adj), adverb (adv), and number (num).
 Gend gives the gender of the word in context. The values it can take are male (m), female (f), neutral
(n).
 Num gives the impression of the word being singular(sg) or plural(pl) in nature.
 Pers gives whether the speech of the word is in the first person (1), second (2) or the third person (3).
 Case gives whether the noun has a direct or an oblique case depending on the sentence and usage.
 Vibh is the Vibhakti of the word.
 Suff identifies the suffix of the word if it contains any.
For example: पर्यटकाांना NN <fsaf='पर्यटक, n, m, pl, o, ना,ना' name=“पर्यटकाांना”>
Cases and tenses are identified from word endings as per defined in database, for example as shown
in Table 3. Using the above retrieved information, we can apply various inflection rules as discussed in
inflection module to get the correct inflection. The inflected words then mapped to the SVO structure of
English to generate the correct translation [21]. We have 25,000 Marathi-English sentences from tourism
domain from TDIL.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In testing we considered 7000 sentences of tourism domain and we tested for it. Output of our
system i.e., inflected words compared with our reference sentences from data set and it is observed that we
got 88-90% of accuracy. While testing word sense disambiguation is also considered [5], [6], [22]-[25]. Four
test cases are discussed.
 Example 1
Marathi sentence: शहराचे वातावरण पर्यटकाांना आनांद देते. The result is in Table 10.

Table 10. Result for case 1

Marathi Word Marathi Word After Suffix Separation English Lemma Inflected Word Rules to Get Inflected
शहराचे शहर city City’s Noun table, case inflection table
चे
वातावरण वातावरण atmosphere atmosphere -
पर्यटकाांना पर्यटक tourist to tourists Case table, Accusative Plural
Noun table, multiplicity inflection
ना
आनांद आनांद pleasure pleasure -
देते दे give gives Verb table ,3rd Person singular
ते

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 Example 2
Marathi sentence: अमृतसर सु वणग मंदिराचे शहर आहे . The result is in Table 11.

Table 11. Result for case 2

Marathi Word Marathi Word After Suffix English Lemma Inflected Word Rules to Get Inflected
Separation
अमृतसर अमृतसर Amritsar Amritsar -
सुवणय सुवणय Golden of Golden Noun case inflection table
Temple
मांददराचे मांददर Temple -
चे
शहर शहर city city -
आहे आहे is is Verb table, simple present third person

 Example 3
Marathi sentence: जल महालाची रचना इ.स 1534 बहािु रशाह र्ु जरातीने केली होती. The result is in
Table 12.

Table 12. Result for case 3

Marathi Word Marathi Word After Suffix English Lemma Inflected Word Rules to Get Inflected
Separation
जल जल Jal Noun case inflection table
महालाची महाल of Jal Mahal
Mahal
ची
रचना रचना Construction Construction
इ.स इ.स AD AD
1534 1534 1534 1534
बहादुरशाह बहादुरशाह Bahadurshah Noun case inflection table
by Bahadurshah
गुजरातीने गुजरात
Guajarati Guajarati
ने
के ली कर Verb table, 3rd person past
done done perfect tense.
ली
होती होती had had

 Example 4
Marathi sentence: केंद्रपाडा दजल्हा लोहमार्ाग ला जोडलेला नाही. The result is in Table 13. In the above
all cases, all example gives the inflection of pronouns, nouns, verbs according to the inflection rules
discussed and defined in tables from inflection module.

Table 13. Result for case 4

Marathi Word Marathi Word After Suffix English Lemma Inflected Word Rules to Get Inflected
Separation
कें द्रपाडा कें द्रपाडा Kendrapara Kendrapara
जजल्हा जजल्हा district district
लोहमागायला लोहमागय Rail route to Rail route Noun case inflection table, Dative
ला case
जोडलेला जोड join joined Verb inflection, past tense form
नाही नाही + आहे is not is not

5. CONCLUSION
In the field of machine translation for Indian languages, a great amount of work has been done but
for Marathi the research is limited. There is no work done on rule based Marathi to English machine

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translation. This paper focuses on the issue of Marathi to English translation with proper inflection with 88-
90% accuracy. This paper attempts to provide the detailed description of the rules required for inflecting the
words for machine translation from Marathi to English. Ultimately it helps in appropriate translation which
was confirmed by the results.

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Inflection rules for Marathi to English in rule based machine translation (Namrata G Kharate)
788  ISSN: 2252-8938

BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Ms. Namrata G Kharate is pursuing Ph.D. in Computer Department with specialization in

natural language processing from Savitribai Phule, Pune University. She received her BE from
Savitribai Phule Pune University & M.E from Savitribai Phule Pune University. Working as an
Assistant Professor in Vishwakarma institute of information and technology, Pune.

Dr. Varsha H. Patil is Professor, University of Pune, and Head, Computer Science
Department, at Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Centre, Nashik. She is also
serving as the Vice Principal of the same institute. She has received her Ph.D. in Computer
Engineering from BVCOE, Bharati Vidyapeeth Pune. She has received her M.E in Computer
Engineering from COEP, Pune .She has more than 20 years of teaching experience and several
research papers, published in national and international journals of repute, to her credit. She is
a member of the Board of Studies of Computer Engineering at the University of Pune.

Int J Artif Intell, Vol. 10, No. 3, September 2021: 780 - 788