Factors and Multiples

Learning Objectives
Introduction
Factors and Multiples
Various Types of Numbers
Test For Divisibility of Numbers

Power of Numbers
Finding H.C.F. and LC.M. of the Numbers

Problems Involving H.C.F. and LC.M.

Introduction
Mathematics is the study of numbers. Arithmetic is a vast and a most important
branch of Mathematics. There are two elementary concepts known as Factors and
Multiples, studies in arithmetic. Factors and multiples are both to do with
multiplication. In this chapter, we will study about two important terms factors and
multiples, and how they are related to each other.

Factors and Multiples

We have already studies the basic ideas about factors and multiples. Here, we will
review these ideas and extend our study to include some new properties.
20'.!:LYM~~PIAD~~E~X~C:_!:E:!:LL!::!E~N~C~E~G~U:!_!ID~E_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___

Factors b th
to express a num er as e product
Factoring is like taking a number apart. It the number exactly without leaving
1
of its factors. A factor is a number that can ,vi . el together to get that number For
. b e can mu tip Y . ·
remainder. Factors are num ers w re x = 21 _ Factors are either composite
3 7
example, 3 and 7 are factors of 2l, whe d are neither prime nor composite).
numbers or prime numbers (except that 0 an 1

Multiples
h ltiplication table of a number. A number
Multiples are numbers that make _up t e mu mber has multiples which are
is said to be a multiple of any of its factors. Every nu
infinite in numbers. For example,
Multiples of 9 = 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, ········
Multiples of 12 = 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, ········ ·

Common Factors and Common Multiples

common Factors: Factors that two or more numbers have in common are called the
common factors of those numbers. For example, consider two numbers 18 and 27.
Factors of 18 are: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18 and the factors of 27 are: 1, 3, 9, 27. So we have,
common factors of 18 and 27 are: 1, 3 and 9.
common Multiples: Multiples that two numbers have in common are called the
common multiples of those numbers. For example, multiples of 8 are: 8, 16, 24, 32,
40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80 .... etc and the multiples of 12 are: 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96,
108, ..... etc. so we have, the common multiples of 8 and 12 are: 24, 48, 72, ....... etc.

H.C.F. and L.C.M.

Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.): The highest common Factor (H.C.F) of two or more
numbers is the largest of all the common factors. It is the largest number that divides
these numbers without leaving remainder. For example, the common factors of 12
and 18 are 1, 2, 3 and 6. The largest common factor is 6. So, this 6 is the H.C.F. of 12
and 18 which divides both 12 and 18 without leaving remainder. H.C.F. is also known
as the greatest common factor or divisor (G.C.F or G.C.D). Remember that the
H.C.F. of two or more numbers cannot be greater than any one of them.
Least Common Multiple (L.C.M.): The least common multiple (L.C.M.) of two or
more numbers is the smallest number that is divisible by these numbers without
leaving remainder. In order words, the L.C.M. is the smallest of all common multiples.
For e_xample, common multi~les of 6 and 9 are: 18, 36, 54 ....... So, the least common
multiple (L.C.M.) of 6 and 9 1s 18 which is divisible by both 6 and 9 without leaving
remainder. Remember that the L.C.M. of two or more numbers cannot be less than
any one of them .

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CLASS-6
 CHAPTER2 FACTORS AND MULTIPLES

Uarious Types of Numbers

Even Numbers
All multiples of 2 are called even numbers. All the even numbers are divisible by 2.
For example, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ...... are even numbers.

Odd Numbers
Numbers which are not the multiple of 2 are odd numbers. Any number which is not
divisible by 2 is an odd number. For example, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 ... are odd numbers.

Prime Numbers
Each of the numbers which has exactly two factors, namely, 1 and the number itself,
is called a prime number. For example, 2i 3, 5, 7, 11, 13 ...... are prime numbers.

Composite Numbers
Numbers having more than two factors including 1 and the number itself are know
as composite numbers. For example, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15 ...... . are composite
numbers.

Twin Primes
Two consecutive odd prime numbers are known as twin primes . For example, (3, 5);
(5, 7); (11, 13); (17, 19), etc are twin primes. Note that 7 and 11 are not consecutive
odd prime numbers, so 7 and 11 are not twin primes.

Prime Triplet
A set of three consecutive prime numbers, differing by 2, is called a prime triplet.
The only prime triplet is (3, 5, 7) .

~-Prime Num~
Two numbers are said to be co-prime if they do not have a common factor other than
1, so H.C.F. of co-prime numbers is 1. For example, (5, 7); (7, 8, 13) are co-primes .

Perfect Square
A number made by squaring a whole number is called perfect square. For example
16, 25, 49, etc are is a perfect square numbers because:
4 X 4 :: 16; 5 X 5 :: 25; 7 X 7 :: 49

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100 ... are example of perfect squares.

CLASS-6
Perfect Numbers
If the sum of all the factors of a number is two times the number then the number is
called a perfect number. For example, 6 is a perfect number, because the factors of
= =
6 are: 1, 2, 3, 6 and their sum is; (1 + 2 + 3 + 6) 12 2 x 6. There are only two
perfect numbers between 1 and 100 which are 6 and 28. Other perfect numbers are:
496 and 8128.

Point to Remember
All prime numbers are odd numbers except 2, which is only an even prime number.
2 is the smallest prime number. 1 is neither a prime nor a composite number.
All even numbers, except 2, are composite numbers.
4 is the smallest composite number and 3 is the smallest odd prime number.
There are three perfect numbers between 1 to 500 which are : 6, 28 and 496.
If n is natural number, then even number is '2n' and odd number is '2n - 1'.
Any two consecutive natural numbers are always co-prime.
There are 25 prime numbers between 1 to 100.
Two prime numbers are always co-primes but two co-primes need not to be prime
numbers.

Sum of all even numbers between 34 and 43 is:

(A) 158 (B) 156 (C) 154 (D) 158

(E) None of these

Answer (B)
Explanation: All the even numbers between 34 and 43 are: 36, 38, 40, 42
Therefore, the required sum =36 + 38 + 40 + 42 =156
pie:
Which of the following pairs is NOT a pair of co-primes?
(A) (~ (B) (7, 8) (C) (3, 5) __)O) (9, 15)
(E) None of these
Answer (D)
Explanation: H.C.F. of 9 and 15 is 3· So, it .is not a pair
. of co-primes.
.

CLASS-6
CHAPTER2 FACTORS AND MULTIPLES

Test for Oiuisibility of Numbers

Division has its own rules which are used to find out whether the number is a divisor
of a given number. These rules are called the test for divisibility.
A number is divisible by 2, if the last digit is 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. For example 29650,
43292, 73614, 615286, 543938, etc are divisible by 2.
A number is divisible by 3, if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3. For example,
3492 is divisible by 3 because 3 + 4 + 9 + 2 = 18, which is divisible by 3.
A number is divisible by 4, if the last two digits are zeros or are divisible by 4. For
example, 300 and 324 are divisible by 4.
A number is divisible by 5, if the last digit is 0 or 5. For example 790 and 795 are
divisible by 5.
A number is divisible by 6, if the number is divisible by 2 and 3. For example,
3456 is divisible by 2, because its last digit is. 6 and it is also divisible by 3
because 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 = 18 is divisible by 3. So 3456 is divisible by 6.
If the last digit of a number is doubled and subtracted it from the remaining
number gives 0 or a number divisible by 7, then the whole number is
divisible by 7. For example, in the number 875, (87- 5 x 2) =87-10 =77.
Which is divisible by 7. So, 875 is also divisible by 7.
A number is divisible by 8, if the number formed by the last three digits of the
number is divisible by 8. For example, in the number 36552, the last three digits
of the number is 552. Now, 552 + 8 = 69, hence, 36552 is divisible by 8.
A number is divisible by 9, if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9. For e_xample,
in the number 504225, the sum of digits = 5 + 0 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 5 = 18, which is
divisible by 9. So, 504225 is divisible by 9.
A number is divisible by 10, if the last digit is 0. For example, 7430, 963410,
215629680, etc, are divisible by 10.
A number is divisible by 11, if the difference between the sum of the digits in the
odd places and sum of the digits in the even places of the number is 0 or multiple
of 11. For example, in the number 536756, sum odd place digits = 5 + 6 + 5 = 16
and the sum even place digits =3 + 7 + 6 =16, So, 16 - 16 =0. Hence, 536756 is
divisible by 11.
A number is divisible by 12, if it is divisible by both 3 and 4. For example, the
number 672 is divisible by both 3 and 4, so it is also divisible by 12.
A number is divisible by 15, if it is divisible by both 3 and 5. For example, 195 is
divisible by both 3 and 5, so it is also divisible by 15.

CLASS-6 ..
 • d" · "ble by both 2 and 9. For example
A number is divisible by 18 if the number 1s 1v 1s1 . . . ,
the number 558 is divisibl~ by both 2 and 9 so, If is also divisible by
18 ·
A number is divisible by 25, if the last two digits are zeros _o~ ~re divisible by 25.
For example, 2825, 39600, 45100000, 2968250, etc, are divisible by 25 ·

Example:
Which are of the following numbers is divisible by 7?
(A) 465 (B) 456 (C) 564 (D) 546
(E) None of these
Answer (D)
Explanation: As we know, if the last digit of a number is ~ou?led and subtracted
it from the remaining number gives 0 or a number d1v1s1ble by 7, then the
whole number is divisible by 7.
In 546, 54 - (6 x 2) =54 - 12 = 42, which is divisible by 7. So 546 is also
divisible by 7.

Which one of the following numbers is divisible by 3, 5 and 7 ?

(A) 657 (B) 765 (C) 675 (D) 735
(E) None of these
Answer(D)
Explanation: In 735, 7 + 3 + 5 = 15, which is divisible by 3. So, 735 is divisible
by 3. The last digit of 735 is 5, so it is divisible by 5.
Now, 73 - (5 x 2) = 73 - 10 = 63, which is divisible by 7.
So, 735 is divisible by 7. Hence, 735 is divisible by 3, 5 and 7.

Properties of Divisibility
1. If a number is divisible by another number, it must be divisible by each of
the factors of that number.
Consider a number 32 which is divisible by 16. Now, all factors of 16 are: 1, 2, 4,
8, 16. Clearly, 32 is also divisible by each of 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16.
Conclusion:
(i) Every number divisible by 8 is also divisible by 2 and 4.
(ii) Every number divisible by 9 is also divisible by 3.
(iii) Every number divisible by 12 is also divisible by 2, 3, 4 and 6 .

• CLASS-6
CHAPTER2 FACTORS AN D MULTIPLES

2. If a number is divisible by each of two co-prime numbers, it must be divisible by

their product.
Consider a number 168 which is divisible by 2 and 3 both where 2 and 3 are co-primes.
So, we have, the number 168 is also divisible by 2 x 3 = 6. So, 168 + 6 = 28.
3. If a number is factor of each of the two given numbers then it must be a factor
of their sum.
Consider a number 25 whose one factor is 5.
Now, 5 is also a factor of 20. So we have, 5 must be a factor of 25 + 20 = 45; which is
true.
4. If a number is a factor of each of the two given numbers then it must be a factor
of their difference.
Consider two numbers 18 and 27 whose one factor is 3. Since 3 is a factor of both 18
and 27 then it is also a factor of 27 - 18 = 9; which is true.

A number X is divisible by 18. This number X must be divisible by:

(A) 9 and 12 (Bl 6 and 12 (C) 6 and 9 (Dl 3 and 4
(El None of these
Answer (C)
Explanation: Factors of 18 are: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18.
As we know, if a number is divisible by another number, it must be divisible by
each of t he factors of that number.
Therefore, the number Xmust be divisible by 2, 3, 6, 9.
Hence, X is divisible by also 6 and 9.

Which one of the following digits should be at the place of • in the number
32*7264 so that 3 and 11 become factors of it?
(A) 6 (B) 9 (C) 3 (D) 0
(El None of these
Answer (A)
Explanation: Given number is 32•7264
Here, sum of digits= 3 + 2 + (• ) + 7 + 2 + 6 + 4 = 24 + (*)
Now, if 3 is a factor of 32. 7264, then •• • must be : 0, 3, 6, or 9.
Now, sum of odd place digits= 3 + (*) + 2 + 4 = 9 + (*)

CLASS-6 •
OLYMPIAD EXCELLENCE GUIDE
6 15
And, sum of even place digits = 2 + 7 + = 6
Hence, when difference is 15 - (9 +*).So, difference= + (*)
·tt rence = (*} - 6
d1
And, when difference is 9 + (*)-15. So, e
Now, if 11 is a factor of 32*7264, 6
nd
Then, (*) must be 6 because 5 + (*) = 5 + 6 = 11 a (*) - = 6- 6 = o
So, we have 3 and 11 are factors of 3267264 if we replace(*)= 6

Power of Numbers
A power is the product of multiplying a number itself. Usually, a power is represent
with a base number and an exponent. The base number tells what nutnber is b _ed
multiplied . The exponent, a small number written above and to the right of the tng
· b · I · 1· d ase
num ber, tells how many times the base number 1s eing mu tip 1e .
4
For ex~mple, '5 to the 4th power' may be written as 5 : H_ere, th_e base number is 5
and the exponent is 4. This means that 5 is being multiplied by itself 4 times:
5 x 5 x 5 x 5. So, 5 x 5 x 5 x 5 = 54 = 625.
Here, exponent 4 is also called index. Look at the following table.

3rd 4th 5th

Base 2nd
3 Power (n 4) Power (n 5)
Number (n) Power {n ) Power (n )
2

1 1 1 1
1
4 8 16 32
2
3 9 27 81 243

4 16 64 256 1024

5 25 125 625 3125

-
6 36 216 1296 7776

7 49 343 2401 16807

8 64 512 4096 32768

9 81 729 6561 59049

10 100 1000 10000 100000

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CLASS-6

J
CHAPTER2 FACTORS AND MULTIPLES

A number multiplied by itself will give a square number.

A number multiplied three times by itself will give a cube number.
To find the area of a square, we multiply the number of units (m, cm) by itself.
To find the volume of a cube, we multiply the number of units (m, cm) three times
by itself.

7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x . . . . . up to 12 times is equal to:

(A) 7 X 12 (B) 7 12 (C) 127 (D) 7 + 12
(E) None ofthese
Answer (B)
Explanation: In the multiplication of 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x ..... up to 12
times, base =7 and power or index =12
Thus, 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x 7 x .. . .. up to 12 times = 7 12

Which one of the following exponential forms has the least value?
(A) 26 (B) 34 (C) 4 3 (D) 72
3
(E) 5
Answer(D)
Explanation: 26 =2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 =64, 34 =3 x 3 x 3 x 3 =81
43
=4 x 4 x 4 =64, 7 =7 x 7 =49, and 5 x 5 x 5 =125. Therefore, 7
2 2
has the
least value in all.

Finding H.C.F. and L.C.M. of the Numbers

Prime Factorization
Prime factorization is finding which prime numbers multiply together to make the
original number. Prime factors can be grouped together and written in exponential
form. If a factor is not repeated ever once, then write it as it. For example,
252 = 2 X 2 X 3 X 3 X 7 = 22 X 3 2 ·x 7

Finding H.C.F.
Factor Method: Consider two numbers 24 and 36. Now, factors of 24 and 36 are as
follow:
24; 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 36; 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36

CLASS-6
OLYMPIAD EXCELLENCE GUIDE r
Now, common factors of 24 and 36 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12. Here, 1 ~
of all six factors . So, H.C.F. of 24 and 36 is 12. e greatest
Division Method: Consider two numbers 27 and 45. Prime factorization of 27
is as follow: and45

-Hf
3 45
3 15

¥,1 5 5

So, 27 = 3 x 3 x 3 and 45 = 3 x 3 x 5. Hence, the H.C.F. of 27 and 45 = 3 x 3 = 9

Long Division Method: This method is used to find H.C.F. of greater numb
for long division method are as follow : ers. Steps
Step 1: Divide the greater number by the smaller number and find rema ind er.
Step 2: Divide the smaller number Qr the divisor by remainder.
Step 3: Coi'itinue till you reach the last divisor. It is the H.C.F.

Find the H.C.F. of 36 and 24 by long division method.

Solution:
1
24\36
) -24 2

12 ) 24 (
-24
__o_
So, H.C.F. of 36 and 24 is 12.
Using the Rule of Divisibility: In this rule, we divide the two numbers by a common
factor, which should be a prime number. Consider two numbers 60 and 72.

2 60, 72
2 30,36
3 15, 18
5,6
d
Here, 2 divides 60 and 72 both and we get 30 and 36, also we get, 15 and 18, ao 3:
on. 3 divides 15 and 18. Now, no number will divide both 5 and 6. So stop now
we multiply the divisors used so far to get the H.C.F. = 2 x 2 x 3 =12

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CLASS-6
,,
CHAPTER2
FACTORS AND MULTIPLES
Finding L.C.M.
Multiples Method: By using multiplication we can Keep on finding the multiples of
the numbers till we get a common one. We check with the first 5 or 6 multiples first.
If we do not find a common multiple, we continue till the next five or six multiples.
For example, to find l.C.M. of 9 and 12.
Multiples of 9 = 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, .... . .
Multiples of 12 = 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, ... ... .
Here, 36 is the first common multiple of 9 and 12. So, L.C.M. of 9 and 12 is 36.
Division Method: We can find the l.C.M. by division method also. Steps for finding
L.C.M. by division method are as follow:
Step 1: Divide the number by a prime number.
Step 2: If a number cannot be divided by the chosen prime number, bring it down
and divide separately.
Step 3: Continue till the two numbers have 1 as their quotient.
Step 4: Multiply all the divisors together to get the required L.C.M.

Find the L.C.M. of 36 and 60.

Solution:
For the L.C.M . of 36 and 60, division method is as follow:

2 36,60
2 18,30
3 9,15
3 3 5
5 1 5
1, 1
Therefore, L.C.M. of 36 and 60 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 5 = 180

Relationship Between H.C.F. and L.C.M.

(i) H.C.F. x L.C.M . = Product of the Numbers

Product of the Numbers

(ii) L.C.M. = H.C.F.

Product of the Numbers

(iii) H.c.F . = L.C.M.

CLASS-6
L)U_
~1_PIAp l:.X_CELLE~C E GU IDE_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

H.C.F. x L.C.M
(1v) Req uired Nu mber = Give n Number

• Example :
H.C.F. of two numbers Is u and their L.(.M . Is 252. If one of them is 84, then fi
the sum of both numbers. 1111
Solution: Given that H.C.F. = 12 and LC.M . = 252, One num ber = 84
H.C. F. )( L.C.M . 12 )( 252 36
So. the other number = Given Number = 84 =
Hence, the required sum =36 + 84 =120
Problems I nuoluing H.C.f. and L.C.M.
Here, we w ill get the idea how to solve the word problem s invo lving H.C.F. and LC.M,
Let us study the following examples :

•Example:
Two buckets contain 85 litres and 68 litres of water respectively. The maximu.
c.apaclty of a mug which can measure the water out of both the buckets whll
used an exact number of times ls:
(8) 13 litres
(A) 12 litres
(D) 19 litres
(C) 17 litres
(El None of these
Answer {C)
Explanation: Clearly, we must find the greatest number which divides 85
68 completely.
Now, H.C.F. of 85 and 68 is as follow :

(D
68\85
J-68 @
17) 68(
-68

-
()
Hence, H.C.F of 85 and 68 is 17.
Thus.the required capacity of mug= 17 litres .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______,
CLASS-6
CHAPTE R2
FACTORS AND MULTIPLES

Four bel~s toll together at the intervals of 12, 18, 24, 36 minutes. If they start
now tolling together, after what time will they next toll together?
(A) 56 minutes (B) 1 hour 42 minutes
(C) 1 hours 36 minutes (D) 1 hour 12 minutes
(E) None of these
Answer (D)
Explanation: Here, we have to find the number of minutes which is divisible
by (12, 18, 24 and 36) minutes completely. So we have to find the L.C.M . of
these numbers which is as follow :

2 12, 18,24,36
2 6, 9, 12, 18
2 3, 9, 6, 9
3 3 9 3 9
3 1 3 1 3
1, 1, 1, 1
Therefore, L.C.M . = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 = 72
Hence, after 72 minutes = 1 hour 12 minutes, all four bells toll together.

Summary

A factor is a number that can divide another number exactly without leaving a
remafnder.
The heighest common factor (H.C.F.) or the greatest common factor (G.C.F.) of
two or more numbers is the number which divide the given numbers without
leaving remainder.
Multiples are the numbers that make up the multiplication table of a number.
The least common multiple (L.C.M.) of two or more numbers is the smallest
number that is divisible by these numbers without leaving remainder.

CLASS-6
UI \ M Pll\l l t ). 1 I I I I -.;( I <,l till

ti t hl" \Um o f .u t h<> f.t<I0O °' • num~ '""° t JfflM ttw r,umbl!', t i,..- tilt
nufl"'bor ••allied• perled numb«f
If• nu~,,, div1s1t>W by anot~r numt,(>f, rt ,nvst be drv.s blf' by •.ui of 1,.
lac t on o f t tw numl>t'r
-0 If • numbt>f ,, d,v,1tbl«' by u ch of tw0 co pntM numben It must d,v~-blt ...
by t~II product
<• If • number " a factm of ,.,<h of the two IN~ numben then " IT'~t ti. 1
fact Of ol their ,um and d•ff~renc.e
Power .-. the product o f muluply1n1 a number ,uelf A number m u ~ bf
•t utf w,a 1rve a ~quarl!' number A number mutt•~ t hrtt I ml!"\ tr, "\.1!'1 w.;,i
11w • cubic number

Did You KnowO

0 JS neither an l!'Ven number nor an odd number
A prune number only re ters to whole number, not deomal numbe, Of

numbef
Current._,, the largest know n prime number 1s (2~,-m - 1)
The first 9 prime numbers sum to 100.
60, 72 , 84, 90 and 96 are numbers below 100 which haw the most f~Of'\ anci
each does have a total 12 factors.

Solved Problems

1. Fartort of the sum of the smallest prime number and the smallest compcnill
numbers are :
(A) 1, S (8 ) 1, 2, 3, 6 (C) 1, 7 (D ) 1, 2, 4, 8

(El None of these

Answer (8)
Explanation: The smallest prime number = 2
The smallest composite number :s 4. Sum = 2 + 4 = 6
Factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3, 6

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C LASS-6
CHAPTER 2 FACTORS AND MULTIPLES

2. Prime factorization of 10584 In powers is:

(A) 23 X )2 X 7 X 11 (B) 23 X 32 X 72
2 3 3
(C) 2 X 3 X 7 (D) 23 X 33 X 72
(E) None of these
Answer(D)
Explanation: Prime factorization of 10584 is as follow:

2 10584
2 5292
2 2642
3 1323
3 441
3 147
7 49
7 7
1
So, 10584 =2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 7 x 7 =23 x 33 x 72
3. A number must be divisible by 165 if the number is divisible by:
(A) 6, 9, 13 (B) 2, 4, 7
(C) 3, 5, 11 (D) 2, 7, 13
(E) None of these
Answer (C)
Explanation: Here, 165 = 3 x 5 x 11
As we know, if a number is divisible by another number, it must be divisible by
each of the factors of that number.
Therefore, a number is always divisible by 165 if the number is divisible by 3,
5 and 11.

4. The least number which when increased by 7 is exactly divisible by 8, 14,

24 and 36 is:
(A) 497 (B) 504 (C) 511 (D) 490
(E) None of these
Answer(A)

CLASS-6
OL YMPlAD EXCELLENCE GUIDE
. . d h quired least number first we have to find th
Explanation: To fin t e re e least
nd 36
common multiple of 8, 14, 24 a ·
Now, L.C.M . of 8, 14, 24 and 36 is as follow:

2 8, 14,24,36
2 4, 7, 12, 18
2 2, 7, 6, 9
3 1 7 3.9
3 17 13
7 1. 7 1 1
1, 1, 1, 1
Therefore, L.C.M. = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 7 = 504
Hence, the required number = 504 - 7 = 497
5. If the number 110•80 is divisible by 55, then the digit at the place of • Will
be:
{A) 9 (8) 6 (C) 8 (D) 5

(E) None of these

Answer (C)
Explanation: Since the given number is divisible by 55 = 11 x 5, so it is also
divisible by both 11 and 5.
The last digit of 110*80 is 0, so it is divisible by 5.
Sum of odd place digits = 1 + 0 + 8 = 9
Sum of even place digits ·= 1 + (*) + 0 = 1 + (*)
Difference= (1 + *) - 9 = {*) - 8. Also, difference = 9 - (1 + *) = 8 - (*)
In both cases, for (*) = 8, 8 - 8 = 0
Thus, for{*)= 8, the number 110880 is divis_ible by 55 or 5 and 11 both.

6. Which one of the following is not a perfect square?

{A) 324 {B) 462 (C) 576 (D) 784
(E) None of these
Answer (B)
Explanation:
(A) 324 : 2X 2X 3 X 3 X 3 X 3 = (2 X 9) X (2 X 9)
= 18 x 18; is a perfect square
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CHAPTER2 FACTORS AND MULTIPLES

(B) 462 = 2 x 3 x 7 x 11; is not a perfect square

(() 576 =2X 2X 2 X 2 X 2 X 2 X 3 X 3 : (8 X 3) X (8 X 3)
= 24 x 24; is a perfect square
(D) 784 =2X 2 X 2 X 2 X 7 X 7 =(4 X 7) X (4 X 7)
= 28 x 28; is a perfect square.

7. H.C.F. of the largest 4-digit number and the largest 5-digit number is:
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 9 (D) 99
(E) None of these
Answer (C)
Explanation: The largest 4-digit number = 9999
The largest 5-digit number= 99999
Thus, 9999 = 3 x 3 x 11 x 101
99999 = 3 X 3 X 41 X 271
Hence, the H.C.F. of 9999 and 99999 is 3 x 3 = 9

8. If the L.C.M. of any three numbers a, b, and c is x, then x cannot be

(A) greater than any of the numbers
.J,B) less than any of the numbers
¥,) equal to any of the numbers )
(D) less than the sum of numbers
(E) None of these
Answer (B)
Explanation: The L.C.M. of two or more numbers cannot be less than any of
them, but can be equal to any of them. Also, the L.C.M. of the numbers can be
less than their sum.
9. The floor of a room is 8 m 40 cm long and 7 m 56 cm broad. Find the
minimum number of square tiles of the same size needed to pave the entire
floor.
(A) 102 (B) 96 (C) 86 (D) 90
(E) None of these
Answer (D)
Explanation: Clearly, we must find the greatest number which divided
8 m 40 cm or 840 cm and 7 m 56 cm or 756 cm completely.
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Now, H.C.F. of 840 and 756 is follow:

756 \ 840( 1
) 756
84 \ 756(9
) 756
_o_
Hence, H.C.F of 840 and 756 is 84.
Area of floor
So, we have the required number of tiles = Area of one tile

2
.
= ----'---
(840 x756}cm
(84 x 84} cm'
=90 ties
1

10. Rahul goes to Mumbai every 24 days for one day and Abhay goes to Mumbai
every 36 days also for only one day. Today, both Rahul and Abhay are in
Mumbai. Within how many days will they be in Mumbai again at the same
time?
(C) 48 days (D) 60 days
(A) 36 days (B) 72 days
(E) None of these
Answer (B)
Explanation: Here, we have to find the number of days which is divisl le by
24 and 36 completely.
Now the L.C.M. of 24 and 36 is as follow:

2 24,36
2 12, 18
2 6, 9
3 3 9
3 1 3
1, 1
Therefore, L.C.M. = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 = 72
So, within 72 days they will be in Mumbai again at the same time .

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Practice Exercise 0
1. The difference of any two consecutive odd numbers is always:
(A) a composite number (B) the sma llest prime number
(C) an odd number (D) a multiple of 3
(E) zero
2. Which one of the following is not a factor of the largest 4-digit number?
(A) 101 (B) 11 (C) 9 f;O) 3
(E) None of these

3. The number of common prime factors of 4125, 1750, 3125 is:

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 5 (D) 4
(E) None of these

\ 4. 41 x 271 = 11111, Where 41 and 271 are prime numbers. The number of
distinct prime factors of the largest 5-digit nu_!llber is:
(A) 3 . (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) 6
(E) None of these

5. If the L.C.M. of two numbers is 210, then which of the following numbers
cannot be the H.C.F. of the number?
(A) 210 (B) 105 (C) 45 (D) 70
(E) None of these

6. '
If the number 240*86 is divisible by 18, then the digit at the place of * will
be:
(A) 2 (B) 7 (C) 6 (D) 4
(E) None of these

7. The least number which when decreased by 6 is exactly divisible by 9, 16,

24 and 27 will be:
(A) 430 (B) 436 . (C) _i~B (D) 444
(E) None of these , ~
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8. Find the greatest number which will divide the greate st 3 -dlgit nurnber
and the greatest 4-digit number.
(A) 9 '( B) 27 {C) 3 {D) 99
{E) None of these

9. Peter, Hari, Yogesh and Ali go for jogging every 3rd d~y, ~th day, 6th day I
and 18th day respectively. If they all together started Jogging today, When
the soonest will they meet?
{A) 36th day (B) 24th day
I
{C) 18th day (D) 28th day
(E) None of these l
10. X, Y, Z start at the same time in the same ~irection to run around a circular
stadium. X completes a round in 126 seconds, Y in 154 seconds and Z in 99
seconds, all starting at the same point. After what time will they again at
the starting point?
(A) 21 minutes 12 seconds
(B) 23 minutes 6 seconds
(C) 24 minutes 18 seconds
(D) 23 minutes 36 seconds
( E) None of these

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