Review Innovations CE Review for Nov 2022 – Algebra 1

PROBABILITY This simplified rule can be extended to any number of

For outcomes that are equally likely to occur mutually exclusive events.

Number of favorable outcomes Probability for Complementary Events

𝑃=
Number of all possible outcomes The complementary of event A is the event not A. Event
not A is usually denoted as A’ or Ac.
If the probability for an event to happen is 𝑃 and the
probability for it to fail is 𝑄, then 𝑃 + 𝑄 = 1.
U
Ac
Conditional Probability A
The probability that event B occurs given that event A has
occurred is denoted by 𝑃(𝐵 | 𝐴) . This is called the
conditional probability.
𝑃(𝐴) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴! )
The Multiplication Rule (The AND Rule)
The probability that two events A and B will occur in
sequence is Fundamental Principle of Counting
𝑃(𝐴 and 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵 | 𝐴) If event E1 can have n1 different outcomes, even E2 can have
n2 different outcomes, …, and event Em can have nm different
Baye’s Theorem outcomes, then it follows that the number of possible
outcomes in which composite events E1, E2, …, Em can have
𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵 | 𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐵) × 𝑃(𝐴 | 𝐵) is
If events A and B are independent, then the rule can be
N = n1 × n2 × … × nm
simplified to

P( A and B) = P( A) ´ P(B) We call this The Multiplication Principle.

This simplified rule can be extended for any number of Permutation

independent events. An arrangement of objects in a definite order

In sets, the notation is The number of permutations on n different objects taken

r at a time is
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) × 𝑃(𝐵) 𝑛!
𝑁 = 𝑛P𝑟 =
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!

Combination
Differs from permutation in that it does not involve the
A A∩B B arrangement of objects nor the order of selection
The number of combinations of n objects taken r at a time
is
where ∩ = intersect
𝑛!
𝑁 = 𝑛C𝑟 =
The Addition Rule (The OR Rule) 𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!
The probability that events 𝐴 or 𝐵 will occur is given by

𝑃(𝐴 or 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 and 𝐵) Note:

nPn = n! nCn = 1
In sets, the notation is 0! = 1 nC0 = 1

𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) Examples

1. What is the probability of drawing a Queen or a diamond
from a standard deck of cards? Answer: 4/13

2. A bag contains 3 white and 5 red balls. If two balls are

A A∩B B drawn in succession without replacement, what is the
probability that…
2a. both balls are red? Answer: 5/14
2b. both are white? Answer: 3/28
A∪B 2c. one is red and the other is white? Answer: 15/28
where ∪ = union 2d. both have the same color? Answer: 13/28

3. In a poker hand consisting of five cards, what is the

If events 𝐴 and 𝐵 are mutually exclusive, then the rule probability that…
can be simplified to
3a. all 5 are diamonds? Answer: 33/66,640
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) 3b. all 5 are of the same suit? Answer: 33/16,660
3c. 2 are clubs and 3 are hearts? Ans: 143/16,660

4. In a family of five children, what is the chance that there

A A∪B B are three boys and two girls? Answer: 5/16

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 Review Innovations CE Review for Nov 2022 – Algebra 1
5. Given a class of 12 girls and 10 boys. What is the 9. A certain statistical observation found that it has a
probability that a committee of five, chosen at random probability of failing once equal to 0.422, twice equal to
from the class, consists of: 0.141 and thrice equal to 0.016. Determine the probability
5a. only girls Answer: 0.03 that it will fall once or thrice. Answer: 0.438
5b. At least one girl Answer: 0.99
10. From a box containing 5 white balls, 7 blue balls, and 10
6. Throw two dice. What is the probability that the two black balls, one ball is drawn at random. Determine the
scores are different? Answer: 5/6 probability that it is blue or white? Answer: 6/11

7. If six cards are selected at random from a standard deck, 11. A store has three kinds of toys given in every purchase.
what is the probability that there will be no pairs? What is the probability of getting all three toys in five
Answer: 0.3452 purchases? Answer: 0.6173
8. In a room of 23 people, what is the probability that at least 12. In a population of 100,000 females, 89.835% can expect to
2 people have the same birthday? Assume birthdays are live to age 60, while 57.062% can expect to live to age 80.
uniformly distributed across the year and there is no leap Given that a woman is 60, what is the probability that she
year complication. Answer: 0.50 lives to age 80? Answer: 63.52%
9. Urn 1 contains 5 white balls and 7 black balls. Urn 2 13. A bin contains 25 light bulbs, 5 of which are in good
contains 3 whites and 12 blacks. A fair coin is flipped. If condition and will function for at least 30 days of use, 10
it shows heads, a ball from urn 1 is drawn; if it is tails, a of which are partially defective and will fail on the
ball from urn 2 is drawn. Suppose a white ball was second day of use and 10 of which are totally defective
selected. What is the probability that this ball was taken and will not light up. Given that a randomly selected
from Urn 2? Answer: 12/37 bulb initially lights up, what is the probability that it will
10. A truth serum given to a suspect is known to be 90% still be working after one week? Ans: 1/3
reliable when the person is guilty and 99% reliable when 14. The probability that an automobile being filled with
the person is innocent. If the suspect was selected from a gasoline will also need an oil change is 0.25; the
group of suspects of which only 5% have ever committed probability that it needs a new oil filter is 0.40; and the
a crime, and the serum indicates that he is guilty, what is probability that both the oil and filter need changing is
the probability that he is innocent? Answer: 0.174 0.14.
14a. If the oil had to be changed, what is the probability
that a new oil filter is needed? Answer: 0.56
For Practice
14b. If a new oil filter is needed, what is the probability
1. A face of a coin is either head or tail. If three coins are
tossed, what is the probability of getting three tails? that the oil has to be changed? Answer: 0.35
Answer: 1/8 15. A box contains 5 defective and 195 non-defective cell
2. A coin is tossed twice. What is the probability that at phones. A quality control engineer selects 2 cell phones
least one head occurs? Answer: 3/4 at random without replacement. What is the probability
that exactly 1 is defective? Answer: 0.0490
3. Suppose you toss a coin and then roll a die. What is the
probability of obtaining a tail and then rolling a 1? 16. A box of electronic items contains 16 which pass
Answer: 1/12 international product standards and 4 which do not. If
three items are selected at random from the box, what is
4. A die is loaded in such a way that an even number is
the probability that all three pass international product
twice as likely to occur as an odd number. Find the
standards? Answer: 0.4912
probability that if this die is rolled, a number less than 4
occurs. Answer: 4/9 17. A random sample of 15 persons is taken from a
population in which 42% are Muslims. What is the
5. The probability that a doctor correctly diagnoses a
probability that exactly 6 persons in the sample are
particular illness is 0.7. Given that the doctor makes an
Muslims? Answer: 0.2041
incorrect diagnosis, the probability that the patient
enters a lawsuit is 0.9. What is the probability that the 18. A pump has a failure, on the average, once in every 5,000
doctor makes an incorrect diagnosis, and the patient hours of operations. What is the probability that no
sues? Answer: 0.27 failure will occur in 10,000 hours of operation?
Answer: 0.135
6. One bag contains 4 white balls and 3 black balls, and a
second bag contains 3 white balls and 5 black balls. One 19. Four cards are drawn at random from a deck of 52 cards.
ball is drawn at random from the second bag and is What is the probability that all four are face cards?
Answer: 99/54,145
placed unseen in the first bag. What is the probability
that a ball now drawn from the first bag is black? 20. The probabilities that three men hit a target are 1/6, 1/4,
Ans: 29/64 and 1/3, respectively. Each shoot once at the target. If
7. The probability that a family owns a washing machine is only one of them hits the target, find the probability that
0.78 and the probability that it owns a VCR is 0.71. The it was the first man. Answer: 6/31
probability that it owns both a washing machine and a 21. Studies have shown that 72.5% of apprehended
VCR is 0.58. What is the probability that a randomly snatchers in Metro Manila are drug users. In a random
selected family owns a washing machine or a VCR? sample of 16 apprehended snatchers, what is the
Ans: 0.910
probability that exactly 10 of them are drug users?
8. The probability that both stages of a two-stage missile Answer: 0.139
will function correctly is 0.95. The probability that the 22. Aedan tries to eat at least five pieces of fruit each day.
first stage will function correctly is 0.98. What is the The probability that he does is 0.6, independent of any
probability that the second stage will function correctly other day. What is the probability that Aedan eats at
given that the first one does? Answer: 0.969 least five pieces of fruit on more than half the days in a
given week? Answer: 71%

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