20%, Silver 10o, gola

ACTIVITY2 Setuon A
Ad tr
AlIM
and check continuity oI a circuit using muls
given circuit using.
0 measure resistance, voltage (a.c./d.c.), current (a.c.)

YOU NEED
coil 3. A battery eliminator of 2 V. 4V.and
. of different values 2. One standard resistance
Carbon resistors

step-down transformer of 2 V and 4 V5. A resistor of 100 ohm to

make A.C. circuit 6. A one-way key 7. Ami

HOW TO DO
(a)For measurement of resistance:
1. Mark the given three resistors as r, Ta and rg.
2. Note down the colours of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th ring for each resistor and record in the observation
3. Plug the black prob in common terminal and red in the +ve terminals of the multimeter and selectthe
range, short the other ends of the probes and adjust zero. Now turn the terminal marked 'Aaust
needle of the meter shows full scale deflection and reads zero ohm.

50 Saraswati Lab Manual Physics-XI

 in between the
two
eu
measured
Now separate the two ends of probes and insert resistor
resistor r,
r, which
which 18
is to
to be ncd record it it in
in the
observation

letlents 0sert and record

of the two probes and read the deflection of the pointer on the range selected
zero.
table and testing
the
lor appropriate range
5. step 4 otherfortwo resistors
Repeatthethe hos
, and Pa, each time select the
resistors r , '2
and r
ohms and
in
write

6By using colour code carbon resistor, fnd

their values with tolerance
out the values of

the measured decoded values.

7Compare vale of resistors by multimeter and the colour code
(6)d.e. Voltage:

Take any d.e. souree of potential difference say 6V battery eliminato

Plug the black probe in common terminal and red probe in +ve terminal oof the multimeter
Select d.e. volt by turning the selector switch to range 10 V d.e. volts.
marked +Ve and
other battery terminal
4 Place and press the
black probe end on
of
ends the
to the
-ve and note
probes so that the red probe end is on

reading.
5. Insert the red probe in terminals marked 2 V, 4 V and record the readings in the ta
clac lalage: R
Metre bridge wwww-
1. Turn the selector a.c. C
Place and press the probes other ends to two terminals of an
a.c. souroe of potential drop and record the
reading.
s Use red probe in terminals 2 V, 4 V and record the readings.
Cantinuity ofthe given circuit:
1, Choose any cireut to check the continuity. (Fig. 3)
Set the selector Switch to ohm and select the
range Megaohm
MQ HH
s. Place and press the ends of probes at A and B, full scale deflection
Fig. 3 Circuit diagram for checking continuity
indicates continuity.
Similariy check the continuity between terminals B and C, and terminals C and D.
Note. Never place the probes ends between terminals connected with the terminals of battery.

OBSERVATIONS

(a) Table for measurement of resistance

Colour of rings Value of tolerance Resistance measured Difference
Resistor from colour code by Multimeter in percentage)
2) (2)

6) Table for measurement of A.C. and D.C. voltage

aC. Voltage between terminals Voltage measured by Difference

or No of a.c. or d.c. multimeter V- Vo
de. volt volt source Vo (volt) V (volt (volt)

dc.
de. 2.
d.c. 3.

a.C.

a.c. .

a.c.

Saraswati Lab Manual Physics-XII 51

 ACTIV 4
Sectuom A Actuvl
AlM
To assemble the components of a
given electrical circuit.
2
YOU NEED
1. Resistor 2. Ammeter 3.
Voltmeter 4. One-way key 5. Battery 6. Rheostat 7. Connecting wires.
HOW TO DO
1. Make the circuit diagram as shown in Battery Ammeter
Rheostat
Fig. 5.
2. Connect the ammeter, rheostat, resistor and
shown in battery in series with each other HH- Key
www
as Fig. 5.
3. Connect voltmeter in parallel with the
given resistor as shown in Fig. 5.
4. For measurement of current
flowing through
the circuit and potential drop
across the resistor 'R, insert the
plug in key and adjust the rheostat so that Resistor
ammeter and voltmeter show some deflections and record the
observations.
5. Assembly of electric components in the electric circuit is R
complete.
CONCLUSION
Assembly of all the
-O-
components in the electric circuit is complete. Voltmeter
UTILITY Fig. 5 Electric circuit using
It is used for measuring given components
an unknown resistance.

TAKE CARE
1. Ammeter is connected in series in the circuit.
2. Voltmeter is connected in parallel with the given resistor.
 2. The posiive pole ot
battery and positive terminal of
the potentiometer. voltmeter must be connected with zero
ma
3. The jockey should be
gently pressed over the
4. The reading of ammeter should potentiometer wire.
remain constant
throughout the experiment.
ACTIVITY 6
Ject ovA Actuct
AIM
To draw the dagram of given open circuit comprising of at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and
voltmeter. Niark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the Circunt

diagram.

YOU NEED
Ammeter Cell
1.A voltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range 2. A battery eliminator
of range 0 to 6 volt 3. A dry cell 4. Two one-way keys 5. A rheostat. mA
Voltmeter
THEORY
from it. Thhe
A cell is said to be in a n open circuit when no current is drawn wwwwww
circuit is shown in the Fig. 8 and the
circuit diagram of a cel in an open Rheostat
connected as shown in the diagram (Fig. 8).
components a r e

HOWTO DO
diagram shown in Fig. 8 and connect all the given
1. Make the circuit
as
and K2 open. K2 Battery
shown in the Fig. 8 keeping the keys K
components a s with the rheostat circuit diagram using given
that the cell is connected in parallel Fig. 8 Open c o m p o n e n t s
2. Make s u r e
resistance box,
milliammeter
in series with the box.
and it is connected with the resistance
is connected in parallel circuit
according to the
voltmeter
and the rheostat and key K,
the battery, in key
Also c o n n e c t insert the plug
key K2 open and
r e s i s t a n c e box, keeping
diagram. ohm) from the
r e s i s t a n c e (say 5 rheostat from
left to
3. Take o u t
sonme
a m m e t e r and
voltmeter.
slowly shift the
n o t e the reading
of in key K2 and
K, n o w at 4 volt and insert the plug
eliminator
battery
Adjust the m i l l i a m m e t e r reading.
shows z e r o
reading.
o b s e r v e the for open
circuit.
right and when
milliammeter
the cell is set
rheostat reading, the
of z e r o
the sliding the cell a s
it gives
5. Stop drawn from
c u r r e n t is
As no
6 circuit.
be in open
is said to
cONCLUSION hence, cell
reading, circuit.
shows zero
with the
When
ammeter
connected in parallel
should be
voltmeter

while
series
TAKE C A R E connected
in rheostat.
should be with the
1.
Ammeter
connected
in parallel should be used.

should be range
of p r o p e r
2. Cell ammeter

Voltmeter
and
3.

55
Physics-XIl

Manual
Lab
Saraswati
 ACTIvITIES
Xectuon BACTIVIT1
AIM
identify a diode, an
LED
To a
resistor and a
YoUNEED capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.
1.A mixed collection D 2. A
diode 3. Atransistor
EORY 4. An IC 5. A
resistor 6. A
RD. Resistor, Capacitor capacitor.
Diodminal device
multiterm
(which has
are two
terminal devices, while a
the mixture minimum of eight evices, transis
transistor has
ot
terminals). Generally an IC hasthree terminals and
Fromt IC 1s
diode, LED, an a

terminal device
a three termin
and an 1C transistor, IC, resistor, capacitor one
being
flat back
vanious components. can easily 1denuiy
multiterminal, i.e.. at least eight terminal
Remaining two terminal device simpiy y
devices, i.e., diode,
components.
LED. canacitor and resistor one can
Capacitor. It does not conduct when utilize the characteristuCs of
Or th
UCne
Resistor. It gives the constant connected with d.c. circuit.
current
Diode. It conduets when forward biasedwhen connected with d.c. circuit.
while conducting. and it
does not conduct when it is
reverse biased. It does not emit
ALED. conducts when forward biased
It g
and does not
conduct when reverse biased. It emits
HOW TO DO light while conduColng
1. Look at the mixture of
a chip, it is an IC. components, if the item has more than three
terminals (or three legs) and has torm oI
2. The component with three terminals (three
3. Use a multimeter
with selector legs) is a transistor.
switch at the position R to check the
The probe metal ends continuity.
are inserted in terminals marked the
way that black one is in common
and red
on multimeter as common and P (+ve) in such a
two other ends of the probe is in P (+ve). On
touching the two ends of the device to the
probes, if
(a) There is continuity in both the directions (directly connected and
definite deflection, the reversed), the meter needle shows a
component is resistor, as it conducts both reverse and forward
(6) If there is only one direction flow of
current, i.e., when probes are connected in such a
biasing.
metal tip of black probe is connected to the so that the
terminal of deflection device marked +ve and way
to the common that of red probe
terminal, current fows, but no current flows on reversing the
device is a diode as it conducts in forward biased and it polarity, then the
does not conduct in reverse biased. component
c) Observe if the diode while conducting emits
light, if it does not, it is simply a diode. If it emits
conducting, it is LED (light emitting diode). light while
d) When the component on connecting to probes of multimeter shows afull scale deflection
decays to zero with the passage of time, i.e., Component has
initially but it
very high infinite resistance, the
or
is a capacitor. component

OBSERVATIONS
S.No. No. of terminals (legs) Component
More than three legs IC (integrated circuit)
2. Three legs Transistor
Two legs Resistor, Capacitor, Diode or LED

Saraswati Lab Manual PhysicS-XI 99

S.No. Possibility of current flow Component
1 Current flows in one direction and emits no light Diode
2 Current flows in one direction and emits light LED
3. Current flows in both direction and it is steady Resistor
4. Initially high current but decays to zero Capacitor

ACTIVITY 2
 planes l
decreases with increase of distance.
Thissh0
ACTIVITY 4 as the p

bectuon8
Actwt
N D I A G R A

AIM P
To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a
beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slaD Incident
Incide ray Angle of incidence
Air
x B
YOU NEED Na Glass
1. Glass slab 2. Drawing board 3. A sheet of white paper
Refracted
Glass slat
4. Drawing pins 5. Office pins 6. Protractor ray
Angle of
THEORY refraction

When a ray of light incident on a parallel faced glass slab,

it emerges from it in a same direction as the incident N
ray. It only suffers a lateral displacement which is
proportional to the thickness of the slab. Fig. 2) Angle of
emergence
HOW TO DO
1. Fix a white paper sheet with the help of drawing
pins on a drawing board.

2. Take a glass slab and put it symmetrically in

NA
Emergent ray
the middle of the white sheet paper and mark its asssa
boundary ABCD. Fig. 2 Refraction of ray of light through a glas

102 Saraswati Lab Manual Physics-XII

 nor mal N,N, at point X
Draw
a on face AB and
8.
POis
incident ray. draw a line PQ which makes with the N,Na. Linne
an angle i
as
two pins
at P and on the line
Fix PQ at a
distance
4. of these pins P and 10
between themseives
cm or more
5. See ima
through
5See and the image of the pins P, Q lie the face DC and fix two pins at points R and S such that the pi
R,S in the same
v e the glass slab and draw a straight line.
straight line through R. S which represent
V Draw normal N3V4
a at I and
Join XY. Measure the emergent ray and meets 1a DC
to angle i. angle N,YR, i.e., angle e hich comes to be equ
Droduce PQX forward to cut Dc at Z.
Draw TZ perpendicular to RSY. TZ measures the lateral displacetne
d.
the experiment for two more
Repeat observations and observe lateral diplacement d every time.

ONCLUSIONS

emerging trom a glass slab is parallel to the incident ray and it is laterally displaced.
he ray of light

ACTIVITY 5
 ACTIVITY8

AUM
Actit3
lens, by using candle and sereen (for
10 Study the nature and size of the image formed by a convex on a sereen a

ditferent distances of the candle from the lens).

Saraswati Lab Manual Physics-XIl 107

 YOU NEED
1. A convex lens with lens holder 2. An optical bench with three uprights 3. A cardboard screen
4. Acandle
matchbox.

From
ninilty 2F
2

(a) Object at infinity

(b) Object beyond 2F

2F
2F A
A

(c) Object at 2F
(d) Object between 2F and F

****
B

2F A F
Image at infinity 2F

(e) Object at F
Fig.8 Ray diagrams (f) Object between F and O
for image formation for different positions of the object

F
Image
2F

Object Screen
(candle) Convex lens

Fig. 9 Study the nature and size

of image formed by a convex lens
THEORY using a candle
The size of the
lens. Various
image of an object formed by a
convex lens
images formed for the different depends upon the position of the
positions of the
object are shown in Fig. 8. object w.r.t. the convex
108 Saraswati Lab Manual
Physics-XII
H O WT O D o

1gh
the rough focal length ot the
convex lens by a
1. Find
white paper screen,
obtaining
ning a and clear
sharp and clear image
1mmag of a distant objecu o
M o u n t
lhe convex lens in a lens holder in central
upright
upright, and place
place it
it in
in the
the middle
middle oof the optical De
the cardboard sCreen on
right hand side
an and candle on the left hand side of
d candle on the left hand side the lens on the other bw
M o u n t

. of the
u p r i g h t s .

e
the heights ot the three uprights in the c a ndle
dl
Arr dd the centre of the screen lhe in a ucnsuch aa way so that the
way so the lens, the tip of
centre of the
the centre
flame a n
Sam same
e straight len
5. Displace the candle upright and place it
straight line
line which
which isis parallel
parallei
to the optical bench. w
ace the
ted image on the sereen by adjustingbeyond 2F onofthe
the position theoptical
screenbench andNote
upright. sizesharpest
thethe
locate real an
of the image, 1us
inve
size is s m a l l e r .

nlace
Now place
the candle upright at the position of 2F and again adjust the position of the screen upright to Be
6. the sharpest, real and inverted image of same size.
.
Aainplace the candie upright at the position between F and 2F and adjust the position ot tne
so
Ond
beyon 2F)
to get sharpest, real and
inverted magnified image on the screen.
Place the candle upright at F on the optical bench, and adjust the position of screen upright to get the image
because o
You will not be able to obtain a distinct image for any position of the screen on the optical bench
the fact that if an object is placed at F, its image is formed at infinity (Fig. 8e) and it is blurred.

9. Record all the observations in the table.

OBSERVATIONS

Rough focal length of the convex lens F cm = = ...

Position of 2F = . . . . cma

Table for the position, nature, size of the image formed by convex lens
Position of candle flame Position of the image Nature of the image
S. Position of lens
(cm) relative to the lens (cm) (cm)
No.
diminished.
At infinity At F Real, inverted, highly
Between F and 2F Real, inverted, diminished.
Beyond 2F
Real, inverted, same size.
At 2F At 2F

Between F and 2F Beyond 2F Real, inverted, magnified and blurred.

At infinity Real, inverted, magnified but blurred.
At F
. Virtual (cannot be taken on screen),
Between F and OO Same side of the object
6. erect, highly magnified.

CONCLUSION