Transport

French National Police use several modes of

transport, each with its distinct advantages and
disadvantages.
A bulk carrier BW Fjord

An Air France A380 on approach to Washington

Dulles International Airport

Transport or transportation is the

movement of humans, animals and
goods from one location to another. In
other words, the action of transport is
defined as a particular movement of an
organism or thing from a point A to a
Point B. Modes of transport include air,
land (rail and road), water, cable,
pipeline and space. The field can be
divided into infrastructure, vehicles and
operations. Transport enables trade
between people, which is essential for
the development of civilizations.

Transport infrastructure consists of the

fixed installations, including roads,
railways, airways, waterways, canals and
pipelines and terminals such as airports,
railway stations, bus stations,
warehouses, trucking terminals, refueling
depots (including fueling docks and fuel
stations) and seaports. Terminals may be
used both for interchange of passengers
and cargo and for maintenance.

Vehicles traveling on these networks

may include automobiles, bicycles,
buses, trains, trucks, helicopters,
watercraft, spacecraft and aircraft.

Operations deal with the way the

vehicles are operated, and the
procedures set for this purpose,
including financing, legalities, and
policies. In the transport industry,
operations and ownership of
infrastructure can be either public or
private, depending on the country and
mode.

Passenger transport may be public,

where operators provide scheduled
services, or private. Freight transport has
become focused on containerization,
although bulk transport is used for large
volumes of durable items. Transport
plays an important part in economic
growth and globalization, but most types
cause air pollution and use large
amounts of land. While it is heavily
subsidized by governments, good
planning of transport is essential to make
traffic flow and restrain urban sprawl.
History

Bronocice pot with the earliest known image of a

wheeled vehicle in the world, found in Poland

A bullock team hauling wool in Australia

Humans' first means of transport
involved walking, running and swimming.
The domestication of animals introduced
a new way to lay the burden of transport
on more powerful creatures, allowing the
hauling of heavier loads, or humans
riding animals for greater speed and
duration. Inventions such as the wheel
and the sled helped make animal
transport more efficient through the
introduction of vehicles. Water transport,
including rowed and sailed vessels,
dates back to time immemorial, and was
the only efficient way to transport large
quantities or over large distances prior to
the Industrial Revolution.
The first forms of road transport involved
animals, such as horses (domesticated
in the 4th or the 3rd millennium BCE),
oxen (from about 8000 BCE)[1] or
humans carrying goods over dirt tracks
that often followed game trails. Many
early civilizations, including those in
Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley,
constructed paved roads. In classical
antiquity, the Persian and Roman
empires built stone-paved roads to allow
armies to travel quickly. Deep roadbeds
of crushed stone underneath kept such
roads dry. The medieval Caliphate later
built tar-paved roads. The first watercraft
were canoes cut out from tree trunks.
Early water transport was accomplished
with ships that were either rowed or
used the wind for propulsion, or a
combination of the two. The importance
of water has led to most cities that grew
up as sites for trading being located on
rivers or on the sea-shore, often at the
intersection of two bodies of water. Until
the Industrial Revolution, transport
remained slow and costly, and
production and consumption gravitated
as close to each other as feasible.
The Wright brothers' first flight in 1903

The Industrial Revolution in the 19th

century saw a number of inventions
fundamentally change transport. With
telegraphy, communication became
instant and independent of the transport
of physical objects. The invention of the
steam engine, closely followed by its
application in rail transport, made land
transport independent of human or
animal muscles. Both speed and
capacity increased rapidly, allowing
specialization through manufacturing
being located independently of natural
resources. The 19th century also saw the
development of the steam ship, which
sped up global transport.

With the development of the combustion

engine and the automobile around 1900,
road transport became more competitive
again, and mechanical private transport
originated. The first "modern" highways
were constructed during the 19th
century with macadam. Later, tarmac
and concrete became the dominant
paving materials. In 1903 the Wright
brothers demonstrated the first
successful controllable airplane, and
after World War I (1914–1918) aircraft
became a fast way to transport people
and express goods over long
distances.[2]

After World War II (1939–1945) the

automobile and airlines took higher
shares of transport, reducing rail and
water to freight and short-haul
passenger services.[3] Scientific
spaceflight began in the 1950s, with
rapid growth until the 1970s, when
interest dwindled. In the 1950s the
introduction of containerization gave
massive efficiency gains in freight
transport, fostering globalization.[4]
International air travel became much
more accessible in the 1960s with the
commercialization of the jet engine.
Along with the growth in automobiles
and motorways, rail and water transport
declined in relative importance. After the
introduction of the Shinkansen in Japan
in 1964, high-speed rail in Asia and
Europe started attracting passengers on
long-haul routes away from the
airlines.[3]

Early in U.S. history, private joint-stock

corporations owned most aqueducts,
bridges, canals, railroads, roads, and
tunnels. Most such transport
infrastructure came under government
control in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries, culminating in the
nationalization of inter-city passenger
rail-service with the establishment of
Amtrak. Recently, however, a movement
to privatize roads and other
infrastructure has gained some ground
and adherents.[5]

Mode
A mode of transport is a solution that
makes use of a particular type of vehicle,
infrastructure, and operation. The
transport of a person or of cargo may
involve one mode or several of the
modes, with the latter case being called
intermodal or multimodal transport. Each
mode has its own advantages and
disadvantages, and will be chosen for a
trip on the basis of cost, capability, and
route.

Human-powered

Human-powered transport remains common in

developing countries.
Human-powered transport, a form of
sustainable transport, is the transport of
people and/or goods using human
muscle-power, in the form of walking,
running and swimming. Modern
technology has allowed machines to
enhance human power. Human-
powered transport remains popular for
reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical
exercise, and environmentalism; it is
sometimes the only type available,
especially in underdeveloped or
inaccessible regions.

Although humans are able to walk

without infrastructure, the transport can
be enhanced through the use of roads,
especially when using the human power
with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline
skates. Human-powered vehicles have
also been developed for difficult
environments, such as snow and water,
by watercraft rowing and skiing; even
the air can be entered with human-
powered aircraft.

Animal-powered

Animal-powered transport is the use of

working animals for the movement of
people and commodities. Humans may
ride some of the animals directly, use
them as pack animals for carrying
goods, or harness them, alone or in
teams, to pull sleds or wheeled vehicles.

Air

An Air France Airbus A318 lands at London

Heathrow Airport.

A fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called

airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft
where movement of the air in relation to
the wings is used to generate lift. The
term is used to distinguish this from
rotary-wing aircraft, where the
movement of the lift surfaces relative to
the air generates lift. A gyroplane is both
fixed-wing and rotary wing. Fixed-wing
aircraft range from small trainers and
recreational aircraft to large airliners and
military cargo aircraft.

Two things necessary for aircraft are air

flow over the wings for lift and an area
for landing. The majority of aircraft also
need an airport with the infrastructure to
receive maintenance, restocking,
refueling and for the loading and
unloading of crew, cargo, and
passengers. While the vast majority of
aircraft land and take off on land, some
are capable of take-off and landing on
ice, snow, and calm water.

The aircraft is the second fastest method

of transport, after the rocket.
Commercial jets can reach up to 955
kilometres per hour (593 mph), single-
engine aircraft 555 kilometres per hour
(345 mph). Aviation is able to quickly
transport people and limited amounts of
cargo over longer distances, but incurs
high costs and energy use; for short
distances or in inaccessible places,
helicopters can be used.[6] As of April
28, 2009, The Guardian article notes that
"the WHO estimates that up to 500,000
people are on planes at any time."[7]

Land

Land transport covers all land-based

transport systems that provide for the
movement of people, goods and
services. Land transport plays a vital role
in linking communities to each other.
Land transport is a key factor in urban
planning. It consists of 2 kinds, rail and
road.
Rail

InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger

train

The New York City Subway is the world's largest

rapid transit system by length of routes and by
number of stations.
Rail transport is where a train runs along
a set of two parallel steel rails, known as
a railway or railroad. The rails are
anchored perpendicular to ties (or
sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to
maintain a consistent distance apart, or
gauge. The rails and perpendicular
beams are placed on a foundation made
of concrete or compressed earth and
gravel in a bed of ballast. Alternative
methods include monorail and maglev.

A train consists of one or more

connected vehicles that operate on the
rails. Propulsion is commonly provided
by a locomotive, that hauls a series of
unpowered cars, that can carry
passengers or freight. The locomotive
can be powered by steam, diesel or by
electricity supplied by trackside systems.
Alternatively, some or all the cars can be
powered, known as a multiple unit. Also,
a train can be powered by horses,
cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas
turbines. Railed vehicles move with
much less friction than rubber tires on
paved roads, making trains more energy
efficient, though not as efficient as ships.

Intercity trains are long-haul services

connecting cities;[8] modern high-speed
rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h
(220 mph), but this requires specially
built track. Regional and commuter trains
feed cities from suburbs and
surrounding areas, while intra-urban
transport is performed by high-capacity
tramways and rapid transits, often
making up the backbone of a city's
public transport. Freight trains
traditionally used box cars, requiring
manual loading and unloading of the
cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains
have become the dominant solution for
general freight, while large quantities of
bulk are transported by dedicated trains.

Road
The Harbor Freeway is often heavily congested at
rush hour in Downtown Los Angeles.

A road is an identifiable route, way or

path between two or more places.[9]
Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or
otherwise prepared to allow easy
travel;[10] though they need not be, and
historically many roads were simply
recognizable routes without any formal
construction or maintenance.[11] In urban
areas, roads may pass through a city or
village and be named as streets, serving
a dual function as urban space
easement and route.[12]

The most common road vehicle is the

automobile; a wheeled passenger
vehicle that carries its own motor. Other
users of roads include buses, trucks,
motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians.
As of 2010, there were 1.015 billion
automobiles worldwide. Road transport
offers a complete freedom to road users
to transfer the vehicle from one lane to
the other and from one road to another
according to the need and convenience.
This flexibility of changes in location,
direction, speed, and timings of travel is
not available to other modes of
transport. It is possible to provide door to
door service only by road transport.

Automobiles provide high flexibility with

low capacity, but require high energy
and area use, and are the main source
of noise and air pollution in cities; buses
allow for more efficient travel at the cost
of reduced flexibility.[13] Road transport
by truck is often the initial and final stage
of freight transport.

Water
Built by the Dutch to transport spices, now used by
the local fishermen to get to the sea, Negombo
Dutch canal, Sri Lanka

Automobile ferry in Croatia

Water transport is movement by means

of a watercraft—such as a barge, boat,
ship or sailboat—over a body of water,
such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or
river. The need for buoyancy is common
to watercraft, making the hull a dominant
aspect of its construction, maintenance
and appearance.

In the 19th century, the first steam ships

were developed, using a steam engine
to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to
move the ship. The steam was produced
in a boiler using wood or coal and fed
through a steam external combustion
engine. Now most ships have an internal
combustion engine using a slightly
refined type of petroleum called bunker
fuel. Some ships, such as submarines,
use nuclear power to produce the
steam. Recreational or educational craft
still use wind power, while some smaller
craft use internal combustion engines to
drive one or more propellers, or in the
case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In
shallow draft areas, hovercraft are
propelled by large pusher-prop fans.
(See Marine propulsion.)

Although it is slow compared to other

transport, modern sea transport is a
highly efficient method of transporting
large quantities of goods. Commercial
vessels, nearly 35,000 in number,
carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in
2007.[14] Transport by water is
significantly less costly than air transport
for transcontinental shipping;[15] short
sea shipping and ferries remain viable in
coastal areas.[16][17]

Other modes

Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil

Pipeline transport sends goods through a

pipe; most commonly liquid and gases
are sent, but pneumatic tubes can also
send solid capsules using compressed
air. For liquids/gases, any chemically
stable liquid or gas can be sent through
a pipeline. Short-distance systems exist
for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while
long-distance networks are used for
petroleum and natural gas.

Cable transport is a broad mode where

vehicles are pulled by cables instead of
an internal power source. It is most
commonly used at steep gradient.
Typical solutions include aerial tramway,
elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of
these are also categorized as conveyor
transport.
Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's
atmosphere into outer space by means
of a spacecraft. While large amounts of
research have gone into technology, it is
rarely used except to put satellites into
orbit, and conduct scientific
experiments. However, man has landed
on the moon, and probes have been
sent to all the planets of the Solar
System.

Suborbital spaceflight is the fastest of

the existing and planned transport
systems from a place on Earth to a
distant "other place" on Earth. Faster
transport could be achieved through part
of a low Earth orbit, or following that
trajectory even faster using the
propulsion of the rocket to steer it.

Elements
Infrastructure

Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads

and railways to cross bodies of water.

Infrastructure is the fixed installations

that allow a vehicle to operate. It consists
of a roadway, a terminal, and facilities
for parking and maintenance. For rail,
pipeline, road and cable transport, the
entire way the vehicle travels must be
constructed. Air and watercraft are able
to avoid this, since the airway and
seaway do not need to be constructed.
However, they require fixed
infrastructure at terminals.

Terminals such as airports, ports, and

stations, are locations where passengers
and freight can be transferred from one
vehicle or mode to another. For
passenger transport, terminals are
integrating different modes to allow
riders, who are interchanging between
modes, to take advantage of each
mode's benefits. For instance, airport rail
links connect airports to the city centers
and suburbs. The terminals for
automobiles are parking lots, while
buses and coaches can operate from
simple stops.[18] For freight, terminals act
as transshipment points, though some
cargo is transported directly from the
point of production to the point of use.

The financing of infrastructure can either

be public or private. Transport is often a
natural monopoly and a necessity for the
public; roads, and in some countries
railways and airports are funded through
taxation. New infrastructure projects can
have high costs and are often financed
through debt. Many infrastructure
owners, therefore, impose usage fees,
such as landing fees at airports, or toll
plazas on roads. Independent of this,
authorities may impose taxes on the
purchase or use of vehicles. Because of
poor forecasting and overestimation of
passenger numbers by planners, there is
frequently a benefits shortfall for
transport infrastructure projects.[19]

Vehicles
A Fiat Uno in 2018

A vehicle is a non-living device that is

used to move people and goods. Unlike
the infrastructure, the vehicle moves
along with the cargo and riders. Unless
being pulled/pushed by a cable or
muscle-power, the vehicle must provide
its own propulsion; this is most
commonly done through a steam
engine, combustion engine, electric
motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though
other means of propulsion also exist.
Vehicles also need a system of
converting the energy into movement;
this is most commonly done through
wheels, propellers and pressure.

Vehicles are most commonly staffed by

a driver. However, some systems, such
as people movers and some rapid
transits, are fully automated. For
passenger transport, the vehicle must
have a compartment, seat, or platform
for the passengers. Simple vehicles,
such as automobiles, bicycles or simple
aircraft, may have one of the passengers
as a driver.
Operation

Incheon International Airport, South Korea

Private transport is only subject to the

owner of the vehicle, who operates the
vehicle themselves. For public transport
and freight transport, operations are
done through private enterprise or by
governments. The infrastructure and
vehicles may be owned and operated by
the same company, or they may be
operated by different entities.
Traditionally, many countries have had a
national airline and national railway.
Since the 1980s, many of these have
been privatized. International shipping
remains a highly competitive industry
with little regulation,[20] but ports can be
public-owned.[21]

Policy

As the population of the world increases,

cities grow in size and population—
according to the United Nations, 55% of
the world’s population live in cities, and
by 2050 this number is expected to rise
to 68%.[22] Public transport policy must
evolve to meet the changing priorities of
the urban world.[23] The institution of
policy enforces order in transport, which
is by nature chaotic as people attempt to
travel from one place to another as fast
as possible. This policy helps to reduce
accidents and save lives.

Functions
Relocation of travelers and cargo are the
most common uses of transport.
However, other uses exist, such as the
strategic and tactical relocation of armed
forces during warfare, or the civilian
mobility construction or emergency
equipment.

Passenger

A local transit bus operated by ACTION in

Canberra, Australia

Passenger transport, or travel, is divided

into public and private transport. Public
transport is scheduled services on fixed
routes, while private is vehicles that
provide ad hoc services at the riders
desire. The latter offers better flexibility,
but has lower capacity, and a higher
environmental impact. Travel may be as
part of daily commuting, for business,
leisure or migration.

Short-haul transport is dominated by the

automobile and mass transit. The latter
consists of buses in rural and small
cities, supplemented with commuter rail,
trams and rapid transit in larger cities.
Long-haul transport involves the use of
the automobile, trains, coaches and
aircraft, the last of which have become
predominantly used for the longest,
including intercontinental, travel.
Intermodal passenger transport is where
a journey is performed through the use
of several modes of transport; since all
human transport normally starts and
ends with walking, all passenger
transport can be considered intermodal.
Public transport may also involve the
intermediate change of vehicle, within or
across modes, at a transport hub, such
as a bus or railway station.

Taxis and buses can be found on both

ends of the public transport spectrum.
Buses are the cheapest mode of
transport but are not necessarily flexible,
and taxis are very flexible but more
expensive. In the middle is demand-
responsive transport, offering flexibility
whilst remaining affordable.

International travel may be restricted for

some individuals due to legislation and
visa requirements.

Medical transport

An ambulance from World War I

An ambulance is a vehicle used to
transport people from or between places
of treatment,[24] and in some instances
will also provide out-of-hospital medical
care to the patient. The word is often
associated with road-going "emergency
ambulances", which form part of
emergency medical services,
administering emergency care to those
with acute medical problems.

Air medical services is a comprehensive

term covering the use of air transport to
move patients to and from healthcare
facilities and accident scenes. Personnel
provide comprehensive prehospital and
emergency and critical care to all types
of patients during aeromedical
evacuation or rescue operations, aboard
helicopters, propeller aircraft, or jet
aircraft.[25][26]

Freight

Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in

the value chain in manufacturing.[27]
With increased specialization and
globalization, production is being located
further away from consumption, rapidly
increasing the demand for transport.[28]
Transport creates place utility by moving
the goods from the place of production
to the place of consumption. While all
modes of transport are used for cargo
transport, there is high differentiation
between the nature of the cargo
transport, in which mode is chosen.[29]
Logistics refers to the entire process of
transferring products from producer to
consumer, including storage, transport,
transshipment, warehousing, material-
handling, and packaging, with
associated exchange of information.[30]
Incoterm deals with the handling of
payment and responsibility of risk during
transport.[31]
Freight train with shipping containers in the United
Kingdom

Containerization, with the

standardization of ISO containers on all
vehicles and at all ports, has
revolutionized international and domestic
trade, offering a huge reduction in
transshipment costs. Traditionally, all
cargo had to be manually loaded and
unloaded into the haul of any ship or car;
containerization allows for automated
handling and transfer between modes,
and the standardized sizes allow for
gains in economy of scale in vehicle
operation. This has been one of the key
driving factors in international trade and
globalization since the 1950s.[4]

Bulk transport is common with cargo that

can be handled roughly without
deterioration; typical examples are ore,
coal, cereals and petroleum. Because of
the uniformity of the product,
mechanical handling can allow
enormous quantities to be handled
quickly and efficiently. The low value of
the cargo combined with high volume
also means that economies of scale
become essential in transport, and
gigantic ships and whole trains are
commonly used to transport bulk. Liquid
products with sufficient volume may also
be transported by pipeline.

Air freight has become more common

for products of high value; while less
than one percent of world transport by
volume is by airline, it amounts to forty
percent of the value. Time has become
especially important in regards to
principles such as postponement and
just-in-time within the value chain,
resulting in a high willingness to pay for
quick delivery of key components or
items of high value-to-weight ratio.[32] In
addition to mail, common items sent by
air include electronics and fashion
clothing.

Impact
Economic

Transport is a key component of growth and

globalization, such as in Seattle, Washington,
United States.
Transport is a key necessity for
specialization—allowing production and
consumption of products to occur at
different locations. Throughout history,
transport has been a spur to expansion;
better transport allows more trade and a
greater spread of people. Economic
growth has always been dependent on
increasing the capacity and rationality of
transport.[33] But the infrastructure and
operation of transport have a great
impact on the land, and transport is the
largest drainer of energy, making
transport sustainability a major issue.
Due to the way modern cities and
communities are planned and operated,
a physical distinction between home and
work is usually created, forcing people to
transport themselves to places of work,
study, or leisure, as well as to temporarily
relocate for other daily activities.
Passenger transport is also the essence
of tourism, a major part of recreational
transport. Commerce requires the
transport of people to conduct business,
either to allow face-to-face
communication for important decisions
or to move specialists from their regular
place of work to sites where they are
needed.
Planning

Transport planning allows for high

utilization and less impact regarding new
infrastructure. Using models of transport
forecasting, planners are able to predict
future transport patterns. On the
operative level, logistics allows owners
of cargo to plan transport as part of the
supply chain. Transport as a field is also
studied through transport economics, a
component for the creation of regulation
policy by authorities. Transport
engineering, a sub-discipline of civil
engineering, must take into account trip
generation, trip distribution, mode choice
and route assignment, while the
operative level is handled through traffic
engineering.

The engineering of this roundabout in Bristol,

United Kingdom, attempts to make traffic flow
free-moving.

Because of the negative impacts

incurred, transport often becomes the
subject of controversy related to choice
of mode, as well as increased capacity.
Automotive transport can be seen as a
tragedy of the commons, where the
flexibility and comfort for the individual
deteriorate the natural and urban
environment for all. Density of
development depends on mode of
transport, with public transport allowing
for better spatial utilization. Good land
use keeps common activities close to
people's homes and places higher-
density development closer to transport
lines and hubs, to minimize the need for
transport. There are economies of
agglomeration. Beyond transport, some
land uses are more efficient when
clustered. Transport facilities consume
land, and in cities pavement (devoted to
streets and parking) can easily exceed
20 percent of the total land use. An
efficient transport system can reduce
land waste.

Too much infrastructure and too much

smoothing for maximum vehicle
throughput mean that in many cities
there is too much traffic and many—if
not all—of the negative impacts that
come with it. It is only in recent years that
traditional practices have started to be
questioned in many places; as a result of
new types of analysis which bring in a
much broader range of skills than those
traditionally relied on—spanning such
areas as environmental impact analysis,
public health, sociology and economics
—the viability of the old mobility solutions
is increasingly being questioned.

Environment

Traffic congestion persists in São Paulo, Brazil,

despite the no-drive days based on license
numbers.

Transport is a major use of energy and

burns most of the world's petroleum.
This creates air pollution, including
nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a
significant contributor to global warming
through emission of carbon dioxide,[34]
for which transport is the fastest-
growing emission sector.[35] By
subsector, road transport is the largest
contributor to global
warming.[36]Environmental regulations in
developed countries have reduced
individual vehicles' emissions; however,
this has been offset by increases in the
numbers of vehicles and in the use of
each vehicle.[34] Some pathways to
reduce the carbon emissions of road
vehicles considerably have been
studied.[37][38] Energy use and emissions
vary largely between modes, causing
environmentalists to call for a transition
from air and road to rail and human-
powered transport, as well as increased
transport electrification and energy
efficiency.

Other environmental impacts of transport

systems include traffic congestion and
automobile-oriented urban sprawl,
which can consume natural habitat and
agricultural lands. By reducing transport
emissions globally, it is predicted that
there will be significant positive effects
on Earth's air quality, acid rain, smog and
climate change.[39]

See also
Environmental impact of aviation
Energy efficiency in transport
IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems
Society
List of emerging transportation
technologies
Journal of Transport and Land Use
Outline of transport
Public transport
Rail transport by country
 Speed record
Taxicabs by country
Transportation engineering
Wikipedia Books: Transport

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