REMOTE

A Manual

COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER

CCHRC
The REMOTE Wall System described in this manual is an outside insulation technique using rigid foam
board. It is the culmination of many years and creative force of home builders, researchers and home-
owners throughout the North. The basic concept was derived from a Canadian engineer, Max Baker,
who first pioneered outside insulation in the 1950s. Over the past 10 years we have researched and
collaborated with partners on various projects to study the REMOTE wall system, and and refine the
construction techniques that work best in the Circumpolar North’s varied, and often harsh, climates.

This manual is a detailed guide for the REMOTE Wall system. However, it is just the beginning of what we
hope will be a vigorous and productive conversation about one of the most important subjects affecting
the quality of life in our world today—safe, energy-efficient shelter.

We encourage you to use this manual as a guide, and to bring to it your own experiences, skills and
knowledge. Above all, we hope you will join us in the conversation about how to improve on it.

Jack Hébert, President/CEO, CCHRC and owner of Hébert Homes/Taiga Woodcraft

 PLEASE NOTE:

As with all complicated projects, there are many elements to consider and many available products.
We strongly urge you to research products, codes and climatic effects prior to building.

This publication provides only general guidelines for the REMOTE Wall System.

And as with any building project, check your local, county, state and national building and safety codes before
beginning construction. If you are building in an area with local codes, they may have amendments that will take
precedence over national code. In Alaska, the Alaska Housing Finance Corporation Building Energy Efficiency Stan-
dard (BEES) has been amended and must be complied with in order to qualify for the state-sponsored Home Energy
Rating Program and its associated incentives. This includes higher minimum insulation requirements and changes in
ventilation standards over national code. These amendments can be found at: http://www.ahfc.state.ak.us/iceim-
ages/reference/bees_amendments.pdf.

This document is a work in progress and we will publish updates as needed. If you wish to be notified of new
editions, please forward your email address or other contact information to: [email protected]. We will continue to
publish this manual on our website, where it can be downloaded for free.

Thank you to our reviewers

Thorsten Chlupp
Terry Duszynski
Marquam George
Chuck Renfro
Steve Wisdom

Remote, A Manual was produced by the Cold Climate Housing Research Center, July 2009.
Revised July 2013.
Written by Ilya Benesh, Building Educator
Photos by Ty Keltner, Video Production Manager (unless otherwise noted)
 Table of Contents
REMOTE Wall System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 - 2
The Moisture issue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Insulation issue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
One solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
How REMOTE works. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Advantages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Framing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 - 10
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Framing and Furring layout. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Exterior foam board and Truss Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Summary: Wall Framing and Roof Trusses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Decks and other exterior structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Summary: Decks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Windows and Doors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 - 20

Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exterior-mounted windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exterior-mounted window Pros and Cons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Summary: Exterior-mounted Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Inset Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Summary: Inset windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Exterior Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 - 26
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Exterior Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Vapor Retarder Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Summary: Exterior Membrane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Insulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 - 32
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Using EPS and XPS rigid foam board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Foam board Thicknesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Where Wall Meets Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Warm-side Insulation Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Insulation Ratios by Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
REMOTE Wall Testing in Fairbanks (Case Study) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Bays and Cantilevers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Summary: Insulation and Bays and Cantilevers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 - 33

Furring and Siding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 - 39

Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Structural Screws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Summary: Furring and Siding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 - 42
Ventilation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Retrofits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
New construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
REMOTE How-To . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
 Table of Figures and Images
Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page
Figure 1. WALL CROSS SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Figure 2. BRACING WITH ROOF INSULATION OVER WALL INSULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Figure 3. BRACING WITH ROOF INSULATION ABUTTING TOP CHORD, DEEPER ENERGY HEEL TRUSS . . . . . . . . 4
Figure 4. MOUNTING DECKS AND OTHER EXTERIOR STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Figure 5. EXTERIOR-MOUNTED WINDOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Figure 6. INSET WINDOW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Figure 7. EXTERIOR MEMBRANE INSTALLED ON FOUNDATION, WALL AND CEILING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Figure 8. INSULATION RATIOS BY CLIMATE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Figure 9. SCREW PLACEMENT AND ANGLE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Figure 10. FURRING AND SIDING DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS AND ATTACHMENT DETAIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Images
Image 1. Exterior View: 18-inch-deep energy heel truss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Image 2. Interior View: 18-inch-deep energy heel truss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Image 3. Deck blocking over 6-mil polyethylene. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Image 4. Insulating deck fastner penitrations on interior to prevent condensation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Image 5. Installed foam between cantilevered joists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Image 6. Deck blocking and ledger board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Image 7. Deck framing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Image 8. Tyvek® DrainWrap™ is showing promise as an exterior membrane option . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Image 9. Window buck sill detail with Tyvek® FlexWrap™ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Image 10. Exterior window buck sill corner detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Image 11. Shingle-style flashing on exterior window buck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Image 12. Vinyl siding around inset window with AZEK® jamb extension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Image 13. Inset window with AZEK® jamb extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Image 14. Inset window with AZEK® and first layer of foam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Image 15. Inset window with steel jamb extension. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Image 16. Inset window with stucco exterior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Image 17. Stucco preparation: Inset window flashing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Image 18. Stucco preparation: fiberglass mesh for corner support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Image 19. Grace Bituthene® exterior membrane, one of several vapor retarder options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Image 20. 6-mil polyethelyne exterior vapor retarder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Image 21. Exterior air barrier optional and subject to codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Image 22. Adhesive strip detail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Image 23. Strip lapped over top plate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Image 24. Transition of interior ceiling vapor retarder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Image 25. Foam board is loosely attached to framing with a four-inch sheetrock screw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Image 26. Second layer of foam is loosely attached using transferred stud pattern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Image 27. Close-up of a square cantilever bay window with attached foam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Image 28. Foam board covering a curved cantilever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Image 29. Cantilevered addition wrapped with foam board. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Image 30. Pre-drilled furring speeds installation process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Image 31. Exposed fasteners inside the wall must be covered to prevent condensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Image 32. Vinyl siding in progress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Image 33. Furring wraps around the window buck edges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Image 34. Detail of wider furring on corner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Image 35. Vinyl siding in progress. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Image 36. REMOTE home with multiple exterior finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Image 37. Completed 6,800-square-foot custom home using six-inch REMOTE walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
 REMOTE Wall System Overview
Conventional wall construction methods may be less expensive initially, but in the long term can result in higher heating
costs and lead to moisture management problems. Cold climate construction techniques must address four issues suc-
cessfully: moisture control, air tightness, air quality, and adequate insulation.

The Moisture issue.

Control of moisture is one of the biggest challenges of home building in cold climates. This moisture can originate from
the interior due to cooking, bathing, plants and many other sources. Moisture can also originate from the exterior from
precipitation that leaks past the siding or from soil moisture that is drawn into below-grade assemblies.
From the Inside
Setting aside obvious faults such as plumbing leaks, the primary sources of moisture inside the home occur naturally
from occupants in the form of water vapor. This water vapor must be prevented from escaping into the building shell.
There are two primary mechanisms by which moisture from interior water vapor can migrate into the shell: air transport
(leakage) and diffusion. It is generally accepted that of the two mechanisms, air leakage is of primary concern. Two con-
ditions must exist for air leakage to take place: you must have both a driving force and a leakage pathway. The driving
force is virtually always present, as it is provided by air pressure differences between the interior and exterior due to
stack effect, wind, and mechanical systems such as exhaust fans. As a result, controlling air leakage must be primarily
accomplished through construction techniques to minimize holes in the envelope. Conventional vapor retarder and air
barrier systems can fail in cold climates due to imperfect sealing. Any penetrations - such as those caused by electrical
outlets, fasteners, or vents - create vulnerabilities if they are not detailed meticulously.
From the Outside
Alaska’s coastal climates encounter a phenomenal amount of precipitation, often accompanied by winds that can force
moisture into the building shell. When a weather resistive barrier is placed immediately behind the siding without an air
gap to promote drying, it’s effectiveness and lifespan may be reduced. Even if the framing is protected from liquid water,
moisture absorbed in siding can diffuse inward from solar heating. This can create vapor pressure differentials across
the building envelope even greater than those produced by dry, arctic winter conditions where the vapor drive occurs
predominantly from the interior.
If the wetting of wood framing occurs frequently and over a long enough time period, mold and rot can develop inside
the building envelope. Mold growth can cause poor indoor air quality, and rot can lead to structural problems.

The Insulation issue.

Exterior walls comprise the largest surface area of the building shell in a typical home. As a consequence, an under-per-
forming wall system is often responsible for a majority of space heating costs. High fuel prices have shown that in cold
climates standard 2x6 wood construction methods can be costly to sustain. The walls lack sufficient insulation and suffer
heat loss through thermal bridging in the wood framing components, further reducing the insulating value. Depending
on layout and construction methods, a standard wood-framed wall contains between 11% and 20% wood. Wood has an
R-value of about 1.25 per inch, reducing the overall R-value in a wall despite the addition of fiberglass batting. In addi-
tion, the fiberglass insulation must be installed with extreme care. Voids, compression, and air leakage (even if minor in
appearance) can have a dramatic effect on insulation performance. If insulation becomes wet due to moisture infiltra-
tion, or if air leakage is factored in, then the R-value of the wall assembly can drop dramatically. The bottom line: a better
approach to wall systems is required to overcome the many challenges in cold climate construction.

One Solution.
The REMOTE Wall System (Residential Exterior Membrane Outside insulation TEchnique) provides a superior alternative
that integrates standard frame construction with high insulation values and moisture control (Figure 1). This system has
been tested extensively in Interior Alaska by the Cold Climate Housing Research Center (CCHRC) in Fairbanks, and Mari-
time Southeast Alaska as a partnership between CCHRC and the University of Alaska Southeast Construction Technology
Program in Juneau.

1 1
How REMOTE works.
Instead of relying on interior vapor retarders placed behind drywall, the REMOTE Wall System locates an air and/or
vapor retarder (“exterior membrane”) on the exterior of the house, over the sheathing. The bulk of the wall insula-
tion is provided by rigid foam boards, which are attached to the outside of the structure over the exterior mem-
brane. The goal of this approach is to move the dew point out from within the stud bays and to the exterior side of
the sheathing, thus preventing framing members from cooling to the point that condensation can occur.

Advantages.
The REMOTE system has several advantages. When properly constructed, it creates a super-insulated wall that ef-
fectively eliminates thermal bridging and air movement. The wall cavities can dry to the inside if any wetting events
occur or if the framing lumber is not dry before use. Exterior walls, which are a traditional freezing danger zone, are
now available to run plumbing and mechanical systems with much less risk. Less expensive 2x4 construction is a vi-
able option because the stud bays no longer need to hold large amounts of insulation. The system protects structural
members and is durable.
Vented air space width as
specified by local code

Roof sheathing
Energy heel truss
Baffle
Raised heel as specified
Insulation as specified
Self-adhering membrane
transition over wall
Drip edge
Air barrier/
Gutter moisture retarder
Gypsum wall board
Fascia
Double top plate
Sealant
Vented soffit Stud cavity insulation optional
Exterior membrane

Structural sheathing
Exterior siding
Gypsum wall board

Stud
Structural sheathing Gypsum wall board
Furring attached into Stud cavity insulation optional
studs with screws
Bottom plate
Subfloor sheathing
Rigid foam board
(2 layers staggered at all joints) Batt insulation or high
density sprayed-in foam
Exterior siding against rim optional

Exterior membrane Floor joist

Metal flashing Treated wood sill

(as needed to protect foam)
ICF foundation wall
Grade
Non-frost susceptible
40-60 mil self-adhering gravel fill for drainage
waterproof membrane
(Bituthane or equivalent)

Rigid foam board insulation Sealant

(approved for below grade) (continuous bead to
seal vapor retarders)

Polyethylene vapor
and gas retarder
Footing

**thickness of exterior rigidFigure 1. WALL

foam depends on CROSS SECTION
climate. 2/3 of total of
wall2x4 REMOTE
R-value WALL for Interior Alaska.
is recommended

CROSS-SECTION 2x6 REMOTE WALL WITH 6 INCHES OF EXTERIOR FOAM 2

ATTIC INSULATION OVER WALL INSULATION
 Framing

Overview
The REMOTE system employs standard framing methods with a few notable exceptions.
Framing and Furring layout.
Because the exterior furring must support siding, vertical furring should line up directly on the studs. Consequently,
if the siding allows for a maximum of 16 inch on-center attachments, the structure should be framed accordingly.
The location of windows and doors near corners will be affected by the additional thickness of the exterior insula-
tion. One popular option is to use 2x6 framing with studs placed two feet on center. This approach yields a deeper
stud cavity to run mechanical systems, particularly heat recovery ventilator (HRV) ducts, and meets code for spac-
ing in two-story structures where the walls are supporting a floor, roof, and ceiling. Two feet on center is also the
maximum stud spacing for 0.5 inch sheetrock as specified by 2006 International Residential Code R602.3(5). It is con-
sidered good practice to line up (“stack”) all studs between floors, along with the joists and trusses. This approach
can save on lumber, lines up the load paths in the framing, and keeps the stud and joist bays in line with each other
between the floors to more efficiently run ducting.

Exterior foam board and Truss Intersections.

Truss design and the desired amount of attic insulation should be determined before framing begins. Wall insulation
and attic insulation must meet in the same place and in the same plane in order to maintain a continuous thermal
barrier. This can be accomplished by either extending the attic insulation out over the top of the wall to line up flush
with the wall insulation (Figure 2), or extending the wall insulation up into the truss bays high enough to be level
with the top of the attic insulation (Figure 3). Plan your interior and exterior insulation strategy around your truss
choice (Figures 2 and 3). A continuous thermal boundary is critical to have continuous coverage where the outside
walls transition to the truss bays.

Truss choice and insulation strategy also depend on your blocking options. Building codes typically require blocking,
placed between the trusses and securely nailed directly over the double top plate in order to meet shear require-
ments. This means that any insulation in the attic is forced to end at the blocking, leaving the area directly outside
the blocking exposed. There are several options here that can be presented to an inspector:
• Solid blocking can be installed between the trusses and fastened directly into the double top plate, as is
traditional. This will require the exterior wall foam boards to be cut and fitted between the truss tails to the
height of the ceiling insulation.
• If the code allows, diagonal bracing can be substituted for solid blocking directly over the walls. A baffle can
then be added to the exterior side of the blocking in plane with the outside of the wall foam board. This way
attic insulation can be blown between the braces from inside the attic, all the way out flush to the exterior
of the wall (Figure 2).
• A raised heel truss can accomodate large amounts of insulation depending on the height of the heel. If the
bottom chord of the truss ends at the exterior of the wall, then the wall sheathing can be continued up the
heel of the truss until it hits the top chord which can also strengthen the blocking in this area. See Figure 3
and Images 1 and 2.
• To adjust for the added thickness of the wall insulation, truss tails should be ordered longer than usual, i.e.,
a wall with a two foot truss tail and six inches of exterior foam board will have a visible overhang of slightly
less than 18 inches. If a two foot finished overhang is desired, then the tail should be ordered at least two
feet, six inches.

3
 Framing

Figure 2. BRACING WITH ROOF INSULATION OVER WALL INSULATION

Airspace with width

as specified by code

Roof sheathing Energy heel truss sized

for desired amount of insulation
Blocking between Baffle
trusses as specified Insulation as specified
Self-adhering membrane
transition over wall
Drip edge
Vapor barrier/
Gutter moisture retarder
Gypsum wall board
Fascia
Double top plates
Vented soffit Stud cavity insulation optional
Sealant
Blocking/soffit support
Exterior membrane
Rigid foam board
(2 layers staggered at all joints) Structural sheathing
Exterior siding Gypsum wall board
of your choice

Figure 3. BRACING WITH ROOF INSULATION ABUTTING TOP CHORD, DEEPER ENERGY HEEL TRUSS
Stud
Structural sheathing Gypsum wall board
Furring attached into Stud cavity insulation optional
studs with screws 4
Bottom plate
Subfloor sheathing
Rigid foam board
 Framing

Thorsten Chlupp
Image 1. Exterior View: 18-inch-deep energy heel truss allows for R-60 roof insulaton and easy continuation of
wall foam to the top of the attic insulation

Thorsten Chlupp

Image 2. Interior View: 18-inch-deep energy heel truss allows for R-60 roof insulaton and easy continuation of
wall foam to the top of the attic insulation

5
 Wall Framing
Summary and Installation Tips

• Standard ICC and other building codes apply to this wall technique.
Check before you build!

• Either 2x4 or 2x6 framing works with this system.

• Layout for windows and doors may be affected by the extra thickness
of the exterior insulation, so plan ahead.

• Exterior walls are available to safely run most mechanical and plumb-
ing systems.

Roof Trusses
Summary and Installation Tips

• Determine what approach will be used to provide truss blocking

before ordering trusses. This may require reviewing building codes
or consulting an engineer.

• Select your truss option early in the project so that the purchase of
other materials can be planned around the truss system.

• Ensuring continuous coverage of insulation between and around

trusses is critical to energy savings.

• Factor in the amount of visible overhang that will be lost by the

thickness of the exterior foam and order longer truss tails if desired.

6
 Framing

Decks and other exterior structures.

Attachment points for decks and other structures that are fastened to exterior walls usually consist of blocks built
up to the finished thickness of the foam board rather than continuous ledger boards (Figure 4). This method mini-
mizes the solid wood surface area that can conduct cold to the inside. As in all cases requiring structural loads, an
engineer may be required to size the blocking and specify what method and type of attachment must be used.
Local code requirements may conflict with this approach and need to be considered early in the design process.
Any structural blocking between the studs can be easily installed before walls are sheathed and raised. All metal
fasteners that penetrate through the entire wall, from outside to inside, and that are exposed to air in the inside
conditioned space, need to be covered with spray foam or a similar material to avoid condensation or icing prob-
lems inside the walls (Images 3 through 7).

DECK LEDGER BOARD BOLTED

THROUGH TREATED BLOCKS AND RIM JOISTS,
ACCORDING TO ENGINEER SPECIFICATIONS.

Exterior membrane
4-6 inch rigid foam board
(2 or 3 inch layers)
Finish siding
1 x Furring strip TYP
Treated Metal flashing 2 x rim joist w/extra backing if required,
block or other structural support
Open decking
Deck joist Floor joist

Galvanized through bolts Exposed fasteners

in predrilled treated block must be covered
with foam to
prevent condensation
Treated deck block top sloped if desired
Ledger board Treated mudsill with sill sealer
Felt gasket on flashing at bolt (optional) Cast-in-place anchor bolt
Foundation stemwall
Membrane or metal flashing
Rigid foam board
(2 layers staggered at all joints)
Vinyl or metal foundation
flashing extending below grade

Deck Detail for

Figure6 inch Remote
4. MOUNTING Wall
DECKS AND OTHER with
EXTERIOR Through Bolts
STRUCTURES

(print at 1"=1')

7
 Framing

Thorsten Chlupp

Jack Hébert
Image 3. Deck blocking over 6-mil polyethylene Image 4. Insulating deck fastener penetrations on
interior to prevent condensation

Jack Hébert

Image 5. Installed foam between cantilevered joists

8
 Framing

Image 6. Deck blocking and ledger board

Thorsten Chlupp

Image 7. Deck framing

9
 Decks
Summary and Installation Tips

• For the best thermal performance, deck attachment points should be

blocks, not continuous ledger boards.

• Consult with an engineer for block and load-bearing calculations.

• Structural blocking between the studs, as needed to support decks

and roofs, can often be more easily installed before the walls are
sheathed and raised.

• Any fasteners that extend from the exterior through the wall, and
that are exposed inside the stud bays, should be covered with foam
insulation to avoid condensation or icing problems inside the wall
(Image 33).

10
 Windows and Doors
Overview
A REMOTE wall is much thicker than a conventional wall due to the multiple layers of exterior foam board. This results
in very deep window and door wells. Two ways to deal with these deeper wells depend upon the given climate and
desired outcome: mount the window flush to the exterior foam board, or inset the window and mount it on the sheath-
ing behind the foam board. Both methods assume flange-mounted windows will be used as they are more prevalent
and tend to be easier to install and flash. Windows without flanges are certainly viable, but detailing methods will be
different. In most installations, the inclusion of a foam backer rod, caulked in place as necessary, yields the best results
when initially sealing between the framing and the jamb. Spray foam can be used to fill the remaining gap. The backer
rod provides the compressive element and the memory to provide a better long term seal. Spray foam alone might not
seal adequately, especially if the exterior membrane has been wrapped and stapled into the window well.

Exterior-mounted windows.
In a drier climate, such as Fairbanks, Alaska, the door and window bucks can be sized to extend the entire depth of the
wall, thus breaking the drainage plane of the sheathing and the exterior membrane (Figure 5). Proper sizing requires
measuring the thickness of the framed wall, sheathing, foam board, and furring. When sizing the jamb extensions that
comprise the opening, take the foam board measurement from the actual material to be used—foam board sheets
can vary slightly in thickness in different manufacturing runs. One approach is to frame the opening traditionally, but
oversize it by 1.5 inches on all sides that will have a jamb extension (Image 8), four sides on a window and three sides
on a doorway. After the wall is sheathed and the openings are cut out, the extended window and door bucks can be
installed and nailed in place. If the wall is thicker than a 2x12, such as a 2x6 framed wall with six inches of exterior
foam board, then the 2x12 extensions are installed to be flush to the finished exterior face to provide secure window/
door attachment and sealing. The window bucks can be brought to full depth on the interior side framing with furring
strips nailed to the inner edges of the buck. The 1x4 furring is fastened through the foam board in a frame around the
buck—not on—to provide for the attachment of siding and trim. There are more creative framing variations that can
incorporate the jamb extensions into the trimmers to save on the extra layer of framing lumber. The critical issue is
that any load-bearing headers must have the required amount of bearing down to the floor or the bottom plate, and
ultimately the foundation.

For an exterior-mounted window, the outer faces of the buck framing that extend past the sheathing are wrapped with
a self-adhering flashing that laps back over the wall’s exterior membrane (Images 9 through 11). Off-the-shelf products
such as DuPont Tyvek® StraightFlash™ are one option. If desired, a sloped sill, i.e., a piece of beveled cedar siding, can
be added on top of the box and wrapped as part of the process. This helps direct water that runs down the wall toward
the front of the window and away from the vulnerable joint where the buck exits the wall. The adhesive flashing that
wraps the buck is trimmed flush inside the window opening to completely seal all exposed wood. This flashing gives the
flanges of the window a direct sealing surface to the self-adhering waterproofing membrane. An alternate method is
to flash the window box bottom, first creating a waterproof interior sill for about the first four inches or so, then install
the window, and finally wrap the flanges with the adhesive membrane.

Exterior-mounted window Pros and Cons.

The advantage to the exterior-mounted window is speed. There is just the inside sill to contend with, as the outside
of the window only requires casing and flashing as finish details. This method results in significant labor savings. One
disadvantage of this method is that the window is no longer on the same drainage plane as the wall sheathing. The
joint where the jamb passes through the sheathing presents a weak spot for water infiltration. Another issue is that
the window may stay cooler and be more prone to condensation and frosting on the inside because it is positioned
on the outside of the wall. This conclusion is based on anecdotal evidence in 2x6 walls using six inches of foam board
during negative forty degree cold spells in Fairbanks, Alaska. Warmer climates and shallower window wells would likely
avoid this problem. Weigh both the regional climate and the level of importance placed on good weather sealing when
choosing the exterior-mounted window method.

11 (Continued page 16)

 Windows and Doors

Wall framing with optional batting insulation

Structural sheathing
Exterior membrane
Rigid foam board
(2 layers staggered at all joints)
1x furring strips in line with studs, attached with screws to framing
Exterior siding
Beveled siding added to slope top (optional)
Flexible adhesive flashing
Window nail flange (caulked)
Window exterior trim
Foam backer rod
Air gap filled with expanding foam sealant

2x framing jamb extension

Interior jamb extensions

Triple pane window

Window sill
Sloped sill or beveled siding (optional)

Approved sill flashing (if applicable)

Air gap filled with expanding foam sealant

Foam backer rod

Window exterior trim
Window nail flange

No caulking at bottom of flange

for water run-off (if desired)

2x framing sill extension

Exterior membrane

CROSS-SECTION OF EXTERIOR MOUNTED WINDOW

Figure 5. EXTERIOR-MOUNTED WINDOW
WITH 2X EXTENSION WITH 6" REMOTE WALL
12
 Windows and Doors

Image 8. Tyvek® DrainWrap™ is showing promise as an exterior membrane option, (as pictured here and the following
pages on the CCHRC facility). It has met with code approval in areas of southeast Alaska, and its performance
during sustained periods of extreme cold continues to be tested in Fairbanks.

Image 9. Window buck sill detail with Tyvek® FlexWrap™

13
 Windows and Doors

Image 10. Exterior window buck sill corner detail. Tyvek® FlexWrap™ (or similar product) must be stapled arround edges

Image 11. Shingle-style flashing on exterior window buck

14
 Exterior-mounted Windows
Summary and Installation Tips

• Best in a dry climate with infrequent wind-driven rain.

• A foam backer rod, caulked, will ensure a better, more durable seal in
the space left around the window on the inside; spray foam can then
be used to fill the remaining gaps.

• Have your door and window bucks sized to fit the entire depth of the
wall; include the thickness of the framed wall, sheathing, foam, and
furring.

• For accurate sizing of window and door bucks, measure the actual
foam to be used on the project, as sometimes foam sizes vary slightly
from their stated thicknesses.

• If the window buck material is not as deep as the wall, additional

thickness can be achieved with furring strips, applied on the interior
side of the window buck.

• Load-bearing headers must have the required amount of bearing on

the trimmers in order to properly transfer any overhead loads.

• Multiple methods of flashing around the windows will work with this
installation.

• Adhesive flashing is preferable to completely seal all wood on the

buck. Before applying, check the product literature to make sure dif-
ferent flashing types are chemically compatible.

15
 Windows and Doors
Inset windows.
In a wet climate, especially where wind-driven rain can drive bulk moisture behind the siding, a continuous drainage
plain is a better option (Figure 6). One advantage of a continuous drainage plane is that the door and window openings
can be framed and sheathed traditionally. The windows are attached and flashed directly over the sheathing or exterior
membrane using standard flashing techniques (Image 13).

Once the wall is framed, the first step is to install the exterior membrane and requisite sill flashings. The flashings typi-
cally consist of self-adhering waterproofing membranes and an optional sill pan. If the sill and/or sill flashing are installed
before the exterior membrane, the bottom edge should remain unattached to the face of the sheathing so that when
the wall’s exterior membrane is installed around the window it can slide under the flashing to ensure proper drainage.

The windows are attached by nailing and caulking the flanges along the top and sides to the sheathing or the chosen ex-
terior membrane, depending on the order of events and according to the manufacturer’s specifications. In wet climates
it may be desirable to omit caulking the bottom flange and slope the sill framing so that any potential water that works
its way past the window or the seals can drain back out. This method is by no means the only way to flash a window. The
most important thing to be aware of is that water traveling down the wall should always run over the flashing joints, not
under, using shingle-style installation methods.

Once the window is installed and the building exterior is completely weatherproofed, a pre-assembled four-sided jamb
extension, sized to the finished thickness of the wall, can be fastened in place (Images 12 and 14). Since this window box
sits on top of the window flanges and flashings (unlike the earlier method discussed that uses full-depth window bucks),
it maintains the drainage plane of the wall. Ideally, the fasteners used to attach the jamb over the window will penetrate
through the underlying self-adhering waterproofing flashing membrane. Any water that finds its way behind the jamb
or the foam board will hit the drainage plane and be directed downwards via the exterior membrane. This installation
method is more tolerant of wet environments. Ideally, the jamb extension will have a beveled bottom sill to direct water
away from the window. A piece of beveled siding will also be nailed on top of the box and completely flashed with an
adhesive membrane, i.e., Tyvek® FlexWrap™, to keep water from running down the wall and behind the extension. As
an alternative to the beveled siding, the top of the window box itself can also be sloped slightly to the front (around 2-5
degrees) to insure water is directed outwards. The jamb extension itself can be built out of finish-grade materials such as
cedar, synthetics such as AZEK® trim, or wrapped with a pre-bent metal trim to suit the siding (Image 15). Additionally,
for those interested in synthetic stucco, this type of finish requires no jamb extension (Images 16, 17, and 18).

Thorsten Chlupp

Image 12. Vinyl siding around inset window with AZEK® jamb extension

16
 Windows and Doors

Wall framing with optional batting insulation

Structural sheathing
Exterior membrane
4-6 inch rigidfoam
rigid foamboard
board
(2 layers staggered
(2 orat all joints)
3 inch layers)
1x furring strips in line with studs,
attached with screws into framing
Exterior siding

Flexible adhesive flashing (optional)

Window top trim

3/4 inch composite jamb extension
(top at 2-5 degree slope)
Window nail flange (caulked)
Foam backer rod
Attachment with 2 inch by 2 inch
galvanized angle flashing
3/4 inch composite jamb extension

Triple pane window

Interior window sill
Bevel siding added to slope sill (optional)
Airgap foamed with expanding foam sealant (if applicable)
Foam backer rod
Approved sill flashing (if applicable)
3/4 inch composite jamb extension
(installed before window)

Sealant
Window sill trim
Window nail flange
No caulking at bottom flange
for water run-off (if desired)
Exterior membrane

CROSS-SECTION OF INSETFigure
WINDOW SHOWING COMPOSITE
6. INSET WINDOW
JAMB EXTENSION WITH 6" REMOTE WALL
17
 Windows and Doors

Thorsten Chlupp

Thorsten Chlupp
Image 13. Inset window with AZEK® jamb extension, Image 14. Inset window with AZEK® and first layer of foam
attached to the sheathing using 2 inch x 2 inch
light gauge galvanized flashing
Thorsten Chlupp

Image 15. Inset window with steel jamb extension Image 16. Inset window with stucco exterior

18
 Windows and Doors

Mike Musick
Image 17. Stucco preparation: Inset window flashing

Mike Musick

Image 18. Stucco preparation: fiberglass mesh for corner support is stapled to the framing and wrapped arround the foam

19
 Inset Windows
Summary and Installation Tips

• Best in a climate where moisture and wind-driven rain are frequently

present.

• Allows traditional window and door framing.

• Pre-assemble your jamb extensions with beveled bottom and top

sills as desired, to save time.

• Less prone to icing in very cold climates because the window is in the
middle of the insulated wall where the glass stays warmer.

20
 Exterior Membrane

Overview
Self-adhering waterproofing membranes, i.e., Grace Bituthene®, were used in early REMOTE construction due to
their impermeability and ability to seal around fastener penetrations (Image 19). Covering an entire house with
these materials is extremely effective but typically more expensive. As an alternative, 6-mil polyethylene sheeting
has been used with good results and meets Fairbanks building codes which require the use of a vapor retarder with
a permeability (perm) rating of .06 or less. It is worth noting that 6 mil poly is more susceptible to physical dam-
age during installation, and breaks down after extended exposure to sunlight. Another product that is showing
promise as an exterior membrane and is particularly well suited to wet climates is Tyvek® DrainWrap™, a vapor-
permeable air barrier. Exterior membrane placement is key to maintaining a well-sealed, dry home (Figure 7). As
codes for exterior membranes may vary by location it is important to check to see which type can be used in a
specific region. It is typical in Interior Alaska to terminate the exterior membrane at the connection with top plate
of the uppermost floor, as shown in Images 20. However, in wetter regions of Alaska, such as Southeast and other
coastal areas, it is best to apply an additional course of exterior membrane to cover gable ends and any other wall
sections that would otherwise be left exposed. This addition doesn’t change the connection of the exterior mem-
brane to the interior vapor retarder shown in Image 22.

Exterior Membrane.
Tyvek® DrainWrap™ differs from 6-mil poly and Grace Bituthene® because it is considered vapor permeable with
a perm rating of 50. In locations where Tyvek® DrainWrap™ is code-acceptable, other components in the wall
system are taken into account when calculating overall vapor permeability. For example, rigid foam boards range
from less than one to five perms, depending on type and density. Half-inch plywood and seven-sixteenths-inch
oriented strand board (OSB) are the exterior sheathings used in the vast majority of residential construction. Due
in part to the exterior glues used in their manufacture, both products also have very low perm ratings, typically
less than one. When rigid foam board, and the exterior sheathing are combined in REMOTE construction, the wall
system as a whole provides a very effective barrier, and air movement from inside to outside is negligible. This
point is important. Air movement is the primary vehicle by which moisture travels through walls. The combination
of continuous overlapping layers of exterior insulation also does an excellent job of stopping thermal conduction
to the framing members. By successfully addressing the air leakage and conduction issues, the physical conditions
necessary for water vapor to travel through the building envelope are greatly reduced. In addition, as is typical for
all REMOTE walls, should any wetting events occur in the framing, they will readily dry to the inside of the house.

Tyvek® DrainWrap™ as the exterior membrane is popular in Southeast Alaska and meets building codes in some
Alaskan cities (Image 21). Where wind-driven rain and bulk water infiltration are a primary concern, Tyvek® Drain-
Wrap™ is a good choice because facilitates draining and the structural components of the house are protected; a
self-adhering waterproofing membrane will also protect well in this climate. Tyvek® DrainWrap™ is still undergoing
testing by CCHRC researchers in Fairbanks as it is a region that experiences extended periods of severe cold in win-
ter. The product has performed without issue in the three winters since the facility was completed. It is important
to note that in all tests to-date adequate indoor humidity control was present through the use of HRV systems.

As mentioned in the framing overview, window and door jambs are flashed and sealed with a self-adhering water-
proofing membrane to resist the weather at critical joints. Tyvek® FlexWrap™ in particular, does a good job of pro-
viding a continuous sill flashing that can be molded to wrap up the window sides. As an extra precaution, the wrap
should be stapled around the edges to help it maintain its shape over the long term, rather than relying strictly on
its inherent adhesive properties alone.

21 (Continued page 25)

 Exterior Membrane

Self-adhering membrane
transition over wall

Air barrier/
vapor retarder
Gypsum wall board

Sealant Double top plate

Rigid foam board Exterior membrane

(2 layers staggered at all joints)
Structural sheathing

Structural sheathing

Rigid foam board

(2 layers)

Exterior membrane

ICF foundation wall

40-60 mil
self-adhering membrane
(Bituthene or equivalent)

Sealant
(Continuous bead to
seal vapor barriers)

Polyethylene vapor
and gas barrier
Footing

CROSS-SECTION
Figure 7. EXTERIOR MEMBRANE INSTALLED ON FOUNDATION, WALL AND CEILING

2x6 REMOTE WALL W/ 6” OF EXTERIOR FOAM 22

 Exterior Membrane

Jack Hébert
Image 19. Grace Bituthene® exterior membrane, one of several vapor retarder options

Thorsten Chlupp

Image 20. 6-mil polyethelyne exterior vapor retarder, note installation of foam board against wall before installation of ga-
rage gable truss. For structures outside of Interior Alaska, the exposed wall sections under the gable ends should
have the exterior membrane extended to provide complete coverage.
23
 Exterior Membrane

Image 21. An exterior air barrier is optional and subject to codes

Thorsten Chlupp

Jack Hébert

Image 22. Adhesive strip detail Image 23. Strip lapped over top plate and sealed to interior ceiling
vapor retarder and exterior membrane

24
 Exterior Membrane
The Code.
The IRC (International Residential Code) requires a vapor retarder with a perm rating of less than one perm. Local
codes may be more stringent, as is the case with the Fairbanks City Building Department which has amended the
IRC to require a vapor retarder with a perm rating of .06, the equivalent of 6-mil poly. Ultimately, the choice of ex-
terior membrane material rests in the hands of the entity that will be doing the inspections and code enforcement.

Some inspectors may consider the sheathing adequate if it has a perm rating of less than one, by taking the over-
all type of construction into account, while others may hold the building code to the letter and require a specific
exterior membrane that has a compliant perm rating (Image 20). As a case in point, Juneau, Alaska is in a maritime
climate with high ambient humidity levels and cool temperatures—a typical Juneau winter will experience multiple
freeze-thaw cycles. It is an extreme climate in terms of condensation potential and weather-related issues as they
affect residential construction. The Juneau building code approves properly constructed REMOTE homes that use
Tyvek® DrainWrap™ over exterior-rated sheathings. The REMOTE wall system is proving itself to be an excellent
performer in this challenging environment.

Vapor Retarder Details.

Continuity from the interior ceiling vapor retarder (typically 6-mil poly) to the exterior wall membrane is preferred
whenever possible. While continuity may not be an option in REMOTE retrofits where the roof system is already in
place, it is strongly recommended that this detail be addressed in new construction. The transistion from exterior
membrane to interior membrane can be achieved by cutting strips of self-adhering waterproofing membrane that
are wide enough to cover the double top plate and extend down both sides of the wall several inches (Images 22
and 23). On the exterior of the wall this strip laps over the exterior membrane, while on the interior, the ceiling
vapor retarder extends down the wall and over the strip (Image 24). A bead of flexible sealant is used to seal the
joint between the ceiling 6-mil poly and top plate strip. Any time sealant is used to join vapor retarders, this joint
must have a solid backing to ensure a long-lasting seal. In this case, the edge of the double top plate provides the
compressive support to ensure a positive seal. Since the upper surface of the double top plate is now covered, roof
layout will have to be done with a permanent marker or other suitable means. On a building where all the double
top plates are continuous, even if they change planes, a good membrane interface from interior to exterior can be
achieved relatively easily with strips of adhesive membrane. Planning for easy membrane transitions from the exte-
rior to the interior, over the walls, is easier in the design stages. One example involves scissor trusses and cathedral
ceilings: rather than frame the gable wall full height, consider framing the wall so that the double top plate is in
plane with the ceiling vapor retarder. Apply the membrane strip and set a gable truss or a dropped gable truss to
complete the wall. Avoid piecing the vapor retarder together between stud bays and around studs. Unique issues
with vapor retarder transitions tend to arise when building complicated structures.
Jack Hébert

Image 24. Transition of interior ceiling vapor retarder to membrane strip on double top plates

25
 Exterior Membrane
Summary and Installation Tips

• Check with your local building inspector before building. Permeability

rating requirements in a particular location are important to consider
before choosing an exterior membrane.

• Several types of exterior membranes have been shown to work suc-

cessfully with REMOTE walls. These include self-adhering waterproof-
ing membranes such as Grace Bituthene®, vapor retarder such as
6-mil polyethelyne, or air barriers like Tyvek® DrainWrap™.

• It is essential in new house construction to form a continuous mem-

brane that makes the transition from the interior ceiling to the
exterior wall. This can be achieved by applying strips of adhesive
membrane over the double top plate that lap several inches down
either side of the wall. As the vapor retarder is now on the exterior
sheathing, a vapor retarder is no longer needed on the interior wall,
and should generally be avoided to prevent a “double vapor barrier”
which can trap moisture in the wall.

26
 Insulation

Overview
The use of rigid foam board in the REMOTE Wall System is to supply a high R-value in a practical thickness and to
move the dew point from the stud bays to the exterior side of the sheathing. Both expanded polystyrene (EPS) and
extruded polystyrene (XPS) lend themselves very well to the REMOTE system (Images 25 through 27). Polyisocyan-
urate (polyiso) is widely used for exterior insulation across the U.S., but hasn’t typically been used in the REMOTE
system in Alaska.
Exterior Insulation Choice
There are a few things to consider when selecting rigid foam board for use in a REMOTE wall:
• If the wall will be coated in stucco, then the stucco manufacturer will have specifications on sheet sizes,
foam board types, and fastening methods.
• In wall systems that will receive furring there are more options. Either EPS, XPS, and polyiso can be used.

There are some differences in the products that are worth noting. Unfaced EPS has water vapor permeability rat-
ings of between two and five perms per inch of thickness, and the foam board weight ranges from one to two
pounds per cubic foot. Facings applied to EPS, such as the InsulFoam® R-tech® product line, can reduce the perm
rating to less than one. The facer becomes the limiting factor in determining the insulation water vapor permeabil-
ity. There is some question about how facings might affect moisture shedding in maritime climates and whether
water can become trapped between smooth-facing surfaces. As a result, in a climate with consistently high ambi-
ent humidity levels and driving rain issues, an unfaced EPS may be a better choice (it is sometimes possible to peel
the facers from the foam board if necessary). In Fairbanks, Alaska, the R-Tech®-faced foam boards have been used
with good results. XPS foam board has a perm rating of a little over one perm per inch thickness. This rating is inher-
ent to the foam board, as XPS is not typically manufactured with facers. In all cases, the individual layers of foam
board should overlap at all seams and be staggered at the building corners to further limit any air flow through the
wall. Gaps between the sheets should be filled with minimally-expanding spray foam.

Both EPS and XPS foam board have performed very well in tests of the wall system conducted in Southeast Alaska.
Although some foams contain a borate additive to resist insect damage, this treatment may be subject to leaching
over time in wet climates, particularly below grade. In situations where insect damage poses a significant threat,
borate treatment as part of a comprehensive approach to pest management will provide the best preventative
measures.

Polyiso foam board is typically manufactured with aluminum foil facers, which make this insulation highly water
vapor impermeable (less than 0.1 perm). If unfaced, polyiso has a similar permeability to EPS. Polyiso is not in-
tended for below grade applications. However, polyiso should be an acceptable choice in above-grade applications
if properly protected from water. In fact it is an attractive choice from the perspective of achieving a target R-value
while keeping the insulation thickness practical due to it’s high R-value.

Further information on foam insulation properties is available in the Building America’s Guide to Insulating Sheath-
ing: http://apps1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/publications/pdfs/building_america/guide_insulating_sheathing.pdf

Other exterior insulation types for REMOTE have been used or experimented with over the past several years,
although experience in Alaska is still relatively limited. One new option is rigid mineral wool insulation, such as
Roxul® COMFORTBOARD™. This product is similar to foam board in terms of installation, but is much more water
vapor permeable or “vapor open,” allowing for different moisture control designs than currently available with
foam insulation. Other insulation options that have been pursued in Alaska include spray applied polyurethane
foam and loose-fill insulation. These applications have good potential for use in the REMOTE system, but require

27
 Insulation

different construction techniques for application and mechanical fastening of siding. These topics will be addressed in
future revisions of the REMOTE manual.
Foam board Thickness.
Multiple layers totaling four inches, six inches, or greater are currently the most common foam board thicknesses
used in REMOTE wall construction. To ensure that the envelope provides adequate moisture control, the amount of
exterior insulation is guided by the local climate, as discussed later in the manual. Additionally, an energy model based
on plans can be a useful tool to help gauge paybacks for a region’s climate and energy costs.
Where Wall Meets Foundation.
How far the wall foam board extends over the foundation is discretionary and case dependent. The main issue is that
the wall and rim joist faces be framed and sheathed so that the desired layer of foam board can make a smooth transi-
tion down over the foundation exterior. Avoid having a jog between the two faces where a non-standard thickness of
foam board would be required to bring the walls into plane. If the foam board does not extend all the way down to
the footing, but to just below grade, a non-frost susceptible backfill may be needed to prevent seasonal ground move-
ment from lifting the overhanging edge.
Insulation Ratios by Climate.
Using the REMOTE wall system, a broad range of total wall R-values can be achieved, however, the balance of the
interior stud cavity R-value to the exterior foam board R-value is an important moisture control consideration that
will vary by climate. Achieving an appropriate balance of exterior and interior insulation is a very important factor in
building a durable structure. If the balance is off, it can lead to moisture problems by allowing the framing to reach
dangerously high humidity levels or allow condensation in the wall assembly. One of the most important variables in
determining appropriate insulation ratios is climate. In general, the colder the climate region, the more the insulation
balance needs to move to the exterior.
In conjunction with the exterior foam board, 30% to 50% of the total wall R-value can be added to interior stud cavi-
ties. While this is typically in the form of fiberglass batting, other common cavity fill insulation such as blown-in fiber-
glass or dense pack cellulose are good choices too. In Fairbanks, keeping this ratio around the one-third to two-thirds
“rule of thumb” approach is a safe design that will prevent water vapor from condensing inside the wall framing. In
contrast, Anchorage and Juneau can approach 40% to 50% of the total wall R-value in the stud cavity, whereas in Bar-
row the study cavity R-value should not exceed 30% of the total wall R-value.
FIGURE 8. INSULATION RATIOS BY CLIMATE
AHFC BEES Climate Zone Representative city Maximum % of wall R-value in Minimum % of wall R-value on
interior (stud cavity) exterior (over sheathing)
6 Juneau 57% 43%
7 Anchorage 40% 60%
8 Fairbanks 33% 67%
9 Barrow 28% 72%

Examples of construction practices that meet or exceed the above standards:

• In Juneau–4 inches of XPS or EPS on a 2x6 wall with maximum R-13 in stud bays
• In Anchorage–4 inches of XPS or EPS on a 2x4 wall with R-11 in stud bays
• In Fairbanks–6 inches of EPS on a 2x4 wall with R-11 or R-13 in stud bays

A REMOTE wall system with R-value distributions not in line with the percentages above will be less accepting of mois-
ture. In these situations, once damaging moisture levels are attained in a wall cavity, tests indicate that the presence
of stud cavity insulation will significantly slow the wall’s drying time. Regions of Alaska north of Fairbanks can add a
layer of conservatism by reducing the warm-side insulation to less than 30% of the total, or may even be best served
by omitting warm-side insulation entirely. Equally important are educated occupants. Homeowners who understand
how to operate the home and manage humidity will greatly affect how the wall system performs.

28
 Case Study
REMOTE Wall Testing in Fairbanks.
CCHRC has been testing local climate limits by pushing beyond the one-third “rule of thumb” warm-side insu-
lation ratio. The north wall of the office portion of the CCHRC Research and Testing Facility was built with six
inches of EPS foam board and R-19 fiberglass batting in the stud bays, resulting in a total nominal wall R-value
of approximately R-45. This exterior-to-interior insulation ratio is 58% to 42%, which places more insulation
on the warm side than the guidelines in Figure 8. In three winters of testing, the wall section containing 42%
warm-side insulation has only reached the dew point on one occasion. This spike in humidity was not sustained
beyond the cold spell, and the elevated moisture levels disappeared once outside temperatures rose. Other
walls in the facility have been insulated to R-13 in the stud bays and with six inches of EPS, which is in keeping
with the guidelines in Figure 9. These walls have never come closer than 20 degrees to the dew point and have
proven to be very safe performers.

Because CCHRC’s Research and Testing Facility has mechanical ventilation, the interior humidity levels in the
winter are quite low, often well under 20% relative humidity. This helps reduce the risk of reaching the dew
point within the wall framing. However, home ventilation in cold climates has been a long-standing challenge
and many homes lack sufficient air exchange. Furthermore some homeowners choose to humidify because of
the dry winter air. Therefore it’s not unusual for homes to have substantially higher interior relative humidity.
To examine these conditions, CCHRC studied several REMOTE test wall constructions with different exterior
and stud cavity insulation ratios. Lab conditions were maintained at 40% relative humidity for one winter, and
25% for the next. After two years, the test walls that didn’t keep within the guidelines in Figure 8 had abundant
mold growth on the plywood sheathing and high wood framing moisture contents, whereas test walls that had
insulation distributions consistent with Figure 9 had no visible mold and kept the framing moisture content well
out of the risk zone.

There is some concern that if the fiberglass insulation does not completely fill the stud cavity, convective heat
losses may reduce the effective R-value of the insulation in this area. One of the test walls at the CCHRC facility
used R-13 fiberglass batting in the 2x6 stud bays, leaving approximately two inches of air space between the
back of the drywall and the insulation. During the five coldest months of the 2008-2009 winter, the insulation
value of the wall cavity (including the air space and the fiberglass) averaged a value of R-7, lending some weight
to this concern. This drop in R-value was determined using calculations based on the known R-values of the
insulation used in that wall section, in combination with the temperature recordings from the sensor string in
the wall. Further study is warranted as no temperature sensors were located in either the fiberglass or the air
space, and this wall was not set up to test for this phenomenon. Given all the variables involved, it is not pos-
sible to draw conclusions at this point.

Future testing.
As of early 2013, CCHRC is conducting testing to investigate differences in moisture control for the REMOTE
system between water vapor permeable house wraps (e.g. Tyvek® DrainWrap™) and vapor impermeable mem-
branes (such as Grace Vycor®) as the exterior membrane. See the discussion on page 21 for more background.
Also included in this testing are different types of insulation, such as cellulose in the stud cavity and the exterior
insulation. These tests are being conducted at ASHRAE design standards of 70 degrees F and 40% humidity for
the interior conditions.

29
 Insulation

Image 25. Foam board is loosely attached to framing with a four inch sheetrock screw and a Wind-Lock® plastic washer

Image 26. Second layer of foam board is loosely attached using transferred stud pattern with eight inch screws and
Wind-Lock® washers

30
 Insulation

Bays and Cantilevers.

The REMOTE system lends itself well to some areas that are difficult to insulate and seal properly using conventional
methods. Any places where floors extend beyond walls and are exposed to the outside can be notoriously difficult
to seal. The exterior foam and barrier membrane can be relatively easily cut to follow these types of projections,
thereby effectively bringing them into the conditioned space of the building (Images 27 through 29). Keep in mind
that any window layout in a bump-out is subject to change as the extra wall thickness produced by the foam gener-
ally moves openings further away from the corners.

Jack Hébert
Image 27. Close-up of a square cantilever bay window with attached foam board
Jack Hébert

Jack Hébert

Image 28. Foam board covering a curved cantilever Image 29. Cantilevered addition wrapped with
foam board

31
 Insulation
Summary and Installation Tips

• A one-third interior to two-thirds exterior insulation ratio is consid-

ered safe in climates with 14,000 Heating Degree Days (such as Fair-
banks) or less.

• The key to the REMOTE Wall System is moving the dew point in the
wall to the cold side of the wall (exterior).

• Both expanded polystyrene (EPS) and extruded polystyrene (XPS) can

be used in the REMOTE system.

• To make installation most efficient, be sure the first layer of foam-

board insulation is applied straight and level.

• It may be helpful to transfer the stud locations on to the successive

layers of foam board. The foam board only needs to be held in place
well enough to stay aligned and resist winds until the furring is at-
tached.

• To ensure continuous insulation, stagger seams between each layer

so each seam is covered by solid foam board in the subsequent layer;
transfer the stud location pattern to this layer. Continue this pattern
for any additional layers.

• Stagger seams on corners.

• Fill gaps and damaged spots between the sheets with minimal ex-
panding foam.

• Four inches of rigid foam board is the minimum recommended in

cold climates; six inches yields higher performance in Interior Alaska.

32
 • Wall and floor framing should be located on the foundation so that
the exterior foam board can transition smoothly all the way down to
the footer in one plane, without steps or jogs. Avoid having foun-
dation wall offsets that will require non-standard thickness of foam
board to make the transition.

• If foam board insulation does not extend to the footing, consider

frost-resistant backfill to prevent the foam board edges from lifting.

• If not using furring strips when attaching the final layer of foam
board, use large plastic washers and screws at least one inch longer
than the total thickness of all foam board layers.

• Foil-faced foam board may not be suitable for climates where wind-
driven rain can cause water to be trapped between the layers. Un-
faced foam board provide better drainage and drying properties.

• Some foam board, such as Insulfoam® R-Tech®, can be special-or-

dered in three-inch thicknesses, which will speed up construction in
walls using six inches of exterior foam. Note the limitations of your
saw blades when ordering foam.

Bays and Cantilevers

Summary and Installation Tips

• In the REMOTE Wall System it is easy to apply exterior membranes

and insulation to cantilevers.

• Extra insulation added to the floors of cantilevers is subject to the

same one third warm-side R-value ratio as the walls.

33
 Furring and Siding

Overview
In most situations, the wall furring provides the bulk of the structural attachment for both the foam board and
the siding. The foam board layers can be loosely attached using a variety of methods: framing staples, nails, and
washer-head fasteners can all work for the initial attachment. Keep in mind that the foam board should be attached
well enough to resist winds until the furring can be applied. Lighter densities of foam board may require more
care during furring installation because they may compress more readily if the fasteners are overdriven, especially
around openings.

In the field 1x4 dimensional lumber and wider three-quarter-inch plywood corners are typically used for furring.
The plywood should extend far enough in both directions to allow positive attachment into the corner framing as
well as be able to provide surface area for the desired width of corner trim and siding terminations (Images 30
through 36). In wet climates, venting the spaces between the furring strips at the top and bottom, and around
ATTACHMENT INFORMATION
windows and doors, is an option. Good air flow behind the siding will help with drying by providing an exit path for
any moisture that makes its way past the siding. Image 36 shows a furring pattern appropriate for wet climates.

d capacity of loaded screw from ESR4078 .187 inch

Structural Screws.
mber Lok The
screw load
standard capacity
fastener 136 lb/inch
for attaching furring is a pan-head panel-type roofing screw that is long enough to pass
through all layers of foam board and penetrate securely into the framing. As a rule, all furring that supports sid-
ch)(0.5 inch)=
ing shouldShear=
be fastened11.3
to the lb
wall framing members (Figure 9). Most screws of this type will have a reasonable
corrosion resistance, but if they will be used below grade, in treated wood, or in an extreme environment, it may
be necessary to consult the manufacturer. An impact driver often makes for much easier installation. Screw head
k profiles range from #3 Phillips, Torx, Star, and Square drive among others, to make for more positive driving. Screws
should penetrate through the sheathing and a minimum of 1.25 inches into the studs. Longer screws are available,
ft x 2.3 psf) = 2.5ft
including = 29
half sizes inch
in some Install
brands, if significant screws
upsizing 24 in O.C.*
is desired.

With 2x4 walls in particular, keep in mind that errant fastener penetrations can run the risk of damaging wiring or
vinyl siding
plumbing runs in the exterior walls. Vertical fastener spacing can vary from one to two feet on center, depending on
ws per manufacturers specifications
the siding and wind loads. Driving the screws in at Typically
a slight upward24 in
angle, O.C.
such as 0.5 inch in six inches is highly rec-
ommended as it creates a mechanical advantage that significantly increases the bearing capacity of the assembly
(Figure 9). In addition, a truss clip can be attached to any rafter tails that line up with the furring. In any situations
where excessive structural, seismic, or wind loads are an issue, it is recommended that an engineer be consulted
to verify that the construction methods are appropriate to the conditions. Metal fasteners are very 1.25 inch and
conductive
any long screws that penetrate from the exterior to the interior can present a condensation point. In these cases,
a scrap of foam board big enough to cover the exposed portion of the screw can be pushed on the screw tip and
sealed to the sheathing with spray foam.

mbed 1.25 inches

install at 2 ft O.C.
6 in 6 inch
th following0.5slope
in 0.5
inch
Figure 9. SCREW PLACEMENT AND ANGLE
rigid foam board
(2 inch layers) 34
 Furring and Siding

ATTACHMENT INFORMATION

Vertical LoadATTACHMENT
capacity of loadedINFORMATION
screw from ESR4078 .187 inch

Oly Log/Timber
Vertical Lok screw
Load capacity load
of loaded capacity
screw from ESR4078 136
.187 lb/inch
inch
(136 lb/6 inch)(0.5 inch)= Shear= 11.3 lb
Oly Log/Timber Lok screw load capacity 136 lb/inch
(136 lb/6Plank
Hardie inch)(0.5 inch)= Shear= 11.3 lb
11.3 lb/(2 ft x 2.3 psf) = 2.5ft = 29 inch Install screws 24 in O.C.*
Hardie Plank
11.3
Woodlb/(2
andft xvinyl
2.3 psf) = 2.5ft = 29 inch
siding Install screws 24 in O.C.*
Install screws per manufacturers specifications Typically 24 in O.C.
Wood and vinyl siding
Install screws per manufacturers specifications Typically 24 in O.C.
1.25 inch
1.25 inch

Structural screw, embed 1.25 inches

intoscrew,
Structural framing install
embed 1.25at inches
2 ft O.C.
6 inch
into framing install at 2 ft O.C.
Angle screw with following slope 0.5 6 inch
Angle screw with following slope 0.5inch
inch
4-6 inch rigid foam board
4-6 inchRigid foam
rigid foam
(2 board
board
inch layers)
(2 layers staggered(2atinch
all layers)
joints)

Exterior membrane
Exterior membrane

Vertical1x4’s
Vertical 1x4’sinstall
install
atat 2 O.C.
2 ft ft O.C.

OSB
OSB sheathing
sheathing

SIDING
SIDINGWEIGHTS
WEIGHTS
0.75 in0.75 in 6 in 6 in 7/16 7/16
Hardie
HardiePlank
Plank 2.32.3
psfpsf 1x4 FOAM
FOAMOSB
1x4 OSB
Wood:
Wood:7/16
7/16inch
inchOSB
OSB 1.31.3
psfpsf
Vinyl
Vinyl 0.50.5
psfpsf
7-3/16 inch
* O.C. - on center 7-3/16 inch
* O.C. - on center overall width
overall width

Figure 10. FURRING AND SIDING DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS AND ATTACHMENT DETAIL
CROSS-SECTION
CROSS-SECTIONOF OF6"6"REMOTE
REMOTE WALL
WALL
35 SCREW DETAIL AND SIDING INFORMATION
SCREW DETAIL AND SIDING INFORMATION
 Furring and Siding

Thorsten Chlupp
Image 30. Pre-drilled furring speeds installation process and keeps fasteners at a consistent height to avoid
conflict with interior mechanical runs through the stud bays

Image 31. Exposed fasteners inside the wall must be covered to prevent condensation

36
 Furring and Siding

Thorsten Chlupp
Image 32. Vinyl siding in progress, note furring around chimney support
Thorsten Chlupp

Image 33. Furring wraps around the window buck edges so the win- Image 34. Detail of wider furring on corner,
dow can seal directly to the membrane on the buck. In wet allows for fastening to corner framing
climates, spaces above and below windows, and above
doors, should be vented.

37
 Furring and Siding

Marquam George
Image 35. Vinyl siding in progress. Note that all spaces between furring strips are vented rather than capped.

Jack Hébert

Image 36. REMOTE home with multiple exterior finishes

38
 Furring and Siding
Summary and Installation Tips

• 1x4s are a good choice for furring strips; treated wood may be a bet-
ter choice in wet climates.

• Be sure the corner furring is wide enough to allow fastening to the

corner framing and to attach siding.

• Check with your local dealer in advance about the fasteners you will
require to make sure they have them in stock.

• Screws to hold furring strips should be driven 1.25 inches into the
studs, not counting the sheathing.

• Screws should be driven at a slight upward angle (0.5 inch vertical

rise for every 6 inches horzontal, from front to back) to increase their
bearing capacity.

• The vertical fastener layout for attaching furring strips is usually 24

inches on-center but consider the siding that will be used before at-
taching the furring.

• Any metal fasteners that can conduct cold and are exposed on the in-
side of the wall should be covered with some type of foam insulation
to prevent condensation.

• If furring will be attached before mechanical systems are run in the

exterior walls, consistent heights in the layout pattern for screws will
minimize any interference or damage, particularly in 2x4 walls.

• Be sure to let the plumbing and electrical subs know at what height
increments the furring fasteners are located so they can drill their
holes through the studs without damaging their tools or the screws
themselves.

39
 Conclusion

Ventilation.
Due to the nature of their construction, homes built using the REMOTE Wall System are very tight and will require
an external source of fresh air. Exhaust-only systems with passive fresh air intake vents and HRVs are both viable
options.

Retrofits.
As an energy retrofit measure, the REMOTE system lends itself especially well to relatively straightforward home
construction with wall planes that have minimal obstructions such as bump-out bays, multi-story decks, and other
attached exterior structures. Sometimes the complexities involved in achieving good exterior barrier continuity,
flashing details, and proper insulation thicknesses are simply not viable for REMOTE, or are prohibitively expen-
sive. Homes being considered for a REMOTE retrofit need to be decided on a case-by-case basis. Fortunately many
older homes and subdivisions used simpler construction methods and make good candidates, particularly those
with T1-11 siding.

Another point to consider is that most Alaska retrofits will have existing interior vapor retarders, which creates a
“double vapor barrier” situation that is unavoidable for practical reasons. That means vapor that migrates through
holes in the vapor retarder can be trapped in the wall, as exterior foam blocks the drying path to the outside. The
positive side to this situation is that if the proper inside-to-exterior insulation ratio is maintained, and the exte-
rior membrane and flashings are detailed correctly, CCHRC research has shown that this “double vapor barrier”
effect should not be a problem. While the presence of an interior vapor retarder will significantly slow drying to
the inside, having the proper amount of outside insulation has been shown to be a more significant moisture con-
trol element in Interior Alaska. These findings should translate to other climate regions of Alaska, assuming that
potential exterior wetting mechanisms have been addressed in the retrofit. In all circumstances, a mechanical air
exchange system is necessary for an older home that has undergone a retrofit. Mechanical ventilation will help
ensure adequate moisture control and a source of fresh air, both of which are critical to occupant health and build-
ing longevity.
New construction.
There are many possibilities for new construction. What matters most is that the concepts and principles pre-
sented here are taken into account during the planning stages. This will help to make informed decisions that will
contribute to overall labor savings and energy performance. As an example, exterior transitions such as cantilevers
and large bay windows can be time-consuming to seal and insulate properly. The REMOTE system simplifies the
detailing in these areas by attending to them on the exterior where they can be readily incorporated into the con-
tinuous thermal envelope provided by the rigid foam board.

One of the biggest hurdles to widespread use of the REMOTE Wall System is a lack of trained crews and contrac-
tors familiar with the construction processes. This is changing. For example, the U.S. Army is adopting the REMOTE
system for hundreds of new homes designed to meet military housing needs in Interior Alaska. The system is being
embraced more readily as perceptions in the home construction industry are changing. Energy efficiency and a
longer-term view of home ownership are driving forces that help make REMOTE construction a viable—and attrac-
tive—option.

40
 Conclusion

To ensure that you have the tightest building envelope possible, consider conducting a blower door test. The best
time to do this is when the foam board, exterior membrane, ceiling vapor barrier, windows and doors are all in
place and the ceiling has been sheetrocked. Ideally any plumbing and wiring penetrations will also be in place. At
this point, the blower door test provides a good diagnostic tool for determining the specific locations of air leaks
when they can be easily identified and remedied.

Ultimately, the overall performance of the REMOTE Wall System is dependent on two main factors in the construc-
tion phase: the materials used and the attention to detail given during assembly. To date, all walls that have been
tested by CCHRC have used an exterior sheathing—either 0.5 inch C-D Exposure 1 plywood or seven-sixteenths
OSB. This line of reasoning stems from the fact that the vast majority of residential structures use these products to
meet building codes. To date, no testing has been done on walls without exterior sheathing in combination with an
air retarder in place of a vapor retarder. Doing so would place the exterior foam board in the role of the sheathing
by exposing it directly to the warm-side environment. It is an entirely different product and its performance under
these conditions is unknown.

CCHRC staff continues to research various aspects of the REMOTE Wall System and hopes to make the shift to a
new construction process as easy as possible for builders. In addition to this manual, other materials about this
process are available, including a DVD, cross-sectional drawings, and pictures of some of the more unusual situa-
tions that may arise due to the diverse nature of home construction. We welcome your comments on this process
and other construction challenges unique to the cold climate environment.

Jack Hébert

Image 37. Completed 6,800-square-foot custom home using six-inch REMOTE walls

41
 How To

How to Build the Typical REMOTE Wall

1. Frame and sheathe exterior walls.
2. Apply exterior membrane, i.e., self-adhering waterproofing
membrane, 6-mil poly, or Tyvek® DrainWrap™
3. Exterior-mounted or inset windows
a. Exterior-mounted Windows
i. install full-depth window bucks and flash to meet climate condi-
tions
ii. Install windows over flashed buck framing and flash nail flanges
b. Inset Windows
i. install windows and flash to meet climate conditions
ii. Build and install exterior jamb extensions over windows
4. Doors – Build and install door sills and flash openings as required
5. Install deck blocking or other exterior blocking as required (i.e., hose
bibs, electrical, vents, etc.)
6. Install overlapping layers of foam board until desired insulation thick-
ness is reached, using the warm-side ratio calculation
7. Install vertical furring over studs and corners to support siding.
Note: Screws used for furring attachment must penetrate framing to sup-
port structural loads and avoid condensation points in wall. Furring can be
pre-drilled on layout before installing to speed process
8. Install exterior window furring to support finished window trim
9. Install desired siding and exterior trim
10. Inspect and seal any interior fastener penetrations, paying special at-
tention to any metal connectors that can conduct cold to the inside and
pose condensation problems.

42
 COLD CLIMATE HOUSING RESEARCH CENTER

CCHRC

“Promoting and advancing the development of

healthy, durable, and sustainable shelter for Alaskans
and other Circumpolar people”

This manual is printed on

100% recycled paper
Cold Climate Housing Research Center • (907) 457-3454 • www.cchrc.org