ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟزﻗﺎزﯾق –
ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﮭﻧدﺳﺔ – ﻗﺳم ھﻧدﺳﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺎت واﻟﻣﻧظوﻣﺎت
CSE100
1 اﻟﺣﺎﺳﺑﺎت واﻟﺑرﻣﺟﺔ
ﻣﺣﻣد ﻧورﻋﺑداﻟﺟواد/د
[email protected]
https://mnourgwad.github.io/CSE100
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﮫ ﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ: 4 اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة
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Copyright ©2016 Dr.Ing. Mohammed Nour Abdelgwad Ahmed as part of the course work and learning material. All Rights Reserved.
Where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Quiz
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اﻟﻤﺤﺎﺿﺮة اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﮫ اﻷھﺪاف ﻟﻠﯿﻮم
ﻣﻘﺪﻣﮫ ﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ
اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿﺔ
اﻟﺠﺒﺮ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ وﻗﻮاﻋﺪه
اﻟﺪواﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿﺔ
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Binary Logic
• Definition of Binary Logic
• Binary logic consists of binary variables and a set of logical operations.
• The variables are designated by letters of the alphabet, such as A, B, C, x, y,
z, etc, with each variable having two and only two distinct possible values: 1
and 0,
• Three basic logical operations: AND, OR, and NOT.
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Switching Circuits
AND OR
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اﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﮫ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ
AND
x z (1اﻟﺑواﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﺔ Logic Gates
y
(2ﺟدول اﻟﺣﻘﯾﻘﮫ Truth Table
اﻟدﺧل اﻟﺧرج
x y z (3اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ
0 0 0 Boolean Expressions
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
z=x•y=xy 6
اﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﮫ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ
AND OR NOT
اﻟدﺧل اﻟﺧرج اﻟدﺧل اﻟﺧرج x z
x y z x y z 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
z=x•y=xy z=x+y ’z = x = x
x z x
y z x z
y
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اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ )(Binary Logic
• اﻟﺑواﺑﺎت اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﯾﮫ Logic gates:
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اﻟﻘﻮاﻟﺐ اﻟﺮﺋﯿﺴﯿﮫ ﻟﺒﻨﺎء اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ
NAND NOR XOR
اﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﺮج اﻟﺪﺧﻞ اﻟﺨﺮج اﻟﺨﺮج اﻟﺪﺧﻞ
x y z x y z x y z
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
𝒚 𝒁 = 𝒙 . 𝒚𝒁=𝒙+ 𝒚⨁𝒙 = 𝒁
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Summary
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ﺟﺒﺮ ﺑﻮل وﻗﻮاﻋﺪه
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اﻟﺠﺒﺮ اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻲ
§ ﻗﺎم ﺑوﺿﻊ ھذا اﻟﻌﻠم ﺟورج ﺑول ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘرن اﻟﺛﺎﻣن ﻋﺷر
ﻣﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺗﻌﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾرات اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﯾﮫ.
§ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ ﺗﺑﺳﯾط اﻟدوال)اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻻت( اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﺑر ﻋﻧﮭﺎ
ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾرات اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﯾﺔ.
§اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾرات اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﯾﮫ :ھﻲ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﺑل ﻗﯾم ﺛﻧﺎﺋﯾﮫ ﻛــ
)(1/0 or true/false or yes/no or high/low
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ﻗﻮاﻋﺪ ﺟﺒﺮ ﺑﻮل
𝐴=𝐴*1 𝐴+1=1
𝐴*0=0 𝐴=𝐴+0
𝐴=𝐴*𝐴 𝐴=𝐴𝐴+
𝐴 * 𝐴̅ = 0 𝐴 + 𝐴̅ = 1
𝐴 = )𝐴(𝐵 + 𝐵0 𝐵 𝐴 + 𝐴̅𝐵 = 𝐴 +
𝐴 = 𝐴⨁12 ﻧظرﯾﺔ دي ﻣورﺟﺎن:
𝐴 = 𝐴⨁0 1) xy=x+y
2) x+y=x y 13
أﻣﺜﻠﮫ
ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﺟﺑر ﺑول أﺛﺒﺖ أن :
( A+B) ( A+B) =AB+AB
𝐴̅ + 𝐵0 + 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐴̅𝐴 + 𝐴̅𝐵 +A𝐵0+𝐵0B
= 0 + 𝐴̅𝐵 +A𝐵0+0
= 𝐴̅𝐵 +A𝐵0
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أﻣﺜﻠﮫ
ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام ﺟﺑر ﺑول ﺑﺳط اﻟﺻﯾﻎ اﻻﺗﯾﮫ:
( )
) F= A+B ( A+C
𝐹 = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝐴𝐶 +A𝐵0+𝐵0C
= 𝐴 + 𝐴𝐶 +A𝐵0+𝐵0C
= 𝐴 1 + 𝐶+𝐵0 +𝐵0C
= 𝐴+𝐵0C
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أﻣﺜﻠﮫ
أوﺟد ﻗﯾﻣﺔ Fﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﻘﯾم اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻠﮫ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﻐﯾرات:
F=ABC + AB
اﻟﺣل
•ﻻﺑد ﻣن ﺗﻛﻣﻠﺔ ﻛل اﻟﺣدود ) ﺑﻣﻌﻧﻲ ان ﯾظﮭر ﻛل اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾرات
ﻓﻲ ﻛل ﺣد(
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أﻣﺜﻠﮫ
اﻟدﺧل اﻟﺧرج
A B C F
0 0 0 0 •وﻣن ﺛم ﺗﺻﺑﺢ اﻟﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ھﻲ:
0 0 1 0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
F=ABC+AB C+C ( )
1 0 0 0
=ABC+ABC+ABC
1 0 1 1 101 111 110
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
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أﻣﺜﻠﮫ
طﺑق ﻧظرﯾﺔ دي ﻣورﺟﺎن
(
AB CD + AC )
( )
𝐵 AB CD + AC = 𝐴̅ +
𝐷 0 + 𝐶̅ +
̅𝐶 2 𝐴 +
𝐷𝐴 = 𝐴̅ + 𝐵0 + 𝐴𝐶̅ +𝐷 ̅𝐶 2 + 𝐶̅ +
2
𝐷𝐴 = 𝐴̅ + 𝐵0 +̅𝐶 2 +
𝐷 = 𝐴̅ + 𝐵0 +
̅𝐶 2 +
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Conversion of Boolean Function
Truth table Logic Circuit
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اﻟﺪواﺋﺮ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿﮫ
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أﻣﺜﻠﮫ
أرﺳﻢ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮة اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﯿﮫ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ اﻟﺼﯿﻐﮫ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﯿﮫ
ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﺘﺒﺴﯿﻂ وﺑﻌﺪه ,ﺛﻢ ﻗﺎرن ﺑﯿﻦ اﻟﺪاﺋﺮﺗﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ
ﺣﯿﺚ ﻋﺪد اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮫ؟
(
F= ABC + ABC + ABC )
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اﻟﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ
:ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﺜﻨﺎﺋﻲ ھﻲ
0+0=0 Sum = 0, carry out = 0
0+1=1 Sum = 1, carry out = 0
1+0=1 Sum = 1, carry out = 0
1 + 1 = 10 Sum = 0, carry out = 1
: ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﮫ اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﮫ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﯾﺻﺑﺢcarry in = 1 ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون اﻟـ
1 + 0 + 0 = 01 Sum = 1, carry out = 0
1 + 0 + 1 = 10 Sum = 0, carry out = 1
1 + 1 + 0 = 10 Sum = 0, carry out = 1
1 + 1 + 1 = 11 Sum = 1, carry out = 1
اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ اﻟﻨﺼﻔﻲ
Half adder
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S=AB+AB º A Å B اﻟﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻨﺼﻔﻲ:
C=AB
اﻟدﺧل اﻟﺧرج
A B S C
0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
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اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ
Full adder
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اﻟﺧرج :اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ
اﻟدﺧل
A B Cin S Cout
S=ABCin +ABCin
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 +ABCin +ABCin
0 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 Cout =ABCin +ABCin
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 1 +ABCin +ABCin
1 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
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:اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ اﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ
S=A Å B Å Cin
Cout = ( A Å B) Cin +AB
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اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻊ اﻟﻛﺎﻣل
وﺿﺢ ﻛﯾف ﯾﺗم ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺟﻣﻊ 1+0+1؟
1 1
0
0
1
1
1
0
اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻊ اﻟﻛﺎﻣل
وﺿﺢ ﻛﯾف ﯾﺗم ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺟﻣﻊ 1+0+1؟
S 1 S Sum
1 A s A s 0
0 B Cout
0 B Cout
1
Cout
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اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻊ اﻟﻛﺎﻣل
وﺿﺢ ﻛﯾف ﯾﺗم ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ ﺟﻣﻊ 1+0+1؟
1 0
1
1
0
اﻟﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﺗوازي
ﯾﻣﻛن دﻣﺞ ﻋدد nﻣن دواﺋر اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻊ اﻟﻛﺎﻣل ﻟﻌﻣل ﺟﻣﻊ ﻣﺗوازي
ﻷرﻗﺎم ﺛﻧﺎﺋﯾﮫ ﻣﻛون ﻣن n bitﻋﻠﻲ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ﻛﻣﺎ ھو
ﻣوﺿﺢ : 4 bit
A4 B4 A3 B3 A2 B2 A1 B1
C0
A B Cin A B Cin A B Cin A B Cin
Cout S Cout S Cout S Cout S
C4
C3 C2 C1
S4 S3 S2 S1
اﻟﻄﺮح/ داﺋﺮة اﻟﺠﻤﻊ
Addition/Subtraction
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داﺋﺮة اﻟﺠﻤﻊ /اﻟﻄﺮح
اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﺪﻻ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻄﺮح:
§ﯾﻤﻜﻦ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺠﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﺘﻮازي ﻹﺟﺮاء ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ طﺮح ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل
ﻗﻠﺐ )ﻣﺘﻤﻢ ( اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻤﻄﺮوح ,ﺛﻢ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ 1إﻟﻲ Cin
§ﻛﯿﻒ ﯾﺘﻢ ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﻌﺪد ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼل اﻟﺒﻮاﺑﺎت؟
2
𝑨
1
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داﺋﺮة اﻟﺠﻤﻊ /اﻟﻄﺮح
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