Monotonic Sequence, Sandwich Th. With Examples)
Monotonic Sequence, Sandwich Th. With Examples)
Examples-
1. The sequence {1,2,3, . .
. , n, ...} is strictly increasing.
2. 1, . n
.
2.
2. Show that every bounded monotonically decreasing sequence converges.
4. Show that every bounded monotonically increasing sequence converges to its supremum
Sol" (Same as sol". of 1; just start from- Let M be its supremum)
5. Show that every bounded monotonically increasing sequence converges to its supremum
Sol". (Same as sol". of2; just start from- Letl be its infimum )
6. Show that the sequence {xn }, where x,-1 is convergent and that lim
n-
1+
lies between 2 and 3.
mple 11. Show that sequence {S.} where (1+.
1 3.
Convergent and that lim 1+ lies between 2 and
is a positive integer, We
Expanding by Binomial theorem, since
n
bave
nin-1)
S.-14-1+m. + 2 n2
nn-1)...3.2.1 1
+
=1+1+Fi )2 1-
+ 1-)-(1)
Since each term beyond the first on the R.H.S. is an increasing
function of n, it follows that {S,} is a monotonic increasing sequence.
Again since each bracket on the R.H.S. is positive therefore We have
1 1
2<Sh1+jt+3 t ....+ n
1+1+ + +.....+ 27-1< 3.
2<S < 3.
Thus {S.} is a bounded and monotonic
has a limit, which is generally denoted by
increasing sequence and so
e.
lim 1+
n
=e where 2 < e < 3.
Example 13. Show that the
sequence {S,} where
S,= + ..4+ is convergent.
2
Now S+1-S = >0 Vn.
n+1
The sequence is monotonic increasing.
1 1
Again, S. + F.....
n
1
2-1
1
1
= 2
1
2
2n+1
2
0< S, < 2.
. The sequence is bounded.
Thus the sequence {S,}, being bounded and monotonic increasing,
iS convergent.
7. Show that the sequence N, 1. where
+.+ is convergent.
n+I n+2 1+3 ntn
Sol". We have.
+. +
+2 n+3
((2n+2)+(2n+1)-2(2n+1)
2(n+1)2n+2)
1 >0, Vn e N
2(n +1)(2n+2)
Therefore the sequence is monotonic increasing.
1
Now, x,1= x, =+ . +1
n+1 n+2 n+3 n+n
+. - = n. = 1
nn n n n
lim T 0
no
1+
Hence xn is convergent.
We have,
n+1
Xn+1Xn ..<0, VneN. (Try it)
(n+1) +1n+1
Therefore, Xn+1 , VneNand so { xn} is monotonic decreasing sequence.
Also, x,n >0, V n e N.
Thus } is a bounded monotonically decreasing sequence. So it is convergent and convergent
to its infimum.
Since limx, =0, therefore inf {x,} =0.
d Using Sandwich theorem-
n
We have, Xn +1
= =
Since lim 0
Since =0 and lim =
0, therefore by Sandwich theorem lim x=0
no n n n-0
1Cn) Wnere Ca
THEOREM 12. 1f {a,, {b,}, {c,} are three sequences such tha
(i) a, b, S Cm»
and (ii) lim a, lim cn
=
n.
n.
(n+1) Vn+2) n)
converges to 1.
Solution. We have
n
n
Vn+n
StS1
V1+(1/n)
Now the 1 and = 1 are such
sequences (sn). (4n) Wnere
Sn T+(1/2)
that
and
lim s, = lim 4, = 1.
Her lim t,= 1
Froman