HISTORY OF EAST AFRICA (241/1)

1. (a)Describe the organization of trade relations between the people of middle Orient
and East Africa by 1500 A.D. (15
marks)
(b)How did the trade affect the people of East Africa? (11
marks)
2. (a)Describe the migration and settlement of the Ngoni in East Africa. (13
marks)
(b)How was East Africa affected with the migration of the Ngoni? (12
marks)
3. (a)Why did Sayyid Said transfer his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar? (13
marks)
(b)Why is he important in the history of East Africa? (12
marks)
4. (a)Why was East Africa partitioned by the European powers in the 19th Century?
(12
marks)
(b) How was East Africa acquired by the European colonial masters? (13
marks)
5. (a)Why was the Buganda Agreement signed in 1900? (13
marks)
(b)What were the effects of the Agreement to the people of Buganda? (12
marks)
6. (a)To what part of Uganda and for what reasons was the Uganda railway extended
between 1920 and 1965. (14
marks)
(b)What challenges did the construction of the railway face in East Africa? (11
marks)
7. (a)Explain the developments in education in Uganda during the period 1900-1920.
(14
marks)
(b)Why did the government become interested in controlling education after 1920?

1
 (11
marks)
8. (a)What were the causes of racial conflict in Kenya between 1907 and 1923? (12
marks)
(b)How did the Duke of Devonshire settle these conflicts? (13
marks)
9. (a)Why was there a need for the federation of the East African states? (12
marks)
(b) Why did the attempts for federation of East Africa fail? (13
marks)
10. (a)Why was East Africa involved in World War II? (12
marks)
(b)What were the effects of the war on East Africa? (13
marks)
END.

MARKING GUIDE

11. (a)Describe the organization of trade relations between the people of middle Orient
and East Africa by 1500 A.D. (15
marks)
a) This was the Indian Ocean Trade
b) The Indian Ocean trade was the commercial transaction between the East
African coast and the Arab world or the people of middle orient and the Far
East especially Persia and Saudi Arabia.
c) It was conducted across the Indian Ocean, Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.
d) It was called the Indian Ocean trade because it was conducted across the Indian
Ocean
e) The major participants in this trade were the Greeks, Egypt, Malaysians,
Indonesians, Syrians, Chinese and Indians.
f) Other participants in this trade included the African chiefs who stayed in the
coastal towns especially Kilwa and Mombasa.
g) The trade was carried out on barter trade basis; goods could be exchanged with
goods using the double coincidence of wants.

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h) After some time cowrie-shells were used as currency that were got from
Maldiva Islands
i) Gold coins were later used when cities like Kilwa started minting own coins
j) The trade was carried out by the use of dhows that would move by the help of a
big cloth blown by the monsoon winds.
k) The dhows were blown by the monsoon winds. Between November and April
the southwest winds would blow the dhows to the coast and in May and
October the northeastern winds would blow the dhows back to Asia.
l) The major exports of the trade included, Ivory, slaves, animal skins, copper,
gold, tortoise shells, rhino horns etc.
m) The major imports to East Africa on the other hand included spices, guns,
beads, daggers, clothes, swords, glass etc.
n) The chief entrepreneurs were the Arabs; they could provide capital in the trade
and were the main organizers.
o) The Bantu tribes controlled the trade between the interior and the coast while
the coastal people took over as middlemen at the coast.
p) The trading activities between Azania and Asia existed long before Christ was
born.
q) The coastal people exchanged goods with the interior people like the
Makaranga of Mwenomotapa Kingdom Zimbabwe. This was through
intermediaries like the Nyika.
r) Goods from the interior of East Africa especially gold from Mwenomotapa
would be carried by slaves to the coast.
s) Gold was mined in Mwenomotapa kingdom by the Makaranga.
t) Kilwa and sofala were the major gold centers and in controlling it from the
interior
u) The Africans helped in the organization of the trade and in controlling it from
the interior.
v) They could organize the goods, the people to carry the goods and security.
w) The controllers of the trade gained a lot of wealth.
x) Foreigners did not enter the interior because of fear of hostile tribes, wild
animals, diseases etc
y) It was only later due to increase in the trade that the Arab traders started
penetrating into the interior though these were very few by that time.
z) Ivory was obtained from the interior and sold at the coast
aa) The main trading centers were Kilwa, Mombasa, sofala, and Mogadishu.
bb)Slaves were obtained through raids and were sold at the coast

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 cc) The medium of communication was Kiswahili, a new language that had
developed the Swahili culture. Many people mastered this language in order to
gain from the trade; initially it was a silent Kind of trade.
dd)Ivory was exported to chine for bangles, bracelets, ornament. Slaves were
taken to Middle East as domestic servants, soldiers and miners.
ee) Some Arabs decided to settle permanently at the coast
ff) The most important ports of call included Yemen, Oman, and Hormuz

(b)How did the trade affect the people of East Africa? (11
marks)

a) The Indian ocean trade had many effects on the people of East African coast
which were economic, political and social
b) Most of the coastal merchants who participated in the trade became rich and
wealthy
c) New goods were introduced in East Africa for example beads, swords, guns,
glass, jars etc
d) Many coastal trading centers developed into large and prosperous towns e.g.
Mombasa, Kilwa, Malindi, Mogadishu, Sofala and Zanzibar.
e) New crops were introduced at the coast e.g. rice, wheat, bananas from
Indonesia
f) Local industries like cloth weaving, iron smelting, ivory and bone curving, ship
building developed along the Indian Ocean.
g) Some towns started minting their gold coins to show independence especially
Kilwa and sofala.
h) The Indian ocean trade also led to the introduction of cowrie-shells as a means
of exchange
i) Navigational skills were also learnt by the Africans
j) The east African coast was linked to the outside world commercially and this
attracted the Portuguese to come to the Coast.
k) The trade led to population increase at the coast due to the coming of the
Arabs.
l) More than 37 towns sprung up at the coast e.g. Mombasa, Kilwa, Sofala,
Mogadishu etc
m) It promoted the settlement of the Arabs and other foreigners at the coast

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 n) There was intermarriage between Arabs and the Coastal Bantu which led to the
rise of Swahili culture
o) The Arab way of dressing was introduced e.g. the use of veils by women and
turbans and Kanzus by men
p) The trade led to introduction of new architecture such as Arabic style of
building houses using stones, wood and they build flat roofed houses and close
to one another.
q) Koranic schools were set up as well as mosques and palaces
r) Arabic language became the official language. It was used in administration,
courts and mosques.
s) The people at the coast started applying the Muslim law known as the shariah
law. This was the law according to the Koran.
t) Courts were presided over by the khadis
u) Swahili language remained the Lingua-Franca (national language)
v) The trade led to depopulation due to the increased slave raids. Many people
were taken as slaves to work for the Arabs.
w) Food etiquette influenced by Arabs and Persian customs were introduced e.g.
chapattis, pilao and pepper.
x) The trade led to conflict between coastal towns and interstate wars
y) The administration of the coast lay in the hands of foreigners leading to loss of
independence
z) The trade made the coastal tows to have independent rulers who was an Arab
and with the title of Sultan.
aa) Every coastal town had a small council to advice the leaders and khadi who
was in charge of law and order and the keeping of the teaching of the Koran.
bb)The trade led to introduction of Amir and Wasiz who were in charge of the
daily administration of the people
cc) It led to rivalry between coastal towns in all attempt to control trade e.g.
Mombasa vs. Malindi, Kilwa vs. Sofala.
dd)It attracted foreigners to come and settle at the coast.
12. (a)Describe the migration and settlement of the Ngoni in East Africa. (13
marks)
a) The Ngoni are the Bantu speaking people who migrated from Eastern Frontiers
of South Africa (Natal, Zulu land) and settled in East Africa.
b) They are part of the Nguni speaking people of South Africa
c) They are said to have been the last group of the Bantu speakers to enter and
settle in East Africa.

5
d) There were several waves of migration in South Africa but only two groups
came into East Africa.
e) The largest group of the Ngoni migrants was led by Zwangendaba.
f) As they left South Africa they absorbed many people on their way to East
Africa.
g) They crossed River Limpopo and as they moved north words other people
joined them and they formed a strong army.
h) In 1831 the Ngoni migrants entered Zimbabwe and destroyed the great shone
settlement
i) In 1835 they crossed the Zambezi river and travelled through Malawi
j) In 1840 they reached and settled at Ufipa, Eastern part of Lake Tanganyika.
k) At Ufipa the Ngoni found the land fertile and since the occupants of Ufipa
were organized in small groups, they were easily conquered and defeated by
the Ngoni.
l) Another group known as Maseko Ngoni came from South Africa and reached
East Africa through a different route but using the same direction led y Induna
Maputo
m) They moved along the Eastern side of Lake Malawi until they reached a place
called Songea where they settled.
n) At Songea the Maseko Ngoni intermarried with the local people especially Yao
o) In 1848, Zwangendaba died and his group without strong leadership split into
five groups
p) Three of the five returned southward into Zambia and Malawi raiding the area.
q) Two remained in Tanganyika, they were the Tuta and Gwangwara Ngoni
r) The Tuta moved northward into Holoholo territory but were driven out of the
area and they finally settled in the north eastern part of Tanzania after raiding
the Nyamwezi.
s) They also interfered and destructed the trade along the Ujiji-Tabora. They
captured Mirambo as their captive and who was able to learn their tactics.
t) The other group-Gwangwara left Ufipa and moved eastward led by Zulu-Gama
u) During their movement they defeated the Hehe and Sangu
v) In around 1860 they reached Songea meeting the Maseko-Ngoni. After a fierce
fight the Maseko Ngoni were driven out.
w) Induna Maputo led his people across Ruvuma river while other Maseko Ngoni
fled to Morogoro where they settled and called them Mbungu
x) Others scattered to Tunduru and Newale

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 y) The Ngoni migration was characterized by looting, fighting, absorbing others
and general property destruction.

(b)How was East Africa affected with the migration of the Ngoni? (12
marks)

a) The Ngoni migration had both positive and negative effects

b) The invasion led to destruction of many communities and settlements in East
Africa especially in Southern Tanganyika.
c) The East African chiefs copied the Ngoni tactics of military warfare and used
them to defeat some of the Ngoni invaders.
d) For example the Holoholo using the Ngoni tactics of fighting defeated the Tuta
Ngoni in 1850s
e) The migration led to the reorganization of some societies for example the
Sangu under the Mwakawunguru. Their chief was forced to run away in the
1840s but after 10 years, he returned and united the Sangu against the Ngoni.
f) African societies adopted Ngoni weapons for example the Assegai, cow hide
shield etc.
g) The Ngoni attacks and raids left many dead
h) There was spread of diseases especially in southern Tanganyika. Such diseases
were associated with hunger.
i) Agriculture was prevented since there was a lot of instability and people could
not settle down to carry out agriculture.
j) The migration led to wide spread famine
k) The migration created war mongers known as the Ruga-Ruga; these could raid
villages and destroy communities.
l) The invasion led to the emergence of a group of people known as the Maviti
who were high way robbers and lived by looting.
m) Many chiefdoms in East Africa collapsed as a result of the Ngoni invasion
n) There was destruction of property as a result of the Ngoni migration
o) The Ngoni migration led to displacement of societies from their original area
and as a result many people became destitute.
p) The migration was also responsible for the spread of the Ngoni culture
q) The Ngoni raided widely for cattle thus destroying the wealth of many people.
r) The migration led to an increase in slave trade as many displaced people were
captured.

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 s) The Ngoni absorbed and assimilated some conquered people for example the
youth were forced into Ngoni army as fighters.
t) The Ngoni migration led to loss of culture because people could be absorbed
into the Ngoni culture and hence abandon their culture.
u) There was intermarriages between the Ngoni and local people
v) There were population increase in some areas especially where the Ngoni
settled
w) Due to the migration some societies like the Hehe later provided a strong
resistance against the German colonialists since they had witnessed or been
prepared by the Ngoni invasion
x) The invasion disrupted long distance trade that was taking place in East Africa
especially between Ujiji and Tabora. This was mainly done by the Tuta Ngoni.
y) Mirambo who earlier had been taken as a captives returned with Ngoni tactics
of fighting and later used them to build a strong military empire.
z) It created new generation of war lords like Nyungu Ya mawe and Mirambo
aa) The many wars fought between the Ngoni and the locals led to depopulation

13. (a)Why did Sayyid Said transfer his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar? (13
marks)
a) Sayyid Said was the most famous of all the Busaid rulers. His father had ruled
until 1804 and when he died.
b) In 1806 at the age of 14 Sayyid Said murdered his cousin and he became the
sultan of Oman Empire.
c) He however inherited several problems at home for example succession
conflicts, attacks from neighbours etc.
d) In around 1817 Sayyid Said solved some of the major problems at home and
started making constant visits at the coast in an attempt to take over the coast.
e) At around 1840 Sayyid said decided to transfer his capital from Muscat to
Zanzibar. The following reasons explain the transfer of his capital from Muscat
to Zanzibar.
f) He preferred the pleasant and cool climate which was suitable for settlement
and Agriculture unlike the hot dry climate of Muscat.
g) He wanted to effectively control the coast and to make sure that his control
over the region was secure although he was still in contact with the Oman.
h) He was interested with the agricultural potential of East Africa especially
Zanzibar and Pemba which had fertile soils and received heavy rainfall making
it suitable for cultivation of cloves and cocoa nut.

8
 i) He was also interested in controlling the natural resources at the coast and
those that were coming from the interior.
j) He wanted to gain the prestige and popularity both at the coast and in the
Oman and also to increase his wealth and that of his country.
k) Zanzibar was strategically located. It was stationed in a good position to
receive goods from East African mainland and also for establishing regular
trade links between the coast and the interior.
l) Zanzibar being an island it had security advantage which made it secure from
major attacks.
m) He wanted to check on the activity of the pirates who had made the trade
across the Indian Ocean almost impossible.
n) The people of East Africa were considered to be more loyal and friendly to
Sayyid Said than those of Oman. The people of Pate for instance invited him to
come and secure them from the harsh Mombasa governors.
o) Zanzibar had a wide natural harbour with deep waters which could anchor
from European countries like Britain, France and also from North America. He
thus wanted to act an international port.
p) Zanzibar had fresh water that was suitable for domestic use as compared to the
salty water of the Oman (Muscat).
q) He also wanted to escape his enemies from his home land and create a new
dynasty at the coast. He had a lot of enemies including his own relative due to
the fact that he had killed his own cousin.
r) He wanted to escape religious conflicts back at home in Oman.
s) He also wanted to end the Busaidi-Mazrui conflict once and for all more
especially in Mombasa where the Mazrui were basing their rule to rebel against
his rule.
t) The coast of East Africa provided cheap labour which he hoped to use on the
plantations.
u) The hospitality of some coastal towns like Pemba, Malindi and Zanzibar itself
also encouraged him to transfer his capital from Muscat to Zanzibar.

(b)Why is he important in the history of East Africa? (12

marks)

a) These were economic, social and political achievements;

9
 b) Economically Sayyid opened up large plantations of coco nut and cloves and
he encouraged people at the coast to grow them.
c) Zanzibar and Pemba became the largest producer of cloves exportation.
d) The Africans in Zanzibar lost their fertile land to the Arabs for cloves and
coco nut farms
e) He made Zanzibar an international port for both imports and exports and all
goods past through Zanzibar.
f) He encouraged foreigners to participate in trade and also signed commercial
treaties with countries like Britain, France, and Germany. This increased the
volume of trade at the coast.
g) He also introduced the use of rupees (Indian currency) and hence a monetary
system instead of the barter trading.
h) He improved on the financial status of Zanzibar by employing the Indian
Banyans/ money lenders who lent people money at the coast and also acted as
his financial advisors
i) Zanzibar became the principle slave market because he used slave labour to
work on the plants.
j) The coast became depopulated due to the increased slave activities in the
region
k) He encouraged trade with tribes of the interior of East Africa for example the
Sukuma, Nyamwezi, and Yao etc.
l) He increased the volume of the trading Items for example e.g. the volume of
ivory, gold, and skins increased.
m) He signed treaties with the interior local chiefs e.g. with Mirambo and
Fundikira of Nyamwezi allowing the coastal traders free passage in the region
n) He ended the struggle between the Mazrui and Busaid and ensured peace and
prosperity at the coast.
o) He encouraged the spread of Islam at the coast and the interior through
building the mosques.
p) He constructed several Mosques and Quranic schools along the East African
coast.
q) He greatly inspired and encouraged people to participate in long distance
trade.
r) He introduced taxation of all exports and imports hence he wonderfully
collected a lot of revenues that he used to develop Zanzibar’ economy.
s) He encouraged Europeans to set up trading posts in Zanzibar consequently
German set up one such posts in 1844

10
14. (a)Why was East Africa partitioned by the European powers in the 19th Century?
(12
marks)
a) The partition of East Africa means the actual division of East Africa into
colonies between Germany and Britain.
b) Britain took over Kenya and Uganda while Germany took over Tanganyika.
c) Industrial revolution on European continent made the powers of Britain and
Germany develop interest and urge to acquire colonies in East Africa
d) The scramble and partition of East Africa was as a result of the need to secure
profitable market within the region. European markets were over flooded with
surplus goods.
e) The need to acquire new areas of chief raw materials e.g. minerals, crops like
cotton, coffee, tea, tobacco etc. These would be used back in their home
industries as raw materials.
f) The need to acquire new areas of investment due to increase in capital from
the industries in Europe.
g) They desired to exploit both human and money capital, this led to setting up
of crop plantations and development of transport network in order to ease
transportation of raw materials from the interior to the coast.
h) There was need to take over from the chartered companies i.e. the IBEACO
and GEACO which were facing financial problems in administration.
i) There was need to promote legitimate trade after the successful abolition of
Slave trade. Africans had to be encouraged to grow crops. For this trade to
develop, transport and communication lines had to be set up.
j) The discovery of machinery in Europe rendered slaves useless, these jobless
slaves had to be resettled which led to scramble and partition of East Africa.
k) The discovery of huge quantities of minerals, e.g. gold, and diamond in south
Africa made the British to take over East Africa with expectation of finding
same minerals in the region

11
 l) The Germany attainment of her unification in 1870 proved to be another
powerful power; this sparked off struggle among European powers and this
was manifested in East Africa.
m) The defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian war 1870/71 and her loss of
mineral rich territories of Alsace and Lorraine. This compelled her to turn to
Africa. Fearing the outcomes Germany similarly rushed to East Africa in case
of revenge
n) The rise of nationalism among the European powers. This caused the
countries to acquire colonies for national prestige and greatness. The more
colonies a power had the more powerful she was perceived.
o) The activities of King Leopold II in Congo also alarmed other European
powers like France, Portugal and Britain who had interest in the region to
come claim control over Congo thus intensifying struggle for colonies.
p) The doctrine of effective control set by the Berlin Conference 1884/85 also
accelerated the colonization of East Africa.
q) It stated that a country claiming control over an area had to set up stations,
construct roads and even have agents like traders and missionaries in the
region.
r) Europeans thus rushed to Africa including East Africa to claim occupation of
land that was still available and this is exactly what Germany did.
s) The European interest in East Africa was of the general scramble for
territories in Africa by that time and East Africa was net exempted from the
scramble.
t) Carl Peter’s arrival and signing of treaties with different leaders in East Africa
more especially the treaty he signed with Mwanga alarmed the British causing
scramble and partition in East Africa.
u) The strategic importance of the Nile also accelerated the scramble and
partition of East Africa. Britain after occupying Egypt in 1882 wanted to
control all countries through which the Nile passed.
v) The British had to control Kenya because Uganda was land locked and had to
be linked to the coast by transport lines.
w) East Africa was strategically located for Britain to protect her interests in
India and the Far East.
x) Scientific and geographic curiosity was also another factor for the
colonization of East Africa. Explorers and geographers wanted to find out
more about the Dark Continent, e.g. its people, the source of the Nile, the
great lake system etc.

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 y) From the humanitarian point of view, the Europeans wanted to save the
Africans from the cruel and inhuman slave trade and promote legimate trade.
z) The Europeans also wanted to spread Christianity in order to save Africans
from Paganism and witchcraft.
aa) There was also a new concept and feeling among the Europeans that their race
was more superior to others and thus had the right to take over Africans.
bb)Religious differences among some communities in East Africa e.g. in
Buganda also led to the colonization of East Africa.
cc) The differences resulted into conflicts and war that led to the calling of home
government of different missionary groups for protection.
dd) For instance the CMS called upon the British government which took over
Buganda.
ee) There was also need to stop the useless wars that were being fought between
the different African societies/tribes.

(b) How was East Africa acquired by the European colonial masters? (13
marks)
a) The methods used by the Europeans to take over East Africa greatly depended
on the nature of each society’s response to colonialism. Among others they
include;
b) The colonialists signed treaties with African leaders which were later used to
claim territories.
c) The British signed treaties with Buganda, Toro, Masai while the Germans
signed treaties with communities of Kilimanjaro.
d) The Europeans also used force in taking over territories in East Africa e.g.
Kabalega of Bunyoro, chief Awich of Payera. These were forcefully pushed
out of their territories.
e) The colonialists also used Africans to occupy colonies in East Africa on their
behalf
f) The British used Semei Kakungulu to occupy eastern Uganda; they used
Baganda to conquer Bunyoro.
g) In Kenya, the British also used the Masai leader to conquer territories in the
neighbourhood of Masai.
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 h) In some parts missionaries were used to soften and open Africans to
colonization through teachings.
i) The missionaries also acted as intermediaries between Africans chiefs and the
colonialists
j) At times the missionaries persuaded African chiefs to sign treaties e.g. the
1900 Buganda agreement.
k) They adopted divide and rule policy by encouraging Africans with long
standing hostility to remain enemies so that they could not easily unite against
them.
l) For example they encouraged the hostility between Bunyoro and Buganda,
Masai against the Nandi and Kikuyu.
m) They adopted intimidation and threats against African leaders, e.g. the British
exiled Kabalega.
n) The Europeans also used chartered companies e.g. IBEACO, GEACO to
prepare ground for colonization.
o) The companies signed treaties with African chiefs, crushed rebellions, put in
place administrative structures that the colonialists used.
p) They used explorers; these made attractive reports and encouraged colonialists
to come into East Africa. Some of them established relationships between
their government and African leaders e.g. Muteesa I & H.M Stanley.
q) Europeans established communication lines, Kenya-Uganda railway. This did
not only facilitate the movement of troops and administration but were also
used as proof for occupation of different areas by European powers.
r) They used forts which were filled up with troops and weapons and were to
deal with Africans who resisted colonialism e.g. Fort Patiko.
s) They adopted military support toward societies that already submitted to the
British rule to enable them fight their enemies.
t) For example the British gave military support to Buganda to fight Bunyoro
and help in conquering it
u) They used indirect rule in areas where strong centralized government existed.
Under this system traditional rulers like kings were used to govern on behalf
of the British. This method worked very well in Buganda, Ankole and Masai.
v) They used strong and effective imperialistic, these included people like
captain Lugard, Sir Harry Johnston on the side of the British and Carl Peters
on the side of the Germans.
w) They employed both diplomacy and force to conquer territories in East Africa

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 x) Europeans imperialists also used gifts like mirrors, clothes, and beads etc
which were donated to African leaders persuading them into accepting
European rule. This was used in Buganda and Nandi.
y) In some incidences Europeans pretended to be friendly as a result some
Africans gave them land but after sometime they turned out to be agents of
colonialism.
z) They adopted mutual help and cooperation in establishment and consolidation
of their rule in East Africa, e.g. during the Abushir revolt the British blocked
Kenyan roads to prevent Arabs from crossing into Tanzania to help Abushir.
aa) The colonialists also used agreements for example the 1886 agreement and the
1890 agreements that were signed between the British and Germans to avoid
clashes in East Africa.

15. (a)Why was the Buganda Agreement signed in 1900? (13

marks)
a) The Buganda agreement was a treaty signed between the British
commissioner, Sir Harry Johnston on behalf of the British government and
the three regents of the young Kabaka (Stanislaus, Kaggwa, and Zakaria).
b) It was signed on 10th March 1900
c) There were many reasons as to why this agreement was signed;
d) The desire for effective control over Buganda
e) It was signed as part of the British colonial effects to consolidate and
strengthen their administration in Buganda for effective occupation
f) It was aimed at solving political problems in Buganda and also conflicts in
Buganda and Uganda as a whole
g) The agreement was signed to limit and control Kabaka’s power. This could
consolidate the position of the protectorate government.
h) The need to follow the terms of the terms of the Berlin conference. It had
been agreed during the conference that for any European power to have a
colony she had to show effective occupation.
i) To define Buganda’s boundaries and its position in the protectorate. This was
a move to solve territorial conflicts between Buganda and Bunyoro.
j) It was also signed to lay a platform for Buganda’s political, economic and
social development since Buganda seemed to offer an ideal atmosphere in the
three sectors.

15
 k) It was signed to reduce the administrative costs in Buganda and make the
territory independent of grants and not to be a burden to the tax payers in
Britain
l) This agreement was signed due to the political confusion in Buganda during
the reign of Kabaka Mwanga for example in 1898, Kabaka Mwanga had
staged a revolt against the protectorate government and this greatly worried
the colonial government.
m) The British colonial government wanted to settle and end the religious
conflicts in Buganda so as to enhance missionary work in Buganda.
n) It was because Buganda seemed to provide an ideal atmosphere for political
development which could be used to expand British rule to other territories.
o) The need to develop a new system of land ownership and improve on land
use within Buganda.
p) The agreement was also signed because the British wanted to reward chiefs
who had enabled them establish their rule in Buganda.
q) It was also signed to clear the confusion and effects of the bad administration
of the IBEACO so that the British would begin their own good
administration
r) The contribution of missionaries in the signing of this agreement was very
important because the missionaries encouraged Buganda chiefs to sign the
agreement
s) It was signed to answer Bishop Tucker’s cries to formalize the privileges of
the protectorate over the Catholics and Muslims in Buganda.
t) It was also signed to end the threats of the Sudanese soldiers in the north.
These had started demanding a lot of money from the British who had hired
them in 1897.
u) It was to serve as an instrument for colonial exploitation and this to prepare a
ground for effective exploitation of Uganda’s resources.
v) It was to confirm that Buganda had submitted to British rule and this was
following this was following the verbal declaration of a protectorate to over
Uganda.
w) The agreement was also aimed at ending Omukama Kabalega rebellion
x) It was also to serve as a legal document that would protect and safe guard the
British imperialists in Uganda (Buganda)

(b)What were the effects of the Agreement to the people of Buganda? (12
marks)

16
 a) The Buganda agreement had many effects on the development of Buganda
(Uganda) up to the time of independence.
b) The agreement gave Buganda a prominent status and favoured its position
within the protectorate that none of the other kingdom had.
c) Buganda became a state within a state and this continued to affect Uganda’s
policies
d) The agreement confirmed the British authority over Buganda and therefore
Buganda lost her independence
e) The Kabaka’s power were greatly reduced i.e. the Kabaka lost his authority
over taxes
f)The Kabaka lost his spiritual powers and political powers which were reduced to
a constitutional monarchy.
g) The Kabaka lost his power over land distribution
h) The Kabaka lost his judicial powers and could no longer pass death sentences
i) The Kabaka lost control over his chiefs who became public servants paid by the
protectorate government
j) The Kabaka could no longer rule Buganda independently but was assisted by
ministers thus the agreement gave greater power to the leading ministers and
chiefs
k) The Kabaka also power over the army. He could not have an army without the
British consent.
l) The Kabaka lost control over the revenue which was now put under the control
of the protectorate government
m) Buganda’ right over the two territories of Buyaga and Bugangaizi was
confirmed. This was to cause increased hostility between Buganda and
Bunyoro.
n) The agreement created changes in land ownership and led to a new group of
people who became squatters within Buganda.
o) A lot of bitterness and anger developed among the peasants whose claims had
not been considered especially among the British.
p) The Lukiiko became the law making body in both Buganda and Uganda as a
protectorate.
q) The Lukiiko which was dominated with the Baganda caused bitterness when
the time came to compose the legislative council.
r)The Baganda being the majority did not think about the interests of Uganda as a
protectorate since they were contented with the possession of power in the
protectorate.

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 s) Counties in Buganda were allocated according to religion; 10 counties were
given to Protestants, 8 to Catholics and 2 to the Muslims.
t) The agreement created a new class of rulers in Buganda i.e. chiefs, prime
ministers, chief justice, and treasurer.
u) The agreement led to the introduction of hut tax which caused overcrowding in
the huts to avoid taxes.
v) The taxation system made people work and increasingly row cash crops thus
providing income which enabled the British carryout their administration
effectively.
w) Buganda clan heads lost some of their traditional powers over some traditional
functions
x) The agreement ended the political and religious conflicts in Buganda.
y) The Baganda collaborated in extending British rule in the different parts of
Uganda i.e. in the eastern region

16. (a)To what part of Uganda and for what reasons was the Uganda railway extended
between 1920 and 1965. (14
marks)
a) The railway system began at Mombasa in 1896. It went through the Taita hills
and reached Voi in 1897
b) In 1898, the railway line reached Tsavo and passed through Kibwezi and in
1899 the line reached Nairobi
c) From Nairobi, the line reached Nakuru in 1900
d) Eventually the line reached Kisumu in 1901 from where it was connected to
Uganda.
e) The railway system in Uganda was an extension of the Uganda railway from
Mombasa (Kenya).
f) Between 1902 and 1913 steamers were introduced on Lake Victoria and these
were to carry commodities from Kisumu to Uganda and later on Lake Kyoga to
carry commodities to the northern region of Uganda.
g) The Jinja Namasagali line was built in 1912 and it was opened up to encourage
cotton growing in Eastern regions of Uganda especially in Busoga
h) Sir Hesketh Bell in 1915 opened a line from Kampala to Port Bell in order to
transport heavy goods and put a second connection on the steamer service on
Lake Victoria.

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 i) In 1925 the turbo line was started and went over the Kenya-Uganda border to
Jinja and it was opened up in 1928. Therefore the railway system from Kenya
was extended to Uganda in 1928.
j) In 1928 the Namasagali line was connected to Tororo which further connected
to Eldoret in Kenya. This was intended to reduce on the congestion at Port
Bell.
k) In the same year, Jinja was connected to the railway line
l) In 1929 the line was extended from Tororo through Mbale to Soroti. This was
to encourage cotton growing and transportation of livestock products from the
region.
m) In 1939, when the bridge over the Nile was completed, the railway line
crossed and reached Kampala across the Nile to ease the transportation of
goods e.g. coffee, cotton and others from the Eastern region to Kampala hence
the long awaited railway from Mombasa was completed.
n) This line to Kampala was intended to help in the Transport of bulky goods and
movement of personnel that were helping in the administration of the
protectorate.
o) In 1951 the line running from Kampala to Kasese of about 333km was started
and was completed in 1956 in order to help in the transportation of copper
from Kilembe mines.
p) Other extensions were made after independence i.e. the railway was taken from
Soroti to Gulu and then to Pakwach in order to develop the economy of the
northern districts.
q) In 1965, Soroti was connected to Pakwach through Gulu. This extension was
intended to transport cotton and coffee from the northern region of Uganda.
r) This marked the end of the construction of the Uganda railway in Uganda.

(b)What challenges did the construction of the railway face in East Africa? (11
marks)
a) The primary survey of Uganda railway was done in 1892 by Captain
MacDonald of the IBEACO. However the construction didn’t take off until 30 th
08 1896. This was mainly due to lack of capital by the IEACO. When the
construction began different problems were encountered and these included;
b)The constructors of the Uganda railway were attacked and eaten by wild animals
especially lions, that killed about 28 Indian coolies until when they were killed
by Colonel Patterson.
c) The workers and Europeans were also attacked by different tropical diseases e.g.
malaria, small pox etc.
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 d)In 1899, small pox broke out this disease killed both the British and the Indian
coolies which delayed the project.
e) Jiggers also attacked the workers, this didn’t only lead to delays but also death
of workers
f) Hostility from some tribes for example the Nandi were opposed to the line
passing in their land and as such they stole the railway equipment and
telegraph wires and then disappeared into the hills which made it very difficult
for the British to effectively construct the line through their territory
g)Forests and swamps which had to be cleared and as well as rivers which had to
be bridged also made construction of the line difficult.
h)There was also shortage of food and water that affected the health of workers
and as a result their efficiency reduced.
i) There was conflict in the British parliament about the importance of the railway.
They found it difficult to release the money to the colonial government because
they thought that the line did not have economic value thus delayed the
construction.
j) Poor accommodation which caused insecurity because the workers weren’t sure
of their position from the wild animal and harsh weather conditions.
k)Inadequate communication and transport which led to the delays in the
transportation of the raw materials as well as communication from the coast.
l) During the construction funds weren’t sufficient causing delays and even work
coming to a standstill for some weeks.
m) This was mainly due to the fact that Captain had estimated only 2m pounds yet
the work required more money to be effectively completed.
n)The topography also caused endless problems because construction in some
areas was difficult more especially though the highlands and the eastern rift
valley which had sleep escarpment thus causing delays.
o) The construction of the line also took long to reach Kisumu i.e. it took more
than 6 years.

17. (a)Explain the developments in education in Uganda during the period 1900-1920.
(14
marks)

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 a) In Uganda, education started before the coming of Europeans and it was
basically informal but when the missionaries came, they introduced formal
education.
b) Attention was primarily focused on Buganda and was progress outside
Buganda was gradual.
c) The first schools to be set up were at first elementary schools later secondary
schools were set up
d) The protectorate government encouraged the missionaries to concentrate on
education and depended on having educated leaders, clerks and civil servants.
e) The schools were mainly to educate chiefs’ sons and kings’ of Buganda for
example king’s college Buddo, Gayaza high school, St Mary’s College Kisubi,
Namilyango college and Busoga college Muiri.
f) These schools were mainly academic mostly because the people had no interest
in technical studies therefore the missionaries did not put up much attention on
technical schools.
g) These schools set up were mainly established by the CMS, Mill Hill Fathers
and Brothers of Christian institutions.
h) However, training colleges were also set up and the first school included
Mukono for Anglican Church, teachers from those colleges were disqualified
after 1924 because they were more of religious than school teachers.
i) For the first 20 years, education was in the hands of the missionaries and
government even gave small grants to these schools.
j) After the 20 years, the government started taking more interest in education
after commission from the USA led by the Phelps Stokes Commission which
recommended that the government becomes more involved in education.
k) Schools set up by missionaries included Namilyango College which was built
by Mill Hill fathers in 1902.
l) Its first students were carefully selected sons of Catholic Chiefs
m) The subjects included the following: reading, writing, Geography, English,
Mathematics, Games, and Music.
n) Another school set up in the same year was Mengo secondary school, set up by
the CMS.
o) To improve the education of girls, Gayaza High School was built in 1905. The
school stressed hard work, submissiveness, good behaviours, working, etc and
able to prepare girls as good house wives.
p) In 1906, King’s College Buddo was built at Buddo, Kabaka Chwa II through
his agents had given out land on which the school was built.

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 q) In 1908 and 1910 more schools were opened for example Iganga, Kiira
College, Ntare, and Busoga College etc. Most were headed by white priests,
reverends, sisters and brothers.

(b)Why did the government become interested in controlling education after 1920?
(11
marks)
a) The government wanted to check denominationalism where missionary schools
paid more on religion
b) The government also wanted to unity the syllabus since missionary schools
followed a narrow curriculum
c) There were sharp differences between producers from Catholic and Protestant
schools especially in attitude.
d) The government therefore had to come in and set guidelines to be followed by
all schools regardless of their religious attachments
e) There was also need to improve on education administration i.e. the
government could not exercise firm control over education if schools were
completely under missionary control. For example in 1927 missionaries
strongly opposed government proposal to introduce Swahili in schools.
Therefore if government had to control education it had to participate more in
education
f) The government wanted to check the growth of nationalism.
g) Before government intervened in education students used to go to USA and
Europe for higher education
h) These students usually came back with nationalistic ideas like demand for their
independence which the colonial government was not willing to grant.
i) The government therefore was forced to come and control higher education in
Uganda.
j) The need to address the job market, government as the main employer was in a
better position to know which jobs were available and the man power needed.
On the other hand missionary education had international value that would
only lead people out of their backwardness.
k) The British policy of 1923 made British colonial administration to provide
education for the African child.

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18. (a)What were the causes of racial conflict in Kenya between 1907 and 1923? (12
marks)

a) After the construction of the Uganda railway, the white settlers increased in
number to help in the development of Agriculture. Consequently they occupied
the Kenyan highlands plus other fertile areas.
b) At the same time, the Asians started coming into Kenya and soon they
controlled the commercial life in Kenya.
c) As a result of British policies toward the different groups, bitter conflicts arose.
This was due to the different conflicting demands and interests, which led to
the Devonshire White paper.
d) The white settlers’ demands included;
e) They wanted to retain the fertile Kenyan highlands alone and did not want any
other group (Africans and Asians) to occupy the same area.
f) The white settlers demanded for constant labour supply and firm control over it
g) The whites wanted a bigger say in the government of Kenya as a separate
colony from England. They wanted to declare themselves independent.
h) As early as 1907 the whites had been given seats on the legislative council and
by 1920 their number had increased to 11 yet they wanted more representatives
unlike the Africans and Asians who didn’t have any.
i) In 1918, the white settlers had been given seats on the executive council yet no
other race had been given this opportunity but they still demanded for more.
j) The white settlers wanted to turn Kenya into a self governing dominion under
white domination.
k) The settlers considered themselves superior to other races in Kenya and
strongly advocated for separate development in social services like education
and health as was a case in South Africa and Rhodesia. They thus wanted to
monopolize everything and did want to share with other races
l) The European settlers wanted the colonial government to discourage Africans
from growing cash crops so that they could only serve as labourers on
European farms.
m) The white settlers strongly advocated for separate developments in Kenya and
promoted segregation e.g. on streets, in hospitals thus they made sure that
Africans and Asians were racially segregated.

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 n) Governor Edward Northey made it clear that the demands of the white settlers
were of great importance in the territory than the interest of any other group in
the territory
o) Asian demands grievances included among others;
p) The Asians wanted equal treatment with the Europeans. Most of them were
successful businessmen while others were clerks, accountants etc and therefore
resented the special position of the Europeans
q) They also wanted equal representation on the legislative and executive council
of Kenya
r) The white settlers had been given position on the legislative council in 1907
and their numbers had been increased to 11 by 1920 yet the Asians who even
outnumbered them had not been considered.
s) Asians were also tired of racial segregation in education, employment, health
and business sectors. They thus wanted equal treatment with the white settlers
but the settlers were against such equality demands.
t) The Asians were also annoyed with the fact that they were only allowed to live
in towns. They thus wanted to acquire land in the fertile Kenyan highlands.
The white settlers had exclusively dominated them.
u) The Asians also wanted unrestricted immigration into Kenya. Their entry into
country had been checked as a result of the influence of white settlers.
v) Asians wanted same voting rights as Europeans
w) African demands included the following;
x) The Africans like Kikuyu and Masai wanted their land returned that had been
taken away from them by the whites settlers
y) They wanted respect of their traditions
z) They wanted better labour conditions. Many of them were forced to work on
European farms where the working conditions were poor and pay was very low
aa) The Africans demanded for the withdrawal of the Kipande (identity cards) that
made them look like prisoners in their own country.
bb)They wanted reduction in taxes especially the poll tax which had suffocated
them yet many of them had nowhere to get the money. All their land had been
taken and the growing of cash crops was restricted.
cc) Africans demanded for the similar education opportunities. They had been
denied education in order to keep them backward.
dd)Africans were also restricted from growing cash crops by the whites claiming
that this was likely to lower the quality of the Kenyan produce.

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 ee) Africans also wanted to regain their independence that had been eroded by the
British.
ff) From 1920, the Africans were demanding for representation in government.
They had been totally left out of politics apart from a few kikuyu who lived in
Nairobi.
gg)Just like other races in the conflict, the Africans formed tribal Associations like
the Kikuyu Association in 1920 and Young Kavirando Association
hh)It was against this background that in March 1923, the Duke of Devonshire
summoned the two main rival groups (Asians and Whites settlers) to a
conference in London to end the rivalry between them.

(b)How did the Duke of Devonshire settle these conflicts? (13

marks)
a) In March 1923, the Duke of Devonshire summoned the two main rival groups
(Asians and Whites settlers) to a conference in London to end the rivalry
between them.
b) The following provisions from the conference in attempt to solve the conflict
were reached;
c) The Kenyan highlands were to be reserved for white/Europeans’ settlement
only.
d) The Asians (Indians) were to be allowed to elect five members to the
legislative council but not on the same voter’s roll like the whites.
e) The Asians were to be represented on municipal councils.
f) There was to be no more restrictions on Asian immigration (entry) into Kenya
g) The colonial office in London was to be watchful over the Kenyan affairs in
order to see that the interests of Africans were protected and given first
priority.
h) A missionary Doctor Arthur was to be nominated to the legislative council to
represent African interests
i) There was to be more racial discrimination in residential areas, settling in these
areas now open to all people.
j) The legislative council was to have 11 Europeans, 5 Asians, and a missionary
to represent African interests
k) Africans were to allowed to be members of the local councils
l) The paper stated clearly that Kenya was to be primarily an African territory
and that the interests of Africans were to be paramount

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 m) It also stated clearly that settlers were to no longer have any controlling
influence on the government. There was to be no further advance towards
settler’s domination.
n) There was to be no constitutional changes in favour of the settlers
o) The paper clearly warned settlers against making further advances toward self
rule. It made it clear that rival groups were to gradually work towards self
government.

19. (a)Why was there a need for the federation of the East African states? (12
marks)

a) The federation of East Africa was attempt aimed at joining together the three
East African territories to be administered socially, economically and
politically as one unit.
b) The idea was aimed at creating a large and stronger British Empire composing
all the East African States using rules and regulations
c) The British wanted to establish a common administrative system in East Africa
d) The British wanted a closer co-operation among the three countries so as to
cut down administrative costs and enable easier management of resources.
e) It was also made to ease coordination of political, economic and social
activities between the three states
f) It was believed that the federation would be possible since the people of East
Africa were of the ethnic origin/background.
g) The British believe that since East African countries had similar problems
especially poverty, they could therefore be dealt with uniformly and at the
same time
h) The rise of support for the closer union from the colonial office after 1919 and
even later the white settlers themselves who had earlier been opposed to it
i) There was a need to establish a strong British East African Empire after
acquiring Tanganyika
j) It was meant to bring the free movement of goods and people and this could
bring a common market for economic gain.
k) It was also meant to ensure brotherhood and unity among the people in East
Africa

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 l) It was also meant to foster co-operation on railways, posts, harbours,
telegrams, health and agriculture. In this case the British aimed at avoiding
duplications of services
m) The need for East Africa to have a joint customs control, postal services,
currencies, metrology, statistics, defence, research in agriculture and high
education.
n) The need to recover quickly from World War I also accelerated the need for a
federation.

(b) Why did the attempts for federation of East Africa fail? (13 marks)
a) The attempts toward political union were made as early as 1898. However this
attempts eventually filed and instead there was development of economic and
social cooperation among the three East African countries.
b) The British failed to merge Uganda and Kenya because the region was too big
for the British administrators
c) The IBEACO which would have established a the federation of the two regions
had a brief operation in East Africa and the same time had too many problems
to effect the union
d) The communication and the means of transport were very poor in the British
colonies. Thus by 1900 and 1918 the federation could not easily be worked
out.
e) At the very time for the need of the federation, three East African countries
were under different powers and therefore a political union wasn’t possible i.e.
Uganda and Kenya were under the British and Tanganyika under the Germans
f) The British colonial office rejection of the proposal of a union by Sir Harry
Johnston the British special commissioner and Charles Elliot the governor of
Kenya.
g) The outbreak of World War I further disrupted the attempts for a federation
between 1914 and 1918.
h) After World War I the three East African countries were under one colonial
master (Britain) but the attempts still failed because;

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 i) The three countries had different political systems that did not favour the
federation for example while Uganda was a protectorate, Kenya was a white
colony and Tanganyika was a mandatory state under the League of Nations.
j) The idea was disliked by many groups of people especially Africans who
thought that the union would favour the British and the white settlers.
k) In Uganda the Baganda opposed the idea because it would threatened their
special status and position guaranteed in the 1900 Buganda Agreement.
l) The Ugandans in general were not interested in the union since it would place
the dominance of white settlers especially in Kenya.
m) In Tanganyika, Governor Sir Donald Cameron was not in favour of the
federation and strongly criticized the idea. He believed that Tanganyika which
had just suffered during the war would just lag behind Kenya and Uganda.
n) In Kenya the African leaders feared that the union would interfere with their
demands for representation in the legislative council.
o) The death of Lord Delamere deprived the Kenyan settlers of their influential
spokesman and this consequently weakened their bargaining power for a
federation.
p) Asians in Uganda and Tanganyika were against the union because they would
be dominated by the white settlers in Kenya.
q) The 1931 economic depression contributed to poor economic development in
East Africa therefore forced the British to drop the idea of a closer union since
each territory was occupied with rebuilding the economy.
r) In 1930 the successive commission also failed to recommend the closer union
e.g. Hilton Young’s commission did not support the idea for a political union
but rather he supported economic cooperation
s) The increase of the opponents of the federation by 1930. This included
missionaries as well as young African politicians like Harry Thuku of the
Young Kikuyu association.
t) The British failure to manage the affairs of the problems in Uganda and Kenya
e.g. communication.
u) The British were also opposed to the federation because they were not certain
of how long their mandate over Tanganyika would last
v) By independence much as the federation or political union of the three East
African countries had been opposed and no efforts were made to put into
practice the union.

20. (a)Why was East Africa involved in World War II?

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 a) The Second World War was a global disaster which broke out in 1939 and
ended in 1945.
b) Though it was meant to be white man’s war, the people of East Africa got
involved in this catastrophe.
c) It was fought between two camps, i.e. the Allied Camp of Britain, France,
Russia and later USA against the axis camp of Germany, Italy and Japan.
d) East Africa was under the colonial rule of some of the lords. She was thus
under military obligation to support her colonial master
e) Many Africans had been participated in World War I and therefore the
Europeans wanted to use the people of East Africa in World War I.
f) The Germans in Tanganyika supported Hitler because they wanted their former
colony to be returned to Germany and this led to East African involvement in
the war since Britain had to get involved to make sure this didn’t happen.
g) East Africa was located near Somalia, Eritrea & Ethiopia which areas were
attacked by Italy thus East Africa had to get involved on the British side.
h) Many more troops were brought to East Africa from Nigeria, South Africa,
India & Ghana. This made East Africa to actively get involved in the war
because the common Wealth Countries had shown oneness.
i) The British army exhibited some weakness and this gave morale to the Italians
join the war. For this reason, the people of East Africa quickly got involved to
help their colonial masters to eliminate the Italians.
j) The German attack on India put the British interests in India at stake and for
this reason; many East Africans were recruited to the tune of 30 battalion to
defend India, Madagascar and Burma
k) It was impossible for East Africa to remain neutral in a war that involved her
colonial masters.
l) The Germans in East Africa had conflicting opinions because their mother
country German was fighting on one side and the colonizer on the other side.
They wished to support Hitler while others did not.
m) East Africa contributed large sums of money to her colonial master to support
the war which was now spread to almost all parts of the world.
n) Several Battalions of the King’s African rifles were stationed on the Somalia
border while others went on to defend Madagascar.
o) Later Japan joined the war on the German side and attacked the British interest
in the Far East. This worried the British who wanted to protect the Indian
Ocean and their interests in India.

29
 p) The king African rifles were then expanded. In fact 30 battalions were sent to
go and defend the British interests in Far East.
q) On 8th May 1945, German was utterly defeated and forced to surrender. This
marked the end of the war.

(b)What were the effects of the war on East Africa?

a) There were political, social, and economic effects of the Second World War
on the people of East Africa, reflecting both negative and positive effects.
b) Trade was disrupted and exports declined, as a result East Africa suffered
from external trade deficit.
c) There was a decline in food production due to the fact that all manpower was
devoted to fighting. This led to famine and eventual importation of food.
d) Coffee and cotton growing declined. The growers received help from the
government when prices fell too low.
e) it led to high demand of sisal on the international market because it became a
dominant item of trade since other agricultural products had become scarce
f) Africans in Kenya for the first time in Kenya were encouraged to grow cash
crops.
g) They also started participating in trade which had been in the hands of Asians
h) Africans who got involved in economic activities became rich and started
sponsoring nationalistic movements
i) Many Africans lost their lives, were wounded and others were crippled.
j) Many people were forcefully recruited into the KAR army and forced to fight
in foreign lands like Madagascar and India.
k) The population of men in East Africa decreased because it was the men who
were taken and therefore died at the battle fronts
l) The war disrupted the African family system; men were forced to abandon
their families to go to the war front. This caused misery and suffering as many
families did not have support.
m) It sawed seeds of nationalism which seeds germinated upon the return of the
fights. They returned determined to fight colonial rule.
n) The Africans learnt that Europeans were not superior since they had both
suffered at battle.
o) The British officials pulled out of East Africa to go and fight in the war. This
increased the gap between Africans and Europeans.
p) The war ex-soldiers came back and spread some venereal diseases especially
STDs like syphilis, gonorrhea etc.

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 q) Lack employment among the ex-soldiers forced them to join the wing of
nationalistic movement e.g. General China joined the Mau-Mau movement.
r) Many ex-service men on return created resettlement problems as many had no
where to stay. Many of them wanted to stay in towns and have white collar
jobs and on failing to get these jobs they ended up joining the militant
movement-Mau-Mau.
s) Peoples’ attitude towards their African chiefs and administration changed.
People started to resent them.
t) The war started the process of decolonization as the United Nations
Organization started pressurizing Countries like Britain for independence of
the people of East Africa
u) A body known as UNO was formed to ensure peace on the globe in general
and East Africa in particular.
v) After the war, Tanganyika became a Trusteeship colony of the British under
the UNO provision but it was to govern itself after sometime.
w) The Italians who were a threat to the British in East Africa were finally
defeated forced out of East Africa
x) The war led to many arrests and imprisonment in Tanganyika for those who
attempted to challenge the new British Administration.
y) The ex-soldiers were exposed to education and they learnt how to read and
write in English and also technical skills
z) The British government directed technical schools and institutions to
introduce and produce war equipments
aa) Many European communities began to change their attitude towards the
Africans for the better
bb)The war forced the Young educated African Nationalists like Jomo Kenyatta,
Julius Nyerere to call for a conference in London to challenge colonial rule.

31