SHORT NOTES :-

1. LINE DIAGRAM
Definition
A line diagram is a type of chart or graph which shows information when a
series of data is joined by a line. It shows the changes in the data over a period
of time .A line diagram uses points connected by line segments from left to
right to demonstrate changes in value. The horizontal axis depicts a continuous
progression, often that of time, while the vertical axis reports values for a
metric of interest across that progression. Line diagrams make sense for
continuous data on the y-axis, since continuous data are measured on a scale
with many possible values. The interval measurement scale is intended for
continuous data.

Advantages
 Useful for representing continuous data, such as change over time
 Allows possible extrapolation of data
 Having a line constructed from multiple data points can allow you to
make estimates of missing data
 Allows comparison of two or more items to see if there is any kind of
connection or relationship

Disadvantages
 Can be difficult to determine exact values at a given point of the graph
 Too many lines, or even two lines that have values that are too similar,
can make comparing data difficult

How to draw line diagram

On a graph, draw two lines perpendicular to each other intersecting at O. The
horizontal line is x-axis and vertical line is y-axis. Mark points at equal intervals
along x-axis and write the names of the data items whose values are to be
marked.
Along the y-axis, choose an appropriate scale considering the given values.
Now, make the points. Join each point with the successive point using a ruler.
Thus, a line graph is obtained.

Applications of line diagram

A line graph is commonly used to display change over time as a series of data
points connected by straight line segments on two axes. It can be used to show
trends, to make predictions based on a data history over time and comparing
two or more different variables, situations, and information over a given
period of time.

Example

 The line diagram above is showing the number of buses passing through
a particular street over a period of time.

2. Pie chart
Definition
A pie chart shows how a total amount is divided between levels of a
categorical variable as a circle divided into radial slices. Each categorical value
corresponds with a single slice of the circle, and the size of each slice (both in
area and arc length) indicates what proportion of the whole each category
level takes. Categorical or nominal data is appropriate for pie charts.

Advantages
 It represents data visually as a fractional part of a whole, which can be
an effective communication tool for the even uninformed audience.
 It enables the audience to see a data comparison at a glance to make an
immediate analysis or to understand information quickly.
 To emphasize points you want to make, you can manipulate pieces of
data in the pie chart.

Disadvantages
 They themselves may become crowded and hard to read if there are too
many pieces of data, and even if you add data labels and numbers may
not help here.
 You need a series to compare multiple sets as this chart only represents
one data set.
 To analyse and assimilate information quickly, this may make it more
difficult for readers.

How to draw pie chart

If the data is in percentage form, the angle of the sector becomes {(Percentage
value of component) / 100} × 360°. It shows the percentage distribution of the
observations. Draw a circle of any radius. Calculate the angles of each sector by
the above formula. Draw the various sectors. Colour each sector of your
choice.

Applications of pie chart

When we are dealing with a limited number of buckets and discrete data sets,
it’s better to use a pie chart. Few uses of Pie Chart are:
 In a business, it is used to compare the growth areas such as profit and
loss.
 In school, pie charts are used to show the time allotted to each section,
the grades of students in a form of percentages, etc.
  Pie charts are used in comparing the relative size of data of people
owning the same vehicles, similar houses, etc. 

Example
REGION REVENUE
NORTH $491 K
SOUTH $129 K
EAST $283 K
WEST $263 K

3.SIMPLE
BAR
DIAGRAM
DEFINITION
A simple bar diagram takes the form of a simple bar which is drawn to
represent a single data as a whole without further classification of the various
characteristics of the said data. The length of such a diagram is fixed in
proportion to the magnitude of the data while the width is fixed arbitrarily
keeping in view the number of diagrams to be accommodated on the given
piece of paper. Such a diagram can be drawn for giving a better look and
facilitating comparison. When the number of data to be represented is very
large, then bars take the form of simple lines.

Advantages
 It summarises the large set of data in simple visual form.
 It displays each category of data in the frequency distribution.
 It clarifies the trend of data better than the table.
 It helps in estimating the key values at a glance.

Disadvantages
  Sometimes, the bar graph fails to reveal the patterns, cause, effects, etc.
 It can be easily manipulated to yield fake information.

HOW TO DRAW SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM

In a simple bar diagram, we make bars of equal width but variable length, i.e.
the magnitude of a quantity is represented by the height or length of the bars.
Draw two perpendicular lines, one horizontally and the other vertically. Take
the basis of classification along the horizontal line (X– axis) and the observed
variable along the vertical line (Y– axis), or vice versa. Mark signs of equal
breadth for each class and leave equal or not less than half a breadth between
two classes. Finally mark the values of the given variable to prepare required
bars.

APPLICATIONS OF SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM

A simple bar diagram is used to represent data involving only one variable
classified on a spatial, quantitative or temporal basis. Such a diagram can be
drawn for giving a better look and facilitating comparison. When the number
of data to be represented is very large, then bars take the form of simple lines.
This diagram is suitable for all types of uni -characteristics not withstanding
their number and magnitude. A simple bar diagram can depicts the number of
purchases made on a site by different types of users or it can be used to
represent the profits of a bank for 5 years.

Example
Diagrammatic representation of data relating to monthly Expenditure of the
Lenox Hill Hospital.
 4. multiple bar diagram
definition
When bar diagrams are drawn in different sets, or groups to represent two or
more aspects of data, it is a case of multiple bar diagrams. Such diagrams are
also known as compound bar diagrams which are drawn when comparison is
required to be made between any two or more aspects of a data .

Advantages
 It is great for comparing categories between multiple different groups.
 It make comparisons using intervals.
 It can determine actual numbers.

Disadvantages
  If one include too many categories, the comparisons become harder to
make.
 It’s hard to determine fractions.
 It’s hard to find percent in your data.

How to draw multiple bar diagram

The technique of drawing a multiple bar diagram remains the same as that of a
simple bar diagram except that the separate bars are drawn on a common
scale for each aspect of the data. Such separate bars are kept closed to each
other under a set, and are decorated with different colours, dots, or shades to
distinguish them from each other. Each set of such diagrams is shown at equal
distance on the base line which may be drawn either horizontally, or vertically.
Further, some space of equal magnitude may be provided in between the bars
of each of the sets.

APPLICATIONS OF MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM

Multiple bar diagram are very useful for comparing the same items in different
years. The data does not necessarily have to form part of a whole. One can
show the relationships between any two, or more, parts of a set of data.

Example
Multiple bar chart showing the imports and exports of Canada from 1991 –
1995
YEARS IMPORTS EXPORTS
1991 7930 4260
1992 8850 5225
1993 9780 6150
1994 11720 7340
1995 12150 8145

Real life example of using line diagram

The California Budget Project is a real life example of a line chart showing
change in median household income in California between 1989 and
2010.
TYPE OF DATA: Secondary Data
VARIABLE STUDIED: Discrete Variable
SCALE OF MEASUREMENT: Ratio Scale
IMPORTANT OBSERVATION FROM DIAGRAM: From the year 1989 to 2010, the
Median Household Income of California is always greater than that of US.
Sources :-
 Chartio
 Study.com
 BetterEvaluation
 Wayback Machine