BIOSTATISTICS & EPIDEMIOLOGY LECTURE

PREPARED BY: ROZALINA R. ADONIS, RMT, MSMLS

OUTLINE OF TODAY’S PRESENTATION
 Measures of Central Tendency
 Mean
 Median
 Mode

 Measures of Dispersion
 Range
 Variance
 Standard Deviation
 Coefficient of Variation

 Measures of Location
 Quartiles
 Deciles
 Percentile

 Tabular and Graphical Presentation of Data

 Components of a Table
 Table Construction
 Types of Table
 Types of Graphs
 TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
Statistics can be regarded in two ways: as method and data

As a METHOD it refers to orderly processes of data collection,

organization, presentation and interpretation (tabulation of data,
computation of rates and frequency distribution, graphic
presentation)

As a DATA it refers to quantitative data affected to a marked

extent by a multiplicity of causes. Data are collected in order to
measure something (number of deaths, births, specific diseases,
hospital admissions)
 TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA
Classification of Statistical Data
Demographic – population size, age, sex, geographic distribution,
mortality, morbidity, growth rate

Health Status – causes and distribution of mortality and morbidity as

to residence, place of occurrence, age, sex

Health Resources – number and distribution of health facilities,

health manpower, health expenditures

Health-Related Socio-Economic Environmental Factors – water

supply, excreta disposal, school enrolment, food establishment,
transports, food intake/habits
TABULATION  It refers to the arrangement of any data in an orderly

TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

sequence, so that they can be presented concisely and
compactly and so that they can be understood easily
Parts of a Table

1. Title – it should state the objective of the table. It should clearly,

briefly and comprehensively what the figures in the body of the
table stand for, how the data are classified, where and when
obtained
2. Stubs – indicate the basis of classification of the rows or horizontal
series of figures
3. Column Headings - indicate the basis of classification of the columns
or vertical series of figures
4. Body of the Table – this is made up of the figures filling the cells or
compartments brought about by the coordinates of rows and
columns
5. Marginal Totals – refer to the column totals and row totals
6. Footnote – indicate the source of information
TABULATION  It refers to the arrangement of any data in an orderly

TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

sequence, so that they can be presented concisely and
compactly and so that they can be understood easily
TYPES OF DATA TABULATION

TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

Frequency Distribution
• Data are grouped according to some scale of classification,
where the sum of the entries is equal to the total
• The figures may either be in actual numbers, in percent or in both
• The scales used may be qualitative, quantitative or both

Table 1 – New PTB cases by sex and stage,

Region A, 1997

STAGE SEX TOTAL

MALE FEMALE
Primary 5 6 11
Minimal 115 145 260
Moderate 200 250 450
Far-advanced 120 200 320
TOTAL 440 601 1041
TYPES OF DATA TABULATION

TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

Correlation data
• Used to compare two or more frequencies

Table 1 – New PTB cases by sex and stage,

Region A, 1997

AGE MALE FEMALE TOTAL

No. Case R No. Case R No. Case R
Under 5 years 40 0.30 40 0.24 80 0.27
5 to 14 60 0.27 101 0.38 161 0.33
15 to 44 250 0.50 350 0.58 600 0.54
45 + 90 0.44 110 0.50 200 0.59
TOTAL 440 0.44 601 0.50 1041 0.47
TYPES OF DATA TABULATION

TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

Time series data
• Some variable changes over a period of time is the one being
presented
Table 3 – BCG coverage of newborns, Region A,
1970 to 1976
YEAR PERCENTAGE
COVERAGE

1970 20.0
1971 21.0
1972 19.0
1973 10.0
1974 11.0
1975 20.0
1976 24.0
GRAPH  A statistical graph is either a series of lines joined together, or bars

TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

or enclosed areas, drawn to represent certain statistical
information under consideration

Parts of a Graph

1. Title – indicate clearly and briefly what the figures in the body of the graph
stand for, how the data were classified, and where and when obtained. This is
placed at the bottom of the graph, preceded by a number for easy
reference
2. Axis – a graph has 2 axes, the vertical and the horizontal; each represents
separate scales of classification corresponding to the row and column
headings of the table being graphically presented. One of the axes is always
quantitative scale while the other is either qualitative or quantitative scales
3. Legend – this is needed when one is drawing more than one graph in a
graphing space. This clarifies to what particular item each of the graph refers.
It is placed either at the bottom of the graph or as close as possible to the
figures being identified
4. Body of the Graph – these are the lines, bars or figures drawn within the
graphing space
TYPES OF GRAPH

TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

Line graph
• Used to graph time series data depict trends or changes with
time with respect to some other variables
TYPES OF GRAPH

TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

Histogram
• Used to graph continuous variables
TYPES OF GRAPH

TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

Polygon
• Used to graph continuous variables
TYPES OF GRAPH

TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

Bar or Stick Graph
• Used to graph qualitative variables and discontinuous variables
of the quantitative variety
TYPES OF GRAPH

TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

Pictorial Diagram
• Usually in the form of rectangles, squares or circles (pies), used to
depict the distribution of a whole with different segments
representing different frequencies
TYPES OF GRAPH

TABULAR AND GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION OF DATA

Scatter Point Diagram
• Used to show relationship of simultaneous measurement
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

 Thestudy of descriptive statistics is not

complete without the inclusion of the concept
of a measure of central location
 Central
location is the tendency of the data
to converge at the center of a distribution
 The
three measures of central location, the
mean, the median and the mode
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
MEAN
 Arithmetic mean is the average of all the
values in a distribution
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
MEDIAN

 The median
divides the
distribution into
exactly two
parts
 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
MODE

 Thisis the
most
repeated
data in the
distribution
MEASURES OF DISPERSIONS

 Theseare designed to measure how far apart

the data are from each other or how close
they are
 Ideally,
measures of dispersion are large if the
data are far from each other and small if they
are close to each other
 Thethree basic measures of variability or
spread are the range, the variance and the
standard deviation
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
RANGE

 The simplest measure of dispersion

 This
is simply the difference between the
highest value and the lowest value or highest
boundary and lowest boundary
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
RANGE

 Ungrouped data:
Range = Highest value – Lowest value

 Grouped data:
Range = Highest boundary – Lowest boundary
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
VARIANCE  This is the mean of the squared deviation
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
STANDARD DEVIATION
 Thisis the most important and useful measure
of dispersion due to its applicability in higher
statistical computation and analysis
 Data closer to each other give a small
standard deviation while data that are spread
far from each other give a large standard
deviation
 This is the root of the variance
MEASURES OF DISPERSION

 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
STANDARD DEVIATION
SKEWNESS – Refers to the “shift” of tails
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
STANDARD DEVIATION
SKEWNESS
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
STANDARD DEVIATION
KURTOSIS – Refers to the “peakness” of the curve

• K = 3 (Mesokurtic)
• K = >3 (Leptokurtic)
• K = <3 (Platykurtic)
 MEASURES OF DISPERSION
STANDARD DEVIATION
SKEWNESS – Refers to the “shift” of tails
MEASURES OF LOCATIONS
 Percentiles
 Divided the area for hundred equally pieces
 Quartiles
 Divided the area under the curve for four equally area
 Deciles
 Divided the area for ten equally pieces

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