Principles of Communication system

Module-5

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 Principles of Communication system
Module-5

outline

Sampling and Quantization: Introduction, Why Digitize Analog

Sources?, The Sampling process, Pulse Amplitude Modulation,
Time Division Multiplexing, Pulse-Position Modulation, Generation
of PPM Waves, Detection of PPM Waves.
The Quantization Process, Quantization Noise, Pulse–Code
Modulation: Sampling, Quantization, Encoding, Regeneration,
Decoding, Filtering, Multiplexing, Application to Vocoder

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Pulse amplitude modulation(PAM):

The amplitude of a carrier consisting of periodic

train of rectangular pulses is varied in proportion
to sample values of a message signal.

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Pulse amplitude modulation(PAM):
• Pulse duration constant.
• It is same as the flat-top
sampling .
• PAM requires wide band
of frequencies to transmitt.
• Let v(t) be the carrier
signal(rectangular train of
pulse)then PAM wave is

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Pulse amplitude modulation(PAM):

Analog Signal

Amplitude Modulated
Pulses

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Time-Division Multiplexing(TDM):

TDM is a technique used for transmitting

several message signals over a single
communication channel by dividing the time
frame into slots, one slot for each message
signal.

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TDM Transmitter:

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TDM receiver:

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 TDM

The time space between successive samples from any one input will be
Ts =1/fs
Thus time interval Ts contains one sample from each input. This is called frame.
Let there be ‘N’ input channels. Then in each frame there will be one sample from each on
the ‘N’ channels. Therefore pulse to pulse spacing between two samples in the frame will
be equal to Ts/ N.
Number of pulse per second = 1/spacing b.w two pulses
= N/Ts
=N fs

Transmission B.W of TDM channel will be BT = ½ Nfs

fs= nyquist rate , then BT = (½ N )2W = NW

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Pulse-Position Modulation

In PPM, the position of a pulse relative to its unmodulated time of

occurrence is varied in accordance with the message signal

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Pulse-Position Modulation

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PCM

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PCM

• PCM consists of three steps to digitize an analog

signal:
1. Sampling
2. Quantization
3. Binary encoding
 Before we sample, we have to filter the signal to
limit the maximum frequency of the signal as it
affects the sampling rate.
 Filtering should ensure that we do not distort
the signal, ie remove high frequency
components that affect the signal shape.
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PCM-Sampling
• Analog signal is sampled every TS secs.
• Ts is referred to as the sampling interval.
• fs = 1/Ts is called the sampling rate or sampling frequency.
• There are 3 sampling methods:
• Ideal - an impulse at each sampling instant
• Natural - a pulse of short width with varying amplitude
• Flattop - sample and hold, like natural but with single amplitude value
• The process is referred to as pulse amplitude modulation PAM and the
outcome is a signal with analog (non integer) values

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PCM-Quantization

• Sampling results in a series of pulses of varying amplitude values

ranging between two limits: a min and a max.
• The amplitude values are infinite between the two limits.
• We need to map the infinite amplitude values onto a finite set of
known values.
• This is achieved by dividing the distance between min and max into L
zones, each of height 
 = (max - min)/L

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PCM-Quantization Levels

• The midpoint of each zone is assigned a value from 0 to L-1 (resulting

in L values)

• Each sample falling in a zone is then approximated to the value of the

midpoint.

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PCM-Quantization

Figure Input-Output Characteristics of a Mid-Rise type Quantizer

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PCM-Quantization

Figure Input-Output Characteristics of a Mid-Tread type Quantizer

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PCM-Quantization Error

• When a signal is quantized, we introduce an error - the coded

signal is an approximation of the actual amplitude value.

• The difference between actual and coded value (midpoint) is

referred to as the quantization error.

• The more zones, the smaller  which results in smaller errors.

• BUT, the more zones the more bits required to encode the
samples -> higher bit rate

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PCM-Quantization Noise

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PCM-Q

Thus for (n+1) bits the SNR is

given by

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PCM-Quantization Noise

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PCM-Encoding

Figure Quantization and encoding of a sampled signal

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PCM-Line codes

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PCM-Differential Encoding

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PCM-Regeneration

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PCM-Decoder

• To recover an analog signal from a digitized signal we follow the

following steps:
• We use a hold circuit that holds the amplitude value of a pulse till the
next pulse arrives.
• We pass this signal through a low pass filter with a cutoff frequency
that is equal to the highest frequency in the pre-sampled signal.
• The higher the value of L, the less distorted a signal is recovered

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 PCM-Filtering

• To recover message signal by passing through LPF

PCM-Multiplexing

• In PCM applications Multiplex different message signals

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 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

And Hold n

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 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

0
n

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 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
Assign Closest
Level
3

0
n

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 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

0
n

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 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

0
n

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 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

0
n

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 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

0
n

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 Each quantization level corresponds to a unique combination
of bits. The analog signal is transmitted/ stored as a stream of
bits and reconstructed when required.

0
n

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 Each quantization level corresponds to a unique combination
of bits. The analog signal is transmitted/ stored as a stream of
bits and reconstructed when required.

0
n
00 01 10 11 10 01 00

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 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
x(t) Original Signal

0
t

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 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
x~(t)
Quantized Signal

0
t

It is quite apparent that the quantized signal is not exactly the

same as the original analog signal. There is a fair degree of
quantization error here. However; as the number of quantization
levels is increased the quantization error is reduced and the
quantized signal gets closerAz and closer to the original signal
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 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
x~(t)
Quantized Signal

0
t

It is quite apparent that the quantized signal is not exactly the

same as the original analog signal. There is a fair degree of
quantization error here. However; as the number of quantization
levels is increased the quantization error is reduced and the
quantized signal gets closerAz and closer to the original signal
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ROBUST QUANTIZATION

Fig: MODEL OF NON UNIFORM QUANTIZER

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ROBUST QUANTIZATION

• Advantages of Non – Uniform Quantization :

1. Higher average signal to quantization noise power
ratio than the uniform quantizer when the signal pdf
is non uniform which is the case in many practical
situation.
2. RMS value of the quantizer noise power of a non –
uniform quantizer is substantially proportional to the
sampled value and hence the effect of the quantizer
noise is reduced.

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Compression Laws.
• Two Commonly used logarithmic compression laws are called μ - law
and A – law.
• μ – law

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Compression Laws.
• A – law.

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Vocoders.

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Vocoders.

Speech model used in Vocoder

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Vocoders. –Channel Vocoder

Channel Vocoder
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