SQL DML and DDL

SQL can be divided into two parts: The Data Manipulation Language (DML) and the Data
Definition Language (DDL).
The query and update commands form the DML part of SQL:
● SELECT - extracts data from a database
● UPDATE - updates data in a database
● DELETE - deletes data from a database
● INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database
The DDL part of SQL permits database tables to be created or deleted. It also defines indexes
(keys), specifies links between tables, and imposes constraints between tables. The most
important DDL statements in SQL are:
● CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
● ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
● CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
● ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
● DROP TABLE - deletes a table
● CREATE INDEX - creates an index (search key)
● DROP INDEX - deletes an index
SQL is a standard language for accessing and manipulating databases .
What is SQL?
● SQL stands for Structured Query Language
● SQL lets you access and manipulate databases
● SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard
What Can SQL do?
● SQL can execute queries against a database
● SQL can retrieve data from a database
● SQL can insert records in a database
● SQL can update records in a database
● SQL can delete records from a database
● SQL can create new databases
● SQL can create new tables in a database
● SQL can create stored procedures in a database
● SQL can create views in a database
● SQL can set permissions on tables, procedures, and views

SQL is a Standard - BUT....

Although SQL is an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard, there are many
different versions of the SQL language. However, to be compliant with the ANSI standard, they
all support at least the major commands (such as SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, INSERT,
WHERE) in a similar manner.
Note: Most of the SQL database programs also have their own proprietary extensions in addition
to the SQL standard!
Using SQL in Your Web Site
To build a web site that shows some data from a database, you will need the following:
● An RDBMS database program (i.e. MS Access, SQL Server, MySQL)
● A server-side scripting language, like PHP or ASP
● SQL
● HTML / CSS
SQL is a standard language for accessing databases.
This manual will teach you how to use SQL to access and manipulate data in:
MySQL, SQL Server, Access, Oracle, Sybase, DB2, and other database systems.
List of experiments
1. Delete duplicate row from the table.
2. Display the alternate row from table.
3. Delete alternate row from table.
4. Update multiple rows in using single update statement.
5. Find the third highest paid and third lowest paid salary.
6. Display the 3rd, 4th, 9th rows from table.
7. Display the ename, which is start with j, k, l or m.
8. Show all employees who were hired the first half of the month.
9. Display the three record in the first row and two records in the second row and one record in
the third row in a single sql statements
10. Write a sql statements for rollback commit and save points.
11. Write a pl/sql for select, insert, update and delete statements.
12. Write a pl/sql block to delete a record. If delete operation is successful return 1 else return 0.
13. Display name, hire date of all employees using cursors.
14. Display details of first 5 highly paid employees using cursors.
15. Write a database trigger which fires if you try to insert, update, or delete after 7‟o‟ clock.
16. Write a data base trigger, which acts just like primary key and does not allow
Duplicate values.
17. Create a data base trigger, which performs the action of the on delete cascade.
18. Write a data base trigger, which should not delete from emp table if the day is Sunday.
19. In this subject the students are supposed to prepare a small database application in complete
semester like financial accounting system, Railway reservation system, institute timetable
management system. Student record system, library management system, hospital management
system etc. in
RDBMS as follows:
Section A:
Solving the case studies using ER Data Model (design of the database)
Section B:
Implement a Mini Project for the problem taken in section A.
CONSTRAINTS

PRIMARY CONSTRAINTS : PRIMARY, UNIQUE, CHECK, REFERENCES

SECONDARY CONSTRAINTS : NOT NULL, DEFAULT

CONSTRAINTS BASED ON 2 LEVELS COLUMN LEVEL and TABLE LEVEL
Except Not null all others can be defined as Both table and column level.
But Not null as only column level.

Eg. For SECONDARY CONSTRAINTS

1. NOT NULL CONSTRAINT
CREATE TABLE EMP( ENO NUMBER(3) NOT NULL, ENAME VARCHAR2(10));

2. DEFAULT CONSTRAINT
CREATE TABLE EMP(ENO NUMBER(3) NOT NULL, ENAME VARCHAR2(10),DOJ
DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE);

3. PRIMARY CONSTRAINT(COLUMN LEVEL)

UNIQUE
CREATE TABLE EMP(ENO NUMBER(3) NOT NULL CONSTRAINT UNIEMP
UNIQUE, ENAME VARCHAR2(10));
PRIMARY KEY
CREATE TABLE EMP( ENO NUMBER(3) CONSTRAINT PKEMP PRIMARY KEY,
ENAME VARCHAR2(10));

4. CHECK CONSTRAINT
CREATE TABLE BANK( ACNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT PKBANK PRIMARY KEY,
ACTYPE VARCHAR2(2) CONSTRAINT CKBANK CHECK ( ACTYPE IN
('SB','CA','RD')),ACNAME VARCHAR2(10), AMOUNT NUMBER(4));
5. REFERENCES
CREATE TABLE EMP( ENO NUMBER(3) CONSTRAINT PKE9 PRIMARY KEY,JOB
VARCHAR2(10),ENAME VARCHAR2(10),MGR NUMBER(4) REFERENCES EMP(ENO));

6. REFERENCES(REFERING TO DIFFERENT TABLE)

CREATE TABLE DEPT(DEPTNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT PKDNO PRIMARY KEY,
DNAME VARCHAR2(10), LOC VARCHAR2(10));
CREATE TABLE EMP( EMPNO NUMBER(4),ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
SAL NUMBER(7,2),DEPTNO NUMBER(2) CONSTRAINT FKDNO REFERENCES
DEPT(DEPTNO));

7. TABLE LEVEL CONSTRAINTS

UNIQUE TABLE LEVEL
CREATE TABLE BANK( ACNO NUMBER(3),ACTYPE VARCHAR2(10),
BAL NUMBER(7,2),PLACE VARCHAR2(10),CONSTRAINT UNIBANK
UNIQUE(ACNO,ACTYPE));
PRIMARY KEY(TABLE LEVEL)
CREATE TABLE BANK( ACNO NUMBER(2), ACTYPE VARCHAR2(2) CONSTRAINT
CKBANK CHECK (ACTYPE IN ('SB','CA','RD')),AMOUNT NUMBER)
Experiment 1
Program 1:
Delete duplicate row from the table.
DELETE FROM DEPT WHERE DEPTNO IN (SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT
GROUP BY DEPTNO HAVING COUNT(DEPTNO)>1);
DELETE FROM emp A WHERE ROWID NOT IN(SELECT MIN(ROWID) FROM emp
WHERE A.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO);
OR
DELETE FROM DEPT A WHERE ROWID NOT IN (SELECT MIN(ROWID) FROM DEPT B
WHERE A.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO);
Ques1:-Delete the row containing name Ram?
Ques2:-Delete all the rows having same name more then once?
Ques3:- Delete the row of employee whose name start with M?
Experiment 2
Program 2:
Display the alternate row from table.
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE ROWID IN(SELECT
DECODE(MOD(ROWNUM,2),0,ROWID) FROM EMP);
OR
SELECT * FROM GDEPT WHERE ROWID IN(SELECT
DECODE(MOD(ROWNUM,2),0,ROWID)
FROM GDEPT);
Ques1:-Show the name of those employees who earn commission?
Ques2:-Show all employees who has no commission but have a10% hike in their salary?
Ques3:-Show the last name of all employees together with the number of years & the number of
complete months that they have been employed?

Experiment 3
Program 3:
Delete alternate row from table.
DELETE FROM GDEPT WHERE ROWID IN(DELETE
DECODE(MOD(ROWNUM,2),0,ROWID)
FROM GDEPT);
Ques1:-Delete the row of employee who works in location Bombay?
Ques2:- Delete the row of employee whose name end with N?
Ques3:- Delete the row of employee whose salary is more then 25000?
Experiment 4
Program 4:
Update multiple rows in using single update statement
DISPLAY ALL THE DETAILS WHERE DEPT IS EITHER SALES OR RESEARCH
Select * from emp where dname = any(select dname from emp where dname = „sales‟ or dname
= „research‟);
Select * from emp where dname = any(select dname from emp where
Dname like(„sales‟,‟research‟));
Ques1:-Find the name of those entire employee who work in Delhi and update there location to
Bombay?
Ques2:-Find the name of those dept which are in same city?
Ques3:- Write a query to raise the salary by 50% of those employees who do not have a
commission?
Experiment 5
Program 5:
Find the third highest paid and third lowest paid salary.
SOL: SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE
SAL<(SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE
SAL<(SELECT MAX(SAL) FROM EMP));
SOL: SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP MINUS
SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP WHERE
SAL>(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE
SAL>(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE
SAL>(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP WHERE
SAL>(SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP))));
Ques1:-Write a query to find all those employee who are in the dept which has the max salary of
all dept?
Ques2:- Write a query to find those entire employees who earn maximum salary?
Ques3:- Write a query to find those employees who work in that dept in which the higher salary
taker works?
Experiment 6
DISPLAY from NTH ROW
SELECT * FROM DEPT WHERE ROWID NOT IN(SELECT ROWID FROM DEPT WHERE
ROWNUM<=(SELECT COUNT(*)-&N FROM DEPT));
Program 6:
Display the 3rd, 4th, 9th rows from table.
SELECT * FROM DEPT WHERE ROWID NOT IN(SELECT ROWID FROM DEPT WHERE
ROWNUM<=(SELECT COUNT(*)-&3 FROM DEPT));
SELECT * FROM DEPT WHERE ROWID NOT IN(SELECT ROWID FROM DEPT WHERE
ROWNUM<=(SELECT COUNT(*)-&4 FROM DEPT));
SELECT * FROM DEPT WHERE ROWID NOT IN(SELECT ROWID FROM DEPT WHERE
ROWNUM<=(SELECT COUNT(*)-&9 FROM DEPT));
Ques1:-Show the dept name of the dept where no clerk works?
Ques2:-show the dept number and the lowest salary of the dept with the highest average salary?
Experiment 7
Program 7:
Display the ename, which is start with j, k, l or m.
select ename
from employees
where name like 'J%'
or name like 'K%'
or name like 'L%' or name like 'M%' ;
or
select ename
from
employees
where name like '[JKLM]%'
Ques1:-Write a query to find that how many employees are there whose name ends with N?
Ques2:- Write a query to find that how many employees are there whose name ends with M
without
using like operator?
Experiment 8
Program 8:
Show all employees who were hired the first half of the month.
SELECT last_name, hire_date
FROM employees
WHERE hire_date < trunc(sysdate,'MM')+15;
Ques1:-Write a query to find the data of that entire employee whose name ends with t?
Ques2:- Find the DOB of that employee who was born on the same date on which the maximum
salary earner was born?
Experiment 9
Program 9:
Display the three record in the first row and two records in the second row and one record in the
third row in a single sql statements.
INSERT INTO TEMP(EMPNO,ENAME,JOB)
SELECT TOP 1 *
FROM
(SELECT TOP 2<some columns>
FROM<table>ORDER BY<something> ASC)ORDER BY <something> DESC;
Ques1:-Find the average salary of employee according to their dept?
Ques2:-Find the standard deviation according to employee salary?
Rollback/ Savepoint
All these statements fall in the category of Transaction Control Statements.
Rollback:
This is used for undoing the work done in the current transaction. This command also releases
the locks if any hold by the current transaction. The command used in SQL for this is simply:
ROLLBACK;
Savepoint:
This is used for identifying a point in the transaction to which a programmer can later roll back.
That is it is possible for the programmer to divide a big transaction into subsections each having
a savepoint defined in it.
The command used in SQL for this is simply:
SAVEPOINT savepointname;
For example:
UPDATE…..
DELETE….
SAVEPOINT e1;
INSERT….
UPDATE….
SAVEPOINT e2;
…… It is also possible to define savepoint and rollback together so that programmer can achieve
rollback of part o a transaction. Say for instance in the above
ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT e2;
This results in the rollback of all statements after savepoint e2
Commit:
This is used to end the transaction and make the changes permanent. When commit is performed
all save points are erased and transaction locks are released. In other words commit ends a
transaction and marks the beginning of a new transaction. The command used in SQL for this is
simply: COMMIT;
Experiment 10
Program 10:
Write a sql statement for rollback commit and save points.
SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
--------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
50 CS MYSORE
SQL> SAVEPOINT A 2 ;
Savepoint created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES(60,'IP','BANGALORE');
1 row created.
SQL> SAVEPOINT B;
Savepoint created.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT VALUES(70,'IT','GOA');
1 row created.
SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
--------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
50 CS MYSORE
60 IP BANGALORE
70 IT GOA
7 rows selected.
SQL> ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT B;
Rollback complete.
SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT;
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
50 CS MYSORE
60 IP BANGALORE
6 rows selected.
temp
prodname comment date1
create table temp( prodname varchar2(10), comm varchar2(16),
date1 date);
declare
qty NUMBER(5);
pname VARCHAR2(10);
begin select quantity,prodname into qty,pname from inv where
prodname='&productname';
if qty>5 then
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('THANK U FOR THE PURCHASES MADE VISIT AGAIN');
update inv set quantity=quantity-1 where prodname=pname;
commit;
else
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('STOCK LEVEL IS BELOW ORDER LEVEL');
insert into temp values(pname,'out of stock',sysdate);
commit;
end if;
end;
Ques1:-Draw a sequence diagram for roll back and save point activity in ATM transaction?
Ques2:-Write syntax for rollback SQL query using suitable example?
PL/SQL
PL/SQL stands for Procedural Language/SQL.
PL/SQL extends SQL by adding constructs found in procedural languages, resulting in a
structural language that is more powerful than SQL.
The basic unit in PL/SQL is a block, All PL/SQL programs are made up of blocks, which can be
nested within each other. Typically, each block performs a logical action in the program.
Block has the following structure:
DECLARE
/* Declarative section: variables, types, and local subprograms.
*/
BEGIN
/* Executable section: procedural and SQL statements go
here. */
/* This is the only section of the block that is required. */
EXCEPTION
/* Exception handling section: error handling statements go
here. */
END;
Let us see an example of the above
DECLARE
TEMP_COST NUMBER(10, 2);
BEGIN
SELECT COST FROM JD11.BOOK INTO TEMP_COST
WHERE ISBN = 21;
IF TEMP_COST > 0 THEN
UPDATE JD11.BOOK SET COST =
(TEMP_COST*1.175) WHERE ISBN = 21;
ELSE
UPDATE JD11.BOOK SET COST = 21.32 WHERE
ISBN = 21;
END IF;
COMMIT;
EXCEPTION
WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN
INSERT INTO JD11.ERRORS (CODE, MESSAGE)
VALUES(99, „ISBN 21 NOT FOUND‟);
END;
Only the executable section is required. The other sections are optional.
The only SQL statements allowed in a PL/SQL program are SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE,
DELETE and several other data manipulation statements plus some transaction control.
Data definition statements like CREATE, DROP, or ALTER are not allowed.
The executable section also contains constructs such as assignments, branches, loops, procedure
calls, and triggers, which are all described below (except triggers). PL/SQL is not case sensitive.
C style comments (/* ... */) may be used.
To execute a PL/SQL program, we must follow the program text itself by
· A line with a single dot (“.”), and then · A line with run;
As with Oracle SQL programs, we can invoke a PL/SQL
program either by typing it in sqlplus or by putting the code in a
file and invoking the file in the various ways we learned in
Getting Started With Oracle.
What are the Variables?
Information is transmitted between a PL/SQL program and the database through variables. Every
variable has a specific type associated with it. That type can be
· One of the types used by SQL for database columns
· A generic type used in PL/SQL such as NUMBER
· Declared to be the same as the type of some database Column
The most commonly used generic type is NUMBER. Variables of type NUMBER can hold
either an integer or a real number.
The most commonly used character string type is VARCHAR(n), where n is the maximum
length of the string in bytes. This length is required, and there is no default. For example, we
might declare:
DECLARE
price NUMBER;
myBeer VARCHAR(20);
You know that PL/SQL allows BOOLEAN variables, even though Oracle does not support
BOOLEAN as a type for database columns.
Types in PL/SQL
Types in PL/SQL can be tricky. In many cases, a PL/SQL variable will be used to manipulate
data stored in a existing relation. In this case, it is essential that the variable have the same type
as the relation column. If there is any type mismatch, variable assignments and comparisons may
not work the way you expect. To be safe, instead of hard coding the type of a variable, you
should use the %TYPE operator. Forexample:
DECLARE
gives PL/SQL variable myBeer whatever type was declared for the name column in relation
Beers.
Experiment 11
Program 11:
Write a pl/sql for select, insert, update and delete statements.
CREATE TABLE TEMP
( ENAME VARCHAR2(10),
DESIG VARCHAR2(10),
SAL NUMBER(7,2));
DECLARE
NAME VARCHAR2(10);
DESIG VARCHAR2(10);
SALARY NUMBER(7,2);
ENO NUMBER(4):=&EMPNO;
BEGIN
SELECT ENAME,JOB,SAL INTO NAME,DESIG,SALARY FROM EMP WHERE
EMPNO=ENO;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(ENO||' '||NAME||' '||SALARY||' '||DESIG);
IF DESIG='CLERK' THEN
DELETE FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=ENO;
INSERT INTO TEMP VALUES(NAME,DESIG,SALARY);
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('DELETED FROM EMP AND INSERTED TO TEMP');
COMMIT;
ELSIF DESIG='MANAGER' THEN
UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SALARY+200 WHERE EMPNO=ENO;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('INCREMENTED SALARY IS '||TO_CHAR(SALARY+200));
END IF;
END;
Ques1:- Write a pl/sql for merge statement using suitable example?
Ques2:-Write a query to create a view for DEPT table(Full view,View of fragmented table) ?
Experiment 12
Program 12:
Write a pl/sql block to delete a record. If delete operation is successful return 1 else return 0.
create or replace function fun3(n emp.empno%type) return number is
a number;
begin
delete from emp where empno=n;
if sql%found then
return 1;
else
return 0;
end if;
--exception
--when no_data_found then
--return 100;
end;
declare
n number;
begin
n:=fun3(&empno);
dbms_output.put_Line(n);
if n=0 then
dbms_output.put_line('deletion unsuccessfull');
elsif n=1 then
dbms_output.put_line('deletion successfull');
end if;
end;
Ques1:-Write a query to run grant and revoke command ?
Ques2:-What is sequence?
Cursors
What are Cursors?
A cursor is a variable that runs through the tuples of some relation. This relation can be a stored
table, or it can be the answer to some query. By fetching into the cursor each tuple of the
relation, we can write a program to read and process the value of each such tuple. If the relation
is stored, we can also update or delete the tuple at the current cursor position. The example
below illustrates a cursor loop. It uses our example relation T1(e,f) whose tuples are pairs of
integers. The program will delete every tuple whose first component is less than the second, and
insert the reverse tuple into T1.
DECLARE
/* Output variables to hold the result of the query: */
a T1.e%TYPE;
b T1.f%TYPE;
/* Cursor declaration: */
CURSOR T1Cursor IS
SELECT e, f
FROM T1
WHERE e < f
FOR UPDATE;
BEGIN
OPEN T1Cursor;
LOOP
/* Retrieve each row of the result of the above query
into PL/SQL variables: */
FETCH T1Cursor INTO a, b;
/* If there are no more rows to fetch, exit the loop: */
EXIT WHEN T1Cursor%NOTFOUND;
/* Delete the current tuple: */
DELETE FROM T1 WHERE CURRENT OF T1Cursor;
/* Insert the reverse tuple: */
INSERT INTO T1 VALUES(b, a);
END LOOP;
/* Free cursor used by the query. */
CLOSE T1Cursor;
END;
Experiment 13
Program 13:
Display name, hire date of all employees using cursors.
DECLARE
cursor c1 is select ename,hiredate from emp;
name varchar(20);
hdate date;
begin
open c1;
loop
fetch c1 into name,hdate;
exit when c1%NOTFOUND;
dbms_output.put_line(name||' '||hdate);
end loop;
close c1;
end;
Ques1:-Display maximum salary using cursor?
Ques2:-Display salary of all employee in descending order using cursor?
Experiment 14
Program 14:
Display details of first 5 highly paid employees using cursors
DECLARE
cursor c1 is select * from emp order by sal desc;
a c1%rowtype;
begin
open c1;
loop
fetch c1 into a;
exit when c1%rowcount>6;
dbms_output.put_line(a.ename||' '||a.sal||' '||a.job||'
'||C1%ROWCOUNT);
end loop;
close c1;
end;
Ques1:-Write a query to find the details of those employee who have same job using cursor?
Ques2:-Write a query to show dept where no sales representative works using cursor?
Triggers
A trigger (essentially, a stored SQL statement associated with a table) is a database object that
defines events that happen when some other event, called a triggering event, occurs. Create a
trigger by using the CREATE TRIGGER statement. Triggers execute when an INSERT,
UPDATE, or DELETE modifies a specified column or columns in the subject table. Typically,
the stored SQL statements perform an UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE on a table different from
the subject table. Sometimes a statement fires a trigger, which in turn, fires another trigger. Thus
the outcome of one triggering event can itself become another trigger. The Teradata RDBMS
processes and optimizes the triggered and triggering statements in parallel to maximize system
performance.
Trigger Functions
Use triggers to perform various functions:
• Define a trigger on the parent table to ensure that UPDATEs and DELETEs
performed to the parent table are propagated to the child table.
• Use triggers for auditing. For example, you can define a trigger which
causes INSERTs in a log record when an employee receives a raise higher
than 10%.
• Use a trigger to disallow massive UPDATEs, INSERTs, or DELETEs during
business hours.
For example, you can use triggers to set thresholds for inventory of each item
by store, to create a purchase order when the inventory drops below a
threshold, or to change a price if the daily volume does not meet expectations.
Restrictions on Using Triggers
Teradata triggers do not support FastLoad and MultiLoad utilities and, and
you must disable triggers before you run load utilities. In addition, a positioned
(updatable cursor) UPDATE or DELETE is not allowed to fire a trigger and
generates an error.
Note: You cannot define a join index on a table with a trigger.
CREATE TRIGGER <triggername> AFTER UPDATE/INSERT/DELETE OF <COLUMN
NAME> ON
<TABLENAME> FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
-----
-----
executable statements;
-----
-----
END;
Experiment 15
Write a database trigger which fires if you try to insert, update, or delete after 7‟o‟ clock
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER GEETIME BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR
DELETE ON EMP for each row
DECLARE
A VARCHAR2(10);
BEGIN
SELECT TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH:MI') INTO A FROM DUAL;
IF A > '06:59' then
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20500,'YOU CANT DO THIS OPERATION
NOW');
END IF;
END;
Experiment 16
16. Write a data base trigger, which acts just like primary key and does not allow duplicate
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER PRIKEY BEFORE INSERT ON EMP
FOR EACH ROW
DECLARE
A NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT COUNT(*) INTO A FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=:NEW.EMPNO;
IF A >=1 THEN
RAISE_APPLICATION_eRROR(-20500,'THE PRI KEY RULE IS
VOILATED');
ELSIF A=0 THEN
PRINT('RECORD IS INSERTED');
END IF;
END;
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES(7788,20);
INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES(7788,20)
ERROR at line 1:
*ORA-20500: THE PRI KEY RULE IS VOILATED
ORA-06512: at "GEETHA.PRIKEY", line 6
ORA-04088: error during execution of trigger 'GEETHA.PRIKEY'
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP(EMPNO,DEPTNO) VALUES(77,20);
1 row created.
Experiment 17
17. Create a data base trigger, which performs the action of the on delete cascade
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER DELDEPT
AFTER DELETE ON DEPT FOR EACH ROW
BEGIN
DELETE FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=:OLD.DEPTNO;
PRINT('RECORDS IN EMP ARE ALSO DELETED');
END;
Experiment 18
18. Write a data base trigger, which should not delete from emp table if the day is Sunday.
CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER EMPNO_CHECK
BEFORE DELETE ON emp
BEGIN
if to_char(sysdate,'dAy')='SUNDAY' then
raise_application_error(-20001,'TO DAY IS SUNDAY ');
end if;
END;
Ques 1:- What are triggers? How many triggers you can have on a table? How to
invoke a trigger on demand?
Ques2:- Write a data base trigger, for the employee whose day of joining is Sunday?